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<HTML> <HEAD><TITLE>The Wede:i Language</TITLE></HEAD> <BODY BODY BGCOLOR="#C0FFC0" TEXT="#002200"> <!-- Map for Languages --> <MAP NAME="MetaTable"> <AREA COORDS="0,0,119,17" HREF="ethno.htm"> <!-- Color swatches --> <AREA COORDS="0,18,17,30" HREF="eastern2.html"> <AREA COORDS="18,18,30,30" HREF="native.htm"> <AREA COORDS="31,18,43,30" HREF="verdurian.htm"> <AREA COORDS="44,18,56,30" HREF="ismain.htm"> <AREA COORDS="57,18,69,30" HREF="bara.htm"> <AREA COORDS="70,18,82,30" HREF="cuezi.htm"> <AREA COORDS="83,18,95,30" HREF="naviu.htm"> <AREA COORDS="96,18,108,30" HREF="axunashin.htm"> <AREA COORDS="109,18,121,30" HREF="xurnash.htm"> <AREA COORDS="122,18,134,30" HREF="chia.htm"> <AREA COORDS="135,18,147,30" HREF="kebreni.htm"> <AREA COORDS="148,18,160,30" HREF="wedei.html"> <AREA COORDS="161,18,173,30" HREF="dhekh.htm"> <AREA COORDS="174,18,186,30" HREF="lenani.htm"> <AREA COORDS="187,18,199,30" HREF="western.htm"> <AREA COORDS="200,18,212,30" HREF="Uyse7.htm"> <AREA COORDS="213,18,225,30" HREF="Le.htm"> <AREA COORDS="226,18,238,30" HREF="elkaril.htm"> <AREA COORDS="239,18,252,30" HREF="flaidish.htm"> <!-- Intragroup nav --> <AREA COORDS="126,0,198,17" HREF="kebreni.htm"> <AREA COORDS="199,0,264,17" HREF="wedei.html"> <AREA COORDS="266,0,358,17" HREF="lenani.htm"> <AREA COORDS="360,0,410,17" HREF="Uyse7.htm"> <AREA COORDS="411,0,438,17" HREF="Le.htm"> </map> <!-- VV nav bar --> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr bgcolor="#007000"><td colspan=7 height="5"> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><td colspan=7 height="5"> <tr bgcolor="#007000"> <td width="20"> <td width="203" height="50" valign="middle"><a href="virtuver.htm"><img src="illo/vvbase.gif" alt="Virtual Verduria" width="201" height="16" border="0"></a> <td width="77" align="center" valign="middle"><img src="illo/vvcrown.gif" width="36" height="21"> <td valign="middle" align="left"> <img src="illo/vv-logos-other.gif" title="Language pages" width="443" height="36" usemap="#MetaTable" border="0"> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><td colspan=7 height="5"> <tr bgcolor="#007000"><td colspan=7 height="5"> </table> <H2>The Wede:i language family</H2> <i>The material on Cuolese and Jeori has been moved to this page. (It hasn't been modified to match the new Wede:i material, but what's here should still be correct.) <p>The <a href="wedei.html">Wede:i grammar is here</a>; the <a href="wedeilex.htm">Wede:i lexicon is here</a>. <br>--<a name="contents">Mark Rosenfelder</a></i> <br> <blockquote> <p><a href="#Cuolese"><b>Cuolese</b></a> <br><a href="#CPhonology">Phonology</a> <br><a href="#CChange">Sound changes from Wede:i</a> <br><a href="#CMorphology">Morphology</a> <p><a href="#Jeori"><b>Jeori</b></a> <br><a href="#JPhonology">Phonology</a> <br><a href="#JChange">Sound changes from Wede:i</a> <br><a href="#JMorphology">Morphology</a> <p><a href="#Sentences"><b>Sample sentences</b></a> <br><a href="#Comparative"><b>Wede:i/Jeori/Cuolese Comparative Lexicon</b></a> </blockquote> <hr> <h3><a name="Cuolese"><font color="#000060">Cuolese</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> This section is not intended as a full description of Cuolese, but only as a résumé of how the modern language developed from Wede:i. This will be somewhat misleading, in that the language has been heavily influenced by Xurnáš, as well as by the Lenani languages of the Jippirasti nomads who occupied the region for nearly eight centuries. <h3><a name="CPhonology"><font color="#000060">Phonology</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> <center><img src="illo/cuolese.gif" alt="Cuolese phonology" title="Cuolese phonology"></center> <p>The consonant system has not greatly changed: the alveolar-palatals <i>śź</i> have fronted a bit to <b>šž</b>; a new affricate <b>c</b> has developed, realized as [ts] in Doju, as [č] in Pronel. <p>The vowels have changed more dramatically, developing into a <b>pitch-accent</b> system. Very likely the long vowels were already pronounced with a raised pitch. The length was lost, but the high pitch remained; thus Wede:i <i>a: </i>→ Cuolese <b>á</b>, etc. (High tone is represented with an acute accent.) The long diphthongs were evidently pronounced high on the onglide (the main vowel), back to medium on the offglide; this became a falling tone: <i>a:i </i>→ <b>à</b> etc. <p>Very few Wede:i words had two long syllables; where these did occur, one has shortened so that there is never more than one tone per word. <p>Moreover, vowels before <i>n</i> <b>nasalized</b> and absorbed the consonant: <i>an </i>→ <b>ã</b> etc. If the vowel was long, it may be both nasalized and high tone: <i>a:n </i>→ <b>á~</b>. <p>Finally, front <b>rounded</b> vowels ü ö developed from several sources: short <i>au, </i>as well as back vowels after <i>y</i> or before <i>r</i> and <i>l</i>. The nasalized vowels can be rounded as well: <b>ṏ</b>. <h3><a name="CChange"><font color="#000060">Sound changes from Wede:i</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> R stands for <b>r</b> or <b>l</b> <blockquote><table> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">1.</td> <td>au → ö<br>a:u → ò</td> <td>pauka → pög<br>sa:u → sò</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">2.</td> <td>ei → i:, ai → e:<br>e:i → è; a:i → à</td> <td>Jeiwor → Jíwör; Źaikye → Žéc<br>wa:igu → wàju; Wede:i → Weè</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">3.</td> <td>yu → ü, yo → ö</td> <td>yuma → üm; yonu → önu</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">4.</td> <td>[+stop] → [+affric] / (V,#)_(i,u)</td> <td>kugoli → Cuoli; tik → ciw; digu → juju</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">5.</td> <td>[+stop +voice] → ø / V_V</td> <td>Wede:i → Weè; kugoli → Cuoli; no:biźi → nóiži</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">6.</td> <td>[+stop, +fric] → [+voice] / V_(V,w)</td> <td>ŋosu → gozu; papa → pab; raśak → ražaw</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">7.</td> <td>[+back] → [+round -long] /_R</td> <td>ŋor → gör, tur → cür; to:l → töl</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">8.</td> <td>i → u / [+sib]_C</td> <td>sim → sum → sũ; zimi → zumi</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">9.</td> <td>a → o / _ng</td> <td>baŋ → boŋ</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">10.</td> <td>e → i / _Ri</td> <td>ŋeli → ŋili</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">11.</td> <td>k → w / _#</td> <td>yonok → önow</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">12.</td> <td>p → py / _i <br>ky → c / _i</td> <td>pina → pyin <br>Źaikye → Žéc</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">13.</td> <td>[+short] → ø / VC_CV</td> <td>yoneniŋ → yonniŋ → ṏniŋ; paźiwa → pažwa; Śelawor → Śelwör → Šewör</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">14.</td> <td>o → ou / C(C)_#</td> <td>bo → bou</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">15.</td> <td>(n,m) → ~ / _#, _C</td> <td>jalan → jalã; Šimka:u → Šũkò</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">16.</td> <td>(a,e) → ø / VC_#</td> <td>pauka → pöga → pög; gu:me → gúm</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">17.</td> <td>R → ø / _C</td> <td>kalzi → kazi; neruwen → nerwen → newẽ</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">18.</td> <td>[+long] → [+high]</td> <td>no: → nó</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">19.</td> <td>ŋ → g / #_(a,e,o,u,ö)<br>ŋ → m /_[+labial]<br>ŋ → n / _[+dental]</td> <td>ŋol → göl; ŋaza → gaz<br>yoniŋwe → önimwe; soŋmiŋ → sommiŋ<br>yoniŋtu → önintu; Boruŋdau → Börundö</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">20.</td> <td>ö → o / u_</td> <td>kugoli → Cuöli → Cuoli</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">21.</td> <td>[+alv-pal] → [-palatal]</td> <td>źeku → žeku; śuk → šuw</td> </tr> </table></blockquote> <h3><a name="CMorphology"><font color="#000060">Morphology </a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> The <b>verbal morphology</b> is largely intact, but has become a good deal more fusional. For instance, here are the basic forms of the verb <b>önu</b> 'speak'; note that there is no longer a single recognizable past tense morpheme. Note also that the verb root <b>ön-</b>, if it occurs before a consonant, nasalizes to <b>ṏ</b>. <blockquote><table> <tr bgcolor="#B0F0B0"> <td colspan=2><i>Present</i> <td colspan=2><i>Past</i> </tr> <tr><td><b>öniŋ</b></td> <td><i>I speak</i></td> <td><b>ṏciŋ</b></td> <td><i>I spoke</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>önil</b></td> <td><i>you speak</i></td> <td><b>ṏcil</b></td> <td><i>you spoke</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>ön</b></td> <td><i>he speaks</i></td> <td><b>önow</b></td> <td><i>he spoke</i></td> </tr> </table></blockquote> <p>The <b>subject-object</b> forms in the present tense also show a good deal of fusion. <blockquote><table> <tr bgcolor="#B0F0B0"> <td colspan=2><i>1st person subject</i> <td colspan=2><i>2nd person subject</i> </tr> <tr><td><b>ṏniŋ</b></td> <td><i>I speak to myself</i></td> <td><b>öninu</b></td> <td><i>you speak to me</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>öniŋku</b></td> <td><i>I speak to you (s)</i></td> <td><b>ṏnil</b></td> <td><i>you speak to yourself</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>ṏŋi</b></td> <td><i>I speak to him</i></td> <td><b>ṏli</b></td> <td><i>you speak to him</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>ṏŋu</b></td> <td><i>I speak to her</i></td> <td><b>ṏlu</b></td> <td><i>you speak to her</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>önintu</b></td> <td><i>I speak to us</i></td> <td><b>önitu</b></td> <td><i>you speak to us</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>önimwe</b></td> <td><i>I speak to you (pl)</i></td> <td><b>öniwe</b></td> <td><i>you speak to yourselves</i></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#B0F0B0"> <td colspan=2><i>3rd person subject</i> <tr><td><b>ṏno</b></td> <td><i>he speaks to me</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>ṏku</b></td> <td><i>he speaks to you (s)</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>önẽ</sup></td> <td><i>he speaks to himself</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>ṏjö</b></td> <td><i>he speaks to someone else</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>ṏtu</b></td> <td><i>he speaks to us</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>ṏwe</b></td> <td><i>he speaks to you (pl)</i></td> </tr> </table></blockquote> <p><b>Nominal endings</b>, perhaps because they are usually used alone, are more recognizable. Plurals always involve nasalization, but if the root ends in a consonant there is an added vowel, which is synchronically unpredictable though it is almost always that of the Wede:i etymon (for the examples, <i>do:n, gu:me, dau, zimi</i>). <blockquote><table> <tr bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><td></td> <td><i>horse</i></td> <td><i>man</i></td> <td><i>city</i></td> <td><i>woman</i></td> <td><i></td></tr> </i><tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>s. nom.</i></td> <td><b>dón</b></td> <td><b>gúm</b></td> <td><b>dö</b></td> <td><b>zumi</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>s. acc.</i></td> <td><b>dónu</b></td> <td><b>gṹwu</b></td> <td><b>döwu</b></td> <td><b>zũwu</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>s. dat.</i></td> <td><b>dṍni</b></td> <td><b>gṹni</b></td> <td><b>döni</b></td> <td><b>zũni</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>pl.</i></td> <td><b>dónũ</b></td> <td><b>gúmẽ</b></td> <td><b>dṏ</b></td> <td><b>zumĩ</b></td> </tr> </table></blockquote> <h3><a name="Jeori"><font color="#000060">Jeori</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> Jeori is the Wede:i language of Jeor, properly speaking the region west of the Ideis (W. <i>Jei</i>) river. It's useful to distinguish two stages: <ul> <li> <b>Old Jeori</b>, the language of the Jei Union (Z.E. 250-700) and the empire of Jeor (700-930). The structure of the language was little different from the classical Wede:i of a thousand years before, but there were some significant phonological changes. <li> <b>New Jeori</b>, the language of modern Jeor, a province of Xurno from the 2600s on, and independent as Tásuc Tag from 3025. The language died out as the everyday language of the region well before independence, but it has retained a good deal of prestige as a badge of nationalism, and it survives as a literary language (and indeed as the official language of Tásuc Tag). </ul> <h3><a name="JPhonology"><font color="#000060">Phonology</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> The sounds of New Jeori are as follows: <center><img src="illo/jeoricons.gif" alt="Jeori consonants" title="Jeori consonants"></center> The consonantal system is unremarkable; it has simply developed new fricatives <b>v, x</b> and new affricates <b>c</b> = [ts] and an unvoiced <b>č</b>. The vowel system is more complex, and it's worth looking at how it developed from late Wede:i. <br> <center><img src="illo/jeorivow.gif" alt="Jeori vowels" title="Jeori vowels"></center> <p>Where the characteristic development of long vowels in Cuolese was to high pitch, in Jeori it was to <b>tenseness</b>. Roughly speaking the <b>long</b> vowels have become tense vowels <b>i e o u a</b> in Jeori, and remained where they were-- <b>a</b> however backing to [<font face="Symbol">a</font>]. <p>The <b>short</b> vowels must have all been laxed in late Wede:i-- moved toward the center of the vowel space. In Old Jeori, the high short vowels <i>i u </i>merged to a high central vowel <b>î</b> = [i], while the mid short vowels <i>e o </i>merged to schwa <b>ə</b>. At the same time, short <i>a </i>became fronted [æ]. <p>Some of the short vowels have further shifted in New Jeori. æ raised a bit to become <b>ê</b> = [<font face="Symbol">e</font>]; <b>î </b>fronted to become more or less [<font size=2>I</font>] as in 'bit'. A new back vowel <b>û</b> = [ʋ] as in 'put' arose from certain diphthongs as well as from interconsonantal /w/. <p>As a further complication, <b>ə</b> and <b>î</b> are <b>elided</b>-- typically, if they occur in the second syllable of the word. This has created new consonant clusters, which have been simplified by (backward) assimilation. <blockquote> <p><i> yonokenil → yan</i><i>ə</i><i>k</i><i>ə</i><i>nîl → yank</i><i>ə</i><i>nîl → yandûnyîl <br>De:ijubori → Deyjîb</i><i>ə</i><i>r → Dejb</i><i>ə</i><i>r <br>ŋu:made:i → Nyum</i><i>ə</i><i>dey → Nyumdey → Yumbe</i> </blockquote> <h3><a name="JChange"><font color="#000060">Sound changes from Wede:i</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> These can be divided into two sets; the first covers the evolution of Old Jeori. Many of these rules can be taken as phonetic rather than phonemic changes-- e.g. the reduction of short vowels, or the wholesale changes that applied to several initials. <p>B represents any back vowel, including a; X represents any consonant except a nasal. <blockquote><table> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">1.</td> <td>i → y / B_</td> <td>wa:ino → vaynə, Wede:i → vədey</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">2.</td> <td>yg → j<br>yl → ly</td> <td>wa:igu → vajî<br>ba:ilu → balyî</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">3.</td> <td>wk → kw / _V<br>k → p / _w</td> <td>lauku:ru → lakwu:ru → læpwurî<br>rukwen → rîpwən</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">4.</td> <td>a(:)w → o:</td> <td>sa:un → zon, dau → do, Śelawor → Śæloər</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">5.</td> <td>n → ŋ / _[+velar]</td> <td>na:ŋu → naŋgî</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">6.</td> <td>z → dz, ź → dź / #_<br>s → z / #_<br>w → v / #_</td> <td>zimi → dzîmî, źeku → dźəgî<br>sim → zîm<br>wen → vən</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">7.</td> <td>t → č / _u</td> <td>yoniltu → yanîlčî</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">8.</td> <td>V → ø / VCVC_#</td> <td>yonili → yanîl; dowogu → dawəg</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">9.</td> <td>a → ə / VC(C)_</td> <td>ŋu:ma → nyumə; Nakani: → Nækən</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">10.</td> <td>e → æ / #C_<br>o → a: / #C_</td> <td>men → mæn<br>losu → lasî</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">11.</td> <td>a → æ<br>(e,o) → ə<br>(u,i) → î</td> <td>gala:i → gælay<br>gu:me → gumə, dowo → dawə<br>kudu → kîdî, niz → nîz</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">12.</td> <td>: → ø</td> <td>na:n → nan, no: → no</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">13.</td> <td>î → ə / îC(C)_X</td> <td>Buruźi → Bîrîś → Bîrəś</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">14.</td> <td>ŋ → ny / #_, V_B</td> <td>ŋu:ma → nyumə, ruŋa:i → rînyay</td> </tr> </table></blockquote> The following changes take us to New Jeori, almost up to modern times. <p>F represents a front vowel or y. E represents a mid front vowel (e î ê). <blockquote><table> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">1.</td> <td>æ → ê</td> <td>bæŋ → bwêŋ</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">2.</td> <td>ə → û / əC(C)_<br>ə → ø / _CV</td> <td>yanəkənîl → yanəkûnîl → yankûnîl → yandûnyîl</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">3.</td> <td>î → ø / VC_C(î,ə)</td> <td>Deyjîbər → Dejbər; yanîlîn → yanlin</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">4.</td> <td>[+stop -voice] → [+fric] / _[+stop], _#</td> <td>mæknə → mwêxŋə, yanək → yanəx</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">5.</td> <td>ny → y</td> <td>nyonə → yonə</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">6.</td> <td>ly → ź</td> <td>nyalyo → yaźo</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">7.</td> <td>d → r / V_V</td> <td>radə → rarə</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">8.</td> <td>dź → j <br>dz → c</td> <td>dźəŋgî → jəŋgyî<br>dzonî → conyî</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">9.</td> <td>(m,b) → w / V_F, F_V</td> <td>nobîź → nowîź; vaymə → vawə</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">10.</td> <td>ø → w / (m,b,p)_F</td> <td>mæk → mêk → mwêx, bi → bwih, pînə → pwinə</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">11.</td> <td>k → gy / V_E, E_V<br>ø → y / (k,g,n)_E</td> <td>bîkə → bwîgyə, rækî → rêgyî<br>ketə → kyetə, nîz → nyîz, maŋgî → maŋgyî</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">12.</td> <td>y → ø / (a,e)_</td> <td>mayn → man, deyjî → dejî</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">13.</td> <td>əw → o<br>əy → ê</td> <td>guməw → gumo<br>nînəy → ninê</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">14.</td> <td>îw → û<br>îy → i</td> <td>pæźîw → pwêźû<br>tîyən → tiən → tin</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">15.</td> <td>(i,e,ê) → [+raised] / _n</td> <td>mæn → mwên → mwen, dzenî → cînyî, tîn → tin</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">16.</td> <td>ə → ø / V_C</td> <td>Nyumoər → Yumor</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">17.</td> <td>s → h, g → x / V_ə</td> <td>tosə → tohə, kægə → kyêxə</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">18.</td> <td>[+stop, +fric] → [+voice] / [+voice]_</td> <td>dzensəjî → cînzjî, pæməkîn → pwêmkyin → pwêmgyin → pwêmbyin</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">19.</td> <td>[+stop, +fric] → [-voice] / [-voice]_</td> <td>yanəkzə → yanəksû</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">20.</td> <td>č → kx / ŋ_</td> <td>yanîŋčî → yanyîŋkxî</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">21.</td> <td>[+stop] → [+velar] / [+velar]_</td> <td>Barîŋdo → Barîŋgo</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">22.</td> <td>[+stop] → [+dental] / [+dental]_</td> <td>yanəkîn → yankyin → yandin</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">23.</td> <td>[+stop] → [+labial] / [+labial]_r → w / [+labial]_</td> <td>Zæbîŋəl → Zêbŋəl → Zêbməl<br>Jæybərîŋ → Jebrîŋ → Jebwîŋ</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">24.</td> <td>ln → d<br>l assimilates to following č, z, w</td> <td>yanîlnə → yanyîdə<br>yanîlwə → yanîwwə</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">25.</td> <td>w → û / C_C</td> <td>zîpwən → zîpwn → zîpûn</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">26.</td> <td>ê → y / (a,o)_</td> <td>taæ → taê → tay, voæ → voê → voy</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">27.</td> <td>ø → h / #C(C)(a,e,i)_#<br>ø → w / #C(C)(o,u)_#</td> <td>ta → tah, te → teh, bi → bwih<br>to → tow, tu → tuw</td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0">28.</td> <td>y → ø / (n,d)_i</td> <td>donîn → donyîn → donyin → donin<br>yanəkîn → yandyin → yandin</td> </tr> </table></blockquote> <h3><a name="JMorphology"><font color="#000060">Morphology </a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> The <b>verbal morphology</b> can be traced back to Wede:i, but has become a good deal more fusional. Here are the basic forms of <b>yanyî</b> 'speak', <b>pwaî</b> 'hear', <b>śigyî</b> 'work'. There are patterns-- for instance, the personal endings can be identified as <b>-îŋ, -îl, -î/əx, -ŋin, -lin, -in</b>, but even these tend to fuse with the verb root, and the past tense essentially has to be learned as a modification of the verb root, though it derives regularly from Wede:i <i>-ok-</i>. <p>The chief cause of the fusion of the past morpheme is vowel syncope-- which generally reduced the -<i>ok</i> to <i>-k </i>and left it adjacent to the root-- plus <i>backward assimilation</i>. So <i>n + k → nd, m + k → mb, g + k → gg</i>. <p>Classical Wede:i did not have plural subject forms: <i>yoniŋ</i> meant both 'I speak' and 'we speak'. Old Jeori innovated forms using the normal pluralizer (Wede:i -<i>un</i>, Old Jeori -<i>în</i>): <i>yaniŋ</i> 'I speak', <i>yaniŋîn</i> 'we speak'. <blockquote><table> <tr bgcolor="#B0F0B0"> <td colspan=2><i>Present</i> <td colspan=2><i>Past</i> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#B8F8B8"> <td colspan=4><i>'speak'</i> </tr> <tr><td><b>yanyîŋ</b></td> <td><i>I speak</i></td> <td><b>yandyîŋ</b></td> <td><i>I spoke</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>yanyîl</b></td> <td><i>you s speak</i></td> <td><b>yandyîl</b></td> <td><i>you s spoke</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>yanyî</b></td> <td><i>he speaks</i></td> <td><b>yanəx</b></td> <td><i>he spoke</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>yannin</b></td> <td><i>we speak</i></td> <td><b>yandyîŋin</b></td> <td><i>we spoke</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>yanlin</b></td> <td><i>you pl speak</i></td> <td><b>yandyîlin</b></td> <td><i>you pl spoke</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>yanin</b></td> <td><i>they speak</i></td> <td><b>yandin</b></td> <td><i>they spoke</i></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#B8F8B8"> <td colspan=4><i>'hear'</i> </tr> <tr><td><b>pwaîŋ</b></td> <td><i>I hear</i></td> <td><b>pwêmbyîŋ</b></td> <td><i>I heard</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>pwaîl</b></td> <td><i>you s hear</i></td> <td><b>pwêmbyîl</b></td> <td><i>you s heard</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>pwaî</b></td> <td><i>he hears</i></td> <td><b>pwax</b></td> <td><i>he heard</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>pwêmmin</b></td> <td><i>we hear</i></td> <td><b>pwêmbyîŋin</b></td> <td><i>we heard</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>pwêmlin</b></td> <td><i>you pl hear</i></td> <td><b>pwêmbyîlin</b></td> <td><i>you pl heard</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>pwain</b></td> <td><i>they hear</i></td> <td><b>pwêmbyin</b></td> <td><i>they heard</i></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#B8F8B8"> <td colspan=4><i>'work'</i> </tr> <tr><td><b>śigyîŋ</b></td> <td><i>I work</i></td> <td><b>śiggyîŋ</b></td> <td><i>I worked</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>śîxəl</b></td> <td><i>you s work</i></td> <td><b>śiggyîl</b></td> <td><i>you s worked</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>śigyî</b></td> <td><i>he works</i></td> <td><b>śixəx</b></td> <td><i>he worked</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>śigŋin</b></td> <td><i>we work</i></td> <td><b>śîggyîŋin</b></td> <td><i>we worked</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>śiglin</b></td> <td><i>you pl work</i></td> <td><b>śîggyîŋil</b></td> <td><i>you pl worked</i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b>śigyin</b></td> <td><i>they work</i></td> <td><b>śîggyin</b></td> <td><i>they worked</i></td> </tr> </table></blockquote> <p>There are quite a few other verb forms, but there has been a tendency to replace them with independent adverbs or auxiliaries. The incorporated object affixes became increasingly literary; in speech separate object pronouns were developed. <p><b>Nominal endings</b> are only somewhat the worse for wear; the accusative ending is almost always -<b>ə</b>, the dative -<b>nyî</b>-- though this is sometimes due to reanalysis. The plural ending is typically -<b>n</b> after vowels, -<b>in</b> after consonants, with the case endings added normally after it. <blockquote><table> <tr bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><td><i></td> <td>horse</i></td> <td><i>man</i></td> <td><i>city</i></td> <td><i>woman</i></td> <td><i></td></tr> </i><tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>s. nom.</i></td> <td><b>don</b></td> <td><b>gumə</b></td> <td><b>dow</b></td> <td><b>cûî</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>s. acc.</i></td> <td><b>donə</b></td> <td><b>gumo</b></td> <td><b>dowə</b></td> <td><b>cûo</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>s. dat.</i></td> <td><b>donnyî</b></td> <td><b>gummyî</b></td> <td><b>donyî</b></td> <td><b>cûin</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>pl. nom.</i></td> <td><b>donin</b></td> <td><b>gumən</b></td> <td><b>don</b></td> <td><b>cûîn</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>pl. acc.</i></td> <td><b>doninə</b></td> <td><b>gumənə</b></td> <td><b>donə</b></td> <td><b>cûînə</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>pl. dat.</i></td> <td><b>doninnyî</b></td> <td><b>gumənnyî</b></td> <td><b>donnyî</b></td> <td><b>cûînnyî</b></td> </tr> </table></blockquote> <h3><a name="Sentences"><font color="#000060">Sample sentences</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> Here are a few sample sentences in all four languages. The first two are selected to emphasize the continuity of the Wede:i family; the last two are designed to show off some of the differences in the languages as they are today. <blockquote><table> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Wede:i</i></td> <td><b>Paźiwa lil śal zimiwo zu:rtau.</b> <br><font size=2>king this beautiful woman-</font><font size=2>ACC</font><font size=2> want-have</font></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Old Jeori</i></td> <td><b>Pæźîw lîl śæl dzîməw dzurto.</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>New Jeori</i></td> <td><b>Pwêźû lîl śśêl cûo curto.</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Cuolese</i></td> <td><b>Pažwa lil šal zũwu zütö.</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>English</i></td> <td><i>The king loves this beautiful woman.</i></td> </tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Wede:i</i></td> <td><b>Muna:ido na:nunni na:nyoniŋok.</b> <br><font size=2>temple-</font><font size=2>LOC</font><font size=2> god-</font><font size=2>PL-DAT</font><font size=2> god-speak-</font><font size=2>I-PAST</font></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Old Jeori</i></td> <td><b>Mînaydə nanînnî nanyənəkîŋ.</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>New Jeori</i></td> <td><b>Mwinarə naninnyî nanyandyîŋ.</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Cuolese</i></td> <td><b>Munào nánũni nánṏciŋ.</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>English</i></td> <td><i>I prayed in the temple to the gods.</i></td> </tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Wede:i</i></td> <td><b>Ge:ŋgunno śaukgumo paijilźu?</b> <br><font size=2>beard-man-</font><font size=2>GEN</font><font size=2> rule-man-</font><font size=2>ACC</font><font size=2> fear-</font><font size=2>QUES</font></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Old Jeori</i></td> <td><b>Geŋgînîŋ nibewo pæyjîlźî?</b></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>New Jeori</i></td> <td><b>Asungri runircyî pwejo źucînyîl?</b> <br><font size=2>Axunemi ruler-</font><font size=2>DAT</font><font size=2> fear-</font><font size=2>ACC</font><font size=2> </font><font size=2>QUES</font><font size=2>-know-</font><font size=2>YOU</font></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Cuolese</i></td> <td><b>Lil ezjuzũ giecu zen woŋil?</b> <br><font size=2>that Ezičimi lord-</font><font size=2>ACC</font><font size=2> </font><font size=2>NEG</font><font size=2>-</font><font size=2>QUES</font><font size=2> fear-</font><font size=2>YOU</font><i></i></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>English</i></td> <td><i>Do you fear the lord of the Easterners?</i></td> </tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Wede:i</i></td> <td><b>Riŋtuka:ido la:uliilokkiu, kalziku śa:usir.</b> <br><font size=2>tavern-</font><font size=2>LOC</font><font size=2> meet-</font><font size=2>YOU</font><font size=2>-</font><font size=2>PAST-IF-HER</font><font size=2> wife-</font><font size=2>YOUR</font><font size=2> shame-</font><font size=2>WITHOUT</font></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Old Jeori</i></td> <td><b>Kælzîkəw rîŋčəkaydə lolîəkîlkî, lîlzî śosîr.</b> <br><font size=2>wife-</font><font size=2>YOUR-ACC</font><font size=2> tavern-</font><font size=2>LOC</font><font size=2> meet-</font><font size=2>PAST-YOU-IF</font><font size=2> she shame-</font><font size=2>WITHOUT</font></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>New Jeori</i></td> <td><b>Kyîź kyîr laŋzo pwîddozîd ceyûgyîl, vew śosîrə dîzî.</b> <br><font size=2>if your wife-</font><font size=2>ACC</font><font size=2> tavern-</font><font size=2>LOC</font><font size=2> meet-</font><font size=2>PAST-YOU</font><font size=2>, </font><font size=2>she shameless-</font><font size=2>ACC</font><font size=2> have</font></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>Cuolese</i></td> <td><b>Šẽbrio jiracuwu lòliocilü, šōzur lienü.</b> <br><font size=2>tavern-</font><font size=2>LOC</font><font size=2> wife-</font><font size=2>YOUR-ACC</font><font size=2> meet-</font><font size=2>PAST-YOU-IRR</font><font size=2> shameless be-</font><font size=2>IRR</font><font size=2> </font><b><i></b></i></td> </tr> <tr><td bgcolor="#B0F0B0"><i>English</i></td> <td><i>If you met your wife in the tavern, she is shameless.</i></td> </tr> </table></blockquote> <p>Things to note in example 3:<ul> <li> Different means of asking <b>questions</b> (New Jeori turned the suffix <i>źu</i> into an interrogative prefix; Cuolese has turned a tag question <i>zene</i> 'or not?' into a negative-interrogative particle). <li> Three different ways of referring to the Axunaic peoples: native Wede:i <i>Ge:ŋgun </i>'bearded men', Xurnese <i>Asungri</i> 'of Axunai', Axunašin <i>Ezičiz</i> (singular of <i>Ezičimi</i>). <li> Wede:i referred to a foreign king generically as <i>śaukgu</i> 'ruler'; Old Jeori used the 'proper' word, Axunašin <i>niwe</i>; Jeori and Cuolese use Xurnáš words-- <i>raunirc</i> 'governor' and <i>giec </i>'lord' respectively. <li> New Jeori also replaces the verb <i>paiju </i>'fear' with <i>pwejo cînyî</i> 'know fear' (a typical way of expressing mental states), while Cuolese replaces it with <i>woŋi</i>, originally meaning 'feel disgust'.</ul> Things to note in example 4:<ul> <li> The syntax of <b><i>if</b></i><b> clauses</b> has changed in the modern languages. In Jeori, a new particle <i>kyîź </i>has developed from <i>ki </i>'if' + <i>źu</i> 'interrogative'. In Cuolese, both conjoints are placed in the irrealis, which derives from the Wede:i tentative aspect -<i>yu</i>. <li> The modern languages don't allow <b>adjectives</b> to be used as verbs. Jeori says the woman 'has shameless(ness)', while Cuolese has created a copula from the Wede:i expression <i>lien </i>'see oneself'. <li> Jeori has innovated a system of <b>pronouns</b>-- several, in fact, over time. Old Jeori <i>lîlzî </i>is analyzable as 'that woman', and is one of a large number of similar expressions. New Jeori <i>vew</i> derives from <i>we:u </i>'her greatness', and is a calque on early Xurnáš <i>toec.</i> <li> 'Wife' in Jeori is <i>laŋzî</i>, from 'marry-woman'; Cuolese <i>jira</i> is from Xurnáš. <li> 'Tavern' in Wede:i is <i>riŋtuka:i</i>, the place for <i>riŋtuka </i>'rye beer'. Jeori has replaced this with <i>pwîddoz</i> from Axunašin <i>pididouz </i>'drink-house'; Cuolese <i>šẽbri</i> comes from Tžuro <i>šembri.</i> <li> Wede:i <i>la:uliu </i>'meet' = 'come to see' was replaced in Jeori with a derivative of <i>ze:nyai</i> 'begin to know'.<i></ul> </i> <h3><a name="Comparative"><font color="#000060">Wede:i/Jeori/Cuolese Comparative Lexicon</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></font></a></h3> This lexicon is intended to show the development of words from ancient Wede:i; it should not be used, even indirectly, as a dictionary of the modern languages. Very often meanings have shifted, and many of these words have not survived as independent lexical items. <p> <table> <tr bgcolor="#B0F0B0"> <td><b><i>Wede:i</b></i></td> <td><b><i>Old Jeori</b></i></td> <td><b><i>New Jeori</b></i></td> <td><b><i>Cuolese</b></i></td> <td><b><i>Wede:i meaning</b></i></td> </tr> <tr><td><b><i>Numbers</b></i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr><td>bo</td> <td>ba</td> <td>bah</td> <td>bou</td> <td>one</td> </tr> <tr><td>yok</td> <td>yak</td> <td>yax</td> <td>öw</td> <td>two</td> </tr> <tr><td>śir</td> <td>śîr</td> <td>śir</td> <td>šur</td> <td>three</td> </tr> <tr><td>tause</td> <td>tosə</td> <td>tohə</td> <td>töz</td> <td>four</td> </tr> <tr><td>pina</td> <td>pînə</td> <td>pwinə</td> <td>pyin</td> <td>five</td> </tr> <tr><td>baŋ</td> <td>bæŋ</td> <td>bwêŋ</td> <td>boŋ</td> <td>six</td> </tr> <tr><td>(Ax. <i>šeis</i>)</td> <td>śæys</td> <td>śes</td> <td>šís</td> <td>seven</td> </tr> <tr><td>(Ax. <i>yugi</i>)</td> <td>yîgî</td> <td>yîgyî</td> <td>üji</td> <td>eight</td> </tr> <tr><td>(Ax. <i>nebi</i>)</td> <td>næbî</td> <td>nyaî</td> <td>nei</td> <td>nine</td> </tr> <tr><td>(Ax. <i>deis</i>)</td> <td>dæys</td> <td>des</td> <td>dís</td> <td>ten</td> </tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td>a:inu</td> <td>aynî</td> <td>anyî</td> <td>ànu</td> <td>help</td> </tr> <tr><td>bai</td> <td>bæy</td> <td>bweh</td> <td>bé</td> <td>tower</td> </tr> <tr><td>ba:ilu</td> <td>balyî</td> <td>baźî</td> <td>bālu</td> <td>remove</td> </tr> <tr><td>ba:n</td> <td>ban</td> <td>ban</td> <td>bã́</td> <td>oats</td> </tr> <tr><td>ba:un</td> <td>bon</td> <td>bon</td> <td>bò~</td> <td>storm</td> </tr> <tr><td>begoŋ</td> <td>bægəŋ</td> <td>bwêxəŋ</td> <td>beoŋ</td> <td>the moon Iliažë</td> </tr> <tr><td>ben</td> <td>bæn</td> <td>bwen</td> <td>bẽ</td> <td>under</td> </tr> <tr><td>bendata</td> <td>bændətæ</td> <td>bwenddê</td> <td>bẽdad</td> <td>grandmother</td> </tr> <tr><td>benpapa</td> <td>bænpəpæ</td> <td>bwempwê</td> <td>bẽpab</td> <td>grandfather</td> </tr> <tr><td>bi:</td> <td>bi</td> <td>bwih</td> <td>bí</td> <td>white, bright</td> </tr> <tr><td>bi:ka</td> <td>bikə</td> <td>bwikə</td> <td>bíg</td> <td>silver</td> </tr> <tr><td>birbi:</td> <td>bîrbi</td> <td>bwîrbwi</td> <td>bibí</td> <td>the moon Iliacáš</td> </tr> <tr><td>biźi</td> <td>bîźî</td> <td>bwîźî</td> <td>biži</td> <td>grass</td> </tr> <tr><td>bogu</td> <td>bagî</td> <td>bagyî</td> <td>boju</td> <td>person</td> </tr> <tr><td>boka</td> <td>bagî</td> <td>bagyî</td> <td>bog</td> <td>thing</td> </tr> <tr><td>bori</td> <td>barî</td> <td>barî</td> <td>böri</td> <td>island</td> </tr> <tr><td>buka</td> <td>bîkə</td> <td>bwîgyə</td> <td>bug</td> <td>deer</td> </tr> <tr><td>bukuro</td> <td>bîkər</td> <td>bwîgîr</td> <td>bucüru</td> <td>owl</td> </tr> <tr><td>da:iu</td> <td>dayî</td> <td>daî</td> <td>dàu</td> <td>value</td> </tr> <tr><td>data</td> <td>dætə</td> <td>dêtə</td> <td>dad</td> <td>father</td> </tr> <tr><td>dau</td> <td>do</td> <td>dow</td> <td>dö</td> <td>city</td> </tr> <tr><td>dauka</td> <td>dæpwə</td> <td>dêpwə</td> <td>dög</td> <td>whale</td> </tr> <tr><td>da:wi</td> <td>doî</td> <td>doî</td> <td>dáwi</td> <td>boy</td> </tr> <tr><td>de:i</td> <td>dey</td> <td>deh</td> <td>dè</td> <td>people</td> </tr> <tr><td>digu</td> <td>dîgî</td> <td>dîgyî</td> <td>juju</td> <td>hide</td> </tr> <tr><td>di:n</td> <td>din</td> <td>din</td> <td>dí~</td> <td>daughter</td> </tr> <tr><td>do:</td> <td>do</td> <td>dow</td> <td>dó</td> <td>wind</td> </tr> <tr><td>dolu</td> <td>dalî</td> <td>dalî</td> <td>dölu</td> <td>hang</td> </tr> <tr><td>do:n</td> <td>don</td> <td>don</td> <td>dṍ</td> <td>horse</td> </tr> <tr><td>dowo</td> <td>dawə</td> <td>dawə</td> <td>dowu</td> <td>no</td> </tr> <tr><td>dowogu</td> <td>dawəg</td> <td>dawg</td> <td>dowju</td> <td>nobody</td> </tr> <tr><td>du:r</td> <td>dur</td> <td>dur</td> <td>dür</td> <td>mortar</td> </tr> <tr><td>duzul</td> <td>dîzəl</td> <td>dîzəl</td> <td>juzül</td> <td>slave</td> </tr> <tr><td>eze:r</td> <td>əzer</td> <td>zer</td> <td>ezér</td> <td>thousand</td> </tr> <tr><td>gai</td> <td>gæy</td> <td>gyeh</td> <td>gé</td> <td>log</td> </tr> <tr><td>gala:i</td> <td>gælay</td> <td>gyêla</td> <td>galà</td> <td>enclosure</td> </tr> <tr><td>galu</td> <td>gælî</td> <td>gyêlî</td> <td>galu</td> <td>close</td> </tr> <tr><td>gauji</td> <td>gojî</td> <td>gojî</td> <td>göji</td> <td>fruit</td> </tr> <tr><td>ge:ŋ</td> <td>geŋ</td> <td>gyeŋ</td> <td>géŋ</td> <td>beard</td> </tr> <tr><td>goju</td> <td>gajî</td> <td>gajî</td> <td>goju</td> <td>steal</td> </tr> <tr><td>go:rtu</td> <td>gorčî</td> <td>gorčî</td> <td>götu</td> <td>ocean</td> </tr> <tr><td>gouŋ</td> <td>gawŋ</td> <td>gawn</td> <td>gouŋ</td> <td>far</td> </tr> <tr><td>gu:me</td> <td>gumə</td> <td>gumə</td> <td>gúm</td> <td>man</td> </tr> <tr><td>guśa</td> <td>gîśə</td> <td>gyîśə</td> <td>juž</td> <td>respect</td> </tr> <tr><td>guśu</td> <td>gîśî</td> <td>gyîśî</td> <td>južu</td> <td>honor</td> </tr> <tr><td>i:l</td> <td>il</td> <td>il</td> <td>íl</td> <td>eye</td> </tr> <tr><td>iteru</td> <td>îtər</td> <td>îtər</td> <td>idru</td> <td>shine</td> </tr> <tr><td>ituri</td> <td>îčər</td> <td>îčər</td> <td>icüri</td> <td>read</td> </tr> <tr><td>ja:iu</td> <td>jayî</td> <td>jaî</td> <td>jàu</td> <td>tell</td> </tr> <tr><td>jalan</td> <td>jælən</td> <td>jêlən</td> <td>jalã</td> <td>wave</td> </tr> <tr><td>jan</td> <td>jæn</td> <td>jen</td> <td>jẽ</td> <td>arrow</td> </tr> <tr><td>jaŋu</td> <td>jæŋî</td> <td>jêŋî</td> <td>joŋu</td> <td>breathe</td> </tr> <tr><td>jauka</td> <td>jæpwə</td> <td>jêpwə</td> <td>jög</td> <td>wolf</td> </tr> <tr><td>jen</td> <td>jæn</td> <td>jen</td> <td>jã</td> <td>forest</td> </tr> <tr><td>jok</td> <td>jak</td> <td>jax</td> <td>jow</td> <td>other</td> </tr> <tr><td>joŋ</td> <td>jaŋ</td> <td>jaŋ</td> <td>joŋ</td> <td>black</td> </tr> <tr><td>jo:na</td> <td>jonə</td> <td>jonə</td> <td>jón</td> <td>cat</td> </tr> <tr><td>ju</td> <td>jî</td> <td>jî</td> <td>ju</td> <td>east</td> </tr> <tr><td>juku</td> <td>jîkî</td> <td>jîgyî</td> <td>jucu</td> <td>sneeze</td> </tr> <tr><td>juŋ</td> <td>jîŋ</td> <td>jîŋ</td> <td>juŋ</td> <td>son</td> </tr> <tr><td>kago</td> <td>kægə</td> <td>kyêxə</td> <td>kao</td> <td>basket</td> </tr> <tr><td>ka:imu</td> <td>kaymî</td> <td>kawî</td> <td>kàmu</td> <td>buy</td> </tr> <tr><td>kal</td> <td>kæl</td> <td>kyêl</td> <td>kal</td> <td>good</td> </tr> <tr><td>kalzi</td> <td>kælzî</td> <td>kyêzzî</td> <td>kazi</td> <td>wife</td> </tr> <tr><td>kamu</td> <td>kæmî</td> <td>kyaî</td> <td>kamu</td> <td>guard</td> </tr> <tr><td>kariji</td> <td>kærîj</td> <td>kyêrîj</td> <td>kaji</td> <td>neck</td> </tr> <tr><td>ka:u</td> <td>ko</td> <td>kow</td> <td>kò</td> <td>mouth</td> </tr> <tr><td>keŋ</td> <td>kæŋ</td> <td>kyêŋ</td> <td>keŋ</td> <td>foot</td> </tr> <tr><td>ke:ta</td> <td>ketə</td> <td>kyetə</td> <td>kéd</td> <td>hundred</td> </tr> <tr><td>ki</td> <td>kî</td> <td>kyî</td> <td>ci</td> <td>tooth</td> </tr> <tr><td>kimu</td> <td>kîmî</td> <td>kyûî</td> <td>cimu</td> <td>bite</td> </tr> <tr><td>koku</td> <td>kakî</td> <td>kagyî</td> <td>kocu</td> <td>die</td> </tr> <tr><td>komo</td> <td>kamə</td> <td>kamə</td> <td>komu</td> <td>house</td> </tr> <tr><td>komogu</td> <td>kaməg</td> <td>kaməg</td> <td>kõju</td> <td>servant</td> </tr> <tr><td>kudu</td> <td>kîdî</td> <td>kyîrî</td> <td>cuju</td> <td>break</td> </tr> <tr><td>kugo</td> <td>kîgə</td> <td>kyîxə</td> <td>cuo</td> <td>cap</td> </tr> <tr><td>kur</td> <td>kîr</td> <td>kyîr</td> <td>cür</td> <td>ram</td> </tr> <tr><td>ku:ru</td> <td>kurî</td> <td>kurî</td> <td>cüru</td> <td>give</td> </tr> <tr><td>la:i</td> <td>lay</td> <td>lah</td> <td>là</td> <td>glory</td> </tr> <tr><td>la:ŋu</td> <td>laŋî</td> <td>laŋî</td> <td>láŋu</td> <td>marry</td> </tr> <tr><td>la:u</td> <td>lo</td> <td>low</td> <td>lò</td> <td>type of seashell</td> </tr> <tr><td>lauji</td> <td>lojî</td> <td>lojî</td> <td>löji</td> <td>money</td> </tr> <tr><td>la:uk</td> <td>lok</td> <td>lox</td> <td>lòw</td> <td>because</td> </tr> <tr><td>lauku:ru</td> <td>kæpwurî</td> <td>lêpwurî</td> <td>lögüru</td> <td>pay</td> </tr> <tr><td>la:uliu</td> <td>lolîî</td> <td>lolî</td> <td>lòliu</td> <td>find, meet</td> </tr> <tr><td>legau</td> <td>lægo</td> <td>lêgo</td> <td>leö</td> <td>pear</td> </tr> <tr><td>leźu</td> <td>læźî</td> <td>lêźî</td> <td>ležu</td> <td>trust</td> </tr> <tr><td>leźugu</td> <td>læźîg</td> <td>lêźîg</td> <td>ležju</td> <td>official</td> </tr> <tr><td>lil</td> <td>lîl</td> <td>lîl</td> <td>lil</td> <td>this</td> </tr> <tr><td>lila:u</td> <td>lîlo</td> <td>lîlo</td> <td>lilò</td> <td>approach</td> </tr> <tr><td>liluŋ</td> <td>lîlîŋ</td> <td>lîlîŋ</td> <td>liluŋ</td> <td>near</td> </tr> <tr><td>liu</td> <td>lîî</td> <td>lî</td> <td>liu</td> <td>see</td> </tr> <tr><td>loŋ</td> <td>laŋ</td> <td>laŋ</td> <td>loŋ</td> <td>buckle</td> </tr> <tr><td>losu</td> <td>lasî</td> <td>lasî</td> <td>lozu</td> <td>moose</td> </tr> <tr><td>lu:</td> <td>lu</td> <td>luw</td> <td>lú</td> <td>water</td> </tr> <tr><td>lumu</td> <td>lîmî</td> <td>lûî</td> <td>lumu</td> <td>wash</td> </tr> <tr><td>lun</td> <td>lîn</td> <td>lin</td> <td>lũ</td> <td>north</td> </tr> <tr><td>lu:źensagu</td> <td>luźənsəgî</td> <td>luźənzûgyî</td> <td>lúžẽsaju</td> <td>engineer</td> </tr> <tr><td>mai</td> <td>mæy</td> <td>mweh</td> <td>mé</td> <td>wheat</td> </tr> <tr><td>ma:in</td> <td>mayn</td> <td>man</td> <td>mà~</td> <td>star</td> </tr> <tr><td>mak</td> <td>mæk</td> <td>mwêx</td> <td>maw</td> <td>cousin</td> </tr> <tr><td>ma:ku</td> <td>makî</td> <td>magyî</td> <td>mácu</td> <td>defeat</td> </tr> <tr><td>ma:n</td> <td>man</td> <td>man</td> <td>má~</td> <td>great</td> </tr> <tr><td>ma:ngu</td> <td>maŋgî</td> <td>maŋgyî</td> <td>má~gu</td> <td>nobleman</td> </tr> <tr><td>ma:nzi</td> <td>manzî</td> <td>manzî</td> <td>má~zi</td> <td>noblewoman</td> </tr> <tr><td>ma:r</td> <td>mar</td> <td>mar</td> <td>már</td> <td>female</td> </tr> <tr><td>ma:rzi</td> <td>marzî</td> <td>marzî</td> <td>mázi</td> <td>woman</td> </tr> <tr><td>mau</td> <td>mo</td> <td>mow</td> <td>mö</td> <td>fill</td> </tr> <tr><td>ma:un</td> <td>mon</td> <td>mon</td> <td>mò~</td> <td>leopard</td> </tr> <tr><td>melen</td> <td>mælən</td> <td>mwêlən</td> <td>melẽ</td> <td>heart</td> </tr> <tr><td>men</td> <td>mæn</td> <td>wen</td> <td>mẽ</td> <td>pine cone</td> </tr> <tr><td>miriŋ</td> <td>mîrîŋ</td> <td>mwîrîŋ</td> <td>miriŋ</td> <td>snake</td> </tr> <tr><td>moga</td> <td>magə</td> <td>maxə</td> <td>moa</td> <td>ear</td> </tr> <tr><td>mogau</td> <td>mago</td> <td>mago</td> <td>moö</td> <td>peach</td> </tr> <tr><td>mo:mo</td> <td>momə</td> <td>momə</td> <td>mómu</td> <td>young</td> </tr> <tr><td>mo:ngu</td> <td>moŋgî</td> <td>moŋgyî</td> <td>mṍgu</td> <td>young man</td> </tr> <tr><td>mo:nzi</td> <td>monzî</td> <td>monzî</td> <td>mṍzi</td> <td>young woman</td> </tr> <tr><td>muku</td> <td>mîkî</td> <td>mwîgyî</td> <td>mucu</td> <td>bull</td> </tr> <tr><td>na:i</td> <td>nay</td> <td>nah</td> <td>nà</td> <td>bird</td> </tr> <tr><td>na:n</td> <td>nan</td> <td>nan</td> <td>ná~</td> <td>god</td> </tr> <tr><td>na:ŋgu</td> <td>naŋgî</td> <td>naŋgyî</td> <td>náŋgu</td> <td>priest</td> </tr> <tr><td>na:nśauk</td> <td>nanśok</td> <td>nanźox</td> <td>ná~šöw</td> <td>rite</td> </tr> <tr><td>nanuŋ</td> <td>nænîŋ</td> <td>nyenyîŋ</td> <td>nanuŋ</td> <td>divine</td> </tr> <tr><td>na:u</td> <td>no</td> <td>now</td> <td>nò</td> <td>ox</td> </tr> <tr><td>na:wen</td> <td>noən</td> <td>non</td> <td>náwẽ</td> <td>axe</td> </tr> <tr><td>neru</td> <td>nærî</td> <td>nyêrî</td> <td>neru</td> <td>lie down</td> </tr> <tr><td>neruwen</td> <td>nærîwən</td> <td>nyêrûn</td> <td>newẽ</td> <td>bed</td> </tr> <tr><td>ni:</td> <td>ni</td> <td>nih</td> <td>ní</td> <td>field</td> </tr> <tr><td>ni:gu</td> <td>nigî</td> <td>nigyî</td> <td>níju</td> <td>peasant</td> </tr> <tr><td>niji</td> <td>nîjî</td> <td>nyîjî</td> <td>niji</td> <td>animal</td> </tr> <tr><td>nine</td> <td>nînə</td> <td>ninə</td> <td>nin</td> <td>hill</td> </tr> <tr><td>niŋmala:i</td> <td>niŋməlay</td> <td>nyînla</td> <td>nimmalà</td> <td>market</td> </tr> <tr><td>niŋmali</td> <td>nîŋməlî</td> <td>nyînlî</td> <td>nimmali</td> <td>trade</td> </tr> <tr><td>nitu</td> <td>nîčî</td> <td>nyîčî</td> <td>nicu</td> <td>walk</td> </tr> <tr><td>nituk</td> <td>nîčək</td> <td>nyîčəx</td> <td>nicuw</td> <td>in order to</td> </tr> <tr><td>niz</td> <td>nîz</td> <td>nyîz</td> <td>niz</td> <td>palace</td> </tr> <tr><td>no:</td> <td>no</td> <td>now</td> <td>nó</td> <td>red</td> </tr> <tr><td>no:biźi</td> <td>nobîź</td> <td>nowîź</td> <td>nóiži</td> <td>redcane</td> </tr> <tr><td>na:ila:u</td> <td>nyalyo</td> <td>yaźo</td> <td>ŋàlò</td> <td>invite</td> </tr> <tr><td>n:ai</td> <td>nyay</td> <td>yah</td> <td>ŋà</td> <td>hand</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋauji</td> <td>nyojî</td> <td>yojî</td> <td>göji</td> <td>tongue</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋauna</td> <td>nyonə</td> <td>yonə</td> <td>ŋòn</td> <td>street</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋaza</td> <td>nyæzə</td> <td>yêzə</td> <td>gaz</td> <td>clay</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋegea</td> <td>nyægəæ</td> <td>yêxê</td> <td>gea</td> <td>rising</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋeka</td> <td>nyækə</td> <td>yêgyə</td> <td>geg</td> <td>flower</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋeli</td> <td>nyælî</td> <td>yêlî</td> <td>ŋili</td> <td>land</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋera:i</td> <td>nyæray</td> <td>yêra</td> <td>gerà</td> <td>household</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋeru</td> <td>nyærî</td> <td>yêrî</td> <td>geru</td> <td>live</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋeu</td> <td>nyəw</td> <td>yah</td> <td>geu</td> <td>rise</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋinji</td> <td>nyînjî</td> <td>yinjî</td> <td>ŋĩji</td> <td>song</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋinu</td> <td>nyînî</td> <td>yînyî</td> <td>ŋinu</td> <td>sing</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋol</td> <td>nyal</td> <td>yal</td> <td>göl</td> <td>fire</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋor</td> <td>nyar</td> <td>yar</td> <td>gör</td> <td>big</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋosu</td> <td>nyasî</td> <td>yasî</td> <td>gozu</td> <td>flog</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋozi</td> <td>nyazî</td> <td>yazî</td> <td>gozi</td> <td>same</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋu:ma</td> <td>nyumə</td> <td>yumə</td> <td>ŋúm</td> <td>mountain</td> </tr> <tr><td>ŋun</td> <td>nyîn</td> <td>yin</td> <td>gũ</td> <td>grape</td> </tr> <tr><td>paira</td> <td>pæyrə</td> <td>pwerə</td> <td>pér</td> <td>basin</td> </tr> <tr><td>paźiwa</td> <td>pæźîw</td> <td>pwêźû</td> <td>pažwa</td> <td>king</td> </tr> <tr><td>piŋgau</td> <td>pîŋgo</td> <td>pwîŋgo</td> <td>pyiŋgö</td> <td>apple</td> </tr> <tr><td>paiju</td> <td>pæyjî</td> <td>pwejî</td> <td>péju</td> <td>fear</td> </tr> <tr><td>palin</td> <td>pælîn</td> <td>pwêlin</td> <td>palĩ</td> <td>again</td> </tr> <tr><td>pamu</td> <td>pæmî</td> <td>pwaî</td> <td>pamu</td> <td>hear</td> </tr> <tr><td>pana</td> <td>pænə</td> <td>pwenə</td> <td>pan</td> <td>rooster</td> </tr> <tr><td>papa</td> <td>pæpə</td> <td>pwêpə</td> <td>pab</td> <td>mother</td> </tr> <tr><td>pauka</td> <td>pæpwə</td> <td>pwêpwə</td> <td>pög</td> <td>mole</td> </tr> <tr><td>pik</td> <td>pîk</td> <td>pwîx</td> <td>pyiw</td> <td>green</td> </tr> <tr><td>pir</td> <td>pîr</td> <td>pwîr</td> <td>pyir</td> <td>lyre</td> </tr> <tr><td>pirma</td> <td>pîrmə</td> <td>pwîrmə</td> <td>pyima</td> <td>harp</td> </tr> <tr><td>po:</td> <td>po</td> <td>pow</td> <td>pó</td> <td>hair</td> </tr> <tr><td>ponu</td> <td>panî</td> <td>panyî</td> <td>ponu</td> <td>jump</td> </tr> <tr><td>pu:k</td> <td>puk</td> <td>pux</td> <td>púw</td> <td>crime</td> </tr> <tr><td>rada</td> <td>rædə</td> <td>rêrə</td> <td>raa</td> <td>seed</td> </tr> <tr><td>ral</td> <td>ræl</td> <td>rêl</td> <td>ral</td> <td>shrine</td> </tr> <tr><td>raśak</td> <td>ræsək</td> <td>rêźəx</td> <td>ražaw</td> <td>fox</td> </tr> <tr><td>rau</td> <td>ro</td> <td>row</td> <td>rö</td> <td>door</td> </tr> <tr><td>reja</td> <td>ræjə</td> <td>rêjə</td> <td>rej</td> <td>storm</td> </tr> <tr><td>reku</td> <td>rækî</td> <td>rêgyî</td> <td>recu</td> <td>trap</td> </tr> <tr><td>ril</td> <td>rîl</td> <td>rîl</td> <td>ril</td> <td>egg</td> </tr> <tr><td>rimu</td> <td>rîmî</td> <td>rûî</td> <td>rimu</td> <td>weave</td> </tr> <tr><td>roda</td> <td>radə</td> <td>rarə</td> <td>roa</td> <td>brother</td> </tr> <tr><td>ru:</td> <td>ru</td> <td>ruw</td> <td>rú</td> <td>sun</td> </tr> <tr><td>ruk</td> <td>rîk</td> <td>rîx</td> <td>ruw</td> <td>sharp</td> </tr> <tr><td>rukwen</td> <td>rîpwən</td> <td>rîpûn</td> <td>rugwẽ</td> <td>weapon</td> </tr> <tr><td>ruŋa:i</td> <td>rînyay</td> <td>ria</td> <td>ruŋà</td> <td>capital</td> </tr> <tr><td>ruŋu</td> <td>rîŋî</td> <td>rîŋî</td> <td>ruŋu</td> <td>govern</td> </tr> <tr><td>ruti</td> <td>rîtî</td> <td>rîtî</td> <td>ruci</td> <td>rush</td> </tr> <tr><td>sai</td> <td>zæy</td> <td>zeh</td> <td>sé</td> <td>middle</td> </tr> <tr><td>sakana</td> <td>zækən</td> <td>zêgîn</td> <td>sagna</td> <td>fish</td> </tr> <tr><td>saŋ</td> <td>zæŋ</td> <td>zêŋ</td> <td>song</td> <td>south</td> </tr> <tr><td>sa:un</td> <td>zon</td> <td>zon</td> <td>sò~</td> <td>law</td> </tr> <tr><td>seki</td> <td>zækî</td> <td>zêgyî</td> <td>seci</td> <td>night</td> </tr> <tr><td>sela:i</td> <td>zælay</td> <td>zêla</td> <td>selà</td> <td>general</td> </tr> <tr><td>si</td> <td>zî</td> <td>zî</td> <td>si</td> <td>room</td> </tr> <tr><td>sim</td> <td>zîm</td> <td>zîm</td> <td>sũ</td> <td>word</td> </tr> <tr><td>soŋka</td> <td>zaŋkə</td> <td>zaŋkə</td> <td>soŋka</td> <td>bear</td> </tr> <tr><td>soŋmiŋ</td> <td>zaŋmîŋ</td> <td>zaŋwîŋ</td> <td>sommiŋ</td> <td>jade</td> </tr> <tr><td>soźu</td> <td>zaźî</td> <td>zaźî</td> <td>sožu</td> <td>lose</td> </tr> <tr><td>su:</td> <td>zu</td> <td>zuw</td> <td>sú</td> <td>new</td> </tr> <tr><td>suku</td> <td>zîkî</td> <td>zîgyî</td> <td>sucu</td> <td>stab</td> </tr> <tr><td>sukwen</td> <td>zîpwən</td> <td>zîpûn</td> <td>sugwẽ</td> <td>dagger</td> </tr> <tr><td>śabuk</td> <td>śæbîk</td> <td>śaîx</td> <td>šauw</td> <td>fast</td> </tr> <tr><td>śa:u</td> <td>śo</td> <td>śow</td> <td>šò</td> <td>guilt</td> </tr> <tr><td>ša:uk</td> <td>śok</td> <td>śox</td> <td>šòw</td> <td>rule</td> </tr> <tr><td>śebaru</td> <td>śæbər</td> <td>śar</td> <td>šearu</td> <td>write</td> </tr> <tr><td>śebarul</td> <td>śæbərîl</td> <td>śêbwîl</td> <td>šearül</td> <td>book</td> </tr> <tr><td>śela</td> <td>śælə</td> <td>śêlə</td> <td>šel</td> <td>shelter</td> </tr> <tr><td>śelu</td> <td>śælî</td> <td>śêlî</td> <td>šelu</td> <td>shelter (<i>v</i>)</td> </tr> <tr><td>śen</td> <td>śæn</td> <td>śen</td> <td>šẽ</td> <td>above</td> </tr> <tr><td>śendi:n</td> <td>śændin</td> <td>śendin</td> <td>šẽdí~</td> <td>granddaughter</td> </tr> <tr><td>śenjuŋ</td> <td>śænjîŋ</td> <td>śænjîŋ</td> <td>šẽjuŋ</td> <td>grandson</td> </tr> <tr><td>śi</td> <td>śî</td> <td>šî</td> <td>ši</td> <td>lake</td> </tr> <tr><td>śigu</td> <td>śîgî</td> <td>śîgyî</td> <td>šuju</td> <td>work</td> </tr> <tr><td>śin</td> <td>śîn</td> <td>śin</td> <td>šũ</td> <td>cow</td> </tr> <tr><td>śoba:n</td> <td>śaban</td> <td>śaban</td> <td>šoá~</td> <td>oatmeal</td> </tr> <tr><td>śojo</td> <td>śajə</td> <td>śajə</td> <td>šoju</td> <td>chin; pride</td> </tr> <tr><td>śok</td> <td>śak</td> <td>śax</td> <td>šuw</td> <td>bundle</td> </tr> <tr><td>ta:i</td> <td>tay</td> <td>tah</td> <td>tà</td> <td>right (side)</td> </tr> <tr><td>taku</td> <td>tækî</td> <td>têgyî</td> <td>tacu</td> <td>stop</td> </tr> <tr><td>taŋ</td> <td>tæŋ</td> <td>têŋ</td> <td>toŋ</td> <td>thirty-six</td> </tr> <tr><td>tan</td> <td>tæn</td> <td>ten</td> <td>tã</td> <td>fertile</td> </tr> <tr><td>tareŋ</td> <td>tærəŋ</td> <td>têrəŋ</td> <td>tareŋ</td> <td>blood</td> </tr> <tr><td>ta:uno</td> <td>tonə</td> <td>tonə</td> <td>tònu</td> <td>why</td> </tr> <tr><td>te:</td> <td>te</td> <td>teh</td> <td>té</td> <td>arm</td> </tr> <tr><td>tel</td> <td>tæl</td> <td>têl</td> <td>tel</td> <td>male</td> </tr> <tr><td>telgu</td> <td>tælgi</td> <td>têlgyî</td> <td>tegu</td> <td>male person</td> </tr> <tr><td>tenu</td> <td>tænî</td> <td>tenyî</td> <td>tenu</td> <td>choose</td> </tr> <tr><td>tik</td> <td>tîk</td> <td>tîx</td> <td>ciw</td> <td>old</td> </tr> <tr><td>tin</td> <td>tîn</td> <td>tin</td> <td>cĩ</td> <td>day</td> </tr> <tr><td>tiyona</td> <td>tîyən</td> <td>tin</td> <td>ciön</td> <td>squid</td> </tr> <tr><td>ti:zi</td> <td>tizî</td> <td>tizî</td> <td>tízi</td> <td>cry</td> </tr> <tr><td>to:</td> <td>to</td> <td>tow</td> <td>tó</td> <td>clever</td> </tr> <tr><td>to</td> <td>ta</td> <td>tah</td> <td>tou</td> <td>knife</td> </tr> <tr><td>toa</td> <td>taæ</td> <td>tay</td> <td>toa</td> <td>sword</td> </tr> <tr><td>tok</td> <td>tak</td> <td>tax</td> <td>tow</td> <td>blue</td> </tr> <tr><td>to:l</td> <td>tol</td> <td>tol</td> <td>töl</td> <td>each</td> </tr> <tr><td>tu:</td> <td>tu</td> <td>tuw</td> <td>tú</td> <td>crossroads</td> </tr> <tr><td>tula:u</td> <td>čîlo</td> <td>čîlo</td> <td>cülò</td> <td>decide</td> </tr> <tr><td>tur</td> <td>čîr</td> <td>čîr</td> <td>cür</td> <td>stick</td> </tr> <tr><td>wada</td> <td>vædə</td> <td>vêrə</td> <td>waa</td> <td>chair</td> </tr> <tr><td>wa:i</td> <td>vay</td> <td>vah</td> <td>wà</td> <td>boat</td> </tr> <tr><td>wa:igu</td> <td>vajî</td> <td>vajî</td> <td>wàju</td> <td>sailor</td> </tr> <tr><td>wa:ima</td> <td>vaymə</td> <td>vawə</td> <td>wàm</td> <td>ship</td> </tr> <tr><td>wata</td> <td>vætə</td> <td>vêtə</td> <td>wad</td> <td>year</td> </tr> <tr><td>wau</td> <td>vo</td> <td>vow</td> <td>wö</td> <td>bark</td> </tr> <tr><td>wawa</td> <td>voæ</td> <td>voy</td> <td>waw</td> <td>baby</td> </tr> <tr><td>we:</td> <td>ve</td> <td>veh</td> <td>wé</td> <td>great</td> </tr> <tr><td>wen</td> <td>vən</td> <td>vən</td> <td>wẽ</td> <td>luck</td> </tr> <tr><td>wete</td> <td>vətə</td> <td>vdû</td> <td>wed</td> <td>birch</td> </tr> <tr><td>wila:r</td> <td>vîlar</td> <td>vîlar</td> <td>wilár</td> <td>goddess æ planet</td> </tr> <tr><td>woŋi</td> <td>vəŋî</td> <td>vmî</td> <td>woŋi</td> <td>disgust</td> </tr> <tr><td>wor</td> <td>vər</td> <td>vər</td> <td>wör</td> <td>west</td> </tr> <tr><td>yai</td> <td>yæy</td> <td>yeh</td> <td>yé</td> <td>jewel</td> </tr> <tr><td>yaŋ</td> <td>yæŋ</td> <td>yêŋ</td> <td>yoŋ</td> <td>nest</td> </tr> <tr><td>yatu</td> <td>yæčî</td> <td>yêčî</td> <td>yacu</td> <td>order</td> </tr> <tr><td>yauji</td> <td>yojî</td> <td>yojî</td> <td>yöji</td> <td>beetle</td> </tr> <tr><td>ye</td> <td>yæ</td> <td>yê</td> <td>ye</td> <td>river</td> </tr> <tr><td>yebi:</td> <td>yæbi</td> <td>yai</td> <td>yeí</td> <td>gold</td> </tr> <tr><td>yebi:li</td> <td>yæbil</td> <td>yail</td> <td>yeíli</td> <td>rich</td> </tr> <tr><td>yedu</td> <td>yædî</td> <td>yêrî</td> <td>yeju</td> <td>think</td> </tr> <tr><td>yonu</td> <td>yanî</td> <td>yanyî</td> <td>önu</td> <td>speak</td> </tr> <tr><td>yoru</td> <td>yarî</td> <td>yarî</td> <td>öru</td> <td>dance</td> </tr> <tr><td>yuma</td> <td>yîmə</td> <td>yûə</td> <td>üm</td> <td>head</td> </tr> <tr><td>zai</td> <td>dzæy</td> <td>ceh</td> <td>zé</td> <td>lightning</td> </tr> <tr><td>zak</td> <td>dzæk</td> <td>cêx</td> <td>zaw</td> <td>spoon</td> </tr> <tr><td>zaran</td> <td>dzærən</td> <td>cêrən</td> <td>zarã</td> <td>sour</td> </tr> <tr><td>zau</td> <td>dzo</td> <td>cow</td> <td>zö</td> <td>sand</td> </tr> <tr><td>za:uni</td> <td>dzonî</td> <td>conyî</td> <td>zòni</td> <td>family</td> </tr> <tr><td>zawak</td> <td>dzoæk</td> <td>coyx</td> <td>zawaw</td> <td>beach</td> </tr> <tr><td>zel</td> <td>dzəl</td> <td>cəl</td> <td>zel</td> <td>turtle</td> </tr> <tr><td>ze:nsaji</td> <td>dzensəjî</td> <td>cînjî</td> <td>zé~saji</td> <td>parable</td> </tr> <tr><td>ze:nu</td> <td>dzenî</td> <td>cînyî</td> <td>zénu</td> <td>know</td> </tr> <tr><td>zimi</td> <td>dzîmî</td> <td>cûî</td> <td>zumi</td> <td>woman</td> </tr> <tr><td>zoko</td> <td>dzəkə</td> <td>ckû</td> <td>zogu</td> <td>altar</td> </tr> <tr><td>zotu</td> <td>dzəčî</td> <td>cûčî</td> <td>zocu</td> <td>belong</td> </tr> <tr><td>zu</td> <td>dzî</td> <td>cî</td> <td>zu</td> <td>meat</td> </tr> <tr><td>zu:ru</td> <td>dzurî</td> <td>curî</td> <td>züru</td> <td>get, take</td> </tr> <tr><td>źaik</td> <td>dźæyk</td> <td>jex</td> <td>žéw</td> <td>yellow</td> </tr> <tr><td>źal</td> <td>dźæl</td> <td>jêl</td> <td>žal</td> <td>flat</td> </tr> <tr><td>źa:u</td> <td>dźo</td> <td>jow</td> <td>žò</td> <td>plow</td> </tr> <tr><td>źe:</td> <td>dźe</td> <td>jeh</td> <td>žé</td> <td>wheel</td> </tr> <tr><td>źeba</td> <td>dźəbə</td> <td>jbû</td> <td>žea</td> <td>hawk</td> </tr> <tr><td>źegu</td> <td>dźəgî</td> <td>jûgyî</td> <td>žeju</td> <td>lust</td> </tr> <tr><td>źeku</td> <td>dźəkî</td> <td>jûgyî</td> <td>žecu</td> <td>fall</td> </tr> <tr><td>źensagu</td> <td>dźənsəgî</td> <td>jənzûgyî</td> <td>žẽsaju</td> <td>leader</td> </tr> <tr><td>źenu</td> <td>dśənî</td> <td>jûnyî</td> <td>ženu</td> <td>go</td> </tr> <tr><td>źi:a:i</td> <td>dźiay</td> <td>jia</td> <td>žía</td> <td>garden</td> </tr> <tr><td>źi:u</td> <td>dźiî</td> <td>jiî</td> <td>žíu</td> <td>grow</td> </tr> <tr><td>źomu</td> <td>dźəmî</td> <td>jmwi</td> <td>žomu</td> <td>oppose</td> </tr> <tr><td>źongu</td> <td>dźəŋî</td> <td>jəŋgyî</td> <td>žõgu</td> <td>enemy</td> </tr> <tr><td>źosa</td> <td>dźəsə</td> <td>jîzû</td> <td>žoz</td> <td>hut</td> </tr> <tr><td>źue</td> <td>dźîə</td> <td>jî</td> <td>žue</td> <td>broom</td> </tr> <tr><td>źunu</td> <td>dźînî</td> <td>jinyî</td> <td>žunu</td> <td>suckle</td> </tr> <tr><td>źunwen</td> <td>dźînwən</td> <td>jinûn</td> <td>žũwẽ</td> <td>breast</td> </tr> </table> <p> <!-- VV nav bar --> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr bgcolor="#007000"><td colspan=7 height="5"> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><td colspan=7 height="5"> <tr bgcolor="#007000"> <td width="20"> <td width="203" height="50" valign="middle"><a href="virtuver.htm"><img src="illo/vvbase.gif" alt="Virtual Verduria" width="201" height="16" border="0"></a> <td width="77" align="center" valign="middle"><img src="illo/vvcrown.gif" width="36" height="21"> <td valign="middle" align="left"> <img src="illo/vv-logos-other.gif" title="Language pages" width="443" height="36" usemap="#MetaTable" border="0"> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><td colspan=7 height="5"> 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