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<h1>Space Weather & Physics</h1>
<h2>Topside Sounder</h2>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>
Ionospheric electron density distributions are essential for scientific, technical, and operational purposes. For full accuracy, they need to show height, latitude, longitude, and time under different conditions. A satellite-based swept-frequency HF sounder can profile electron density on a global scale. We have improved the HF sounder with recent developments in technology, electronics, and processing capabilities. This provides electron density distributions, contours of fixed densities, maps of foF2, and hmax in a global scale. It will allow mapping of the irregularities, estimation of anomalous propagation, conditions for ducting, and determination of angle of arrivals. Users can perform various plasma diagnostics and program the flexible system from the ground to perform a variety of experiments. Needs for such a system exist throughout the DoD and through several civilian agencies. Its specifications and relevant data are shown below:<br></p>
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<th scope="row">Frequency Range:</th>
<td>1-30 MHz</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Antenna:</th>
<td>Crossed dipoles (transmitter)<br>Four short dipoles</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Transmit Power:</th>
<td>10 to 200 W</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Pulse Width:</th>
<td>30-100 µs (coded)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Sweep Speed:</th>
<td>Variable (typical 1 MHz/s)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Frame Time:</th>
<td>Variable (typical 30 s)</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Receiver:</th>
<td>Software-Controlled</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Receiver Dynamic Range:</th>
<td>100-120 dB</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Orbit:</th>
<td>1500-2000 km</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Inclination:</th>
<td>65 degrees (to include HAARP)<br>45 degrees (for mid-latitude)</td>
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<td>On-orbit processing</td>
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</div></div><h3>Research Highlights:</h3>
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<li><b> Topside Sounder</b></li>
<li><a href="physicsrtic.html"> Real-Time Ionospheric Characterization</a></li>
<li><a href="physicsiono.html"> Ionospheric & Magnetospheric Research</a></li>
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<h3>Topside Sounder:</h3>
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<li><a href="physicstopsidefuture.html"> Future Plans</a></li>
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