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<TITLE>Preface to European Security: Beginning a New Century</TITLE>
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<CENTER><B><FONT SIZE="+4">Preface to <I>European Security:</I></FONT></B></CENTER>
<CENTER><B><I><FONT SIZE="+4">Beginning a New Century </FONT></I></B>
</CENTER>
<P>The XIIIth International NATO Workshop was held in Warsaw, Poland, on
19-23 June 1996 under the patronage of President of Poland Aleksander
Kwasniewski. For the third year, General George Joulwan, Supreme Allied
Commander Europe, served as the Workshop's Honorary General Chairman. The
Workshop theme was "European Security at the Beginning of a New
Century." The papers in this volume are based on presentations at the
Workshop. In many cases, the views that are expressed are presented on a
personal basis. Consequently, these chapters do not necessarily reflect
the position of their author's organization or government. </P>
<P>An evening reception and dinner in the Senate Room and State Apartments
of the Warsaw Royal Palace, <I>Zamek</I>, opened the Workshop, with
addresses by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana and Polish Prime
Minister Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz. The beauty of the <I>Zamek</I> Palace
was striking, especially since the entire building was destroyed during
the Second World War and rebuilt from historical documents, photographs,
and artworks including detailed paintings by Canaletto. Before the
Palace's systematic destruction, fragments of frescoes, columns, and
decorative elements had been rescued- in the bitter winter cold and
possibly at the risk of their lives- by directors and staff members of the
National Museum and by Polish architects and art historians who sought to
save their country's cultural heritage. UNESCO has appropriately placed
the <I>Zamek</I> Palace on its list of cultural treasures. We are
grateful for the assistance of Professor Andrzej Rotermund, Director of
the Palace, who gave the Workshop almost unprecedented access for the
opening events. </P>
<P>The Workshop sessions began the next morning with special presentations
by Polish President Kwasniewski, President of Bulgaria Zhelyu Zhelev,
SACEUR General Joulwan and a panel of SACEUR's major subordinate
commanders: Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns KCB CBE LVO,
Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Northwestern Europe; General Dieter Stöckmann,
Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Central Europe; Admiral Leighton Smith,
Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe; and General Sir Jeremy
Mackenzie KCB OBE, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe. </P>
<P>Other important Workshop events included an address by United States
Deputy Secretary of Defense John White at Lazienki Palace and an address
by Czech President Václav Havel at the Warsaw National Theater
following a ballet in celebration of Warsaw's 400th anniversary as
Poland's capital and a dinner hosted by Polish President Kwasniewski. The
Workshop ended at Pultusk Castle, with luncheon remarks by Defense
Minister Stanislaw Dobrzanski of Poland. </P>
<P>Adding to the beauty of the <I>Zamek</I> Palace Senate Room and State
Apartments, the Island Theater of the Lazienki Palace, and Pultusk Castle
were performances at <I>Zamek</I> by Warszawska Sinfonietta; at Lazienki
by the Polish Army Dance Ensemble and the National Board of Polish
Students' Folkloric Ensembles ORSZPIT; and at Pultusk by the national folk
song and dance ensemble Mazowsze. These facilities were available thanks
to Director Marek Kwiatowski and Ewa Gora of Lazienki, Director Professor
Krzysztof Torunczyk of the National Theater, and Director Grzegorz Russak
of Pultusk Castle. </P>
<P>Additional major Workshop speakers and participants included Estonian
Prime Minister Tiit Vähi (attending his third Workshop), Danish
Defense Minister Hans Hækkerup, U.S. Under Secretary of Defense Paul
Kaminski, U.K. Second Permanent Undersecretary of State Sir Moray Stewart,
German Ambassador Dr. Hermann Freiherr von Richthofen, Icelandic
Ambassador Thorsteinn Ingolfsson, U.S. Ambassador Robert Hunter, NATO
Military Committee Chairman General Klaus Naumann, military
representatives to the NATO Military Committee, Foreign Minister Valdis
Birkavs of Latvia, Defense Minister György Keleti of Hungary, Foreign
Minister Dr. László Kovács of Hungary, Defense
Minister Andrus Öövel of Estonia, Foreign Minister Dariusz
Rosati of Poland, Foreign Minister Juraj Schenk of the Slovak Republic,
Defense Minister Anneli Taina of Finland, Foreign Minister Hennadiy
Udovenko of Ukraine, Finnish Under Secretary of State Jaako Blomberg,
Polish State Secretary Andrzej Karkoszka, Romanian State Secretary Mircea
Pascu, Czech First Deputy Minister of Defense RNDr. Petr Necas, and Czech
First Vice Minister Alexandr Vondra. State Secretary Ignac Golob was very
welcome as the first representative of Slovenia to participate in the
Workshop. </P>
<P>In addition to participation by General Tadeusz Wilecki, the Chief of
Defense of Poland, and Admiral Hans Garde, Chief of Defense of Denmark-who
has since died tragically in an aircraft accident in the Færoe
Islands-other important military contributions were made by
Commander-in-Chief U.S. Army Europe General William W. Crouch, SACEUR
Representative Major General Claus Ahnfeldt-Mollerup, and Supreme Allied
Commander Atlantic Representative Vice Admiral Michael Gretton. There were
contributions by many active and retired general officers of NATO and
Partner countries. </P>
<P>This year's Workshop was significant because of the enthusiastic support
of President Kwasniewski and the entire Polish government, and also
because of the Workshop's unusual timing-the Workshop was held as the city
celebrated its 400th year as the capital of Poland, as Russia conducted
two rounds of voting that ultimately led to President Yeltsin's
re-election, and as the Alliance prepared for discussions and a fall
Ministerial meeting at which important decisions are to be announced
concerning the opening of NATO to new members. The fine Polish government
support, the timing, and the not-for-attribution nature of the Workshop
discussions led to feelings of mutual cooperation, trust, and warm
friendship among all of the participants. As a result, this XIIIth
Workshop marked-in a small but real way-an historic step forward by Poland
and other Central European countries on the path to integration into
Western institutions, including NATO, in the not very distant future. </P>
<P>With the enthusiasm of Polish President Kwasniewski, Defense Minister
Dobrzanski, and especially State Secretary Andrzej Karkoszka, the Polish
government's support for the Workshop was perfect in every respect. Other
Polish contributors were State Secretary Jerzy Milewski, State Secretary
Andrzej Towpik, and State Secretary Wojciech Lamentowicz. The Polish
Secretary of State's "Operating Team" was led by State Secretary
Karkoszka and Colonel Kazimir Sikorski, with the help of Colonel Jozef
Aleksy (external events), Colonel Hieronim Idziak (spouses' program),
Colonel A. Zajac, Ms. Katarzyna Rud, Ms. Jolanta Sadowska, and Mgr. Piotr
Piatkowki (conference room coordination). In the months of preparation
preceding the Workshop, State Secretary Karkoszka participated daily in
every major decision by the Polish Government; at the Workshop, he was
present at every event and chaired the session on Central European
Security. The responsibility for the Workshop's success rested as well on
the shoulders of Colonel Sikorski, and on his energy and organizational
skill. Colonel Sikorski is now at the Polish Embassy in Brussels, where he
will continue to strengthen the growing links between Poland and NATO.
Other staff contributions were by Lieutenant Colonel Andrzej Bienkowski,
S. Filipczak, Adam Daca, Jaroslaw Glowacz, Jozef Gomolka, Maria Grozdow,
Slawomir Magier, Czeslaw Mikolajczyk, Zygmunt Milaszewski, Piotr Naglik,
Witold Przewuski, Anna Skoczek, Edward Stangreciak, Adam Stasinski, Janusz
Strzelecki, Krzysztof Szymanski, Grzegorz Jedraszczak, Janusz Urbaniak,
Stanislaw Lopuszanski, and Special Advisor Wisniewski. We especially
appreciate the excellent security protection that was provided by the
Polish government. And we thank the <I>Zamek</I> Museum, Agencja
Fotograficzna Orleta, and photographer Maciej Bronarski, for the cover
photographs for this volume. Orbis Director Grazyna Paczesna handled many
Workshop functions on behalf of the Polish government, including
arrangements for meeting participants at the Warsaw airport,
transportation to Workshop events, and such dinner arrangements as those
at the National Theater. At MAVO Film and Television Productions, Director
Wojciech Mandrewicz prepared a fine video of the Workshop which has been
distributed to participants. </P>
<P>We warmly thank Ambassador Andrzej Krzeczunowicz, Polish Ambassador to
the NACC. He was the first to propose that a NATO Workshop be held in
Poland, and his wife, Nika, was the "architect" of the spouses'
trip to Cracow (which was ultimately made possible by President
Kwaskiewski's loan of his Presidential aircraft). </P>
<P>In its preparations for the NATO Workshop, the Polish government
received sponsorship support from four Polish companies: Bumar-Labedy
Company Plc (represented by President of the Board Mr. Henryk Pfeifer),
Industry Center of Optics at Warsaw (represented by President of the Board
Mr. Roman Lukaszewski), PZL-Swidnik (represented by Mr. Mieczyslaw
Majewski), and Steelworks "Stalowa Wola" PLC (represented by
President of the Board Adam Franczak). Warsaw Initiative funds were made
available with help from the United States Ambassador to Poland Nicholas
Rey. </P>
<P>Many other organizations have contributed to the NATO Workshop. The
major sponsors of the Workshop, which is now in its fourteenth year,
include the Government of Poland; Alenia a Finmeccanica Company S.p.A.;
Assistant Secretary of Defense (C3I); Association of the United States
Army; Ballistic Missile Defense Organization; The Boeing Company; Celsius
Industrier; Defense Special Weapons Agency (formerly called the Defense
Nuclear Agency); Georgia Institute of Technology; Hughes Aircraft Company;
Lockheed Martin; McDonnell Douglas Corporation; MITRE Corporation;
National Defense University; Net Assessment; Northrop Grumman; Rockwell;
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe; TERMA Elektronik AS; TRW
Systems Integration Group; United Technologies; and the Governments of
Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands,
Norway and Portugal, and the Italian Ministry of Defense. We also
appreciate the contributions of the Canadian Armed Forces and those of
Associate Sponsors GEC-Marconi and Raytheon International Inc. </P>
<P>The NATO Workshop Advisory Board, whose members are listed below, has
provided valued leadership and includes representatives of many of the
sponsoring organizations: </P>
<CENTER><B>Patron:</B></CENTER>
<CENTER>His Excellency Aleksander Kwasniewski,<I> President of the
Republic of Poland</I></CENTER>
<CENTER><B>Past Patron:</B></CENTER>
<CENTER>His Excellency Volker Rühe; <I>Minister of Defense of Germany</I></CENTER>
<CENTER><B>Board of Advisors:</B></CENTER>
<CENTER>Mr. Thomas M. Brennan, <I>Vice President, Boeing Defense and Space
Group</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>General Peter Carstens, <I>Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters
Allied Powers Europe</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Dr. Ing. Fausto Cereti, <I>Former President, Alenia a Finmeccanica
S.p.A. Company</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Lieutenant General Paul Cerjan (Ret.), <I>Former President,
National Defense University</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Air Chief Marshal Sir David Evans (Ret.), GCB, CBE, CBIM, <I>British
Aerospace Plc</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Major General Kenneth L. Hagemann (Ret.), <I>Former Director of
Defense Nuclear Agency</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Mr. Robert Hermann, <I>Vice President, United Technologies</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Admiral James R. Hogg (Ret.), <I>Director of Strategic Studies
Group, United States Navy</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Dr. Frank B. Horton III, <I>Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary
of Defense (C3I)</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Lieutenant General Giuseppe Degli Innocenti, <I>Italian Military
Representative to NATO Military Committee</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>General George Joulwan, <I>Supreme Allied Commander Europe</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>State Secretary Andrzej Karkoszka, <I>First Deputy Minister of
Defense of Poland</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>His Excellency Dr. László Kovács, <I>Minister
of Foreign Affairs of Hungary</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Ambassador Andrzej Krzeczunowicz, <I>Polish Ambassador to North
Atlantic Cooperation Council</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>General Jack N. Merritt (Ret.), <I>President, Association of the
United States Army</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>General Klaus Naumann, <I>Chairman of NATO Military Committee</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Lieutenant General Malcolm R. O'Neill (Ret.), <I>Former Director,
Ballistic Missile Defense Organization</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Vice Admiral John T. Parker (Ret.), <I>President, J. T. Parker
Associates, Inc.</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Mr. John Quilty,<I> Senior Vice President, MITRE Corporation</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Ambassador Dr. Hermann Freiherr von Richtofen, <I>German
Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>General John Shalikashvili, <I>Chairman of United States Joint
Chiefs of Staff</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Lieutenant General Jörn Söder (Ret.), <I>Former German
Military Representative to NATO Military Committee</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>State Secretary Andrzej Towpik, <I>Polish Vice Minister of Foreign
Affairs</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>His Excellency Tiit Vähi, <I>Prime Minister of Estonia</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Field Marshal Sir Richard Vincent (Ret.) GBE KCB DSO, <I>Former
Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Mr. Alexandr Vondra, <I>First Vice Foreign Minister of the Czech
Republic</I></CENTER>
<CENTER>Lieutenant General Klaus Wiesmann, <I>German Military
Representative to NATO Military Committee</I></CENTER>
<P>Few have mattered more to the Workshop than General Jack Merritt, who
was Honorary General Chairman of two NATO Workshops and both directly and
indirectly contributed to the success of the last eleven of them. General
Merritt is currently the President of the Association of the United States
Army. </P>
<P>Alenia a Finmeccanica S.p.A. Company, which has supported the Workshops
since the VIIth annual meeting at Lake Orta in Italy, is the senior
European industry sponsor. We especially appreciate the help and support
of Alenia's new President Giorgio Zappa and of Colonel Aldo Ferraguto, who
represented Alenia at the last two Workshops. Principal Deputy Assistant
Secretary of Defense (C3I) Dr. Barry Horton III, Deputy Assistant
Secretary Dr. James E. Soos, and Salvatore Manno contributed both to the
C3I dimension of the Workshop and to the coordination of senior U.S.
Department of Defense participation. Dr. Horton arranged for Deputy
Secretary of Defense John White to address the Workshop as Secretary
William Perry's representative. Dr. Horton also allowed Tamara Mitchem of
his staff to assist us as a Workshop staff member in Warsaw. </P>
<P>As Director of the Studies Analysis and Gaming Division (J-8) at the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, Colonel Stanley Gorenc participated in both the
Dresden and Warsaw Workshops and arranged for Lieutenant Colonel Scott
Salyers to assist us in Warsaw as a key Workshop staff member. We are
grateful for the continued interest demonstrated by Technical Director
Vince Roske. </P>
<P>Lieutenant General Malcolm R. O'Neill, Director of the Ballistic Missile
Defense Organization (BMDO) and Deputy for Strategic Relations Dr. J.
David Martin arranged for the DNA/BMDO Joint Session with Under Secretary
of Defense Paul Kaminski and chaired by Major General Gary Curtin. Both
Dr. Martin and Michael Kamin represented BMDO in Warsaw. Throughout the
year, Kitty Stepp of BMDO was always ready. </P>
<P>The Boeing Company was represented by Thomas M. Brennan, Vice President
of the Boeing Defense and Space Group, and by Robert Draper, Vice
President Europe of Boeing International. Thomas Brennan has now joined
the Workshop Advisory Board. We appreciate the continued support of C. G.
Jerry King, President of Boeing Defense and Space Group, and the help of
Michele Soukin who assisted us in Warsaw as a Workshop staff member. </P>
<P>Celsius Industrier of Sweden was represented by Vice President Borje
Johanson. The involvement of Celsius Industrier has encouraged other
Scandinavian official and industrial participation. Lieutenant General
Paul Addy, Canadian Military Representative to the NATO Military
Committee, chaired the final Workshop session this year and also arranged
for Manon Van der Horden, a member of his staff, to help us in Warsaw.
</P>
<P>This was the eleventh Workshop in which the Defense Special Weapons
Agency (DSWA) has participated as a principal sponsor. Over the years, the
DSWA (under its previous name of Defense Nuclear Agency) has probably been
the most influential of all the workshop sponsors. Speakers invited by
DSWA to participate in past Workshops include: former Secretaries of
Defense Les Aspin, Harold Brown, and James Schlesinger, former Secretary
of State and former SACEUR Alexander Haig, former SACEURs General Andrew
Goodpaster and General Bernard Rogers, former Joint Chiefs of Staff
Chairman General John Vessey, and former Ambassador to the U.N. Jean
Kirkpatrick. Director Major General Gary L. Curtin is continuing that
tradition. This year's joint DSWA/BMDO joint session, chaired by General
Curtin, included presentations by U.S. Under Secretary of Defense Dr. Paul
Kaminski and by government and industry leaders. Rear Admiral D.A. Weiss,
the agency's Director for Operations, gave his wisdom and time throughout
the year to help with the Workshop planning, and Major General Randall
Peat participated in the Workshop discussions. Other DSWA assistance came
from Colonel John Koval, Lieutenant Colonel Raymond Bull, and William
Daitch, our principal contact point at DSWA. In DSWA Acquisitions, Edward
Archer and David Staudt were truly helpful. Former Director Major General
Kenneth Hagemann and his wife Jean contributed to the planning of
President Havel's dinner address at the National Theater. </P>
<P>From GEC-Marconi, now an associate sponsor of the Workshop, Vice Admiral
The Hon Sir Nicholas Hill-Norton, Defense Advisor, participated for the
first time since his retirement from the U.K. military and was much
appreciated. The Workshop's principal university sponsor was the Georgia
Institute of Technology. Brigadier General James Allen represented the
Georgia Tech Research Institute while Professor Robert Kennedy represented
the University. Professor Michael Salomone, Dr. Daniel Papp, and President
Dr. Wayne Clough gave valued advice and support, although Georgia Tech's
responsibilities at the Atlanta Olympic Games prevented their
participation this year. </P>
<P>At Hughes Aircraft Company, we would like to express our thanks to Robin
Beard, Chairman of Hughes Europe s.a.-n.v., and W. R. Frederick of Hughes
Europe. Mr. John D. Largent, our key point of contact at Hughes Europe for
several years, was a pleasure to work with. We especially appreciate the
support of Norman Augustine of Lockheed Martin for agreeing to sponsor the
Workshop after an absence of several years, and the Workshop participation
of Robert Clifford, President of Lockheed Martin International (Central
and Eastern Europe), Vice Presidents Grady Jordan and Robert A. Watters,
as well as Bruce Jackson of the Corporate staff. </P>
<P>At McDonnell Douglas, Senior Vice President Thomas Gunn, Vice President
(Development) Gary Mears, Deputy Program Manager Mark Franzblau and
Marketing Manager Fred Spivey were very helpful contributors to the
Workshop. McDonnell Douglas sponsored the Workshop for the first time this
year. At MITRE Corporation, Vice President John Quilty has participated in
the NATO Workshop Series and as a member of the Board of Advisors for a
full decade. Helen Quilty helped us plan the spouses trip to Cracow. John
Quilty continues to focus our attention on important technology and policy
issues. The contributions of Lieutenant General Ervin J. Rokke, President
of the National Defense University (NDU), as well as those of Vice
President William Graham Walker, Hans Binnendijk (Director, Institute for
National Strategic Studies), former NDU President Lieutenant General Paul
G. Cerjan, and Dr. Stuart Johnson, were vital given NDU's unique role as a
university and very influential source of policy advice within the U.S.
Department of Defense. </P>
<P>Director of Net Assessment Andrew Marshall has been a principal advisor
since the first Workshop. During that thirteen year period, the Workshop
has evolved dramatically from the discussion of command and control issues
in Naval operational decision making to the somewhat theoretical and even
academic issues in political-military decision making and to the
discussion of such Cold War issues as the use of tactical nuclear weapons
in Europe. In more recent years, the Workshop's emphasis has been on the
development of Partnership for Peace, the enlargement of NATO, and the
desire to establish special relations with such countries as Ukraine and
Russia that are not currently candidates for NATO membership. Rebecca
Caudill of Andrew Marshall's office has greatly smoothed the
administration of our contract. </P>
<P>The Chief Executive Officer of Northrop Grumman, Kent Kresa, as well as
Corporate Vice President William James, Vice President Harry Pearce, and
Thomas Darcy have continued to be enthusiastic supporters of the Workshop,
and sponsors as well. We value the long-term participation of Brigadier
General Robert Norman (Ret.) of Raytheon International. </P>
<P>We appreciate the support at Rockwell International of Pat Hall,
Director of International Trade Relations, and consultant Nolan Stripling.
Rockwell International sponsored the Workshop for the first time this
year. </P>
<P>In addition to Denmark's Defense Minister, Chief of Defense, and other
official participants, Denmark was represented by Major General Ole Fogh
(Ret.) who attended again this year as the representative of TERMA
Elektronik AS. At TRW Systems Integration Group, Vice President
International Phillip R. Trapp, John Nowacek, and Frank Wiemann
participated in Warsaw and helped in other ways. United Technologies was
represented by Senior Vice President Robert Hermann, who, like Andrew
Marshall, participated in the first Workshop 13 years ago. David Manke,
President of United Technologies International, also contributed this year
as a member of Major General Gary Curtin's DSWA/BMDO Joint Panel. </P>
<P>Because of the special importance of the Russian Federation to European
security, we are grateful for the participation of Evgueni Kojokin,
Director of Russia's Institute of Strategic Studies. NATO's relationships
with international organizations are equally vital, and we therefore
appreciate the participation of Ambassador Horst Holthoff and Peter Hess
of the Western European Union, John Renninger of the United Nations, and
Sergio Vieira de Mello, Assistant U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees.
Austria's Workshop participation has been growing thanks to Ambassador
Eric Hochleitner and Lieutenant General Ernest Koenig, Commandant of the
Austrian Defense Academy. U.S. Ambassador to Austria Swanee Hunt
participated in the Workshop for the first time this year. </P>
<P>The Workshop's international staff members, who worked very closely and
effectively with their Polish counterparts, included Minister Counselor
Mike Durkee in a senior policy role, Lieutenant Colonel Paul Markowicz
(now the U.S. Defense Attache in Slovakia), Colonel Roger Rains (Ret.),
and Lieutenant Colonel Eugene Moseley of the College of Aerospace Doctrine
Research & Education, who helped especially in the financial planning
area. We are particularly grateful for the hard work, dedication, and
leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Scott Salyers of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of
Staff. His planning and organizational work were so vital to key Workshop
events that he sometimes worked through the night without sleep. Captain
Jeff Malcolm from the staff of Major General Claus Ahnfeldt-Mollerup,
Sergeant First Class Dana Davis, Sergeant Paul Zinck, and SrA Rhonda
Singletary also worked for long hours that often approached those of
Colonel Salyers. It would be difficult to find anyone more dedicated than
this group, which also included Tamara Mitchem, who was "loaned"
by the OASD for C3I. We also thank Boeing for Michele Soukin's help during
the four days of the Workshop. In addition, Anne Baylon and Ania Garlitski
of the Center for Strategic Decision Research were involved in the full
year of planning leading up to the Warsaw Workshop. Shortly after the
Workshop, Ania was admitted to Medical School at the University of Vermont
where she is now a first year student. Brigadier Harry Brown (Ret.)
provided helpful suggestions based on his work in SHAPE's Policy Division,
and Lieutenant Colonel Mark Morgan is now playing a central role in our
planning for the XIVth Workshop in Prague. We also appreciate SHAPE's help
in providing a Boeing 707 aircraft that brought a large group of senior
NATO officials and military commanders from Brussels to Warsaw. </P>
<P>The Workshop sessions were held at the Victoria Intercontinental Hotel,
which is perfectly located near the Royal Castle, Old Town, and the
National Theater. The hotel's conference facilities were first class. Even
more important was the excellent support we received from the Victoria's
entire management and staff, including General Manager Marek Stopczyk,
Sales Manager Boguslaw Stepniak, and Assistant Sales Manager Iwona
Bartuszek. The microphones as well as the translation, recording, and
other equipement provided by Eurocongress Centrum worked perfectly. </P>
<P>This book was put in final form by Anne Baylon at Strategic Decisions
Press, with the very professional assistance of editorial consultant Carol
Whiteley, who carefully reviewed each chapter, and Alice Kleeman, who did
a large part of the word processing as well as transcriptions from audio
tapes when required. Jackie Baum contributed her administrative skills to
the project. Linotext in Palo Alto, California, performed the Linotronic
typesetting work, while Scribner Graphic Press of Menlo Park did the
printing on its Heidelberg SORDZ and MOV presses. </P>
<P>Finally, we wish to thank all the representatives of the sponsoring
organizations and, of course, Czech President Václav Havel for his
invitation to hold the XIVth NATO Workshop in Prague. </P>
<P>Menlo Park, California <BR>September 1996 </P>
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