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<title>Center for Strategic Decision Research, Peter Struck, Michele Alliot-Marie, General George Joulwan, SACEUR, General James L. Jones, SHAPE, NATO, EU, BDLI, ILA, EADS, Northrop Grumman, Under Secretary Michael Wynne, Assistant Secretary Linton Wells, Ambassador William Burns, NATO Military Committee Chairman General Harald Kujat, General Dynamics, Boeing, Global Security Terrorism, Iraq, Afghanistan, Rainer Hertrich, David Stafford</title>
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<td width="66" height="68"><p><img src="../2004book/logo-kevin-web.jpg" width="60" height="66"></p> </td>
<td width="538"><div align="center"><span class="style5">22nd International Workshop on Global Security<br>
<em>Chantilly/Paris, 10-12 June 2005 </em><br>
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<p align="center" class="style17"><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p>
<p align="left" class="style17"><span class="style18"><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="preface.htm">Preface</a></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part 1 </p>
<p align="left" class="style17"><a href="alliotmarie.htm">French Defense Minister Michele Alliot-Marie (English version) </a><span class="style217"><strong></strong></span><span class="style217"><strong><a href="alliotmarie-french.htm">French Defense Minister Michele Alliot-Marie (French version) </a><a href="reid.htm">UK Defense Minister John Reid</a></strong></span><span class="style217"><strong><a href="graham.htm">Canadian Defense Minister Bill Graham </a></strong></span><span class="style219"><a href="weissingerbaylon.htm">Workshop Chairman Dr. Roger Weissinger-Baylon </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="liska.htm">Slovak Defense Minister Juraj Liska </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="erjavec.htm">Slovenian Defense Minister Karl Erjavec </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="svinarov.htm">Bulgarian Defense Minister Nikolay Svinarov </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="kujat.htm">NATO Military Committee Chair Gen Harald Kujat </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="koenig.htm">Acting US Ambassador to NATO John Koenig </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="schuwirth.htm">SHAPE Chief of Staff Gen Rainer Schuwirth </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="back.htm">Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum Cmdr Gen Gerhard Back </a></span></p>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part 2 </p>
<p align="left" class="style17"><span class="style219"><a href="perrindebrichambaut.htm">French MOD Dir for Strat Affairs Amb Marc Perrin de Brichambaut </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="dipaola.htm">Italian Chief of Defense Adm Giampaolo Di Paola </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="naumann.htm">fmr German Chief of Defense Gen Klaus Naumann </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="perruche.htm">EU Military Staff Director Gen Jean-Paul Perruche </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="klein.htm">US Assist to Secretary of Defense Dale Klein </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="gergorin.htm">EADS Exec Vice President Jean-Louis Gergorin </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="george.htm">UK Parliament Member Bruce George </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="ranque.htm">Thales Chairman & CEO Denis Ranque</a></span><span class="style219"><a href="tarasyuk.htm">Ukranian Foreign Minister Borys Tarasyuk </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="fasslabend.htm">Austrian Natl Assembly Member Minister Werner Fasslabend</a></span><span class="style219"><a href="pickering.htm">Boeing Sr Vice President Amb Thomas Pickering</a></span><a href="rooseveltinstitution.htm">Roosevelt Institution </a></p>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part 3 </p>
<p align="left" class="style17"><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="auroy.htm">French MOD DGA Force Systems & Cooperation Director Patrick Auroy </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="lind.htm">Swedish Natl Armaments Director Jan-Olof Lind </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="weise.htm">German Armaments Dir Hans-Heinrich Weise </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="volkman.htm">US Under Secretary of Defense Office Intl Coop Director Alfred Volkman </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="stanhope.htm">Dep Supreme Allied Cmdr Transformation Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="lahoud.htm">MBDA President & CEO Marwan Lahoud </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="courtot.htm">SAFRAN Sr Vice President Francois Courtot </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="bertolone.htm">Alenia Aeronautica CEO Giovanni Bertolone </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="harris.htm">Lockheed Martin President Scott Harris </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="schneider.htm">Northrop Grumman President Kent Schneider </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="wells.htm">US Assist Secretary of Defense Linton Wells </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="vice.htm">Northrop Grumman Vice President Thomas Vice</a></span></p>
<p align="center" class="style17">Part 4 </p>
<p align="left" class="style17"><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="novotny.htm">Czech Ambassador to India Jaromir Novotny </a></span><span class="style219"><a href="rinkevics.htm">Latvian MOD State Secretary Edgars Rinkevics</a></span><span class="style219"><a href="plangu.htm">Romanian MOD State Secretary for Policy Ion Mircea Plangu </a></span><span class="style219"> </span><span class="style219"><a href="kouts.htm">Estonian Defense Forces Cmdr Adm Tarmo Kouts </a></span><br>
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<h1 align="center"><span class="style26">Allied Command Operations<br>
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<td width="359"><div align="center"><span class="style27">General Rainer Schuwirth<br>
Chief of Staff,<br>
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</span></div></td>
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<p align="center" class="style27 style28"><strong>OPENING REMARKS </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">In my talk I will address several subjects from the point of view of SHAPE, which in the new command structure is also called Allied Command Operations, or ACO. Allied Command Operations is the military strategic-level headquarters that is responsible for planning and conducting all NATO-led operations on the military side under the political guidance and military overview of the Military Committee and the North Atlantic Council in Brussels. After I cover my topics I will draw some conclusions and then turn things over to my friend Gerhard Back, who will speak in more detail about the current NATO operation and his perspective on Afghanistan. From the point of view of Allied Command Operations, I want to say that we are cooperating closely with our colleagues on the other side of the Atlantic, particularly in the areas of capability development and policy development, but I will focus solely on ACO/SHAPE business. </p>
<p align="center" class="style27 style28"><strong>CURRENT ACO OPERATIONS </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">Let me very briefly go through the operations that we are responsible for with our current total of some 30,000 soldiers from both NATO member-nations and Partner countries. KFOR in Kosovo has already been mentioned—an operation in which NATO countries are cooperating with the United Nations and other international organizations to provide a safe and secure environment that was rather unstable in the spring of 2004. While the level of violence has calmed down now considerably, the potential for unrest throughout the entire Balkan region exists if some of the bad guys decide to create unrest—they have the networks and the capabilities to do it. However, we have developed a plan for KFOR that, once approved, will allow us to restructure the current force. In particular we will improve the tooth-to-tail ratio so that we can do away with an overflow of national support elements and use the remaining force in a more flexible but nevertheless efficient way, even more efficient—although I am always hesitant to use comparatives—than what we are doing right now. </p>
<p align="center" class="style27"><strong>Operations in the Balkans </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">It should not be forgotten that NATO continues to operate in the Balkans with three admittedly small headquarters: One in Skopje, in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; one in Tirana, in Albania; and one in Sarajevo, in Bosnia-Herzegovina. All act as advisors in the countries in which they are located, assisting with ongoing security sector reform efforts; their support is greatly appreciated by those they are helping. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">As far as Operation Active Endeavor in the Mediterranean is concerned, its definite usefulness has already been mentioned, and to me it is particularly important because it is the only Article 5 operation. This collective defense operation will in due course have Russian participation and may also have Ukrainian, Algerian, and Israeli participation, as well as participation by the other countries of the Mediterranean Dialogue. Preparation for this participation is continuing to move forward. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">Three pillars are involved in the NATO training mission in Iraq: In-country training, currently in the Green Zone in Baghdad and in Ar Rustamiyah, where the Iraqi Training Education and Doctrine Command is being established with the assistance of the Alliance; out-of-country training at the NATO school in Oberammergau and the NATO Defense College in Rome; and equipment donation facilitation, which we are working on together with our colleagues at Allied Command Transformation in what we call the NATO Training and Equipment Coordination Group, or NTEC; as facilitators we receive either offers by NATO nations regarding equipment or training slots in their national training establishments, which we then pass on to the appropriate people in the Iraqi government. Many equipment donations have been made from several NATO nations, including tens or thousands of small arms and millions of rounds of ammunition. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">This situation is the first instance, at least in my experience, in which we have a wonderful mix of budgets for NATO command funding: A mix of the traditional “costs lie where they fall” money, in which nations pay for what they are providing; common funding provided by NATO nations; and the so-called trust funds, the money that NATO nations pay on a voluntary basis for such things as assisting the transport of Iraqi students or the transport of equipment, as John Koenig mentioned. <br>
We should not forget that NATO is engaged in providing air surveillance to the three Baltic States and Slovenia, assisting them in maintaining their air sovereignty, and is about to become engaged in the upcoming NATO mission in Darfur. <strong> </strong></p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21"> We are also strongly supporting the European Union with the operation they have been conducting in Bosnia-Herzegovina since autumn of 2004. The headquarters for this operation is actually at SHAPE in Mons, and the Deputy SACEUR is the EU operation commander. Through this operation we provide assets and capabilities, particularly for Command and Control to support the mission and draw on the experience we gained in 2003 through our work with Operation Concordia, in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the first EU-led military operation that had recourse to NATO assets and capabilities. From our point of view the cooperative effort runs extremely well, both at SHAPE, at the EU operational headquarters and its counterparts in Brussels, and particularly on the ground.<strong> </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">Regarding these missions let me say that there have been some incorrect press reports from time to time. The first one reported that we had a fight with our colleagues in the European Union, but to my knowledge we never did; right from the beginning, we have stayed in touch and informed each other and we are continuing to coordinate action. The second point reported an inaccurate understanding regarding Darfur. The responsibility for any peacekeeping operation in Darfur rests with the African Union. It is also subject to agreement with the Sudanese government, which is not easy to ascertain. What NATO and the European Union are really doing is offering staff support to the African Union, providing support to coordinate air transport offers, and assisting them in planning proper packages for air transport of those African forces that have been offered to increase the African Union mission. We are offering staff support, officers for the African Union Headquarters in Addis Ababa, and doing some capacity building, as we call it, trying to increase the level of professionalism of African Union staff officers so that their mission that is to be reinforced later in the summer is properly planned and properly conducted. We will not put forces on the ground—this has been made clear by the African Union. But I believe that the international community should finally take an interest in assisting the African countries to stabilize this particular region and to bring some hope for the future of the people who are struck there. </p>
<p align="center" class="style27"><strong>OTHER SUPPORT EFFORTS </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">I would also like to briefly mention, because this is part of our operational role, our support of what we call high-visibility events. A particularly significant event in 2004 was our support of the Greek authorities, providing security and over-site surveillance during the course of the summer Olympic Games. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">Another important part of our operational role is building up the NATO Response Force, a force that reached initial operational capability in fall of 2004 and that should reach its full operational capability in summer of 2006. At that time it should comprise approximately 25,000 soldiers from all services and branches, and, should it be required, the force would be mission tailored. As the forces rotate, the NRF will include approximately 25,000 well-trained, well-validated soldiers from NATO nations, another 25,000 soldiers will be preparing for the next standby period and 25,000 soldiers will just have finished their standby period. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">This means that by the end of the summer of 2006 some 75,000 Alliance soldiers will be engaged in preparing the NATO Response Force, standing by for the NATO Response Force, or standing down from the NATO Response Force. At that point, if everything goes right and if the nations have invested in the right way, the NATO Response Force will be a very important transformational tool. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">However, the force would not be employed only for deploying all 25,000 soldiers, with all capabilities and assets, but would be tailored to whatever was needed, be it humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping, or initial entry into a hostile environment. We have finally gotten approval by the North Atlantic Council for a Live Exercise, which will be conducted in June of 2006 in Cape Verde. The exercise will validate the force’s full capability. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">It goes without saying that we need to support the integrated NATO headquarters with professional staff that are involved in this work. Currently the NATO Command Structure is undergoing another restructuring with a significant cut-down of headquarters. </p>
<p align="center" class="style27"><strong>PARTICIPATION IN COOPERATIVE EXERCISES </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">Regarding our operational role let me mention the comprehensive cooperative efforts we are participating in. We run interoperability programs in the framework of Partnership for Peace, with Russia and Ukraine, and we have partners in NATO-led operations; and we are increasing cooperation with the Mediterranean Dialogue countries and will do so soon with the ICI countries of the Gulf region. In total, we make many successful contributions to security and peace. </p>
<p align="center" class="style27"><strong>CHALLENGES THAT WE FACE </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">On the other side, there are several challenges. We all know that the expeditionary operations require deployment and sustainability, but I do not want to address these points in depth because everyone knows exactly what the particular challenges are. Instead I’m just going to touch on a couple of areas where we continue to see room for improvement. </p>
<p align="center" class="style27"><strong>Crisis Management and Crisis Prevention </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">The first one is crisis management and crisis prevention, and I entirely share George Joulwan’s point that all of our international organizations must become better at crisis prevention aiming at less crisis reaction, which is what we have done so far when it’s almost too late. We need better information; we know that there is sufficient information and intelligence around, but we are suffering because we do not yet have the proper fusion mechanisms needed and individual nations are not willing enough to make their information available to multinational organizations, be it NATO or the EU. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">There are, however, some useful projects on track. One is a project that has been initially sponsored by the U.S. to build a NATO intelligence fusion cell. We also have a good experiment running in Naples that fuses civilian and military intelligence, which I believe is the way forward. We hope that in due time these efforts and others will also be supported by proper automatic data processing and other technologies that are necessary. </p>
<p align="center" class="style27"><strong>Transformation </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">A second area I’d like to talk about is transformation; from SHAPE’ s point of view transformation is lacking at NATO Headquarters in Brussels. The number of committees and working groups has not decreased since the Cold War, in fact, quite the opposite is true: The number of working groups may even have increased and this is not up to modern, speedy crisis-reaction demands. When we put the elements of the NATO Response Force on five-day standby notice there is absolutely no guarantee that the needed political decisions will be made in that time frame; in fact, you may wonder why you put the force on five days’ notice to move. So it goes without saying that improvement is required. Happily, the Secretary General has instructed a high-level working group to look into the issue and we hope there will be positive results. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">We also need appropriate professional staffs, including those with proper language skills. It may be interesting for you to know that even in the significantly reduced NATO Command Structure, we deactivated 16 integrated headquarters during 2004, none of the headquarters is filled above 85% and many of them are filled below 70%, so we are suffering from reduced production capability, not only in terms of paper but also in the quality required to do the job. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">Another problem is that the funding rules are outdated—they still follow the “costs lie where they fall” principle. Taking the NATO Response Force as an example, the composition changes every half-year, because in that way individual nations provide their packages to the force. If the force is used at any time, those countries that currently sit on it pay the majority of the costs even though the force is employed and deployed in the interest of the entire Alliance. To work on this issue, we have put some initiatives forward in Brussels, and discussions are now ongoing concerning the widening of the common funding. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">The cost factor is one of the reasons we have a lot of national restrictions. If a nation provides helicopters and allows these helicopters to fly everywhere, that nation has to pay for it, which has a negative effect. I won’t expand on ISAF examples, because Gerhard Back will discuss them, but suffice it to say for such reasons there is also a lot of duplication of capabilities and more multinational approaches would help with the problem. </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">One of the continuing problems is overall capabilities, particularly for expeditionary forces. Most important shortfalls are in the area of proper command and control systems, particularly those that are interoperable and standardized and in deployability assets, for both the NATO Response Force and other forces, or force protection and certain areas of force effectiveness; not too much has, but numerous projects are being developed and will improve the situation. </p>
<p align="center" class="style27 style28"><strong>CONCLUDING REMARKS </strong> </p>
<p align="left" class="style21 style21">Finally, I am convinced that there is good news. NATO is vivid and NATO has been successful and efficient in its operations. However, we still must work to do better and this remains the challenge for all of us. </p>
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