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<title>CSDR 2008: WMD Proliferation: The Three Pillars of Prevention</title>
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<p align="center" class="style17">Table of Contents<br>
25th International Workshop - Rome '08</p>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/weissinger-preface.html">Preface- Dr. Roger<br>Weissinger-Baylon<br>Workshop Chairman<br></a>
<a href="/2008book/weissinger-overview.html">Workshop Chairman's Overview - Dr. Roger Weissinger-Baylon</a>
<a href="/2008book/joulwan.html">Opening Dinner Debate - <br>General George Joulwan<br>Former SACEUR</a>
<p>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part One<p>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/la-russa.html">Italian Defense Minister<br />
Ignazio La Russa
</a>
<a href="/2008book/browne.html">British Defense Minister<br />
The Rt Hon Des Browne
</a>
<a href="/2008book/gonul.html">Turkish Defense Minister<br />
Vecdi G�n�l
</a>
<a href="/2008book/di-paola.html">NATO Military Committee Chairman<br />
Admiral Giampaolo Di Paola
</a>
<a href="/2008book/zappata.html">Admiral Luciano Zappata<br />
Dep Supreme Allied
Commander Transformation
</a>
<a href="/2008book/camporini.html">Italian Chief of Defense<br />
General Vincenzo Camporini
</a>
<a href="/2008book/zappa.html">Alenia Aeronautica Chairman<br />
Dr. Giorgio Zappa
</a>
<br>Part Two<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/baramidze.html">Georgian Vice Prime Minister<br />
Giorgi Baramidze
</a>
<a href="/2008book/chizhov.html">Russian Amb to EU<br />
Vladimir Chizhov
</a>
<br>Part Three<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/eldon.html">British Amb to NATO<br />
Stewart Eldon
</a>
<a href="/2008book/akram.html">Pakistan's Amb to U.N.<br />
Munir Akram
</a>
<a href="/2008book/de-la-sabliere.html">French Amb to Italy<br />
Jean-Marc de la Sabli�re
</a>
<a href="/2008book/tkeshelashvili.html">Georgian Foreign Minister<br />
Eka Tkeshelashvili
</a>
<a href="/2008book/stefanini.html">Italian Amb to NATO<br />
Stefano Stefanini
</a>
<a href="/2008book/buzhinsky.html">Lt Gen Evgeniy Buzhinsky<br />
Russian Min of Defense
</a>
<a href="/2008book/winid.html">Polish Amb to NATO<br />
Boguslaw Winid
</a>
<br>Part Four<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/tegnelia.html">DTRA Director<br />
Dr. James Tegnelia
</a>
<a href="/2008book/rood.html">U.S. Under Sec of State<br />
John Rood
</a>
<a href="/2008book/joseph.html">Former Under Sec of State<br />
Amb Robert Joseph</a>
<a href="/2008book/berdennikov.html">Russian Amb-at-large<br />
Grigory V. Berdennikov
</a>
<a href="/2008book/benkert.html">U.S. Asst Sec of Defense<br />
Joseph Benkert
</a>
<a href="/2008book/flory.html">NATO Asst Sec Gen<br />
Peter Flory
</a>
<a href="/2008book/sedivy.html">NATO Asst Sec Gen<br />
Jiri Sedivy
</a>
<a href="/2008book/pfirter.html">OPCW Dir Gen<br />
Amb Rogelio Pfirter
</a>
<br>Part Five<br>
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/lather.html">SHAPE Chief of Staff<br />
General Karl-Heinz Lather
</a>
<a href="/2008book/fitzgerald.html">Admiral Mark. P. Fitzgerald
<br />
Allied Joint Force Command Naples
</a>
<a href="/2008book/ildem.html">Turkish Amb to NATO<br />
Tacan Ildem
</a>
<a href="/2008book/schuwirth.html">Fmr SHAPE Chief of Staff<br />
General Rainer Schuwirth
</a>
<a href="/2008book/acosta.html">Global Impact CEO<br />
Ms. Renee Acosta
</a>
<a href="/2008book/soligan.html">Lt Gen James Soligan<br />
Allied Command-Transformation
</a>
<a href="/2008book/bagnall.html">Former UK Vice Chief of Defense Staff<br />
ACM Sir Anthony Bagnall
</a>
<br>Part Six
<p align="center" class="style17">
<a href="/2008book/volkman.html">U.S. Dir of Internat. Coop.<br />
Alfred Volkman
</a>
<a href="/2008book/tozzi.html">Major General Claudio Tozzi<br />
Italian Defense Ministry
</a>
<a href="/2008book/homberg.html">EADS Senior Vice Pres<br />
Thomas Homberg
</a>
<a href="/2008book/shephard.html">Northrop Grumman VP<br />
Mr. Timothy Shephard
</a>
<a href="/2008book/buckley.html">Thales Senior VP<br />
Dr. Edgar Buckley
</a>
<a href="/2008book/harris.html">Lockheed Martin Global Pres.<br />
Dr. Scott A. Harris
</a>
<a href="/2008book/schneider.html">AFCEA CEO<br />
Kent Schneider
</a>
<a href="/2008book/patterson.html">Mr. David Patterson<br />
Univ of Tennessee
</a>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part Seven
<p align="center" class="style17" style="margin-bottom: 0;">
<a href="/2008book/grimes.html">U.S. Asst Sec of Def<br />
Hon. John G. Grimes
</a>
<a href="/2008book/lentz.html">U.S. Dep Asst Sec of Def<br />
Robert Lentz
</a>
<a href="/2008book/aaviksoo.html">Estonian Defense Minister<br />
Jaak Aaviksoo
</a>
<a href="/2008book/bloechl.html">Microsoft, Managing Dir.<br />
Tim Bloechl
</a>
<a href="/2008book/wolf.html">Lt Gen Ulrich Wolf<br />
NATO CIS Service Agency Dir
</a>
<a href="/2008book/monteforte.html">Italian Milrep to NATO<br />
Vice Adm Ferdinando Sanfelice di Monteforte
</a>
<a href="/2008book/lintonen.html">Finnish Amb to UN<br />
Kirsti Lintonen
</a>
<a href="/2008book/silvestri.html">Dr. Stefano Silvestri<br />
Istituto Affari Internazionali
</a>
<a href="/2008book/yousfi.html">Algerian Amb to UN<br />
Youcef Yousfi
</a>
<a href="/2008book/karem.html">Egyptian Amb to EU<br />
Mahmoud Karem
</a>
<a href="/2008book/tarasyuk.html">Former Ukrainian Foreign Minister<br />
Borys Tarasyuk
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="story">
<h2 class="workshop_year">Rome '08 Workshop</h2>
<!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="Main Content" -->
<h1>
WMD Proliferation: The Three Pillars of Prevention </h1>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0;">
Mr. Joseph A. Benkert</h2>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;">U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense </h2>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0;"><img src="images/benkert.png" alt="Mr. Joseph A. Benkert" width="101" height="126"></h2>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;"> </p>
<p style="margin-top: 0;">
Let me begin by saying a few words about the threats, about how we are
seeking to prevent the proliferation of these threats, and, in particular,
the acquisition of WMD by terrorists in today’s dynamic and changing environment.
I want particularly to emphasize the importance of what we do in partnership
with other nations. I assume that we agree that the proliferation of weapons
of mass destruction poses an enduring threat to our common peace and stability,
that terrorist organizations seek to acquire and use WMD, and that there
are a number of avenues terrorists can pursue. </p>
<h2>THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS THREAT</h2>
<p>
Chemical weapons (CW) can kill large numbers of people and cause economic
dislocation, although the effects of these weapons are relatively easier
to mitigate than those of other types of WMD. Terrorists can acquire CW
from states, either directly or through networks of facilitators. They
can also produce CW or use available toxic industrial chemicals in improvised
CW devices. The Aum Shinrikio attacks in the Japanese subway several years
ago and the insurgent use of industrial chlorine in improvised devices
in attacks in Iraq today are cases in point. Chemical weapons can be a
serious threat in the hands of terrorists, but they are also the weapons
we have the most experience dealing with. </p>
<h2>THE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS THREAT </h2>
<p>
There is pretty broad consensus that biological and nuclear-related threats
can cause the most harm and are the focus of concern. Biological weapons
(BW) can conceivably cause more deaths than CW and have more lasting economic
and social effects. Capable terrorists can produce BW in labs. More likely,
however, terrorists acquire BW from states, either with their cooperation
or from unsecured biological sources. BW are a concern because of the range
of naturally occurring and man-made pathogens and the large number of places
where they might be acquired or weaponized. </p>
<h2>THE NUCLEAR WEAPONS THREAT</h2>
<p>
Nuclear weapons are difficult and expensive to develop, but would have
grave and possibly spectacular consequences. A terrorist group might steal
or be given a nuclear weapon, or such a group could acquire special nuclear
material—HEU, plutonium—and build an improvised nuclear device. Finally,
a terrorist could build a radiation dispersion device—an RDD, or a so-called
dirty bomb—that uses conventional explosives to spread radioactive materials. </p>
<p>
The risk of terrorists acquiring a nuclear weapon or material is a serious
one. In the 1990s, there was a great deal of worry about “loose nukes”
in former Soviet states. This is relatively less of a concern today for
several reasons, including one that I will mention shortly. Today, we worry
more about irresponsible states acquiring and supplying nuclear weapons
or nuclear materials to proxy terrorists, a nuclear weapons state becoming
destabilized and losing control of its nuclear weapons or nuclear materials
to terrorists, and terrorists acquiring nuclear materials through networks
of facilitators. </p>
<h2>THE THREE PILLARS OF PREVENTION </h2>
<p>
What is to be done about these threats? The strategy for dealing with enemies
who may not respond to traditional tools of deterrence requires that we
build partnerships with nations who share our concerns about WMD terrorism.
Building partnerships and partner capabilities to counter the threat posed
by WMD terrorism is not optional. We, the United States, don’t have the
resources to do it alone, and we won’t succeed if we try. Let me mention
briefly three pillars for preventing WMD proliferation where partnerships
matter greatly. </p>
<h2>Dealing with the Sources of WMD </h2>
<p>
One pillar is preventing terrorists, and those who might facilitate their
work, from getting their hands on weapons of mass destruction or WMD material
by dealing with the sources of WMD. This includes supporting a range of
multilateral nonproliferation regimes including the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention, and the Biological Weapons Convention.
It also includes national and international export control regimes such
as Wassenar. In addition it includes taking action in support of U.N. Security
Council resolutions. It also includes bilateral and multilateral programs
to help partner governments improve controls over weapons materials and
expertise. </p>
<p>
One example of such programs is the U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
(CTR). CTR’s original and continuing focus has been securing or eliminating
WMD at its source—particularly nuclear weapons and materials and chemical
weapons in Russia and the other former Soviet states. But as we continue
to make progress in securing nuclear materials, the focus of the CTR program,
which has been successful, is shifting. We are increasingly focused on
the threat posed by biological programs. CTR’s biological weapons threat
reduction programs in several former Soviet Union states are doing two
things: First, they are securing biological materials in central reference
laboratories and improving accountability; and, second, they are developing
threat agent detection and reporting systems. One particularly fruitful
area of cooperation is exploiting the nexus between our biological program
and public health, particularly in the area of disease surveillance. </p>
<p>
The U.S. Congress last year approved expansion of the CTR program outside
the states of the former Soviet Union. We are now evaluating options to
make it a more nimble, global tool in the fight against WMD threats—nuclear,
biological, and chemical. Our focus is also on moving CTR from an assistance
program to a program of partnership and collaboration. </p>
<h2>Stopping WMD in Transit </h2>
<p>
The second pillar is stopping WMD—and the materials necessary to create
them—in transit. Interdiction is an essential component in our efforts
to counter the proliferation activities of both suppliers, customers, and
facilitators. Perhaps the most visible partnership interdiction activity
is the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). More than 90 countries
on 6 continents have expressed their support for PSI’s principles and participate
in its discussions and exercises. Such exercises have helped improve cooperation
among member-nations and processes for decision making regarding interdictions,
an area in which we have made the most progress. But much remains to be
done. We have not really addressed the air aspect of interdiction at all,
and land border interdiction hasn’t progressed much beyond portal monitoring.
Even in the maritime area, where much work has been focused, we have much
to do. </p>
<p>
What we need to remember about stopping WMD on the move—interdiction in
particular—is that the goal is rarely sinking the bad guys’ ship or shooting
down their plane. The goal of our interdiction policy is a systemic one—the
goal is to raise the costs of proliferation that would-be proliferators
must bear. If we achieve this, we can modulate proliferators’ behavior
and change the way they do business. We get there by applying pressure
where we can, when we can, and by keeping it on. </p>
<h2>Improving Intelligence </h2>
<p>
A third pillar in preventing WMD proliferation is intelligence. Interdiction,
for example, is critically dependent on good intelligence. We need to cooperate
on achieving a much better understanding of the networks that contribute
to proliferation. Will criminal networks smuggling contraband be used to
move WMD materials? Will the proceeds from drug trafficking fund WMD terrorism? </p>
<h2>CONCLUDING REMARKS</h2>
<p>
I would like to note that preventing WMD proliferation is only part of
what we need to do. We need to deter WMD use; defend our populations; prepare
security forces to operate in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
environments; and mitigate WMD attacks, which other speakers will address. </p>
<p>
I am going to conclude here now. But in our discussion, I will be pleased
to talk with you about the role technology can play in detecting WMD, the
use of off-the-shelf technologies to monitor and predict trafficking behavior,
or any of the many bilateral or multilateral programs and initiatives geared
to preventing the proliferation of the WMD. The work of NATO’S Senior Defense
Group on Proliferation is but one such effort designed to build partner
capability and keep the pressure on. </p>
<p></p>
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