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<p align="center" class="style17">Table of Contents<br>
25th International Workshop - Rome '08</p>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/weissinger-preface.html">Preface- Dr. Roger<br>Weissinger-Baylon<br>Workshop Chairman<br></a>
<a href="/2008book/weissinger-overview.html">Workshop Chairman's Overview - Dr. Roger Weissinger-Baylon</a>
<a href="/2008book/joulwan.html">Opening Dinner Debate - <br>General George Joulwan<br>Former SACEUR</a>
<p>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part One<p>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/la-russa.html">Italian Defense Minister<br />
Ignazio La Russa
</a>
<a href="/2008book/browne.html">British Defense Minister<br />
The Rt Hon Des Browne
</a>
<a href="/2008book/gonul.html">Turkish Defense Minister<br />
Vecdi G�n�l
</a>
<a href="/2008book/di-paola.html">NATO Military Committee Chairman<br />
Admiral Giampaolo Di Paola
</a>
<a href="/2008book/zappata.html">Admiral Luciano Zappata<br />
Dep Supreme Allied
Commander Transformation
</a>
<a href="/2008book/camporini.html">Italian Chief of Defense<br />
General Vincenzo Camporini
</a>
<a href="/2008book/zappa.html">Alenia Aeronautica Chairman<br />
Dr. Giorgio Zappa
</a>
<br>Part Two<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/baramidze.html">Georgian Vice Prime Minister<br />
Giorgi Baramidze
</a>
<a href="/2008book/chizhov.html">Russian Amb to EU<br />
Vladimir Chizhov
</a>
<br>Part Three<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/eldon.html">British Amb to NATO<br />
Stewart Eldon
</a>
<a href="/2008book/akram.html">Pakistan's Amb to U.N.<br />
Munir Akram
</a>
<a href="/2008book/de-la-sabliere.html">French Amb to Italy<br />
Jean-Marc de la Sabli�re
</a>
<a href="/2008book/tkeshelashvili.html">Georgian Foreign Minister<br />
Eka Tkeshelashvili
</a>
<a href="/2008book/stefanini.html">Italian Amb to NATO<br />
Stefano Stefanini
</a>
<a href="/2008book/buzhinsky.html">Lt Gen Evgeniy Buzhinsky<br />
Russian Min of Defense
</a>
<a href="/2008book/winid.html">Polish Amb to NATO<br />
Boguslaw Winid
</a>
<br>Part Four<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/tegnelia.html">DTRA Director<br />
Dr. James Tegnelia
</a>
<a href="/2008book/rood.html">U.S. Under Sec of State<br />
John Rood
</a>
<a href="/2008book/joseph.html">Former Under Sec of State<br />
Amb Robert Joseph</a>
<a href="/2008book/berdennikov.html">Russian Amb-at-large<br />
Grigory V. Berdennikov
</a>
<a href="/2008book/benkert.html">U.S. Asst Sec of Defense<br />
Joseph Benkert
</a>
<a href="/2008book/flory.html">NATO Asst Sec Gen<br />
Peter Flory
</a>
<a href="/2008book/sedivy.html">NATO Asst Sec Gen<br />
Jiri Sedivy
</a>
<a href="/2008book/pfirter.html">OPCW Dir Gen<br />
Amb Rogelio Pfirter
</a>
<br>Part Five<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/lather.html">SHAPE Chief of Staff<br />
General Karl-Heinz Lather
</a>
<a href="/2008book/fitzgerald.html">Admiral Mark. P. Fitzgerald
<br />
Allied Joint Force Command Naples
</a>
<a href="/2008book/ildem.html">Turkish Amb to NATO<br />
Tacan Ildem
</a>
<a href="/2008book/schuwirth.html">Fmr SHAPE Chief of Staff<br />
General Rainer Schuwirth
</a>
<a href="/2008book/acosta.html">Global Impact CEO<br />
Ms. Renee Acosta
</a>
<a href="/2008book/soligan.html">Lt Gen James Soligan<br />
Allied Command-Transformation
</a>
<a href="/2008book/bagnall.html">Former UK Vice Chief of Defense Staff<br />
ACM Sir Anthony Bagnall
</a>
<br>Part Six
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/volkman.html">U.S. Dir of Internat. Coop.<br />
Alfred Volkman
</a>
<a href="/2008book/tozzi.html">Major General Claudio Tozzi<br />
Italian Defense Ministry
</a>
<a href="/2008book/homberg.html">EADS Senior Vice Pres<br />
Thomas Homberg
</a>
<a href="/2008book/shephard.html">Northrop Grumman VP<br />
Mr. Timothy Shephard
</a>
<a href="/2008book/buckley.html">Thales Senior VP<br />
Dr. Edgar Buckley
</a>
<a href="/2008book/harris.html">Lockheed Martin Global Pres.<br />
Dr. Scott A. Harris
</a>
<a href="/2008book/schneider.html">AFCEA CEO<br />
Kent Schneider
</a>
<a href="/2008book/patterson.html">Mr. David Patterson<br />
Univ of Tennessee
</a>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part Seven
<p align="center" class="style17" style="margin-bottom: 0;">
<a href="/2008book/grimes.html">U.S. Asst Sec of Def<br />
Hon. John G. Grimes
</a>
<a href="/2008book/lentz.html">U.S. Dep Asst Sec of Def<br />
Robert Lentz
</a>
<a href="/2008book/aaviksoo.html">Estonian Defense Minister<br />
Jaak Aaviksoo
</a>
<a href="/2008book/bloechl.html">Microsoft, Managing Dir.<br />
Tim Bloechl
</a>
<a href="/2008book/wolf.html">Lt Gen Ulrich Wolf<br />
NATO CIS Service Agency Dir
</a>
<a href="/2008book/monteforte.html">Italian Milrep to NATO<br />
Vice Adm Ferdinando Sanfelice di Monteforte
</a>
<a href="/2008book/lintonen.html">Finnish Amb to UN<br />
Kirsti Lintonen
</a>
<a href="/2008book/silvestri.html">Dr. Stefano Silvestri<br />
Istituto Affari Internazionali
</a>
<a href="/2008book/yousfi.html">Algerian Amb to UN<br />
Youcef Yousfi
</a>
<a href="/2008book/karem.html">Egyptian Amb to EU<br />
Mahmoud Karem
</a>
<a href="/2008book/tarasyuk.html">Former Ukrainian Foreign Minister<br />
Borys Tarasyuk
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
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<h2 class="workshop_year">Rome '08 Workshop</h2>
<!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="Main Content" -->
<h1>
The Need for New Approaches: Some Informal Proposals </h1>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0;">
Ambassador-at-Large Grigory V. Berdennikov</h2>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;">Russian Ambassador-at-Large </h2>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;"><img src="images/berdennikov.png" alt="Ambassador-at-Large Grigory V. Berdennikov" width="153" height="188"></h2>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0;">OPENING REMARKS </h2>
<p>
Other speakers have touched upon the emergence of non-state actors on the
weapons proliferation scene. Another challenge is the fact that the development
of nuclear energy, its renaissance, may cause serious proliferation of
nuclear technologies and materials. </p>
<p>
In my view, given the very rapid rise of oil prices, more countries in
the near term will opt to develop nuclear energy, an undertaking that is
becoming more and more competitive. In principle, this is a welcome development,
and, if managed properly, could be a blessing for mankind. But one should
not forget that the edge between the peaceful uses of nuclear power and
its military grade is very thin. For example, the same technological process
for uranium enrichment is necessary for the production of nuclear fuel
(if you wish to stop at 4 % of enrichment) and produces a nuclear explosive
(if you continue to enrich it to 90%). The same is true for the technologies
that reprocess spent nuclear fuel, which could lead to the separation of
plutonium. </p>
<p>
The problem of sensitive nuclear technologies is compounded by the fact
that they are perfectly legal under the existing nonproliferation norms,
provided they are used for peaceful purposes and are under the IAEA safeguards.
But it is clear that if the sensitive technologies appear in additional
countries, the stability of the nuclear nonproliferation regime could be
undermined. </p>
<h2>THE NEED FOR NEW APPROACHES</h2>
<p>
For us in Russia, it is also clear that we need new and innovative approaches
to help resolve this dilemma. The former Russian president Vladimir Putin
proposed some new approaches: </p>
<UL>
<LI>
In 2000, he proposed trying to develop new reactors that would be proliferation
safe, i.e., that would not produce spent fuel from which plutonium could
be separated. Of course, such reactors should be competitive and should
answer the economic, environmental, and other needs of states. We are glad
that this initiative was taken seriously by the world community, and for
a number of years a growing group of countries has been working within
the IAEA on its implementation under the INPRO project. </LI>
<LI>
In January 2006 President Putin put forward another idea that deals with
the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle, that is, the enrichment process.
He proposed an initiative to develop the Global Nuclear Infrastructure,
including the establishment of an international uranium enrichment center
in the Russian Federation as a pilot project, and invited interested countries
to join the center, which is situated in Angarsk in Siberia and was established
by Russia and Kazakhstan. </LI>
</UL>
<p>
Now Armenia is finishing procedures to join the center. The center is a
joint-stock company based on a Russian enrichment facility, and the stock’s
owners own its product—low-enriched uranium (LEU). The enrichment technology
is solely under Russian control. With such a scheme, non-nuclear-weapon
states—the stock’s owners in the company—are assured of a supply of enriched
uranium for their nuclear power plants. At the same time, they have all
rights to the profits that are earned as a result of the center’s operation,
in proportion to the stock they own. The door to join the center is not
closed, and we welcome other non-nuclear-weapon states to join it. The
government of the Russian Federation has decided to include the Joint Stock
Company International Uranium Enrichment Center (JSC IUEC) in the framework
of the Safeguards Agreement between the Russian Federation and the IAEA. </p>
<p>
Another idea that we are actively working on and that flows from the idea
of multilateral approaches to the nuclear fuel cycle is the creation of
a guaranteed physical stock of low-enriched uranium to be provided in cases
in which states, for political reasons, can not obtain required uranium
in the open market. We plan to create such a guaranteed physical stock
totaling approximately two full loads of fuel for a 1000 MW reactor. Such
stock would be kept at the Angarsk facility and would be delivered into
the custody of the IAEA at the request of the DG, and then transferred
to the state having difficulty, for reasons that are neither economic nor
technical, obtaining fuel on the open market for its nuclear power plants.
The idea is to remove the political element from the fuel supply chain
and to base supply purely on market and nonproliferation criteria. That
means that the guaranteed stock would be available not free of charge but
at a current market price and that, in order to be sure of its supply,
the receiving state would faithfully fulfill its nonproliferation obligations. </p>
<p>
We think we should not require an official pledge from receiving states
to not develop or possess sensitive enrichment technologies. Such a requirement,
which goes beyond existing nonproliferation norms, in our view would only
create a political obstacle for the implementation of the scheme. Instead,
we hope that economic forces will compel receivers not to undertake highly
expensive enrichment provided they are guaranteed that there will be no
political breakdown of the fuel supply. </p>
<p>
We are now trying to come to an agreement with the IAEA on how the scheme
would work in practical terms, for example, which states could receive
LEU from the guaranteed stock, how and when title transfer would be implemented,
who would pay for transportation, and how the price for the LEU would be
determined. This has not turned out to be an easy negotiating process,
but we still hope it will be successful. We understand that we may have
to first address the IAEA General Conference so that all the IAEA members
can agree on the general principles of how the guaranteed physical stocks
will be established and will function. Given the high level of apprehension
among developing countries, this might take some time. </p>
<h2>DEVELOPING THE 3 JULY 2007 U.S.-RUSSIA INITIATIVE</h2>
<p>
Another initiative that I would like to draw your attention to is the statement
by the Russian and U.S. presidents that was made on July 3, 2007, on the
development of nuclear energy and nonproliferation. We hope that this statement
will help to create more possibilities in this period of nuclear renaissance
for working together worldwide, including with other nuclear-supplier countries.
Practical work based on this statement will be greatly facilitated when
the bilateral U.S.-Russia agreement on cooperation in the peaceful uses
of nuclear energy goes into force. In our view the synergy of working together
in this area could be very beneficial to everybody and to the nonproliferation
regime. </p>
<UL>
<LI>
Russia could bring to such a joint effort elements that are not often found
elsewhere. </LI>
<LI>
Our standing policy of building reactors abroad includes an offer to repatriate
spent fuel. </LI>
<LI>
We can offer financing for such projects. </LI>
<LI>
We can provide nuclear fuel for the lifetime of the plant. </LI>
</UL>
<p>
In our view, the area in which joint efforts are most needed is reflected
in the July 3 statement, which speaks to making available safe and proliferation-resistant
energy and research reactors adequate for the energy needs of developing
and developed countries. It is a fact today that many countries would like
to have reactors with medium and smaller power capacity, though 1000 MW
reactors are now predominantly available. So we think it would be a good
idea to make a joint effort to offer what customers really want. Such an
effort would, of course, be a long-term one. </p>
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