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<td bgcolor="#006699" height="18" colspan="12"><div align="center" class="style285" style="font-weight: bold; color: #FFFFFF">General Karl-Heinz Lather</div></td>
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<p align="center" class="style33"><img src="http://www.csdr.org/2009book/2009images/lather.jpg" alt="General Karl-Heinz Lather" height="161" align="top"/></p>
<p align="center" class="style33">General Karl-Heinz Lather <br>
Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe (SHAPE)</p>
<p align="center" class="style33">Dealing with Crises in Afghanistan <br>
And Pakistan: Military Perspectives</p>
<p align="left">I will start with a short outline and a reminder that NATO Operations are a lot more than just Afghanistan. There is KFOR, and there are operations at the Horn of Africa and the counter-piracy effort together with the European Union and Coalition Maritime Force. We are still committed in Bosnia Herzegovina supporting the European Union there and in KFOR, of course. We are with a training mission in Iraq which, from a strategic perspective, is a small investment with a rather huge outcome, so it is very efficient. And inside NATO, we are doing air policing over Iceland, the Balkans—our new member states there, and the Baltic States. </p>
<p align="center" class="style33">OUR MISSION IN AFGHANISTAN</p>
<p> It is important to reiterate that we are there to assist the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. When you read the media, you sometimes get the impression that we are there to govern Afghanistan, but that is not what we are doing. We are assisting the Afghan government in exercising and extending its authority and influence across the country in order to pave the way for reconstruction and a more effective and efficient governance within the country. We do that predominantly through a United Nations mandate for this International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and we are in Afghanistan at the invitation of the Afghan government.</p>
<p> Since the beginning of our involvement in 2003 almost eight years ago, we have expanded the reach of our mission which was originally limited to Kabul. It now covers the whole territory of Afghanistan and the number of ISAF troops which has grown from an initial 5,000 to more than 100,000. ISAF not only includes all the NATO member nations but, althogether, 46 nations are active there under that framework. The ISAF mission is to conduct military operations in an assigned area of operations, which is the Afghan state, assisting the government of the Islamic Republic there. Its goal is to establish and maintain a safe and secure environment with full engagement with the Afghan national security forces, i.e., the Afghan National Army (ANA) and the various sorts of police in Afghanistan. The purpose then is for the government’s authority and influence to be extended in order to facilitate the reconstruction of the country and enable the government to exercise sovereignty throughout the country on the various levels.</p>
<p> I believe that there is one major change in the strategy and tactics that we are applying—mostly since General McCrystal took command there—in the sense that the ISAF mission is now what we call a population-centric mission. We call it COIN, Counterinsurgency, which is not a purely military term but encompasses all fields of what we are doing. What is that? I think that the focus of COMISAF’s campaign strategy, which is fully endorsed by both NATO and non-NATO contributing nations, is centered upon protecting the population. The efforts are prioritized to high-density population areas where the insurgent groups operate primarily with disaffected Pashtun populations. Special attention is given to reducing civilian casualties. Although we are not 100% successful, we are really making an effort there and are much better than we used to be. So COMISAF has improved and adapted its tactical directives with respect to reducing civilian casualties. </p>
<p>We certainly follow the overall concept of a comprehensive approach. There is no security without development and there is no development without security. This balance, which is very challenging to achieve, underlies the campaign. ISAF is making efforts to enable the Afghan National Security Forces and we continue to accelerate and expand indigenous security forces, their capabilities and their capacities. The new NATO Training Mission in Afghanistan (NTM-A), draws together NATO forces and national efforts to train the Afghan police and army in order to increase overall coherence and effectiveness. It is our intent to maintain the present momentum with the ANA while adding focus to the development of the Afghan National Police. Partnering is a buzz word which is regarded as a key to success and it is done at every echelon. So we bring our NATO forces and the police and join them up with the ANA and ANP and in that way achieve a wider presence throughout the country.</p>
<p> In coordination with the international community and the many NGOs there, we strive to support socio-economic development by creating security situations that can provide the space for community-based development opportunities. We believe that these efforts will help us gain the active support of the population and we are focusing our influence and activities in densely-populated areas. Within a year, we hope to have a situation where we can combine those population centers, have them secured, and grossly diminish the influence of the insurgents or even fully disturb it. This would create a secure linkage throughout the country and across the regions. So by early next year we would have national and local governance improved. In key population centers we would have full security or at least security that is very much in hand, interconnected security between those centers that could not be broken by insurgents, assured freedom of movement, major infrastructure projects and a sustainable economic corridor, which is the basis for the future development of the country.</p>
<p> As to ISAF, from a NATO perspective, we have responsibilities across the country. There is one area that requires special mention, though, which is the southwest, close to the Iranian border. We will be standing up a further sub-regional command there, and we call it Southwest. It will mainly cover the province of Nimroz and the province of Helmand whereas the Regional Command South will cover Day Kundi, Uruzgan and Kandahar. Because of the sheer size of the forces (the force flow and the force increase), there is a need for an additional command and that will become effective in the month of July.</p>
<p> Another important point concerns the growth of the ANSF, the Afghan National Security Force. The Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board (JCMB) has agreed to a goal of approximately 300,000 which should be achieved by the end of October 2011. I am happy to report that we are fully on track. The support which we can render through what our nations give us as trainers for the police and the ANA and what the Afghans can generate in terms of recruiting works nicely together. However, one should remember that the McCrystal report from last year talked about 400,000. That level has not been agreed to, neither nationally nor internationally. Nonetheless, it indicates that, according to the assessment of General McCrystal and his studies which were reported to the Secretary General of the Alliance and his President last year, there was an appetite and an aspiration to have the Afghan security forces at the 400,000 level in order to make it possible for them to control the country. Continuing and sustaining such a level would be a heavy burden on us as an Alliance and on non-NATO troops. It would not be easy. It is not easy now, and it would be even more difficult if this level were agreed to in the future. But, apart from the efforts on reconstruction, it is probably one of the strongest arguments as to what the Afghans would have to do in order to control their country by themselves. It is the direction in which the Afghans would need to go.</p>
<p align="center" class="style33">PAKISTAN</p>
<p>As to Pakistan, since 2008 the Pakistan military and the Pakistan Friendship Corps—the federal paramilitary force, have been conducting multiple and nearly simultaneous operations in the federally administered tribal areas (FATA) and in the Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa in order to curb cross-border infiltration and clear the area of militants. The PakMil and the Friendship Corps operations have clearly affected insurgency dynamics on both sides of the border. Pakistan-based militants were forced to relocate to other areas and districts within the FATA and within the KPK. Some have also fled over the border into Afghanistan. The continued pressure from the PakMil likely contributed to fewer relocation options for militants and disrupted militant logistics networks. However, the possibility for Afghan insurgents to continue to find sanctuary in Afghanistan tribal areas remains. The main challenge for PakMil is the long-term stabilization of cleared areas in terms of both security and infrastructures. So this is very similar to what we are trying to do in Afghanistan.</p>
<p>Operations in Afghanistan are undeniably shaped by PakMil. As a result of operations into Pakistani tribal areas, increased operational coordination and cooperation was recently observed on both sides of the border under the umbrella of what we call the Tripartite Commission framework—i.e., the Chief of Defense of Afghanistan, the Chief of Defense of Pakistan, and COMISAF, who routinely meet on various levels. This tripartite commission serves as a joint forum on military and security issues between representatives of the ANA, the PakMil and us, ISAF. A joint Afghan/ISAF/Pakistani intelligence center was opened in Kabul in 2007 and we exchanged intelligence there. Border coordination centers have been created on the Afghan/Pakistan border to facilitate the sharing of information and to some extent the coordination of operations between the ANA, ISAF, and the Pakistan Forces active in that area. One needs to know, however, that ISAF as such has no mandate to operate across the internationally recognized border into Pakistan, so whenever something is happening there which seems to be military, ISAF is not involved.</p>
<p align="center" class="style33">WHERE ARE WE?</p>
<p> I believe that the aim is to regain the initiative. There is a strong political appetite to begin with the transition process inside Afghanistan this year or early next year. Therefore, I would think that the Heads of State and Government meeting, where the NATO Strategic Concept will be discussed, will either make decisions or endorse movements in that direction. Within NATO we are currently discussing this process with the Afghans and other stakeholders. There is an ongoing evaluation process inside Afghanistan as to the conditions for the transition, when they would be given, and what the benchmarks would be for that. That is a coordinated process between the COMISAF, the Secretary General’s senior representative in Afghanistan, the government of Afghanistan and certainly UNAMA and the EU. Before we can start on the military side, however, we need the NAC’s approval, which has not been given yet. So there is still a political debate and a political decision to be made. We believe that the regional approach is essential for success and here the focus is certainly on Pakistan.<br>
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