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<TITLE>Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns...Adapting NATO's Military
Structure to Meet Tomorrow's Missions</TITLE>
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<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+4">Adapting NATO's Military
Structure to Meet Tomorrow's Missions</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+3">Air Chief Marshal Sir
Richard Johns KCB CBE LVO</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
<CENTER></CENTER>
<CENTER><B><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+1">INTRODUCTION </FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">As Commander-in-Chief of NATO's
newest major subordinate command, it seems appropriate for me to provide
you with some thoughts on adapting NATO's military structure to meet
tomorrow's missions. In many ways, Allied Forces Northwestern Europe,
created after the end of the Cold War, represents the face of the new
NATO: my headquarters is a small, streamlined, multinational, joint
organization that makes extensive use of modern technology to improve
communications and reduce staff levels to the effective minimum. I have
150 staff officers and 140 support personnel drawn from 8 nations. And
they are my staff for peace, crisis, and war--not a man or woman more.</FONT></FONT>
</P>
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<CENTER><B><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+1">TOMORROW'S MISSIONS</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">The integrated military
structure remains at the heart of the NATO Alliance. To keep that
structure relevant in the post-Cold War world, we must adapt to political
and economic realities and become smarter in how we do our military
business. During the Cold War, our forces were heavy, static, and arrayed
in echelons to counter a clearly defined threat. Now, the security
environment is dramatically different, and NATO's new Strategic Concept
calls for structures that provide the forces and capabilities needed to
deal with a wide spectrum of risks and contingencies. This includes the
capability to undertake crisis-management and peace-support operations
while continuing to defend the security and territorial integrity of
member-states.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">In the new climate of
multidirectional risks and fiscal restraint, we can no longer afford to
dedicate standing forces "in place" to counter aggression across
every NATO frontier simultaneously. Instead, we need a mix of
capabilities, increasingly reliant on quick reaction and augmentation
forces, with a command structure sufficiently adaptable to cope with a
force mix tailored to individual tasks: a force mix, I should add, that
quite conceivably might include assets from outside the integrated
military structure. Thus today and for the foreseeable future we must be
capable of dealing with the complete military spectrum, from humanitarian
relief through low-intensity conflict to, if all else fails,
high-intensity war.</FONT></FONT> </P>
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<CENTER><B><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+1">ADAPTING THE MILITARY
STRUCTURE</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">In keeping with tomorrow's
missions, the new NATO has become more flexible, mobile, and deployable.
We have moved away from the old emphasis on in-place forces and created
Rapid Reaction Forces that are better structured to the new business of
crisis management. The ACE Rapid Reaction Corps, for example, contains
trained and ready formations that can draw troops from up to 10 divisions
and deploy them in any direction. The ACE Mobile Force, which could be
thought of as a multinational "fire brigade," is kept at a high
level of readiness by training together during exercises like the Major
NATO Command Exercise STRONG RESOLVE, which took place in Norway's arduous
winter conditions earlier this year; the exercise also tested the new ACE
command structure with particular emphasis on Allied Forces Northwestern
Europe (AFNW). Finally, at the heart of our redefined Main Defense Forces
are our new Multinational Corps.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">The Combined Joint Task Force,
or CJTF Initiative, is another example of how NATO is engaging
contemporary challenges with structural implications. The developing
concept draws on NATO's existing military structures to build separable
but not separate military capabilities that could be employed by NATO or
the Western European Union as they attempt to head off or respond to
crises. The operational requirements for a CJTF Headquarters are
threefold. First, it must be capable of rapid formation when the
probability of commitment is high. Second, it must be able to execute a
myriad of tasks such as the Command and Control (C2) of land, air, and sea
forces; the processing and dissemination of intelligence; and the
reception and committal of reinforcements. Finally, a CJTF Headquarters
must be capable of sustained operations in a hostile environment. From a
personal viewpoint, I believe the development of the CJTF concept must be
carried through to a successful conclusion before we can sensibly address
the issue of further changes to the current military command structure.</FONT></FONT>
</P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">In non-Article V operations,
such as the one in and around the former Yugoslavia, military and
political dimensions cannot be separated. We require a constant dialogue
between the commander with operational control through the chain of
command to the political leadership providing the direction. However, the
Cold War legacy of large static headquarters with several subordinate
levels is not ideally suited to this kind of crisis-management decision
making. A CJTF, though, has the potential to provide a much larger measure
of flexibility and adaptability.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">There are a number of ways in
which we can seek to improve and streamline our static headquarters staff
structures to meet tomorrow's missions. We must evolve leaner,
multinational, joint staff structures that are inherently more malleable
and thus better able to accommodate changing circumstances. The
achievement of this goal will place a high premium on the use of
technology, particularly Automated Data Processing/Communications and
Information Systems (ADP/CIS), to accommodate simultaneously routine
peacetime staff activities and crisis-management tasks.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">Reduced force levels and wider
potential missions call not only for streamlined, flexible command
structures but also for highly professional, well-trained servicemen with
modern equipment. We need to ensure that the Alliance's forces can
maintain their qualitative edge. A formation such as the U.K./Netherlands
Amphibious Force is a good example of the kind of organization that has
the flexibility needed for crisis management and other non-Article V
operations. But one does not develop this flexibility by magic; one does
it by providing good equipment and intensive training, and this costs
money.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">If we are to accomplish our
multiple missions, we must continuously assess our goals and force
requirements and seek to harmonize our missions and resources through
military analysis and the development of contingency operation plans. I
recognize that the question of sufficient and appropriate resources is
ultimately one for our political leaders, but it falls to us, the military
leaders, to define military requirements and to explain the risks we will
incur if the Alliance fails to meet those requirements. It also falls to
us to make the most efficient use of the resources the nations are
prepared to assign to us.</FONT></FONT> </P>
<CENTER></CENTER>
<CENTER><B><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+1">CONCLUSION</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE="+0">The new NATO, I believe, is
adapting well to the staggering changes of the past few years. We have
traveled a long way in a relatively short while to adapt force structures
and command and control arrangements to the new realities of the post-Cold
War situation. The process of change, however, is far from over, and I
believe the CJTF concept represents a most important key to the future
development of NATO's military structure. Meanwhile, we must continue to
strive to increase our flexibility and efficiency while being careful not
to allow our military forces to drop below a level, both in numbers and
expertise, that will undermine NATO's combat power; that power is the
bedrock of the military structure. To this end, it is vitally important
that we continue with an imaginative and vigorous exercise program.</FONT></FONT>
</P>
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