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<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="7">Events of January
1996 </FONT></FONT></P>
<HR SIZE="1">
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="5">Anne D. Baylon</FONT></FONT></P>
<DIV ALIGN="center"><ADDRESS> <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><FONT>CENTRAL
EUROPE</FONT> </B></FONT></FONT></ADDRESS></DIV>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>Poland
</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 6</B>
Former President Lech Walesa has started a campaign to discredit the new
government and President Aleksander Kwasniewski with allegations that new
Prime Minister Jozef Oleksy, a former Communist, spied for the Soviet
Union. The accusation concerns Mr. Oleksy's friendship with Vladimir
Alganov, a Soviet diplomat and K.G.B. spy in Poland. Mr. Oleksy has denied
the charges. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3">President
Kwasniewski chooses Dariusz Rosati, an economist, as Foreign Minister and
Stanislaw Dobrzanski from the Peasants' Party as Defense Minister. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 22 </B>Jacek
Kuron and Karol Modzelewski, two prominent Polish dissidents who were
repeatedly jailed by the Communist secret police, write in an open letter
that Poland's secret service today is just as powerful as it was during
the Communist era. Both dissidents claim that the secret service merely
switched allegiance to President Lech Walesa and prepared the allegations
that Prime Minister Jozef Oleksy spied for Moscow. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 24 </B>As
Poland's military prosecutor announces an espionage investigation of Mr.
Oleksy and two Russian diplomats alleged to be K.G.B. agents, the Prime
Minister resigns while protesting that he is innocent. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 27 </B>The
Social Democratic Party (former Communist Party) chooses Jozef Oleksy as
its leader; the party is the core faction of the Democratic Left Alliance,
a coalition in which the Peasants' Party is a junior partner. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 31 </B>Poland's
governing coalition (the Democratic Left Alliance) nominates Wlodzimierz
Cimoszewicz, a former Communist and deputy speaker of parliament, to
become the next Prime Minister. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"> <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>EASTERN
EUROPE</I></B></FONT> </FONT> </P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>Russia</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 5</B> In a
move that was long predicted, President Boris Yeltsin accepts the
resignation of Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev, one of the last liberals
in his cabinet. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 9</B>
President Boris Yeltsin chooses Yevgeny Primakov, director of Russia's
foreign intelligence service and a member of the powerful Russian Security
Council, as his new Foreign Minister. A longtime Communist Party member,
Mr. Primakov is an experienced bureaucrat with a sense for public
relations. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 12</B> In
his first news conference, Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov emphasizes
that “Russia  remains a great power,” and states that
Russia's partnership with the U.S. should become more “equitable.”
He also stresses that Russia needs to show more leadership in Bosnia and
in its relationship with former Soviet Republics, and he reiterates
Russia's opposition to NATO expansion. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 16 </B>Distancing
himself from the government's less than popular economic reforms,
President Boris Yeltsin accepts the resignation of Deputy Prime Minister
Anatoly Chubais, the last liberal in his cabinet. Mr. Chubais, who
designed Russia's privatization program, had won the trust of Western
institutions; he resigns on the eve of final crucial negotiations for a $9
billion International Monetary Fund loan. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 25</B>
President Boris Yeltsin picks Vladimir Kadannikov, the director of
Avtovaz, Russia's largest state-owned automobile company, as Deputy Prime
Minister, replacing Anatoly Chubais. A Soviet-schooled industrialist, Mr.
Kadannikov is an advocate of government measures to protect Russian
industry. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 27 </B>Oneksim
Bank, the largest commercial bank in Russia, has caused a major political
scandal after it initiated a privatization program that resulted in
favoritism and inequities. Under the bank's scheme, known as “loans
for shares,” a few Kremlin-favored banks lent the government money in
1995 in exchange for the ability to buy at very low prices shares in
Russia's most valuable industries (oil, shipping, and metals). Unpopular
with Russian voters, privatization has been nicknamed “grabification,”
or the giving away of government wealth to a few well-connected and
unscrupulous businessmen.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>Russia/Chechnya</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 9 </B>Slipping
into Russia, a band of Chechen rebels seize a large hospital in Kizlyar, a
city of 40,000 in the plains of Dagestan, taking about 2,000 hostages and
promising to leave only when Russian troops withdraw from Chechnya.
Russian special army forces surround the hospital and close off the city.
</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 10 </B>Russian
leaders allow the Chechen rebels to leave Kizlyar in 11 buses with 143
hostages, but Russian forces fire on the rebels near the border with
Chechnya. In turn, the rebels seize 25 new hostages and take over the
small farming village of Pervomayskoye. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 11</B> The
Chechen rebels demand freedom for Chechnya. As the Russian military
leaders ask for the hostages' freedom first, the rebels return to
Pervomayskoye and threaten to kill the 143 hostages they hold. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 13 </B>After
releasing children who have been held hostage, no progress is made in the
talks between Russian negotiators and Chechen rebels about releasing the
remaining captives. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 14 </B>At
the request of Dagestan's leadership, the Russian government backs away
from a deadline that had been set for freeing the hostages; but Salman
Raduyev, the leader of the Chechen raid and a relative of Chechen leader
Dzhokhar Dudayev, insists that he will not lay down his arms. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 15 </B>Russian
troops launch a furious assault on Pervomayskoye. In Moscow, President
Yeltsin defends the assault by saying that all peaceful means of ending
the standoff have been exhausted. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 16 </B>While
the Chechen rebels withstand a second day of attack by Russian troops in
Pervomayskoye, another group of rebels carries the Chechen war beyond
Russian borders by hijacking a Russia-bound ferry in the Turkish Black Sea
port of Trebizond and threatening to kill Russian passengers if the
Russian army does not stop its assault. Also in Grozny, Chechnya's
capital, other rebels declare a campaign of “widespread terrorist
activity” and kidnap 30 employees of a Russian power plant. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 17 </B>Saying
that the hostages are dead, the Russian army acknowledges its failure to
rescue them and withdraws its ground troops in order to flatten
Pervomayskoye with “devastating missiles.” </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 18</B> The
Russian army finally overcomes the Chechen rebels in Pervomayskoye, but
the number of casualties cannot be assessed. As the hijacked Turkish ferry
approaches Istanbul, Chechen hijackers pull back from their threats to
blow up the ship and say that they only seek to bring Chechnya's plight to
world attention. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 19 </B>Turkey
ends the ferry hostage crisis without bloodshed by persuading the Chechen
hijackers to surrender and release the approximately 200 hostages. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 22 </B>Salman
Raduyev, the Chechen raid leader, emerges from seclusion for an interview
and vows that the fight will continue. The number of casualties in
Pervomayskoye is still unknown. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 24 </B>Chechen
rebels release 46 of the 100 Pervomayskoye hostages but continue to hold
14 Russian policemen captured after the Jan. 9 raid on Kizlyar and the 30
Russian power-plant workers seized in Grozny on Jan. 16. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"> <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I><FONT>THE
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA</FONT> </I></B></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>Bosnia</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 1 </B>Since
the Dayton Agreement, Sarajevo residents are free to travel throughout the
city, but a Serbian checkpoint on a bridge linking parts of Sarajevo has
prevented Muslims from crossing to the Serbian side. NATO, which denied
the checkpoint's existence at first, says that the matter will be
addressed immediately. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan.  2</B>
The Bosnian Muslim government accuses Bosnian Serbs of violating the
Dayton Agreement by abducting 16 civilians traveling through Serbian-held
areas of Sarajevo and holds NATO forces responsible for the missing
people. Although NATO's job is to make the country secure, civilian
protection should lie ultimately with the international civilian police
force to be created under former Swedish Prime Minister Carl Bildt.
</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 3 </B>As
part of the Dayton Agreement, Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic will
not be able to run for office in the late spring elections. Increasingly
isolated from the one million Serbs he rules, he is under attack from
opposition figures and members of his own party who want him removed from
power. NATO officials visit the Serbian-held suburb of Ilidza to press for
the release of the detained Bosnian Muslim civilians but obtain no
assurances that they will be freed.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 4 </B>Under
pressure from NATO and the U.S., the Bosnian Serbs release 16 Bosnians
they had detained for 13 days. According to Carl Bildt, the international
police force to be created will have only 1,700 officers to cover the
whole country; freedom of movement, therefore, will be very difficult to
ensure and diplomatic pressure will be more effective. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 6</B>
Mostar, the capital of what the Dayton Agreement has planned as a
federation in which Croats and Muslims will jointly govern about half of
Bosnia (the other half being under Bosnian Serb control), remains a tense
city. Shootings between Croats and Muslims there have prompted the
European Union administrator to consider closing the bridge that connects
the two communities for their protection. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 7</B>
Mostar's Muslim officials ask NATO to take the EU's place in administering
the city. The EU started administering Mostar after the 1994 accord that
ended the fighting between Bosnian Croats and Muslims, and the Western
European Union—the military arm of the EU—sent 180 police
monitors to help create a joint Muslim-Croat police force. Recently, local
Croatian leaders who disagree with the Dayton Agreement have fomented
violence to undermine it. Muslim officials believe that only NATO can stop
the rising violence. But NATO commanders state that they lack the manpower
to get involved in police work and reaffirm that their task is to separate
factions, not law enforcement. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 8</B> After
receiving instructions from Zagreb, Croatia's capital, Bosnian Croat
leaders in Mostar assure the EU administrator for the first time that they
will work to reunify the city as planned under the Dayton Agreement.
Croatia has supported Bosnian Croats politically and militarily throughout
the Bosnian war. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>NY Times, Jan.
11</B> The Ljubija mine in northern Bosnia may contain as many as 8,000
bodies and could document the Bosnian Serbs' campaign of “ethnic
cleansing” against Muslims and Croats living in this region. As NATO
troops move into the area, the Bosnian Serbs are exhuming bodies from
numerous mass graves and transferring them to the mine where the remains
are doused with chemicals and hidden under tons of debris. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><STRONG>J</STRONG><B>an.
11 </B>As Bosnian Serb forces continue to withdraw from front lines in
Sarajevo, Bosnian Serb families who are not prepared to accept Muslim rule
leave the city with their belongings (sometimes exhuming their dead) and
head toward Serbian-controlled territory. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 12 </B>Departing
from the way U.S. and other Allied troops have operated until now, Defense
Secretary William Perry says that, starting later this month, the
peace-enforcing troops will provide security for human rights
investigators searching for evidence of war crimes in Bosnia and that once
enough NATO forces are deployed, these forces will guarantee “freedom
of movement and security to all civilians and international organizations
traveling through Bosnia.” One hundred and fifty Russian elite
paratroopers arrive in Bosnia to join the peace-enforcement troops. They
will take their orders from a Russian general who is a deputy commander at
NATO headquarters in Brussels, but their actions will be coordinated by
Maj. Gen. William Nash, the U.S. commander in Bosnia. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 14 </B>The
White House announces that U.S. civilian contractors, mostly retired
American military officers, will start training Bosnian Muslim soldiers in
the next 60 days in order to insure that they can defend themselves after
NATO peacekeepers leave. Under the plan, Bosnian Muslim troops would be
trained in Bosnia or in a NATO country such as Turkey. Islamic countries
would pay for most of the training. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 15</B> The
Bosnian government postpones a large exchange of prisoners that was
planned under the Dayton Agreement until the Bosnian Serbs provide
information on about 24,000 missing Muslims. Of those, 4,000 are believed
to be detained, but the fate of the remaining 20,000 is unknown. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 19</B>
Having no means to make arrests and little ability to carry out
investigations, the international war crimes tribunal asks NATO for help
in securing mass graves in Bosnia (i.e., guarding sites) and arresting
indicted war criminals. Both Gen. George Joulwan, the senior NATO
commander, and NATO Sec. Gen. Javier Solana make no commitments. They
emphasize that NATO forces have no mandate to act as a police force and
that maintaining an overall secure environment is their primary goal.
</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3">In accordance with
the Dayton Agreement, Bosnian Serb and Bosnian government forces complete
the withdrawal of their forces and heavy weapons from the 1,000-mile-long
cease-fire line to create a two-mile separation zone. But they only
exchange about 225 prisoners of war on each side (leaving about 700
behind) as Bosnian government officials reiterate their demands about the
24,000 Muslims missing in Serb-held Bosnia. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 27 </B>The
release of prisoners under the Bosnia peace plan resumes, but there is a “long
way to go,”according to Jacques Demaio, coordinator of the
International Committee of the Red Cross in Sarajevo. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 29</B> Over
the past 10 days, more than 500 prisoners have been released by all sides,
but 112 prisoners known to be held have yet to be released. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>Croatia</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 9</B>
Eastern Slavonia, the last region of Croatia still held by Croatian Serbs,
is expected to return to Croatian administration with provisions for the
protection of the Croatian Serbs living there. A U.N. peacekeeping force
of about 5,000 men, which will be created for a one-year period and led by
a U.S. diplomat, Jacques Klein, is to disarm the region, including the
city of Vukovar. NATO will assist the peacekeepers by giving them “close
air support” and intervening militarily to defend them if needed.
</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><STRONG>J</STRONG><B>an.
31</B> Serbian officials in eastern Slavonia are refusing to acknowledge
that the region will return to Croatia. Through TV and radio broadcasts,
they are urging the 30,000 Serbian refugees who were expelled from other
parts of Croatia and are now in Serbia to settle in eastern Slavonia.
</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>Serbia/Croatia</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 18</B> A
fight between Serbia and Croatia for control over the Prevlaka Peninsula,
a small piece of land at the tip of Croatia's Dalmatian coast that ends at
the entrance to Kotor Bay—owned by Montenegro and home to the
Yugoslav Navy—is an obstacle to the Dayton Agreement provisions.
According to the agreement, all countries in the region must recognize
each other's borders; but Serbia refuses to recognize Croatia's borders,
because whoever controls the peninsula also controls the bay and the
Yugoslav Navy vessels. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"> <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>WESTERN
EUROPE / EASTERN EUROPE</I></B></FONT> </FONT> </P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>France</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 8</B>
Former President Francois Mitterand, a strong proponent of European unity,
dies in Paris. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 29 </B>France
ends its nuclear weapon-testing program definitively after its last
underground blast in the South Pacific on Jan. 27 generates enough data
for computer simulations that make future tests unnecessary. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>France/NATO</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 17 </B>France,
which returned to NATO's Military Committee in December, expresses its
willingness to discuss the role its independent nuclear deterrent could
play “as part of a strengthened European pillar within the Alliance.”
But its ambassador, Gerard Errera, says France will not join NATO's
Nuclear Planning Group or its Defense Planning Committee. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>Greece</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 15 </B>After
two months of hospitalization that paralyzed the government, Prime
Minister Andreas Papandreou cites his illness to formally resign and urges
his party, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, to elect a successor within
three days. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 18 </B>The
governing Greek Socialist Party elects Costas Simitis, a Papandreou rival,
as the new Prime Minister. Mr. Simitis, who was the architect of the
government's recent fiscal austerity plan, is expected to keep the Greek
economy in line with the Maastricht Treaty. He is also a pro-European
modernizing reformer who “will clean up the party as it heads to
elections in 1997.” </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><I>Portugal</I></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 14</B> With
53.8% of the votes, Socialist candidate Jorge Sampaio is elected to
succeed Mario Soares as President of Portugal, defeating former Prime
Minister Anibal Cavaco Silva, his conservative rival. </FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="4"><I><B>Turkey</B></I></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="3"><B>Jan. 9 </B>President
Suleyman Demirel invites Necmettin Erbakan, the leader of the Islamic
Welfare Party who won the largest number of seats in parliament in
December elections (leaving Prime Minister Tansu Ciller's True Path Party
and its rival, the Motherland Party, behind), to form a coalition
government. Mr. Erbakan is not expected to succeed because of his
anti-secular and anti-Western positions. </FONT></FONT> </P>
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