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<h1>Space Weather & Physics</h1>
<h2>Real-Time Ionospheric Characterization (RTIC)</h2>
<p>The ionosphere can be simulated in a number of ways, including the Air Force PIM model and IRI. A simple slab and Chapman may also be used. Other models could easily be incorporated as well. The base ionosphere can be adjusted, including height and density gradients, as well as localized bulges. The models can apply to any location of the world with variable resolution in height, latitude, and longitude. The software uses these simulated TEC values in addition to other forms of data. It includes many standard tomography algorithms as well as some proprietary algorithms developed by CRS. </p>
<h3>Real-Time Ionospheric Specification Issues</h3>
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Precise information of the 3-D ionospheric profiles is essential for accurate ray tracing and estimating the ionospheric effects on navigational and communication systems. Applications include radio communication, OTH radar, emitter location, missile and satellite trajectories and orbits, radio astronomical effects, and altimeters.</li>
<li>
Statistical and/or physical models of the ionosphere do not provide accurate ionospheric profiles.</li>
<li>
Data driven models provide some improvements but they have to assume the ionospheric shape and height profiles.</li>
<li>
Conventional ground based tomography does not reproduce the ionospheric height well. There are fundamental problems related to limited view angles. GPS-based tomography is insensitive to plasmaspheric contribution.</li>
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<h3>Key Features</h3>
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<li> CRS�s "real time ionospheric specification system" provides real-time descriptions of ionospheric density distribution over height, latitude, longitude, and time over any region of interest.</li>
<li> It incorporates various techniques and approaches and allows the "user" to configure the system for his specific application.</li>
<li> It allows user-defined configuration of "regional interest" (anywhere in the world), satellite locations (GPS, NNSS, GLONASS, CICADA, or other), and receiver locations (anywhere in the world up to a maximum of 30), including ground-based and satellite-based.</li>
<li> It can accept various types of observables (data), such as TEC, vertical and oblique ionosondes, WISBY, transponders, and known emitters. It allows the user to choose any of these data sets</li>
<li> Acceptance of these data sets is performed in a hierarchical manner, i.e., the system will function in the absence of most of these data. Availability of these data will result in a refined output.</li>
<li> It allows "objective" determination of ionospheric heights using "premotography" module. Integral-based approach is used, as opposed to difference-based approach of tomographic algorithms.</li>
<li> It incorporates tomographic techniques which further improve density distributions.</li>
<li> Several initial guesses can assure confidence in the reconstructed profiles. An expert system helps determine the initial guess.</li>
<li> Plasmaspheric model allow efficient use of GPS data.</li>
<li> Plasma flow modeling maintains self-consistency of the density distributions.</li>
<li> Simple menu-driven operation allows the user to specify the overall system.</li>
<li> It can test complex situations, as well as operational applications under various circumstances.</li>
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</div></div><h3>Research Highlights:</h3>
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<li><a href="physicstopside.html"> Topside Sounder</a></li>
<li><b><a href="physicsrtic.html"> Real-Time Ionospheric Characterization</a></b></li>
<li><a href="physicsiono.html"> Ionospheric & Magnetospheric Research</a></li>
</ul></div></div> <h3>RTIC:</h3>
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<li><a href="physicsrticoper.html">Potential Uses & Operational Needs</a></li>
<li><b>Specification Issues & Key Features</b></li>
<li><a href="physicsrticspecf.html">Specification Modules</a></li>
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