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<html><head><title>Pronouns in Verian</title></head>
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<h2>Pronouns in Verian</h2>
<i>The pronouns from Verian, a language I worked on in high school.
(No relation to the Verdurians... I just liked the sound of "Ver", I guess.)</i>
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<pre>
I divine or royal kie
a single person the
multitude, group-mind thie
we including you khase
excluding you khath
objective-- hardly with me khe
you singular familiar se
singular sie
plural use
one a person die
several persons udie; due
third person pronouns:
singular: either sex: 1 le
2 lue
on land: 1 vse
2 vsue
in the sea: 1 ke
2 kue
physical sex: 1 to
2 tue
mental sex: 1 fe
2 fue
maternal sex: je
an object ve
an animal, alien, etc. de
plural including you lase
excluding you: 1 lie
2 luie
objects vie
animals, aliens, etc. alie
complex pronouns
I/We I and we thakh
You/We We isakh
Le/We We ilakh
You/They You isal
Le/They Le and they ilal
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<p>Quite a few of these would seem to overlap, but these would express
some nuances. "We objective" <i>khe</i> would be used
to dissociate oneself from the action, for instance.
<i>Use</i> 'you plural' would be used to address multiple peopel;
<i>lase</i> "(3p) plural: including you" would be used to refer to
a group not being addressed as a whole, but which includes the listener.
<p>The Verians were amphibious and had three sexes, thus the 3s pronouns
for land and sea use and for different sexes. (Why no combinations of
these, or any 3p pronouns, and why the maternal sex only gets one
pronoun, I don't know.) The pairs marked 1 and 2
are obviative-- i.e. two referents of that category can be disambiguated
with their own pronoun.
<p>The complex pronouns had a meaning rooted in Verian psychology,
I believe. Think of "I/We" as a special pronoun for a spiritual melding
of myself and others. (Not the same as a group mind, which has its own
self-referring pronoun.)
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