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<TITLE>Preface to Building A New NATO:The Search for Peace and Security in
an Unsettled World</TITLE>
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<CENTER><FONT SIZE="+4"><FONT COLOR="#000000">Preface to </FONT><I>Building
A New NATO: </I></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><I><FONT SIZE="+4">The Search for Peace and Security</FONT></I></CENTER>
<CENTER><I><FONT SIZE="+4">In an Unsettled World</FONT></I></CENTER>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">This year's NATO Workshop--the
eleventh in a series of annual meetings--was held in Os, Norway (near
Bergen) on 15-19 June 1994. Its site at the Solstrand Fjord Hotel on the
edge of beautiful Bjørnefjorden provided a perfect environment for
informal, but thoughtful presentations and discussions on "Building a
New NATO" by more than one hundred representatives of NATO countries
and new "Partner" nations. The Workshop papers are presented in
this volume. Since the authors participated in the Workshop on a personal
basis, their views do not necessarily represent official positions of
their governments.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">This year's Workshop was the
first in which Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) General George
Joulwan participated as Honorary General Chairman. When General Joulwan
was absent, Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Northern Europe General Sir
Garry Johnson helped preside over the Workshop sessions. Other military
contributors included NATO Commanders-in-Chief for the Allied Forces of
Southern and Central Europe; the Commander-in-Chief U.S. Army Europe;
Chief of Staff of the U.K. Air Force; Chairman of the NATO Military
Committee; and the Chiefs of Defense of Norway, Finland, and Italy. Among
government and other leaders were Belgium's Vice Prime Minister (now the
Secretary General of NATO), Defense Minister of Norway, Foreign Minister
of Sweden, Defense Minister of Lithuania, Prime Minister of Latvia, the
Deputy Secretary General of NATO, and former U.S. Secretary of Defense Les
Aspin. Six of the participating countries, including Sweden, Finland,
Switzerland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Ukraine had never been represented in
past NATO Workshops, while the Central European countries came for the
first time in their new, active roles as contributors in the "Partnership
for Peace."</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">The Norwegian support for the
Workshop was truly outstanding. Chief of Defense Admiral Torolf Rein
welcomed us with warmth to the Workshop, and Defense Minister J. H. Kosmo
hosted a wonderful dinner. Lt. Gen. Hjalmar Sunde, Chris Prebensen of the
Defense Ministry, Rear Admiral H. Neegaard, Captain Arne Ness, and Major
Per Engeset were very helpful with the planning and organization. We
especially appreciate the strong support and participation of both the
Commander North Norway, General Arne Solli (who has since become the
Norwegian Chief of Defense), and the Commander South Norway, Vice Admiral
Bjørnar Kibsgaard. The former Chairman of the NATO Military
Committee, General Vigleik Eide, helped lead discussions on the Workshop
wrap-up panel.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Rear Admiral Rino Paus of the
Royal Norwegian Navy assembled a highly professional and dedicated support
team led by Cdr. Jarl Lindhjem, Lt. Eivind Bøe, Slt. Morten
Clementsen, and Slt. Jørn Furnes. They were assisted by Naval
District West sailors Kjetil Alvheim, Sven Bech Sørensen, Jon Aude
Erichsen, Raymond Fosse, Mattis Gutu, Roald Hauge, Christian Jønsson,
Rune Karlsen, Christian Eide Lodgaard, and Hua B. Long. Other sailors
served as drivers during the Workshop, including Terje Almenning, Jan Ståle
Damås, Bjørn Tore Årevik, Asbjørn Lirhus, Terje
Apelthun, Stig Magne Frøystein, and Kenneth Loftaas. The military
police team was led by LtCdr. Åge Johansen, Lt. Torolf B. O. Eide,
Slt. Jørn Furnes, Slt. Gunnar Dyngeland, PO. Atle Lessum, PO. Jan
Erik Buer, PO. Helge Søfteland. Their group included Sailor Thor
Henning Johnsen, as well as military policemen Jan Tore Fjelland, Harald
Haugland, Thomas Jacobsen, Ståle Kvarven, Odd Harald Nyvoll, Raymond
Åsheim, John Olav Einemo, Andreas Klavenes, Kjell Hovden, Robert
Lundem, Kenneth Melbye, Andreas Høistad, Harald Eidsmo, Kjell Strømmen,
Fredrik Skaug, Morten Spissøy, Ronny Monslaup, Kjetil Sandvik,
Audun Giske, Stian Holmefjord, Johnny Bolstad, and Nils Petter Larsen.
These Norwegian officers, sailors, and members of the military police
provided Workshop administrative support, as well as transportation and
security.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">At the Solstrand Fjord Hotel,
the perfect combination of a small resort hotel and a well-equipped center
for high-level international conferences, we found professionalism,
smiles, and the pleasant atmosphere of a private home. Mrs. Børrea
Schau-Larsen, the owner, and Mr. Sukwant Dhindsa, the Assistant General
Manager, arranged everything beautifully for our enjoyment: musicians from
the Bergen Symphony Orchestra, a local youth choral group, a Norwegian
folk dancing group; trips for spouses to the Sognefjord by a combination
of bus, train, and boat and to the Rosendal Barony in the Hardangerfjord;
as well as a boat trip with participants and spouses to Ole Bull's island
of Lysøen.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">The NATO Workshop series, now in
its twelfth year, has been possible through the continued organizational
and financial support of the following organizations:</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Many of these organizations are
represented on our Board of Directors, which, together with sponsors and
Workshop chairmen, provide the Workshop with direction and leadership:</FONT></FONT>
</P>
<CENTER></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Ambassador Kent Brown;
United States Ambassador to Georgia</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">General Peter Carstens;
Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Dr. Ing. Fausto Cereti;
President and CEO, Alenia</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Lieutenant General Paul G.
Cerjan; President, National Defense University</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Dr. J. Patrick Crecine;
President, Georgia Institute of Technology</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">General J.B. Davis (Ret.);
Former Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Dr. Phil DePoy; President,
NORC, University of Chicago</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">General Robert J. Dixon
(Ret.); Former Commander-in-Chief, Tactical Air Command</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Air Chief Marshal Sir David
Evans, GCB, CBE, CBIM; British Aerospace Plc</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Lieutenant General R. J.
Evraire; President, NATO Defence College (Rome, Italy)</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Vice Admiral Robert George;
Canadian Military Representative to NATO Military Committee</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Major General Kenneth L.
Hagemann; Director of Defense Nuclear Agency</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Dr. Robert Hermann; Vice
President for Science and Technology, United Technologies</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Admiral James R. Hogg
(Ret.); President, National Security Industrial Association</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Dr. Frank B. Horton III;
Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (C3I)</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Lieutenant General Giuseppe
Degli Innocenti: Italian Military Representative to NATO Military Committee</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Dr. Stuart Johnson;
National Defense University</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">General George Joulwan,
USA: Supreme Allied Commander Europe</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Admiral Pierre Lacoste;
Past President, Fondation pour les Etudes de Defense Nationale</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">General Jose Lemos
Ferreira; Past President of the Board, Aeroportos e Navegacao Aerea</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Mr. Albert Lubarsky; Office
of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (C3I)</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Mr. Gordon Lynch; Vice
President of Boeing Defense and Space Group in Europe</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">General Jack N. Merritt;
President, Association of the United States Army</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Lieutenant General Malcolm
R. O'Neill; Director, Ballistic Missile Defense Organization</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Vice Admiral John T. Parker
(Ret.); President, J. T. Parker Associates, Inc.</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Mr. John Quilty; Senior
Vice President and Washington C3 General Manager, MITRE Corporation</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">General John Shalikashvili,
USA; Chairman of United States Joint Chiefs of Staff</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">General John Shaud (Ret.);
Director, United States Air Force Aid Society</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Admiral William D. Smith
(Ret.); Former United States Military Representative to NATO Military
Committee</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Lieutenant General Jörn
Söder; German Military Representative to NATO Military Committee</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Ambassador Walter Stadtler:
U.S. Department of Defense</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Lieutenant General Hjalmar
Sunde; Norwegian Military Representative to NATO Military Committee</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Mr. Malcolm R. Uffelman;
Vice President, E-Systems Inc.</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Dr. W. F. van Eekelen;
Secretary General, Western European Union</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="-1">Field Marshal Sir Richard
Vincent GBE KCB DSO; Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT SIZE="+1"> </FONT></CENTER>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Among these organizations and
individuals, we greatly appreciate those who became sponsors this year:
Gordon Lynch of the Boeing Company--one of the original sponsors of the
Workshop series a decade ago; Börje Johanson and Egon Linderoth of
Bofors, representing the first sponsoring organization from a Scandinavian
country and the first from one of NATO's new "Partner"
countries; John Largent of Hughes Europe s.a.n.v., whose advice was always
helpful; Frank Parker (who had sponsored past NATO Workshops before
joining ITT Defense Electronics) and Gary Lind also of ITT Defense
Electronics; François Heisbourg of MATRA Defense Espace who shared
his experience as the former Director of the International Institute of
Strategic Studies; Richard Milburn, Harry Pearce, and Brigadier General
Edward von Kospoth of the newly-combined Northrop-Grumman company;
Olivetti, which, through its Secretary General and, in Norway, Mr. Jan
Scheifloe and Mr. Christian Støldal of its Scanvest Olivetti
organization, provided computer support and loaned us much needed notebook
computers; Dr. Donald Kendall and Mr. C. A. von Stackelberg of Raytheon;
and Mr. Angelo Dalle Molle, the founder of Centro Studi della Barbariga
who has, for many years, encouraged us to think about new uses of military
forces and capabilities in the post Cold War situation.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Other important advisors and
contributors were Dr. Ing. Fausto Cereti, the President and CEO of Alenia,
Ing. Fabio Dani, and Mr. Guido Spina of Alenia. With Admiral Guido
Venturoni, Chief of Defense of Italy, and Lieutenant General Giuseppe
Degli Innocenti, they strengthened Italy's many Workshop contributions. At
Deutsche Aerospace, Dr. Johann Schæffler, Executive Assistant to the
President, helped coordinate our plans to hold the 1995 NATO Workshop in
Dresden, Germany.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Rucj Uffelman, Hal Vorhies, and
Brig. Gen. Robert Norman of E-Systems have been valued advisors. Their
many years of participation brings long-term continuity to their
sponsorship. Georgia Institute of Technology has a special role: Dr.
Patrick Crecine, President of the Georgia Institute of Technology, who has
been one of the Workshop leaders since our first meeting eleven years ago,
with Professor Michael Salomone and Major General Gerald Carey of the
Georgia Tech Research Institute are developing the Workshop's academic
dimension.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">The contributions of Lieutenant
General Paul G. Cerjan, President of the National Defense University,
together with Vice President Ambassador Howard Walker, Dr. Stuart Johnson,
Colonel Robert Clark, Mr. Gary Glovinsky, Ms. Carol Steiner, and Ms.
Taylor, were vital since NDU is both a university sponsor of the Workshop
and a major "internal think-tank" of the U.S. Department of
Defense. At the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, we appreciate the
contributions of Colonel Katherine J. Ward, Vince Roske, and Lieutenant
Colonel Kenneth Drifmeyer. C3I Principal Deputy Barry Horton has been
coordinating much of the Pentagon participation and added to efforts of
Albert Lubarsky in that area. With MITRE Corporation (where Vice President
John Quilty has helped for many years), they have directed our attention
to important command and control issues.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Director of Net Assessment
Andrew Marshall played a key role as he has since the first Workshop more
than a decade ago. Glenna Hughes of his office arranged for the necessary
publication approvals and helped smooth the administration of our
contract.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Again this year, Major General
Kenneth Hagemann, Director of the Defense Nuclear Agency, sponsored and
chaired one of the Workshop's most influential sessions: an address by
SACEUR followed by a panel session with each of his CINCs. Rear Admiral
Denny Wisely, the Agency's Director for Operations, was responsible for
much of the planning and chaired a special panel that provided Russian,
Georgian, Swiss, and U.S. views on Partnership for Peace. Other important
DNA contributions came from both William Daitch and Major Michael Davis.</FONT></FONT>
</P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Lieutenant General Malcolm R.
O'Neill, Director of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) and
Dr. J. David Martin, with help from General Jack Merritt, President of the
Association of the U.S. Army, organized with Les Aspin, former U.S.
Secretary of Defense, an outstanding session on problems of proliferation.
We especially enjoyed working with Kitty Stepp at BMDO and Joan Casey in
Les Aspin's office. Ambassador Henry Cooper, with years of high-level
experience on these issues, was a valued advisor.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Ambassador Kent Brown helped
arrange for Georgian National Security Advisor Tedo Japaridze to attend
this year. Vice Admiral Robert George, Canadian Military Representative to
the NATO Military Committee, provided NATO and NACC officials with
Canadian air transportation to last year's Workshop in Budapest and
continues to assist the Workshop by permitting Manon Van der Horden, a
member of his staff, to help us during the coming year. We enjoyed working
with Lt. Col. Rick Froh in the office of the Chairman of the NATO Military
Committee.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">A small, but extremely effective
international staff worked smoothly with their Norwegian colleagues from
Naval District West and the Solstrand Fjord Hotel to make the Workshop a
very pleasant experience for everyone. This team included Lieutenant
Colonel Kenneth Drifmeyer of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff and Major
Thomas Petzold of SHAPE. Together, they led a very well-organized and
effective group from Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (Commander
Tor Vestlie, Sergeant Major Hans Dirks, Sergeant Gerald Johnson) in
addition to William Daitch of the Defense Nuclear Agency, and Mary Wu and
Anne Baylon from the Center for Strategic Decision Research. The
professionalism of this staff, whose members always worked past midnight
in the days before the conference, was remarkable. In addition, Major
Petzold's wife, Claudine, participated as a much appreciated volunteer. We
owe her our thanks for her efforts and personal warmth. Minister Vernon
Penner, International Affairs Advisor to SACEUR, assisted in a variety of
unplanned ways in order to help adapt the Workshop to the changing
international situation and many unexpected events. We especially
appreciated working with Brigadier Harry Brown, Colonel Roger Rains, Major
Mac Coleman, and others on the staff of General Joulwan. SACEUR's
photographer Sergeant Jon Long provided a fine cover photograph for this
volume.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">We appreciated the advice and
wisdom of two Vice Honorary General Chairmen, SHAPE Chief of Staff General
Peter Carstens and General J.B. Davis (who was Honorary General Chairman
of the Workshop until his recent retirement from the U.S. Air Force).
Members of the Workshop executive committee (General Robert Dixon, Air
Chief Marshal Sir David Evans of British Aerospace, Corporate Vice
President Robert Hermann of United Technologies, and General Jack Merritt)
were also helpful. Their many suggestions made the Workshop more valuable
to all.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">At Strategic Decisions Press,
Anne Baylon's editing team of Carol Whitely and Alice Kleeman put the book
in final form. Mary Wu, now a student at Stanford University Law School,
and Franck Pignol also contributed. Charles Arkebauer at The Typemasters
in Palo Alto, California performed the Linotronic typesetting work.
Scribner Graphic Press of Menlo Park, California printed the book on its
Heidelberg SORDZ and Heidelberg MOV presses. At Scribner, Mary Cotter,
Mary Anne Fernando, and Kevin Cotter prepared the negatives, plates, and
organized the printing and binding efforts.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">For several years, a portion of
this research was supported by Scientific Services Agreement number
DAAL03-91-C-0034, Delivery Order No. 1298 with the Battelle Research
Triangle Park Office. Dr. George Outterson and L.G. Franklin of Battelle
as well as Hodges Throckmorton of the Army Research Office administered
this contract with an efficiency of effort that helped make the NATO
Workshop series increasingly valuable to its sponsoring organizations and
its participants.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Finally, we are grateful for the
efforts of many others, too numerous to mention, who contributed their
skill and their efforts to the NATO Workshop and the process of building a
new NATO.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Menlo Park, California</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">November, 1994</FONT></FONT> </P>
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