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<p align="center" class="style17">Table of Contents<br>
25th International Workshop - Rome '08</p>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/weissinger-preface.html">Preface- Dr. Roger<br>Weissinger-Baylon<br>Workshop Chairman<br></a>
<a href="/2008book/weissinger-overview.html">Workshop Chairman's Overview - Dr. Roger Weissinger-Baylon</a>
<a href="/2008book/joulwan.html">Opening Dinner Debate - <br>General George Joulwan<br>Former SACEUR</a>
<p>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part One<p>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/la-russa.html">Italian Defense Minister<br />
Ignazio La Russa
</a>
<a href="/2008book/browne.html">British Defense Minister<br />
The Rt Hon Des Browne
</a>
<a href="/2008book/gonul.html">Turkish Defense Minister<br />
Vecdi G�n�l
</a>
<a href="/2008book/di-paola.html">NATO Military Committee Chairman<br />
Admiral Giampaolo Di Paola
</a>
<a href="/2008book/zappata.html">Admiral Luciano Zappata<br />
Dep Supreme Allied
Commander Transformation
</a>
<a href="/2008book/camporini.html">Italian Chief of Defense<br />
General Vincenzo Camporini
</a>
<a href="/2008book/zappa.html">Alenia Aeronautica Chairman<br />
Dr. Giorgio Zappa
</a>
<br>Part Two<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/baramidze.html">Georgian Vice Prime Minister<br />
Giorgi Baramidze
</a>
<a href="/2008book/chizhov.html">Russian Amb to EU<br />
Vladimir Chizhov
</a>
<br>Part Three<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/eldon.html">British Amb to NATO<br />
Stewart Eldon
</a>
<a href="/2008book/akram.html">Pakistan's Amb to U.N.<br />
Munir Akram
</a>
<a href="/2008book/de-la-sabliere.html">French Amb to Italy<br />
Jean-Marc de la Sabli�re
</a>
<a href="/2008book/tkeshelashvili.html">Georgian Foreign Minister<br />
Eka Tkeshelashvili
</a>
<a href="/2008book/stefanini.html">Italian Amb to NATO<br />
Stefano Stefanini
</a>
<a href="/2008book/buzhinsky.html">Lt Gen Evgeniy Buzhinsky<br />
Russian Min of Defense
</a>
<a href="/2008book/winid.html">Polish Amb to NATO<br />
Boguslaw Winid
</a>
<br>Part Four<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/tegnelia.html">DTRA Director<br />
Dr. James Tegnelia
</a>
<a href="/2008book/rood.html">U.S. Under Sec of State<br />
John Rood
</a>
<a href="/2008book/joseph.html">Former Under Sec of State<br />
Amb Robert Joseph</a>
<a href="/2008book/berdennikov.html">Russian Amb-at-large<br />
Grigory V. Berdennikov
</a>
<a href="/2008book/benkert.html">U.S. Asst Sec of Defense<br />
Joseph Benkert
</a>
<a href="/2008book/flory.html">NATO Asst Sec Gen<br />
Peter Flory
</a>
<a href="/2008book/sedivy.html">NATO Asst Sec Gen<br />
Jiri Sedivy
</a>
<a href="/2008book/pfirter.html">OPCW Dir Gen<br />
Amb Rogelio Pfirter
</a>
<br>Part Five<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/lather.html">SHAPE Chief of Staff<br />
General Karl-Heinz Lather
</a>
<a href="/2008book/fitzgerald.html">Admiral Mark. P. Fitzgerald
<br />
Allied Joint Force Command Naples
</a>
<a href="/2008book/ildem.html">Turkish Amb to NATO<br />
Tacan Ildem
</a>
<a href="/2008book/schuwirth.html">Fmr SHAPE Chief of Staff<br />
General Rainer Schuwirth
</a>
<a href="/2008book/acosta.html">Global Impact CEO<br />
Ms. Renee Acosta
</a>
<a href="/2008book/soligan.html">Lt Gen James Soligan<br />
Allied Command-Transformation
</a>
<a href="/2008book/bagnall.html">Former UK Vice Chief of Defense Staff<br />
ACM Sir Anthony Bagnall
</a>
<br>Part Six
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/volkman.html">U.S. Dir of Internat. Coop.<br />
Alfred Volkman
</a>
<a href="/2008book/tozzi.html">Major General Claudio Tozzi<br />
Italian Defense Ministry
</a>
<a href="/2008book/homberg.html">EADS Senior Vice Pres<br />
Thomas Homberg
</a>
<a href="/2008book/shephard.html">Northrop Grumman VP<br />
Mr. Timothy Shephard
</a>
<a href="/2008book/buckley.html">Thales Senior VP<br />
Dr. Edgar Buckley
</a>
<a href="/2008book/harris.html">Lockheed Martin Global Pres.<br />
Dr. Scott A. Harris
</a>
<a href="/2008book/schneider.html">AFCEA CEO<br />
Kent Schneider
</a>
<a href="/2008book/patterson.html">Mr. David Patterson<br />
Univ of Tennessee
</a>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part Seven
<p align="center" class="style17" style="margin-bottom: 0;">
<a href="/2008book/grimes.html">U.S. Asst Sec of Def<br />
Hon. John G. Grimes
</a>
<a href="/2008book/lentz.html">U.S. Dep Asst Sec of Def<br />
Robert Lentz
</a>
<a href="/2008book/aaviksoo.html">Estonian Defense Minister<br />
Jaak Aaviksoo
</a>
<a href="/2008book/bloechl.html">Microsoft, Managing Dir.<br />
Tim Bloechl
</a>
<a href="/2008book/wolf.html">Lt Gen Ulrich Wolf<br />
NATO CIS Service Agency Dir
</a>
<a href="/2008book/monteforte.html">Italian Milrep to NATO<br />
Vice Adm Ferdinando Sanfelice di Monteforte
</a>
<a href="/2008book/lintonen.html">Finnish Amb to UN<br />
Kirsti Lintonen
</a>
<a href="/2008book/silvestri.html">Dr. Stefano Silvestri<br />
Istituto Affari Internazionali
</a>
<a href="/2008book/yousfi.html">Algerian Amb to UN<br />
Youcef Yousfi
</a>
<a href="/2008book/karem.html">Egyptian Amb to EU<br />
Mahmoud Karem
</a>
<a href="/2008book/tarasyuk.html">Former Ukrainian Foreign Minister<br />
Borys Tarasyuk
</a>
</div>
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<div id="content">
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<h2 class="workshop_year">Rome '08 Workshop</h2>
<!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="Main Content" -->
<h1>
Operations in Kosovo and the Balkans </h1>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0;">
Admiral Mark P. Fitzgerald</h2>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;">Allied Joint Force Command Naples </h2>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;"><img src="images/fitzgerald.png" alt="Admiral Mark P. Fitzgerald" width="200" height="224"></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0;">
When we first started addressing what we would talk about today, Roger
proposed the crisis in the Middle East, and I said that we needed to broaden
the topic to Europe, because there is a direct link between and a direct
impact on both. Since my headquarters spans those regions, I thought this
would be a good opportunity to show you some of the things that I think
have worked and some that have not over the course of not just the six
months I have been in command but the 10 years we have had troops deployed
in these regions. </p>
<h2>ACTIVITIES IN KOSOVO AND THE BALKANS </h2>
<p>
Regarding what we do in Naples, Karl-Heinz Lather pretty much told you
the breadth and scope of those activities, but particularly what we are
doing in Kosovo, where we have 16,000 troops on the ground and forces from
U.N. Security Council Resolution 1244 trying to maintain safety, security,
and a safe environment. We also have Iraq, where we are trying to bring
in the NATO Training Mission to educate and westernize a military that
is fighting a war of insurgency there, and we have Operation Active Endeavor,
where we are now performing both counterterrorism and counter-WMD missions
in the Mediterranean. </p>
<p>
When you look at the resources that we have allocated in Kosovo, the 16,000
troops do not begin to tell the tale, because I think everybody here understands
that it requires a 3 to 1 or a 4 to 1 mixture to maintain that kind of
troop level. So we are talking about tying up 60,000 to 80,000 troops in
Kosovo that we may need in other places for other missions. For example,
in Bosnia there are 2,500 EU troops. The quicker we can draw down the large
expenditure of troops the sooner we can start to use that excess capacity
in other places where we probably need them. So we need to start thinking
about how the European crises are impacting the crises in Asia. </p>
<p>
When I look at what has happened in the Balkans over the last few years,
I think of how we have brought Croatia and Albania into NATO, as Ambassador
Ildem talked about, and how we are pretty close to getting Skopje in there.
And when I see that Bosnia is signing up with PfP and trying to gain MAP
status, that Montenegro is coming along, and that Serbia is participating
in PfP, I see the trend towards collective security on the EU side. I also
see how the signing of Stabilization and Association Agreements (SAAs)
is supporting economic stability. That is where the Balkans are heading,
so my headquarters is trying to figure out how we can provide the leadership
to get that security sector reform piece—enabling the rule of law, making
the military subservient to political leadership, those kinds of things—in
place. The headquarters in Skopje, Tirana, Belgrade, Sarajevo, and Pristina
are also looking at how we can best help those militaries and those governments
come to grips with those kinds of issues. We want to instill NATO/western
principles and organizations through SSR officers to get that reform accomplished.
</p>
<p>
How successful have we been? If you look outside Kosovo, we have about
259 NATO officers and administrators deployed throughout the Balkans, and
the net Balkans output to places like Iraq and Afghanistan is about 758.
So we are starting down the path to getting the Balkans to become a net
exporter of security, and not just grinding up troops and have them pinned
down there. I think that is a good-news story. </p>
<p>
When you go to Kosovo, though, you start to get to the root of the problem.
We have been there for 10 years; the situation is what I would call stagnant
on the economic side of the house, with the highest unemployment in Europe—58%—and
GDP growth just starting to come up, now at 7%, though it has been relatively
flat. Inflation is up to about 13%. Electricity is the lifeblood of the
country, but there has been no new infrastructure put in there, and the
people are still living with 1950s and 1960s technology. Unemployment,
personal income, budget deficits, GDP, all of those things are going to
get us to a place where we can start to solve some of the problems in the
country or else it will stagnate. </p>
<p>
Money is coming into the country primarily from the diaspora outside the
country. Pensioners on the Serb side get money out of Serbia; customs has
had problems with this, and money is also coming in through foreign UNMIC
and KFOR troops in the nation. The real issue in Kosovo in my view is not
whether this is going to be a Serbian province or an independent country,
but where are the people’s next euros coming from? Where are they going
to get some money? The corruption, the smuggling, everything is eating
into that country’s quest to become an independent state. That is where
I think we have failed over the last 10 years. We have been able to institute
a safe and secure environment; people in Kosovo now expect NATO troops
to be on their ground and expect them to protect them. We need to start
weaning the people from that and to start bootstrapping their economy so
that it can get going. Balancing the military and economic investment will
allow us to start moving towards a deterrent presence and start drawing
down some of the troops, who we can then deploy in an emergency and start
to get the economy going. </p>
<h2>ACTIVITIES IN IRAQ </h2>
<p>
In Iraq there are similarities and differences. Our mission in Iraq is
to train the military, the police force in that country, to get them once
again oriented towards a more western-style military that serves the political
masters. We have taken over the training at Rustamiyah, their national
defense university, and we have put about 500 officers through the course.
We have also sent officers from many countries for training there; we have
trained the navy in Basrah, we have trained the members of the Air Force
Academy, and we have brought the Italian carabinieri into the country and
trained about 2,000 of their police officers. I believe this is all a very
good-news story, and the police and the military have executed very well.
They have not run from danger and actually did a great job. </p>
<p>
When I look at the mission, I think that the way forward is to start broadening
what we have done with the 160 people that are in country. We received
direction from the Bucharest Summit. Prime Minister Maliki sent a letter
that was accepted requesting additional training in areas like customs,
forensics, and systems to enable technicians in the army, air force, and
navy to do maintenance, as well as in skills areas, NCO professionalism,
and language training. All of those things will help further stabilize
the country, which is another good-news story. </p>
<h2>OPERATION ACTIVE ENDEAVOR </h2>
<p>
I also want to talk about Operation Active Endeavor, because it started
out to be an Article 5 operation but has ended up as much more than that.
It actually has ended up as a very good theater security cooperation initiative
in which not only NATO countries have participated but other countries
now want to come in and participate in collective security. Countries including
Albania, Georgia, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, Russia, and Ukraine
are all participating in that effort. We have also seen spin-off efforts
in the Black Sea, such as Black Sea Harmony, not under NATO. These countries
now have the ability to take this work and complement it with national
priorities such as countering drug trafficking and countering illegal-alien
smuggling, because our Article 5 operations are not charged with doing
that. The intelligence we are gaining and our ability to pass significant
information on to national command centers really resonates with those
countries. Just as NATO’s air policing efforts bore fruit in the past,
our maritime policing efforts are starting to bear fruit now. </p>
<p>
What will happen with data in the future? We see a couple of things happening.
One is that, much like in aviation, in which the ICAO agency is able to
paint a picture of the skies, technologies are now emerging that can do
the same thing in the water, painting an international picture of where
all of the ships are. This will give us much better insight into what is
going on in the maritimes. As we talked about in a previous panel discussion,
maritime-based missile defense capabilities will also soon start to resonate
in this arena. So there is a lot of possibility there. </p>
<h2>CONCLUDING REMARKS </h2>
<p>
There are three takeaways from what I have discussed, one from each operation.
The first is that you have to have economic stability in order to have
security, and we need to work on that. The second is that western values
and western ways of operating militaries will be stabilizing forces in
the countries. And the third is that nations want collective security beyond
their national interest. </p>
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