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<H2>A Thematic Dictionary of Verdurian</H2>
<h3><font color="#000060"><a name="contents">Contents</a></font></h3>
<table>
<tr><td colspan=5 bgcolor="#A0E0A0"><font size=-1>ABSTRACTIONS</font>
<tr>
<td><a href="#01">Abstract states </a>
<td><a href="#02">Time </a>
<td><a href="#03">Events </a>
<td><a href="#04">Effort </a>
<td><a href="#05">Space </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#06">Extent </a>
<td><a href="#07">Weights & measures </a>
<td><a href="#08">Contents </a>
<td><a href="#09">Shape and form </a>
<td><a href="#10">Color </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#11">Physical actions </a>
<td><a href="#12">Movement </a>
<td><a href="#13">Transfer </a>
<tr><td colspan=5 bgcolor="#A0E0A0"><font size=-1>NATURE</font>
<tr>
<td><a href="#14">Nature </a>
<td><a href="#15">Weather </a>
<td><a href="#16">Substances </a>
<td><a href="#17">Water </a>
<td><a href="#18">The life process </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#19">Animals </a>
<td><a href="#20">Plants </a>
<td><a href="#21">The body </a>
<td><a href="#22">Sensory experience </a>
<td><a href="#23">Health </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#24">Food </a>
<td><a href="#25">Clothes </a>
<tr><td colspan=5 bgcolor="#A0E0A0"><font size=-1>THE SOUL</font>
<tr>
<td><a href="#26">Leria (Understanding) </a>
<td><a href="#27">Razum (Mind) </a>
<td><a href="#28">Itian (Spirit) </a>
<td><a href="#29">Hum (Passions) </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#30">Ideas </a>
<td><a href="#31">Valuation </a>
<td><a href="#32">Temperament </a>
<tr><td colspan=5 bgcolor="#A0E0A0"><font size=-1>SOCIETY</font>
<tr>
<td><a href="#33">Society </a>
<td><a href="#34">Social interaction </a>
<td><a href="#35">Morality </a>
<td><a href="#36">Sin </a>
<td><a href="#37">Conflict </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#38">War </a>
<td><a href="#39">Love and marriage </a>
<td><a href="#40">Family </a>
<td><a href="#41">Sex </a>
<td><a href="#42">Government </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#43">Nationalities </a>
<td><a href="#44">Law </a>
<td><a href="#45">Money </a>
<td><a href="#46">Trade </a>
<td><a href="#47">Craft </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#48">City </a>
<td><a href="#50">Furniture </a>
<td><a href="#51">Utensils </a>
<td><a href="#52">Weapons </a>
<td><a href="#53">Rural life </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#49">Houses </a>
<tr><td colspan=5 bgcolor="#A0E0A0"><font size=-1>CULTURE</font>
<tr>
<td><a href="#54">Science </a>
<td><a href="#55">Religion </a>
<td><a href="#56">Magic </a>
<td><a href="#57">Art and culture </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#58">Speech </a>
<td><a href="#59">Writing </a>
<td><a href="#60">Language </a>
<td><a href="#61">Adverbs </a>
<tr>
<td><a href="#62">Conjunctions </a>
<td><a href="#63">Interjections </a>
<td><a href="#64">Quantifiers </a>
<tr>
<td colspan=5 bgcolor="#A0E0A0"><a href="secret.htm"> <i> Modern earthly terms</i></a>
</table>
<hr>
<h2><font color="#000060">Introduction</font></h2>
This work is a thematic dictionary of the Verdurian language; that is, an arrangement of all the words in the language <b>by subject</b>. As such it has several uses:
<li> as a vocabulary builder for the student
<li> as a thesaurus or quick reference for writing Verdurian
<li> for the linguist, as a depiction of the structure of the language
<li> for conlangers, as a model for systematic lexicon building, without major gaps</ul>
<p>There is much insight to be gained here into the Verdurian mind; not only from the distinctions of meaning available in the language, but in the classifications to be found in various semantic fields, from animal names to genres of writing. Explanations are provided where they may prove helpful, especially when some background explanation can illuminate a whole sequence of related words (see for instance the notes on the soul, and on types of physical substances).
<p>The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, that linguistic categories determine thought, is out of favor; but only the strong form need be rejected. There should be no doubt that the categories and concepts of language <i>influence</i> thought, and that the words, metaphors, and semantic fields of a language are a treasure-trove of cultural information.
<p>Like any treasury, of course, it contains fakes and antiques. Often the information encoded is out of date and no longer believed. But even this is interesting; it not only tells us something about the history of the culture, but about what traditional formulations and ancestral conceptions the modern user of the language must struggle against.
<p>Every attempt has been made to achieve accuracy; but conciseness has been preferred to completeness. Glosses are sufficient to identify the sense and distinguish it from closely related words, and no more. In most cases fuller explanations of meanings can be found in the <a href="ver2eng.htm"><i>Verdurian-English Dictionary</i></a>, which should also be consulted for grammatical, stylistic, and etymological information.
<p>Information more readily found or better explained elsewhere in the Research Series is not duplicated here. For instance, numbers, pronouns, prepositions, and affixes are already collected and explicated in the <a href="verdurian.htm"><i>Grammar;</i></a> geographical names are better read from the <i>Gazeteer;</i> historical names from the <a href="atlas/"><i>Historical Atlas</i></a>; given names in the monograph on <a href="names.htm">Verdurian Names</a>; names of Cadhinorian gods from the material on Almean religion in <a href="beliefs.htm">Almean Belief Systems</a>. The latter monograph is also the first place to look for further consideration of Verdurian thought and culture in general.
<p>To save space, only one (usually the shortest) of a set of <b><u>morphologically related</b></u> words (e.g. <b>gromne</b> 'threatening', <b>gromnec</b> 'threaten', <b>gromnát</b> 'threat') are listed, unless the derivations could not be readily found in the Dictionary (e.g. <b>büt</b> 'goal', <b>agbüte</b> 'useless'). Predictable derivations with <b>rho-, sam-, im-, oti-</b> are not included. For the same reason names of professions are not listed, if they are derived transparently from a listed term (e.g. <b>fäbát</b> 'painting' --> <b>fäbom</b> 'painter'). Learners are advised, however, not to try to invent words this way; the derivations aren't always regular.
<p>Words appear in multiple sections where they either have multiple senses, or direct relevance to multiple categories.
<p><b><u>Metaphorical usages</b></u> (e.g <b>attróuen</b> 'reach' for 'convince'; <b>cipan</b> 'boil' for 'be angry') are generally not cross-referenced, unless they have become so well-established that the metaphoricity has been lost (e.g. <b>imlelen</b> 'make to appear' --> 'publish'; <b>melürec</b> 'go from flower to flower, pollinate' --> 'shop'). The danger that the semantic resources of the language are thus understated must be offset against the considerable savings of space, and the predictability of such expressions.
<p>Some <b><u>colloquialisms</b></u> have been included, when they seem not to be ephemeral; e.g. <b>subu</b> 'idiot' has been current for at least fifty years, <b>pasetir</b> in the sense of 'sleep with' for at least a century; and <b>brurho</b> 'belly' and <b>gara</b> 'breast' date back to Old Verdurian. The corollary, however, is that ephemeral slang, no matter how popular or amusing (cf. the early 34th century <b>samelréë</b> 'queenless' = 'out of control'), is not included.
<p>Generally, each paragraph's worth of Verdurian words forms one semantic field. Where a<b> </b><b><u>superordinate term</b></u> (e.g. 'fruit' for 'lemon', 'banana', 'orange') exists, it is listed first within the paragraph, separated from its subordinates by a slash (/). The same convention is used to indicate the unmarked nominalization referring to a <b><u>graded category</b></u> (e.g. 'heat' for 'cold, cool, warm, hot'). In either case a second slash sets off more remotely connected terms.
<p><i>Fourth edition, January 2002
<br>© 1997-98, 2002 by Mark Rosenfelder</i>
<hr>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="01">1. ABSTRACT STATES</a> </font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Existence</font></b></i><b>. dembir</b> - exist; <b>esan</b> - be; <b>esea</b> - presence, <b>icë</b> - present
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Nonexistence</font></b></i>. <b>rhodembul</b> - nonexistent; <b>rhoicë</b> - absent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Coming to be</font></b></i><b>. dësan</b> - come into being / <b>imlelen</b> - appear
<p><i>Seeming: <a href="#26">26. Leria (Understanding)</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ceasing to be</font></b></i>. <b>ishshalean</b> - vanish, cease to exist / <b>islelen</b> - disappear
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Creation</font></b></i>. <b>creir</b> - create; <b>indësan</b> - call into being; <b>fassec</b> - do, make; <b>leprosan</b> - invent
<p><i>Manufacture: <a href="#47">47. Craft</i></a>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Destruction</font></b></i>. <b>imnishan</b> - annihilate; <b>mautruir</b> - destroy
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Source</font></b></i>. <b>perzhano</b> - source (place of origin); <b>iseléaku</b> - source material, raw material; <b>rhizo</b> - root, base; <b>pol</b> - basis, ground
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Change</font></b></i><b>. dheltan</b> - change / <b>adesan</b> - become, change one's nature;<b> ocan</b> - get, become, change one's state;<b> ulechen</b> - evolve, develop; <b>chichaumec</b> - vary; <b>mesmere</b> - substitute
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Lack of change</font></b></i>. <b>ilavren</b> - stay, remain in stasis; <b>leberhaner</b> - maintain
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Need</font></b></i><b>. butosheo</b> - need / <b>fayir</b> - be necessary; <b>imfayir</b> - logically require;<b> luchen</b> - miss, regret the lack; <b>mancan</b> - lack;<b> siloran</b> - need;<b> toshen</b> - suffice, satisfy; <b>trometul</b> - superfluous; <b> zamancan</b> - run out
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Relation</font></b></i><b>. meas</b> - relation;<b> celise</b> - mutual;<b> cellëc</b> - connection;<b> celmeas</b> - intercourse
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">State</font></b></i><b>. shircaora</b> - condition;<b> ocát</b> - state, status; <b>ilavri </b>- stasis
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Type</font></b></i>. <b>kest</b> - kind, type, species; <b>surkest</b> - class, category (conceptually broader than a <i>kest</i>)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Nature</font></b></i>. <b>hecu</b> - nature, character; <b>ftacon</b> - essence, inner nature; <b>cöne</b> - basic; <b>onoterul</b> - attribute, property, incidental nature; <b>silireca</b> - tendency
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Systems</font></b></i>. <b>antau</b> - system
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="02">2. TIME </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Overall</font></b></i>. <b>didha</b> - time / <b>fäce</b> - past; <b>lanac</b> - present; <b>zhanme</b> - future
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>1 hour or less</font></b></i><b>. hora</b> - hour; <b>megua</b> - period (6 min.); <b>piya</b> - moment (3 sec); <b>piyula</b> - instant
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Day</font></b></i>. <b>dën</b> - day / <b>solial</b> - sunrise, dawn; <b>utro</b> - morning; <b>eldën</b> - noon; <b>proseo</b> - midday break; <b>shueza, plendën</b> - afternoon; <b>crefu</b> - dusk; <b>crefuselta</b> - twilight; <b>zakát</b> - sunset; <b>vëcher</b> - evening; <b>nochy</b> - night; <b>elnochy</b> - midnight / <b>tutan</b> - daily
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Today</font></b></i>. <b>vetra</b> - yesterday;<b> eludëno </b>- today; <b>zaftra</b> - tomorrow
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Week</font></b></i><b>. hepdën</b> - week; <b>chilepdëne</b> - weekly / days of week: <b>scúreden, shirden, fidren, calten, zëden, néronden</b> (market day), <b>cedhnare</b> (sabbath)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Month</font></b></i>. <b>iliazhyosh</b> - month; <b>chiliazhëe</b> - monthly / spring: <b>olashu, reli, cuéndimar</b>; summer: <b>vlerëi, calo, recoltë</b>; fall: <b>yag, zhelea, ishire</b>; winter: <b>shoru, frodhac, beshana</b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Season</font></b></i>. <b>zontor</b> - season; <b>zontorise</b> - seasonal / <b>demecha</b> - spring; <b>esta</b> - summer; <b>peleti</b> - autumn; <b>iveri</b> - winter
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Year</font></b></i>. <b>zon</b> - year / <b>zondre</b> - yearly; <b>zon kastenei</b> - leap-year; <b>kasten</b> - leap-day; <b>cäma</b> - holiday
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Century</font></b></i>. <b>scadhora</b> - century
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Epoch</font></b></i>. <b>ciy</b> - epoch, age; <b>ül</b> - ancient, classical; <b>shoruan</b> - medieval; <b>tëdene</b> - modern
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Eternity</font></b></i>. <b>chiam</b> - forever, eternity; <b>prochiame</b> - everlasting; <b>rhezy</b> - eternal; <b>sankeshe</b> - endless
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Use of time</font></b></i><b>. cairo</b> - opportunity, chance;<b> fuáy</b> - repetition, instance; <b>horora</b> - timetable;<b> tibec</b> - rush;<b> horteleo</b> - clock
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Earliness</font></b></i>. <b>tardeca</b> - lateness / <b>frue</b> - early;<b> cairete</b> - timely;<b> tarde</b> - late; <b>mora</b> - delay; <b>sitre</b> - immediate, sudden
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Length</font></b></i>. <b>lengát</b> - length / <b>lenge</b> - long; <b>breve</b> - short; <b>didha</b> - time interval; <b>fuáyul</b> - a while, a short time;<b> lengul</b> - phase
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Novelty</font></b></i>. <b>lebesa</b> - newness / <b>lebe</b> - new; <b>bome</b> - old; <b>sfëz</b> - fresh; <b>pronunete</b> - temporary; <b>rhopronunete</b> - permanent
<p><i>Age: <a href="#18">18. The life process</a>
<p>Adverbs of time: <a href="#61">61. Adverbs</a>
<p>Days of week, months of year: see <a href="refs.htm#calendar">the </i>Grammar<i></a>
<p>For the civil and religious calendar, see <a href="kingdom.htm#Calendar">The Kingdom of Verduria</a></i>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="03">3. EVENTS</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Event</font></b></i><b>. zhano</b> - event, occurence; <b>mev</b> - action
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Occurence</font></b></i>. <b>zhanen</b> - occur, happen / <b>sylelen</b> - allow to happen; <b>bozhan</b> - fare; <b>zasatel</b> - project; <b>cozhano</b> - coincidence
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Cause</font></b></i>. <b>shesan</b> - cause (+ verb, noun)/ <b>faitan</b> - render, make (+ adj); <b>celftenen</b> - arrange
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Effect</font></b></i>. <b>subrel</b> - effect / <b>imsuvan</b> - affect; <b>imprenan</b> - concern, affect, embroil; <b>imfayir</b> - entail, lead inexorably to
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Possibility</font></b></i>. <b>otinimashát</b> - probability / <b>rhoeshshane</b> - impossible; <b>rhovizhiäm</b> - unlikely; <b>eshshane</b> - possible; <b>otinimashe</b> - probable; <b>vizhul</b> - to be expected; <b>sënul</b> - certain / <b>ulasen</b> - may, might
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Chance</font></b></i>. <b>bosa</b> - fortune, chance, luck; <b>malbosa</b> - bad luck; <b>abzhanka</b> - accident; <b>malbundrul</b> - habitually unlucky person; <b>adhtävel</b> - disaster; <b>sangaënát</b> - relief; reprieve
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Begin</font></b></i><b>. debút</b> - beginning, <b>debutan</b> - begin (+ noun); <b>imocan</b> - start (+ verb)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Continue</font></b></i>. <b>dénuir</b> - continue, persist
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">End</font></b></i>. <b>keshen</b> - stop (+ noun); <b>deshen</b> - stop, quit (+ verb); <b>teplenát</b> - completion; <b>urokeshen</b> - finish (emphasis on process of finishing; often no complement); <b>desüen</b> - prevent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Repetition</font></b></i><b>. onfassec</b> - repeat; <b>ombezhir</b> - resume;<b> fuáy</b> - repetition; <b>cedel</b> - habit
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Frequency</font></b></i>. <b>chustát</b> - frequency / <b>macrete</b> - rare; <b>rhochuste</b> - infrequent; <b>chuste</b> - frequent; <b>pacpace</b> - regular; <b>sanceloshe</b> - constant; <b>celoshshe</b> - intermittent
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="04">4. EFFORT </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Capacity</font></b></i><b>. epan</b> - be able to; <b>cumepesa</b> - capacity, power; <b>fähe</b> - capable / <b>rhosmeric</b> - incompetent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Purpose</font></b></i><b>. büt</b> - goal, target; <b>zhuca</b> - function, role; <b>ftena</b> - plan; <b>otibruhe</b> - useful; <b>rhozadete</b> - pointless; <b>agbüte</b> - useless
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Energy</font></b></i><b>. dunea</b> - energy; <b>benda</b> - work, power; <b>pegeo</b> - force
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Effort</font></b></i><b>. razheni</b> - effort / <b>eseyer</b> - try, attempt; <b>surdosen</b> - take on, shoulder
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Efficiency</font></b></i>. <b>probenda</b> - efficiency / <b>probendre </b>- efficient; <b>malbendre</b> - inefficient
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Difficulty</font></b></i><b>. fasil</b> - easy; <b>rhofasil</b> - difficult; <b>lonyolë </b>- challenge; <b>sadëzhea</b> - stress
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Danger</font></b></i><b>. väreca</b> - danger / <b>muyo</b> - peril;<b> cisci</b> - risk; <b>shustanë</b> - deadly, fatal, dangerous
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ordeal</font></b></i><b>. rocura</b> - adventure; <b>adferien</b> - bear, stand; <b>lanca</b> - trials, tribulation;<b> lür</b> - woe; <b>tralirec</b> - endure, outlast
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Safety</font></b></i>. <b>zhore</b> - safe, secure
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Compulsion</font></b></i><b>. copuyan</b> - force; <b>shesan</b> - make to do, make to be
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Trial</font></b></i>. <b>sënan</b> - test, try, verify
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Success</font></b></i><b>. abbosan</b> - succeed; <b>imprilen</b> - accomplish; <b>trastoshen</b> - excel, outdo
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Failure</font></b></i><b>. eshuir</b> - fail
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="05">5. SPACE</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Space</font></b></i>. <b>redhunát</b> - space, extent; <b>celosh</b> - gap, interval<b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Location</font></b></i>. <b>pouzhe</b> - location; <b>chel</b> - place; <b>el</b> - center; <b>dör</b> - outside
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i>. <b>zet tróuen</b><i> </i>be situated / <b>barucir</b> - lie, rest on; <b>istrichec</b> - protrude; <b>mluzhir</b> - loom, lurk; <b>raspuyan</b> - incline; <b>redhunen</b> - extend
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sides</font></b></i>. <b>cot</b> - side / <b>cos</b> - left; <b>dezh</b> - right; <b>fasad</b> - front; <b>dos</b> - back; <b>finta</b> - top;<b> fond</b> - bottom; <b>goly</b> - face; <b>surcot</b> - top surface; <b>syuer</b> - outside surface; <b>uer</b> - outsides; <b>kraita</b> - insides
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Directions</font></b></i>. <b>num</b> - direction / <b>er</b> - south;<b> tel</b> - west; <b>nan</b> - north;<b> sar</b> - east
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Relative height</font></b></i><b>. altát</b> - height / <b>alte</b> - high;<b> base</b> - low
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Distance</font></b></i>. <b>retdimo</b> - distance / <b>pak</b> - near; <b>ret</b> - far
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Alignment</font></b></i>. <b>rhodedhëse</b> - vertical; <b>dhëse</b> - horizontal; <b>dedhëse</b> - oblique; <b>colënise</b> - parallel; <b>rhekise</b> - perpendicular
<p><i>Measurement: <a href="#07">7. Weights and measures</i></a>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="06">6. EXTENT</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
As in English, the unmarked term is the larger on the scale: you ask, "How wide is it?", not "How narrow is it?"
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Size</font></b></i>. <b>dhol</b> - size / <b>bolyáshe</b> - big; <b>pidhë</b>, <b>pav</b> - little; <b>bombril</b> - immense; <b>mäzun</b> - giant
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Length</font></b></i><b>. glinát</b> - length / <b>gliny</b> - long; <b>breve</b> - short
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Thickness</font></b></i><b>. epesát</b> - thickness / <b>epese</b> - thick; <b>macre</b> - thin
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Width</font></b></i>. <b>larzhát</b> - width / <b>larzhe</b> - wide; <b>tesny</b> - narrow
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Depth</font></b></i><b>. potát</b> - depth / <b>pote</b> - deep; <b>müguy</b> - profound; <b>erme</b> - shallow
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Height</font></b></i>. <b> hautát</b> - height / <b>haute</b> - tall; <b>breve</b> - short
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Area</font></b></i>. <b>redhunát</b> - area / <b>noróum</b> - vast; <b>cuda-dos</b> - cramped / <b>pote</b> - square
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Volume</font></b></i>. <b>dholdimo</b> - volume; <b>dholdimei</b> - cubic
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Extent</font></b></i>. <b>redhunát</b> - extent; <b>imretan, redhunen</b> - extend
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Amount</font></b></i>. <b>dimo</b> - sum, amount; <b>hicet</b> - number / <b>bolë</b> - much; <b>pav</b> - little
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Measurement of</font></b></i><b>. merir</b> - measure; <b>podimo</b> - rate; <b>mecredimo</b> - ratio; <b>sybütë</b> - accurate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Change in</font></b></i>. <b>mudhen</b> - increase; <b>muanen</b> - reduce
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Value terms</font></b></i>. <b>dimshuten</b> - exceed; <b>gimen</b> - abound; <b>toshte</b> - sufficient, satisfactory; <b>mancan</b> - lack; <b>siblir</b> - fall short; <b>bumushë</b> - scarcity
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Weight</font></b></i><b>. pezy</b> - weight /<b> seshue</b> - heavy;<b> zhole</b> - light / <b>pezer</b> - weigh
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Solidity</font></b></i>. <b>chuzhát</b> - rigidity / <b>chuezhe</b> - rigid; <b>fëre</b> - solid; <b>terheme</b> - firm, solid; <b>dede</b> - shaky; <b>mense</b> - loose; <b>zetauve</b> - flexible
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Strength</font></b></i>. <b>zol</b> - strength / <b>zol</b> - strong; <b>cishitë</b> - weak
<p><i>See also <a href="#64">64. Quantifiers</i></a>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="07">7. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
The following measures comprise the Dalui Verdúrii (Royal Verdurian) standard, for key units of which physical prototypes are maintained by the Ministry of Commerce. Foreign, provincial, rare, and guild measures are not listed.
<p>Many of these measures are still, especially in the country, used quite informally: a carpenter used his own hand as a mano; an innkeeper calls the size of flagon he happens to own a dhuro. In the cities, governments have long attempted to enforce local standards; not only is contention reduced, but a lucrative source of fees and fines is generated.
<table>
<tr><td><b><i><font color="#002080">Linear</font></b></i></tr>
<tr><td><b>eda</b> <td>width of a scroll pen <td><td>.351 cm <td>.14 in</tr>
<tr><td><b>mano</b> <td>width of a hand <td>24 edî <td>8.42 cm <td>3.3 in</tr>
<tr><td><b>chima</b> <td>length of a man's stride <td>9 manoi <td>.758 m <td>2.5 ft</tr>
<tr><td><b>proma</b> <td>a unit used in racing, navigation, etc. <td>2 chimî <td>1.516 m <td>5.0 ft</tr>
<tr><td><b>cemisa</b> <td>a thousand paces <td>1000 chimî <td>758 m <td>.47 mi</tr>
<tr><td><b>dhënshadu</b> <td>one day's ride by horse <td>60 cemisî <td>45.48 km <td>28 mi</tr>
<tr><td></tr>
<tr><td><b><i><font color="#002080">Area</font></b></i></tr>
<tr><td><b>barhura</b> <td>used to measure cloth, rooms, etc. <td>1 chima potë <td>.575 m<font size=1><sup>2</sup></font> <td>6.2 ft<font size=1><sup>2</sup></font></tr>
<tr><td><b>mechi</b> <td>used to measure land <td><td>1.136 ha<font size=1><sup> </sup></font> <td>2.8 acres</tr>
<tr><td></tr>
<tr><td><b><i><font color="#002080">Volume</font></b></i></tr>
<tr><td><b>mika</b> <td>1/4 teaspoon <td>1/2 miy <td>3.358 ml <td>0.7 tsp</tr>
<tr><td><b>miy</b> <td>spoonful <td><td>6.716 ml <td>1.4 tsp</tr>
<tr><td><b>verae</b> <td>liqueur glass <td>12 miî <td>80.6 ml <td>2.7 oz</tr>
<tr><td><b>dhuro</b> <td>flagon <td>5 veraî <td>.403 l <td>14 oz</tr>
<tr><td><b>lazhna</b> <td>wine-bottle <td>10 veraî <td>.806 l <td>.21 gal</tr>
<tr><td><b>gemár</b> <td>pitcher <td>10 dhuroi <td>4.03 l <td>1.1 gal</tr>
<tr><td><b>luco</b> <td>bushel <td>9 gemárî <td>36.27 l <td>9.9 gal
<tr><td><b>bechka</b> <td>barrel <td>4 lucoi <td>145.1 l <td>38 gal</tr>
<tr><td></tr>
<tr><td><b><i><font color="#002080">Weight</font></b></i></tr>
<tr><td><b>ris</b> <td>the weight of a grain <td><td>60.71 mg <td>.94 grain</tr>
<tr><td><b>hecur</b> <td>two sheets of paper <td>100 risî <td>6.071 g <td>.21 oz</tr>
<tr><td><b>süro</b> <td>a standard cut of cheese <td>100 hecurî <td>.6071 kg <td>1.3 lb</tr>
<tr><td><b>cucuri</b> <td>for weighing men and animals <td>10 süroi <td>6.071 kg <td>13 lb</tr>
<tr><td><b>pavona</b> <td>cartload <td>288 cucurî <td>1750 kg <td>1.9 ton</tr>
</table>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="08">8. CONTENTS </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Object</font></b></i><b>. lazhel</b> - object, item; <b>shoz</b> - thing
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Contents</font></b></i><b>. curulora</b> - contents; <b>curec</b> - contain
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fullness</font></b></i><b>. plen</b> - fullness / <b>plene</b> - full; <b>shazhy</b> - empty;<b> boczhene</b> - crowded; <b>sanzhene</b> - vacant
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Components</font></b></i>. <b>tor</b> - part / <b>cäsel</b> - piece, scrap; <b>caucel</b> - bit, small piece; <b>inteno</b> - ingredient, element; <b>mutai</b> - division; <b>torom</b> - member, component (emphasis on subsidiary status); <b>tranel</b> - segment, division; <b>tusel</b> - splinter; <b>zhusë</b> - member (emphasis on unique role) / <b>intoran</b> - divide
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Containers</font></b></i>. <b>bechka</b> - barrel; <b>beza</b> - bucket; <b>cleura</b> - cage; <b>dosmishu</b> - backpack, knapsack;<b> dhash</b> - pocket; <b>fako</b> - box; <b>grimosh</b> - drawer; <b>mishek</b> - sack, bag, pack;<b> mishu</b> - large sack or bag; <b>sista</b> - chest, trunk; <b>uzhal</b> - jar; <b>vlagishe</b> - sheath; <b>yonora</b> - basket / <b>isfarhimen</b> - let loose
<p><i> Food containers: <a href="#51">51. Utensils</a>
<p> Vehicles: <a href="#12">12. Movement</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Pile</font></b></i>. <b>oshora</b> - pile; <b>tabo</b> - lump; <b>tesha</b> - mess, pile
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sets</font></b></i><b>. ora</b> - collection, group; <b>ptoc </b>- member
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Open and close</font></b></i><b>. uvir</b> - open; <b>cüzir</b> - close; <b>beran</b> - lock;<b> deberan</b> - unlock
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fill</font></b></i>. <b>immishen</b> - pack; <b>faitan plene</b> - fill; <b>farsir</b> - stuff; <b>poshosh</b> - padding
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="09">9. SHAPE AND FORM </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Form</font></b></i><b>. eidolo</b> - form, outline, shape;<b> gaiec</b> - form
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Edges</font></b></i><b>. bordë</b> - rim; <b>cas</b> - corner; <b>cot</b> - side; <b>rhay</b> - edge, limit, brim; <b>bukrare</b> - infinite
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Shape</font></b></i><b>. bulse</b> - round; <b>cardhise</b> - curved; <b>doly</b> - hollow; <b>istrichec</b> - protuberant; <b>dhëse</b> - flat;<b> tabose</b> - lumpy; <b>imlëne</b> - straight; <b>lukul</b> - bent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Plane figures</font></b></i>. <b>tiel</b> - point; <b>lën</b> - line; <b>rhek</b> - cross; <b>car</b> - square; <b>caro</b> - diamond; <b>dhincota</b> - triangle; <b>laun</b> - circle; <b>anelo</b> - ring; <b>cardha</b> - curve
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Solid figures</font></b></i>. <b>boc</b> - cube; <b>brub</b> - block; <b>dhezgorat</b> - pyramid; <b>pula</b> - sphere; <b>muatëpula</b> - dome
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Point-like</font></b></i>. <b>pilke</b> - ball; <b>chuca</b> - spot, mark; <b>nozu</b> - knot; <b>tabo</b> - lump
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Line-like</font></b></i><b>. alb</b> - beam; <b>bastón</b> - stick, pole; <b>belaca</b> - rod; <b>fil</b> - thread, wire; string; <b>glindrel</b> - cord, small rope, belt; <b>prosh</b> - staff; <b>proshásh</b> - pole; <b>punyo </b>- stick; <b>rozhek</b> - peg; <b>rhoca</b> - hook; <b>terhua</b> - post, stake
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Band-like</font></b></i>. <b>bres</b> - band, strip; <b>bresul</b> - ribbon; <b>cëmura</b> - column; <b>hizhena</b> - row
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Plane-like</font></b></i>. <b>fëon</b> - platform; <b>nivo</b> - level; stage
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Covering</font></b></i>. <b>shecu</b> - hulk; <b>chesha</b> - shell, skin; <b>surosh</b> - cover; <b>bushosh</b> - stopper
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Defects</font></b></i>. <b>punsa</b> - flaw / <b>bos</b> - wrinkle; <b>chira</b> - crack; <b>bruge</b> - twisty; <b>kud</b> - hole; <b>luka</b> - bend; <b>chunanul</b> - stain; <b>roful</b> - groove
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Links</font></b></i>. <b>lëc</b> - link; <b>gechë</b> - net, web; <b>tsep</b> - chain
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="10">10. COLOR </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
The Cadhinorian basic color terms were MELANKES 'black', FALILES 'white', RUGITES 'red', FLAVES 'yellow', VEREDES 'green', and ADURES 'blue'-- a nice six-term Berlin and Kay system. Verdurian has added five more basic color terms (pink, orange, brown, purple, and grey), and has some derived terms as well.
<p>Although Verdurian scientists have discovered the spectrum (<b>onoale</b>), they have not yet realized that all colors can be described as combinatons of hue, saturation, and luminosity. They still speak of colors on and off the spectrum, and of the darkness (<b>fuzhulát</b>) of colors (which may refer to either saturation or luminosity).
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hue</font></b></i><b>. orale</b> - color, hue / <b>mushorale</b> - polychromatic
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Saturation</font></b></i><b>. fuzhulát</b> - darkness, density of color / <b>fuzhul</b> - dark; <b>faliöl</b> - light / <b>defucan</b> - fade
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Spectrum colors</font></b></i>. <b>onoalei</b> - on-spectrum / <b>ruzhe</b> - red; <b>narnë</b> - orange; <b>flave</b> - yellow; <b>verde</b> - green; <b>azure</b> - blue<b>; tire</b> - purple<b> </b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other colors</font></b></i>. <b>is onoalen</b> - off-spectrum / <b>fale</b> - white; <b>grise</b> - gray; <b>mlake</b> - black; <b>rhase</b> - rose, pink; <b>brune</b> - brown;<b> brunsus</b> - umber;<b> verdúran</b> - deep green
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Skin colors</font></b></i>: The following table gives terms typically used for skin color and the Almean and (as closely as possible) terrestrial peoples who typically have that color. Note that religion, not skin color, is the typical basis of prejudice on Almea.
<p><b>brune</b> 'brown' Verdurians Arabs, mestizo Hispanics
<br><b>gríshshue</b> 'greyish' Dhekhnami, Monkhayu no close equivalent
<br><b>rúzhzhue</b> 'reddish' Westerners, Téllinorese Amerindians
<br><b>chaise</b> 'tea-colored' southerners, Eluyet Greeks, Italians
<br><b>fale</b> 'white' Xurnese, Skourenes Germans, Scandinavians
<br><b>fuzhul</b> 'dark' Nanese, Moreo Ashcaian Africans
<br><b>azhurshue</b> 'bluish' Uytainese no close equivalent; a dark olive color
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hair colors</font></b></i>. Among Verdurians, hair colors range from a dark brown (<b>yonte </b>'toast-colored') to black (<b>mlake</b>); or of course <b>fale</b> 'white' in old age. Westerners and southerners are often <b>chasne</b> 'chestnut' or <b>rose</b> 'red-haired', there are also in-between shades like <b>rosbrune</b> 'auburn', <b>roscashne</b> 'maroon'; while many Xurnese and other far-southerners are <b>lenocse</b> 'blond'. Uytainese and Nanese have hair of a glossy black texture, called <b>mlakon</b> 'coal.
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="11">11. PHYSICAL ACTIONS</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Touch</font></b></i><b>. trogan</b> - touch / <b>cup</b> - blow, punch; <b>trichec</b> - poke; <b>zhalan</b> - rub
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Push</font></b></i><b>. puyan</b> - push /<b> nozhen</b> - squeeze; <b>nozhulen</b> - pinch; <b>geshan</b> - crush
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hold</font></b></i>. <b>curec</b> - hold / <b>dëzhen</b> - tug; <b>griman</b> - pull
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Put</font></b></i>. <b>metan</b> - put / <b>imbarucir</b> - lay down, set down, put; <b>immetan</b> - stick; <b>imborden</b> - frame; <b>symetan</b> - juxtapose
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Arrange</font></b></i><b>. imchelan</b> - arrange; <b>imlëdan</b> - straighten, arrange; <b>immezinen</b> - set in order, clean up; <b>acodhir</b> - separate, sequester
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Disarrange</font></b></i>. <b>dechelan</b> - displace; <b>delenden</b> - disorder, disarrange, scramble; <b>teshe</b> - disordered, messy; <b>berhe</b> - sloppy; <b>celchelan</b> - switch, replace; <b>ulgash</b> - chaos
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Order</font></b></i><b>. mezinen</b> - set in order; <b>izhlädan</b> - precede; <b>suvan</b> - follow / <b>sazhise</b> - subsequent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Search</font></b></i><b>. ishan</b> - search; <b>tellen</b> - seek; <b>tróuen</b> - find; <b>ishshelec</b> - lose; <b>pertróuen</b> - discover
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Deform</font></b></i>. <b>lukan</b> - bend; <b>dshiren</b> - rip; <b>piser</b> - fold; <b>depiser</b> - unfold; <b>shciir</b> - tear, rip
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Break</font></b></i><b>. brisir</b> - break; <b>cäcian</b> - break off; <b>brisete</b> - fragile
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Cut</font></b></i><b>. tranen</b> - cut / <b>cäcian</b> - chop; <b>detranen</b> - cut off, sever; <b>findan</b> - split
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Pierce</font></b></i><b>. prozen</b> - pierce; <b>shninan</b> - prick
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Dig</font></b></i><b>. imsusan</b>,<b> indolir</b> - dig; <b>impochen</b> - bury / <b>tobban</b> - tunnel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Wrap</font></b></i><b>. incruyan</b> - wind, coil, wrap; <b>imbresen</b> - wrap, bandage
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Unwrap</font></b></i><b>. ischeshen</b> - peel, shell, strip; <b>issirec</b> - unroll
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Throw</font></b></i><b>. gechir</b> - throw / <b>fezhir</b> - hurl, hurtle; <b>lechir</b> - fling; <b>arhelir</b> - pelt
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Use</font></b></i><b>. bruhan</b> - use / <b>izhmetan</b> - prepare; <b>maubruhan</b> - abuse
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Renew</font></b></i><b>. imleben</b> - renew, renovate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Copy</font></b></i><b>. plican</b> - copy
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Destroy</font></b></i>. <b>mautruir</b> - destroy /<b> gasfir</b> - waste;<b> gashir</b> - ruin
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Mutual relation</font></b></i>. <b>bretir</b> - suspend, hang; <b>cumprenan</b> - include; <b>forhan</b> - hang; <b>ferien</b> - bear; <b>raspuyan</b> - lean, incline; <b>situran</b> - surround; <b>traforhan</b> - overhang
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Unite</font></b></i><b>. imanen</b> - unite; <b>abnozir</b> - attach; <b>cometan</b> - join, sew; <b>dechir</b> - bind, restrain; <b>meclir</b> - mix; <b>oligec</b> - tie, fasten, link; <b>surmetan</b> - add; <b>nozu</b> - knot
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Disunite</font></b></i>. <b>azhprenan</b> - remove; <b>deuligec</b> - untie, unfasten
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Stick together</font></b></i>. <b>glichir</b> - stick together, glue;<b> cruy</b> - tight; <b>mense</b> - loose; <b>glishy</b> - sticky
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="12">12. MOVEMENT </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">General</font></b></i><b>. bezhir</b> - move / <b>baner</b> - venture;<b> prosizan</b> - journey;<b> tësishan</b> - explore;<b> vagir</b> - wander;<b> veturan</b> - travel / <b>otibezhe</b> - movable
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Departure</font></b></i><b>. lädan</b> - go / <b>azhfäsir</b> - forego, leave;<b> defasadir</b> - set out from;<b> delädan</b> - depart;<b> enalir</b> - go away;<b> fäsir</b> - leave, abandon;<b> isuven</b> - go out, leave; <b>fasadir</b> - advance; <b>dosadan</b> - retreat
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Path</font></b></i><b>. evede</b> - course, route;<b> ban</b> - way, passage; <b>berda</b> - path, trail
<p><i> Roads: <a href="#48">48. City</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Guidance</font></b></i>. <b>proven</b> - guide; <b>numonten</b> - direct, give directions; <b>zet ishshelec</b> - lose one's way
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Arrival</font></b></i><b>. zhanen</b> - come / <b>appakan</b> - approach;<b> adzhanen</b> - arrive;<b> attróuen</b> - reach, attain;<b> voitec</b> - enter, enter into
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Stop</font></b></i><b>. keshen</b> - stop, halt / <b>keshashden</b> - pause; <b>keshnáe</b> - camp
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Lack of movement</font></b></i><b>. nozhuven</b> - stay, remain;<b> hotonen</b> - stay at or with
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Return</font></b></i>. <b>onzhanen</b> - return; <b>dosadan</b> - turn back
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Source</font></b></i>. <b>perzhano</b> - source, place of origin; <b>usoter</b> - spread
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Destination</font></b></i>. <b>bankesha</b> - destination; <b>numontu</b> - address
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Relative motion</font></b></i><b>. prezuir</b> - pass;<b> rhekan</b> - cross; <b>siblir</b> - miss;<b> suvan</b> - follow; <b>azhbezhir</b> - withdraw
p><b><i><font color="#002080">Restraint</font></b></i>. <b>urhanel</b> - limitation, restraint
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Pursuit</font></b></i><b>. prosuvan</b> - pursue, chase;<b> atäpan</b> - catch
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Escape</font></b></i><b>. ishisir</b> - escape /<b> isvarëcan</b> - rescue;<b> spasian</b> - save, rescue; <b>derhaner</b> - unleash
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Rotations</font></b></i><b>. orivan</b> - turn / <b>dosadan</b> - turn around;<b> </b><b>foraven</b> - swing; <b>iripan</b> - turn upside-down;<b> royir</b> - spin;<b> siireo</b> - roll; <b>launiven</b> - rotate; <b>brugiven</b> - twist
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Vibration</font></b></i><b>. fifir</b> - flutter, flap; <b>friser</b> - shake, shudder, tremble; <b>mener</b> - wiggle; <b>dede</b> - shaky
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Speed</font></b></i><b>. ruk</b> - speed /<b> chachë</b> - slow; <b>sfute</b> - quick; <b>rurhy</b> - fast / <b>tibec</b> - rush, hurry; <b>härer</b> - dawdle, slow
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ascent</font></b></i>. <b>irlädan</b> - climb / <b>lialan</b> - rise; <b>sevan</b>, <b>lialuan</b> - raise
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Descent</font></b></i>. <b>hiplädan</b> - descend, climb down / <b>tombir</b> - fall, drop; <b>valitan</b> - tumble, be knocked down
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Jumping</font></b></i><b>. soter</b> - jump / <b>tocan</b> - bounce; <b>surpochen</b> - land
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Walking</font></b></i><b>. prosan</b> - walk / <b>cumprosan</b> - parade, march;<b> prosiec</b> - stroll, promenade;<b> prosulan</b> - pace;<b> tomprosan</b> - march;<b> vezhaen</b> - run
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other types of motion</font></b></i><b>. bedorcan</b> - stumble; <b>clas</b> - swing;<b> crusan</b> - stretch;<b> glisir</b> - slide;<b> nuotan</b> - swim;<b> rappan</b>- crawl; <b>isecaiven</b> - flee;<b> sisir</b> - slip; <b>siturian</b> - circle; <b> trazhen</b> - drag;<b> urulan</b> - slink; <b>yenevan</b> - squirm
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Vehicles</font></b></i><b>. pavona</b> - wagon, car;<b> pavonora</b> - train, caravan; <b>glispava</b> - sled; <b>shadosh</b> - carriage; <b>tracca</b> - cart, wheelbarrow
<p><i>Boats. <a href="#17">17. Water</i></a>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="13">13. TRANSFER</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Give</font></b></i><b>. dan</b> - give / <b>childan</b> - distribute; <b>dëker</b> - reciprocate; <b>isuvuan</b> - release, let go; <b>leman</b> - get rid of; <b>metan</b> - put; <b>onmetan</b> - put back / <b>donul</b> - gift; <b>prodoni</b> - grant, gift; <b>prosnucosh</b> - receipt
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Carry</font></b></i><b>. nasitan</b> - carry / <b>accesten</b> - deliver; <b>adezhen</b> - fetch; <b>ametan</b> - bring; deliver; <b>färan</b> - ferry / <b>naschura</b> - burden, freight; <b>nasitel</b> - cargo
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Take</font></b></i><b>. prenan</b> - take / <b>azhprenan</b> - take away; <b>carpuan</b> - snatch; <b>colir</b> - gather, receive; <b>curizec</b> - grasp; <b>deprenan</b> - remove, steal;<b> ingriman</b> - draw, receive; <b>irzovec</b> - win, gain; <b>lazhec</b> - get, acquire, obtain / <b>otitene</b> - available
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Discard</font></b></i>. <b>leman</b> - get rid of / <b>azhmetulî</b><i> </i>- garbage; <b>lemäm</b> - scrap
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Possession</font></b></i>. <b>tenec</b> - have
<p><i>Ownership: <a href="#44">44. Law</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Give back</font></b></i>. <b>ondan</b> - return, replace; <b>onlazhec</b> - regain, get back
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Send for</font></b></i>. <b>desider</b> - order; <b>voyir</b> - send; <b>izhdesider</b> - reserve
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="14">14. NATURE </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
For the Cuzeians, the world, the cosmos, was <i>ataigga:r</i>, the place of <i>taiggâ</i> 'life'-- that which Ei:ledan had made, as opposed to the substance of the Deity. The word was sometimes used in this sense in Cadhinor; but the Cadhinorians lacked a strong concept of the world as created. Rather, it was just there, it was what was real, PRIRES: thus PRIRONDA. The modern derivative, <b>priroda</b>, concentrates on what was there before man got hold of it; thus 'nature' as opposed to <b>lelitsala </b>'art' or <b>ctuzo</b> 'craft'. The term <b>prilora</b> is closer to the Cadhinor sense: what is real, as opposed to fantasy or nonexistence.
<p><b>Mezinë</b> describes the world as <i>ordered</i> by the gods, similar to the Greek cosmos, what is arranged. And <b>so</b> <b>Dimo</b> and <b>so Fsë</b> simply conjure up the enormous, miscellaneous collection of things that are.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Everything</font></b></i><b>. prilora</b> - reality;<b> mezinë</b> - Divine Order; <b>priroda</b> - nature; <b>prirode</b> - natural; <b>so Dimo, so Fsë</b><i> </i>the Cosmos; <b>naurondise</b> - global, universal
<p>Verdurians carve up the astronomical phenomena according to strictly visual criteria. Thus points of light are <b>curulî</b>; unless they move, in which case they are <b>dunalálî</b>; objects with a visible disk are called <b>syelaunî</b>. It seems perfectly reasonable to a Verdurian to call a comet a <b>dunalál</b> and to call Ënomai, the sun, a <b>syelaun</b> like the moons.
<p><i>For more on Almea's solar system, see </i><a href="virtuver.htm#System">The system</a><i></i>
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">The sky</font></b></i><b>. syel</b> - sky / <b>syele</b> - celestial; <b>altásh</b> - zenith; <b>akaltásh</b> - nadir; <b>kascia</b> - eclipse
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Stars</font></b></i>. <b>curulë</b> - star (fixed point of light) / <b>lialan</b> - rise; <b>zaker</b> - set; <b>curulëra</b> - constellation; <b>obela</b> - nebula
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Planets</font></b></i>. <b>dunalál</b> - planet (moving point of light) / <b>Hírumor</b> (<b>Kírumor</b>), <b>Ishire</b>, <b>Vlerëi</b>, <b>Caiem</b> - planets; <b>dunalál tshurec</b> - comet; <b>syelchaska</b> - meteor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Moons</font></b></i>. <b>syelaun</b> - moon (moving disk of light) / <b>Ënomai</b> - Almea's sun; <b>Iliazhë</b>, <b>Iliacásh</b>, <b>Naunai</b> - Almea's moons
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Almea</font></b></i>. <b>Almea</b> - Almea, the world; <b>hipsyele</b> - earthly
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ground</font></b></i>. <b>pocha</b> - ground, surface of earth; <b>hippocha</b> - underground; <b>sfelunca</b> - cavern; <b>parnahireo</b> - earthquake
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Plains</font></b></i>. <b> etald</b> - plain /<b> irenzha</b> - savannah, veldt;<b> sablia</b> - desert; <b>lutuli</b> - meadow
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Forests</font></b></i>. <b>silva</b> - forest / <b>güsce</b> - jungle; <b>leusia</b> - marsh; <b>dharimac</b> - wilderness
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hills and mountains</font></b></i>. <b> cima</b> - hill, <b>parna</b> - mountain /<b> kent</b> - plateau;<b> </b><b>mëriparna</b> - volcano; <b>parnora, rilë</b> - mountain range / <b>cruy</b> - steep
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Valley</font></b></i>. <b>dolina</b> - valley / <b>corzhe</b> - canyon;<b> falez</b> - cliff; <b>mügu</b> - abyss; <b>rof</b> - ditch
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Rivers</font></b></i>. <b> selë</b> - river / <b>boruna</b> - torrent; <b>fana</b>, <b>yore</b> - stream, brook; <b>fanka</b> - brooklet; <b>gué</b> - ford; <b>meban</b> - channel; <b>suetlen</b> - meander; <b>surselne</b> - riverine; <b>boemo</b> - riverbank; <b>sezuë</b> - spring, source; <b>imchor</b> - confluence; <b>nagana</b> - delta; <b>zolmey</b> - rapids
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Seas</font></b></i>. <b>zëi</b> - sea / <b>etani</b> - lake; <b>etama</b> - pond; <b>gerak</b> - strait; <b>shutea</b> - puddle; <b>tas</b> - bay / <b>zëte</b> - marine
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sea-girdled land</font></b></i>. <b>bordë</b> - coast; <b>surbordne</b> - coastal; <b>hundochi</b> - peninsula; <b>müsa</b> - cape; <b>nezi</b> - island; <b>neziora</b> - archipelago; <b>strana</b> - beach
<p><i>See also <a href="#16">16. Substances</i></a>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="15">15. WEATHER</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>nomelî</b> - weather
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Temperature</font></b></i>. <b> calo</b> - heat / <b>froe</b> - cold; <b>anizhe</b> - cool, chilly; <b>toshe</b> - warm; <b>cal</b> - hot / <b>immorzen</b> - freeze
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Conditions</font></b></i>. <b>belfassec</b> - be fair; <b>brum</b> - fog; <b>gläca</b> - puddle; <b>grel</b> - hail; <b>füzer</b> - mist; <b>neyzhe</b> - snow; <b>nush</b> - frost; <b>obleme</b> - cloudy; <b>pluy</b> - rain; <b>pluyshel</b> - shower; <b>pluyeshui</b> - drought
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Storms</font></b></i><b>. orazh</b> - storm / <b>ádhorazh</b> - hurricane, tornado; <b>nezhura</b> - snowstorm, blizzard / <b>mólnia</b> - lightning; <b>grom</b> - thunder; <b>onoale</b> - rainbow
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Objects</font></b></i><b>. obika</b> - cloud; <b>dhac</b> - wind; <b>tuli</b> - breeze
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Seasons</font></b></i>. <b>zontor</b> - season / <b>demecha</b> - spring; <b>esta</b> - summer; <b>peleti</b> - fall; <b>iveri</b> - winter
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="16">16. SUBSTANCES </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
The Cadhinorians divided the world into seven elements (<b>ftaconî</b>), each of which was associated with a type of intelligent being made from it, and also with a type of human nature (see <a href="#32">32, <i>Temperament</i></a>). The Verdurians no longer hold to the theory, but still find the elements useful as conceptual categories.
<table></tr>
<tr><td><b>ur</b> <td>clay <td>men <td>practicality</tr>
<tr><td><b>për</b> <td>rock <td>elcarî <td>determination</tr>
<tr><td><b>mey</b> <td>water <td>iliî <td>benevolence</tr>
<tr><td><b>endi</b> <td>wood <td>pizî or icëlanî <td>delicacy</tr>
<tr><td><b>gent</b> <td>metal <td>gdeonî (giants) <td>calm</tr>
<tr><td><b>tshur</b> <td>fire <td>ktuvokî (demons) <td>energy</tr>
<tr><td><b>shalea</b> <td>air <td>vyozhî (spirits) <td>intellectuality</tr>
</table>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Substance</font></b></i><b>. ftacon</b> - element (type of substance), essence; <b>eléaku</b> - substance (subcategory), material, composition;<b> beh</b> - spirit, distillation; <b>deyon</b> - matter (as opposed to energy or spirit); <b>deyodimo</b> - mass; <b>shoz</b> - stuff; <b>bidracon</b> - atom (smallest unit you can have of a substance)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">CLAY</font></b></i>. <b>ur</b> - clay
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Clays proper</font></b></i>. <b>binges</b> alumina
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">For building</font></b></i>. <b>ladriyo</b> - brick; <b>sevúr</b> - mortar / <b>chana</b> - pot; <b>ledli</b> - porcelain; <b>përmáco</b> - cement; <b>sesüza</b> - glaze; <b>dhëska</b> - tile; <b>dhësura</b> - paving; <b>sisna</b> - gravel; <b>sisna përmácula</b> - concrete
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ashes</font></b></i><b>. kef</b> - ashes / <b>fulyo</b> - soot; <b>kef lezüny</b> - sodium carbonate (soda ash); <b>kef steklei</b> - potassium carbonate (potash)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Crusts</font></b></i><b>. rhecuam </b>- crust /<b> teb</b> - rust; <b>civru verdul</b> verdigris; <b>përnápa </b>- saltpetre
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Powders</font></b></i><b>.</b> <b>prak</b> - powder / <b>sably</b> - sand; <b>steklo</b> - glass; <b>hasifa</b> - sulphur; <b>puil</b> - dust<b>; krhumprak</b> - black powder, gunpowder; <b>ricorek</b> - talc; <b>yeshore</b> - kohl; <b>rhoga</b> - gypsum
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Calxes</font></b></i>. <b>chuél</b> - calx / <b>creza</b>,<b> tshurprak</b> - lime; <b>chuél camside</b> - arsenic trioxide (white arsenic); <b>chuél choshave</b> - mercuric oxide; <b>chuél mlakonei</b> - coke; <b>chuél plomei</b> - white lead; <b>erüzula ogudula</b> - lead oxide
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Salts</font></b></i><b>. sel</b> - salt (esp. sodium chloride) / <b>sel imelirec</b> - smelling salts; <b>sel Mirashcarei</b> - Epsom salts; <b>sel sheveië</b> - sal ammoniac; <b>sel vinnape</b> - cream of tartar; <b>selembre</b> - natron; <b>selkare</b> - borax; <b>(sel) elcarin</b> - iron sulphate (blue vitriol); <b>verde (sel) elcarin</b> - copper sulphate; <b>brunarë</b> - alum
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Earths</font></b></i><b>. sus</b> - soil, earth /<b> chusë</b> - mud; <b>leut</b> - slime<b>; përshruma</b> - bitumen, coal tar; <b>sëm</b> - tar<b>; shruma</b> - pitch; <b>gitlesheli</b> - phosphorus; <b>fale brisgent</b> - bismuth oxide
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">ROCK</font></b></i><b>. për </b>- rock / <b>dhumë</b> - stone; <b>përs</b> - rocky
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Minerals</font></b></i>. <b>camsida</b> - arsenic trisulphide (orpiment); <b>crezapër</b> - limestone, chalk; <b>crifpër</b>, <b>mole plom</b> - graphite; <b>crifpër Benécë</b> - molybdenum disulphide; <b>erüza</b> - cinnabar); <b>evranka</b> - arsenic disulphide (realgar); <b>fladhomë</b> - slate; <b>grisruda</b> - pyrite; <b>mira plomei</b><i> - </i>galena (lead sulphide); <b>mlakon</b> - coal; <b>mlakon brisgentei</b> - bismuth sulphide; <b>mlakon yeshorei</b> - antimony trisulphide (grey antimony); <b>murca</b> - magnet; <b>pattea</b> - zinc carbonate (calamine); <b>plom pushul</b>,<b> erüzula</b> - lead oxide (litharge); <b>porute</b> - marble; <b>ricora</b> - soapstone; <b>rhena</b> - flint; <b>samplom</b> - zinc sulphide (blende, sphalerite); <b>shushchat mlakon</b> - charcoal; <b>stampër</b> - tinstone
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Gems</font></b></i>. <b>zhoya</b> - jewel /<b> azurda -</b> sapphire; <b>seslina</b> - turquoise; <b>berole</b> - malachite (copper ore); <b>camsidole</b> - arsenic; <b>crato</b> - ruby; <b>dadhusha</b> - jade; <b>iluti</b> - quartz; <b>lazar</b> - lapis lazuli; <b>lökol</b> - manganese dioxide; <b>moshtol</b> - feldspar; <b>retparna</b> - amethyst; <b>rinde</b> - emerald; <b>tánulac</b> - zircon; <b>tsísia</b> - diamond; <b>yatar</b> - amber
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Mining</font></b></i>. <b>eucarana</b> - mine
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">METAL</font></b></i>. <b>gent</b> - metal
<blockquote>
<b>ruda</b> - ore / <b>arzhent</b> - silver; <b>brisgent</b> - bismuth; <b>civru</b> - copper; <b>choshava</b> - mercury; <b>elnamë</b> - platinum; <b>emur</b> - silver/tin alloy <b>; gent meiladei</b> - cobalt; <b>gent meuciborei</b> - nickel; <b>gent samplomei</b> - zinc; <b>gent yeshorei</b><i> </i>- antimony; <b>kol</b> - iron; <b>kolë</b> - steel; <b>laitón</b> - brass; <b>meilad - </b>cobaltite; <b>meucibor - </b>niccolite; <b>orh</b> - gold; <b>plom</b> - lead; <b>plomul</b> - pewter; <b>selon</b> - bronze; <b>stan</b> - tin; <b>zhuranami</b> - wolfram
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i>. <b>uter</b> - refine; <b>orhfäben</b> - gild
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">FIRE</font></b></i><b>. tshur</b> - fire / <b>chaska</b> - spark; <b>nizh</b> - smoke; <b>ogón</b> - flame; <b>push</b> - puff
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i>. <b>tshuran</b> - burn; <b>fozhir</b> - blaze; <b>tshurulen</b> - scorch
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Electricity</font></b></i>. <b>syametát</b> - electricity
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">AIR</font></b></i><b>. shalea</b> - air
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Special terms</font></b></i>. <b> scaleia</b> - gas; <b>nüt</b> - scum, foam; <b>puza</b> - bubble; <b>cipulan</b> - effervesce
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Airs</font></b></i><b>. shalea cipulátei</b> - carbon dioxide; <b>shalea michii</b> - ammonia; <b>zhivë shalea </b>- oxygen; <b>fäsula shalea </b>'- nitrogen
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">WOOD</font></b></i>. <b>endi</b> - wood
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Organic materials</font></b></i>. <b>cauchuco</b> - rubber;<b> chuzhec</b> - starch;<b> dónia</b> - wax;<b> glitosh</b> - glue; <b>azipa</b> - fat;<b> maflosh</b> - <i>mafla</i> opium; <b>mey vezhë</b> - sap; <b>napa</b> - dregs; <b>sabun</b> - soap; <b>sima</b> - resin; <b>simula</b> - varnish; <b>stäv</b> - straw; <b>suf</b> - cork; <b>tshurprak</b> - lime;<b> </b><b>genrhe</b> - lacquer; <b>zhezhoil</b> - gelatine
</blockquote>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="17">17. WATER </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">WATER</font></b></i><b>. mey</b> - water
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Liquids</font></b></i><b>. méyshue</b> - liquid / <b>beh michii</b> - acqueous ammonia;<b> beh elcarinei</b> - sulphuric acid ; <b>beh selei</b> - hydrochloric acid; <b>crezheca choshava</b> - mercuric chloride; <b>cüe Kare</b> - petroleum; <b>kefmey</b> - lye; <b>mashre mey</b> - nitric acid;<b> </b><b>shobóst</b> - brine; <b>tos</b> - dew; <b>vimbeh</b> - alcohol
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Wetness</font></b></i><b>. sesue</b> - wet; <b>sesul</b> - moist; <b>seshe</b> - dry
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Change of state</font></b></i><b>. cipan</b> - boil; <b>duhe</b> - steam; <b>impitir</b> - absorb; <b>plavec</b> - melt; <b>ryot</b> - ice; <b>meplavec</b> - dissolve; <b>meplavë</b> - solvent; <b>meplavul</b> - solute
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Movement of water</font></b></i><b>. choran</b> - flow; <b>klushan</b> - splash;<b> kopan</b> - drip; <b>lüvrec</b> - run; <b>sezir</b> - pour, gush; <b>ishshor</b> - outlet; <b>meban</b> - channel; <b>mena</b> - wave; <b>mebrugë</b> - whirlpool; <b>trochoran</b> - overflow
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Movement in water</font></b></i><b>. nuotan</b> - swim; <b>sahiran</b> - float; <b>tramëzhen</b> - dive; <b>mëzhen</b> - immerse, sink; <b>noyer</b> - drown; <b>hiprhaner</b> - soak
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Cleanness</font></b></i><b>. dhaule</b> - clean / <b>lavan</b> - wash, clean; <b>dessuan</b> - wipe
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Dirtiness</font></b></i>. <b>salë</b> - dirty; <b>veche</b> - filthy, foul; <b>veteme</b> - nasty, smelly / <b>veter</b> - pollute
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Pouring</font></b></i><b>. leurec</b> - draw off, pour; <b>livan</b> - pour; <b>shuten</b> - spill
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Directing water</font></b></i>. <b>mepuyosh</b> - pump; <b>agban</b> - dam; <b>mebanul</b> - gutter
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Boats</font></b></i><b>. lotka</b> - boat /<b> calnnavira</b> - warship; <b>dhëslota</b> - barge; <b>farlota</b> - ferryboat; <b>murna</b> - dinghy;<b> navira</b> - ship;<b> radhi</b> - punt; <b>remlotka</b> - rowboat; <b>cora</b> - river trader; <b>corona</b> - military riverboat; <b>tveremora</b> - galleon; <b>ftoremora</b> - galley; <b>peremora</b> - small galley / <b>culisa</b> - fleet
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i>. <b>iripan</b> - capsize; <b>remir</b> - row; <b>duisir</b> - steer; <b>scafir</b> - dock; <b>traborden</b> - (dis)embark
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Parts</font></b></i><b>. penda</b> - stern; <b>teba</b> - bow; <b>alb</b> - mast; <b>chinzheda</b> - anchor; <b>chirnu</b> - deck; <b>dus</b> - rudder; <b>nasinnáe</b> - hold; <b>orivosh</b> - tiller; <b>fel</b> - sail; <b>rem</b> - oar; <b>rheba</b> - keel
<p><i>Rivers and seas: <a href="#14">14. Nature</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="18">18. THE LIFE PROCESS</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>elir</b> - life
<p>In Cadhinorian thought there are four ages (<b>didhî</b>) or stages of life: <b>pidhát</b> infancy;<b> imfatë</b> childhood; <b>nacuy</b> adulthood; and <b>bosmeca</b> senility. The transition to childhood is learning to speak; that to adulthood is the <i>nacuy</i> and <i>redel</i> ceremonies at puberty; <i>bosmeca</i> is marked by the loss of physical, mental, or temporal power.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Age</font></b></i>. <b>zonhicet</b> - age / <b>sulete</b> - young; <b>bome</b> - old / <b>zonir</b> - age
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Birth</font></b></i><b>. nes</b> - birth;<b> midei</b> - station in life; <b>nesan</b> - be born;<b> neschena</b> - birth ceremony; <b>pidha</b> infant
<p> <i>See also <a href="#40">40. Marriage;</a> <a href="#41">41. Sex</i></a>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Growth</font></b></i><b>. creshir</b> - grow (intr.);<b> increshir</b> - grow (tr.), make larger; <b>nurir</b> - develop; <b>ikabe</b> - stunted / <b>imfát</b> child
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Maturity</font></b></i><b>. nacuy</b> - adulthood, maturity;<b> nacuyád</b> - manhood ceremony; <b>redel</b> - womanhood ceremony; <b>plenuestu</b> - adult; <b>zonul</b> - mature, grown up
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Death</font></b></i><b>. shushchan</b> - die / <b>bosme</b> senile; <b>noyer</b> - drown; <b>kekan</b> - kill; <b>impochen</b> - bury; <b>urokesha</b> - grave; <b>ferica</b> - funeral; <b>fant</b> - ghost, phantom; <b>rhozhive</b> - dead (formal term); <b>shustana</b> - death (poetic), fate-appointed time of death; <b>zetkekát</b> - suicide
<p> <i>Killing: <a href="#37">37. Conflict</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Corruption</font></b></i><b>. cishuran</b> - decay; <b>frirec</b> - crumble; <b>mochir</b> - rot; <b>ocdurnen</b> - deteriorate
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="19">19. ANIMALS </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
The English glosses, here and in the sections on <i>Plants</i> and <i>Food,</i> should be understood to be near rather than exact equivalents. Although genetically Almean biology has little in common with our own, convergent evolution has produced animals and plants similar to those filling similar ecological niches on Earth. Fuller descriptions of the Almean animals, including habitat for creatures not living in the Cadhinorian Plain, can be found in the <i>Dictionary</i>. Where two animals are given in a gloss (e.g. <b>coec</b> - crow, raven), the Verdurian word refers to a single Almean animal intermediate in characteristics between the terrestrial animals named.
<p><b>Dasco</b> is the general term for animal; <b>sfer</b> 'beast' excludes <b>lesüasî</b>, the intelligent beings. Note that the earthly opposition between 'man' and 'animal' is more complicated on Almea, where there are multiple intelligent races, not even belonging (by scientific standards) to the same genus. Most Almeans also believe in spiritual, non-divine beings which are rational, but cannot be considered animals; see <a href="#55">55, <i>Religion</i></a>.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Mammals</font></b></i>. <b>shomulo</b> - mammal (excludes man)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Cats</font></b></i>. <b>ailuro</b> - cat, <b>fitrau</b> - tomcat, <b>koshka</b> - female cat
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Dogs</font></b></i>. <b>cuon</b> - dog, <b>rhes</b> - male dog, <b>betra</b> - bitch
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Horses</font></b></i>. <b>shual</b> - horse, <b>giuro</b> - stallion, <b>zhumeta</b> - mare; <b>rozhual</b> - unicorn
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Cows</font></b></i>. <b>boua</b> - cow, <b>bouan</b> - bull, <b>sbayu</b> - calf; <b>uol</b> - ox, bison
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other Farm</font></b></i>. <b>dasco imutorul</b> - domesticated animal / <b>shucha</b> - pig, <b>verat</b> - boar, <b>truzha</b> - sow; <b>kapro</b> - goat, <b>koza</b> - kid; <b>mot</b> - sheep, <b>arni</b> - lamb; <b>osol</b> - donkey
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Predators</font></b></i>. <b>yagcrezhec</b> - hunting animal / <b>bardinó</b> - coyote; <b>barsúc</b> - badger; <b>chucul</b> - leopard, panther; <b>daush</b> - tiger; <b>dhise</b> - bat; <b>gurë</b> - lion; <b>lef</b> - wolf; <b>lupek</b> - fox; <b>obly</b> - wild boar
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Prey</font></b></i>. <b>sferul</b> - small herbivore / <b>egusfer</b> - hedgehog, porcupine; <b>gut</b> - rat; <b>köti</b> - squirrel; <b>lapis</b> - rabbit; <b>marsho</b> - beaver; <b>mesocrico</b> - hamster, guinea pig; <b>rislitno</b> - rodent; <b>suri</b> - mouse; <b>top</b> - mole
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Large</font></b></i>. <b>arkosha</b> - tree cat, monkey; <b>chiron</b> - elephant; <b>dhanvena</b> - llama; <b>gudun</b> - antelope, gnu; <b>kenek</b> - camel; <b>losu</b> - moose, elk; <b>nucha</b> - seal; <b>selëzëchu</b> - hippopotamus; <b>shipom</b> - merman (sea monkey); <b>urs</b> - bear; <b>ven</b> - deer, gazelle; <b>zëboua</b> - walrus, manatee
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Birds</font></b></i><b>. uazo</b> - bird / <b>cececén</b> - type of songbird; <b>cirut</b> - type of songbird; <b>coec</b> - crow, raven; <b>cunya</b> - swan; däri - seagull; <b>falëpëzha</b> - dove; <b>fose</b> - crane; <b>hupibu</b> - great tufted owl; <b>ibu</b> - owl; <b>möca</b> - sparrow; <b>örn</b> - eagle; <b>fëzha, salyuazo</b> - pigeon; <b>rhurc</b> - vulture; <b>silui</b> - type of songbird; <b>sokol</b> - falcon, hawk; <b>tutua</b> - parrot, toucan; <b>yacura</b> - partridge; <b>zhirén</b> - ibis / <b>uazora</b> - flock
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Poultry</font></b></i>. <b>huyon</b> - chicken, <b>petúk</b> - rooster, <b>curka</b> - hen; <b>gäs</b> - goose; <b>ensheyne</b> - duck; <b>mémia</b> - turkey / <b>clachir</b> - hatch
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fish</font></b></i>. <b>pazh</b> - fish / <b>akula</b> - shark; <b>anguia</b> - eel; <b>irzina</b> - leech; <b>morea</b> - tuna;<b>nodhony</b> - salmon; <b>seloda</b> - herring; <b>suesbrak</b> - octopus; <b>tizhapazh</b> - catfish; <b>vuchemu</b> - flounder; <b>colep</b>, <b>pache</b>, <b>lomo</b>, <b>cradh</b> - types of fish
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Insects</font></b></i>. <b>sezhlór</b> - insect (including arachnid) / <b>arasni</b> - spider; <b>arbek</b> - locust; <b>cicil</b> - cricket; <b>cusil</b> - tick; <b>chedesnaga</b> - centipede; <b>formica</b> - ant; <b>letusca</b> - butterfly; <b>mëlë</b> - bee; <b>molya</b> - moth; <b>musca</b> - fly; <b>pkekpe</b> - mosquito; <b>pusa</b> - flea; <b>rakan</b> - cockroach; <b>sotok</b> - grasshopper
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Reptiles etc</font></b></i>. <b>rappec</b> - reptile (including other animals listed) / <b>cäh</b> - lizard; <b>treka</b> - turtle; <b>domlim</b> - snail; <b>drac</b> - dragon; <b>estecäh</b> - alligator; <b>gambra</b> - sea turtle; <b>increzhosh</b> - parasite; <b>lim</b> - slug; <b>omár</b> - lobster, crayfish; <b>rak</b> - crab; <b>rana</b> - frog; <b>sidhdhi</b> - serpent, snake; <b>sravec</b> - shellfish; <b>yenev</b> - worm / <b>bumecho</b> - pearl
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Intelligent races</font></b></i>. <b>lesüas</b> - rational being; <b>dhuncrur</b> - biped /
<b>elcar</b> - dwarf, elcar; <b>fleád</b> - flaid; <b>gdeon</b> - giant; <b>hupa</b> - halfling; <b>icëlan</b> - icëlan; <b>iliu</b> - iliu; <b>ktuvóc</b> - ktuvoc, demon; <b>múrtany</b> - murtany; <b>uestu</b> - human
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Man</font></b></i>. <b>uestu</b> - man / <b>sefo</b> - boy; <b>bubo</b> - lad, lout
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Woman</font></b></i>. <b>redelcë</b> - woman / <b>zhina</b> - girl; <b>medhina</b> - tomboy; <b>frälina</b> - young woman
<p><i>See also <a href="#41">41. Sex</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Child</font></b></i>. <b>imfát</b> - child / <b>pidha</b> - baby; <i>see also <a href="#40">40. Family</a></i>
<p><i>On Almea's intelligent species, see also </i><a href="verbio.htm">The descent of lesüasi</a><i></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Monsters</font></b></i>, <b><i><font color="#002080">mythical beasts</font></b></i>. <b> dhëfku</b> - monster / <b>shualom</b> - centaur;<b> ebdu</b> - troll;<b> fsizhemna, ftorlädec</b> - doppelganger;<b> ftacu</b> - elemental;<b> kushak</b> - ogre;<b> levuestu</b> - werewolf;<b> nise</b> - gnome;<b> piza</b>, <b>niza</b> - pixie;<b> ubir</b> - vampire;<b> uestuosh</b> - homunculus, golem, android;<b> uya</b> - sprite;<b> zëoshu</b> - sea monster<b> </b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Coverings</font></b></i>. <b>chesha</b> - shell, skin; <b>shomë</b> - fur; <b>chésula</b> - scale; <b>iëzhu</b> - feather; <b>srava</b> - seashell
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Parts</font></b></i><b>. chironduri</b> - tusk; <b>goly</b> - muzzle; <b>köh</b> - tail; <b>ozhra</b> - wing; <b>rog</b> - horn; <b>püna</b> - fin; <b>sena</b> - beak, bill; <b>shaute</b> - hide; <b>undásh</b> - claw; <b>unyaga</b> - hoof; <b>zhuba</b> - mane, crest
<p><i> see also <a href="#21">21. The body</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Activities</font></b></i>. <b>letan</b> - fly; <b>melürec</b> - pollinate; <b>nid</b> - nest, lair, hive; <b>trunir</b> - swarm; <b>trädan</b> - graze
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Noises</font></b></i>. <b>bruhu</b> - trumpet (elephant); <b>cici</b> - chirp; <b>coe</b> - caw; <b>cuéh</b> - quack; <b>cucurú</b> - crow; <b>ehehe</b> - neigh; <b>miu</b> - miaow; <b>mü</b> - moo; <b>muzho</b> - roar; <b>nidip</b> - croak; <b>rhaf</b> - bark; <b>rhun</b> - grunt; <b>rhur</b> - growl; <b>sui</b> - squeak; <b>süs</b> - hiss; <b>uhu</b> - hoot; <b>zuz</b> - buzz
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Products</font></b></i>. <b>chironduri</b> ivory; <b>dónia</b> - wax; <b>dhan</b> - wool; <b>süro</b> - cheese; <b>huvon</b> - egg; <b>korhu</b> - leather; <b>leme</b> - milk; <b>melosh</b> - honey; <b>posha</b> - goosedown; <b>risdosh</b> - manure; <b>seta</b> - silk
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Horsy terms</font></b></i>. <b>shadan</b> - ride; <b>sëdil</b> - saddle, <b>sresho</b> - stirrup; <b>rhanosh</b> - reins; <b>surshual</b> - harness; <b>drote</b> - gee! <b>shadosh</b> - carriage; <b>shualnáe</b> - stable; <b>zashadan</b> - mount; <b>dechiplan</b> - dismount; <b>ruizer</b> - trot; <b>vezhaen </b>- gallop
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Exploitation</font></b></i>. <b>deëzhan</b> - pluck; <b>dresir</b> - train; <b>ihtüan</b> - fish; <b>imutoran</b> - tame; <b>ispolnir</b> - skin; <b>motana</b> - sheepfold; <b>uco</b> - herd; <b>yagen</b> - hunt; <b>surmetan</b> - load; <b>demetan</b> - unload; <b>suvizan</b> - stalk; <b>dugel</b> - lure, bait
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="20">20. PLANTS </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
Almea's plants are even more unlike terrestrial ones than its animals. Again, glosses represent plants occupying a similar ecological niche, or fulfilling the same role in human society. There are particular difficulties with names of flowers and trees. For instance; the <b>chun</b> is simply a very sturdy tree, which does not otherwise resemble an oak; the <b>rhas</b> is bright red and many-petalled, but is smaller than a rose, and has no thorns.
<p><b>vezhi</b> - plant / <b>balam</b> - edible plant; <b>shari</b> - weed
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i><b>. impochen</b> - plant;<b> iortan</b> - flower;<b> zhortir</b> - sprout; <b>risdan</b> - fertilize
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Parts</font></b></i><b>. brasc</b> - pollen; <b>cäli</b> - stalk;<b> cälul</b> - stem;<b> chesura</b> - bark; <b>chunido</b> - acorn;<b> endi</b> - wood; <b>föy</b> - leaf; <b>hupo</b> - tuft;<b> lëpa</b> - petal; <b>ris</b> - seed; <b>rhizo</b> - root; <b>scorso</b> - branch; <b>scorsok</b> - stick, twig; <b>socima</b> - thorn; <b>susurk</b> - stump; <b>teho</b> - trunk; <b>urk</b> - log; <b>yeka</b> - bud / <b>donta</b> - cell
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Trees</font></b></i><b>. arb</b> - tree / <b>asën</b> - maple; <b>bice</b> - fir; <b>blanarb</b> - palm; <b>chizha</b> - cactus; <b>chun</b> - oak;<b> churarb</b> - pear tree;<b> fikarb</b> - fig tree;<b> luomarb</b> - apple tree;<b> sasna</b> - pine;<b> scila</b>, <b>arbul</b> - shrub;<b> sicharb</b> - lemon tree; <b>suf</b> - cork oak; <b>uran</b> - birch
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Flowers</font></b></i><b>. zhorta</b> - flower / <b>faliorta</b> - daisy; <b>mafla</b> - blue flower yielding an opiate; <b>puyota</b> - carnation; <b>rhas</b> - rose; <b>tashiorta</b> - tulip; <b>tirura</b> - lilac; <b>chorizhina</b>, <b>nölne</b>, <b>pizufëa</b>, <b>utrosheli</b>, <b>vidhra</b> - types of flower
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Small plants</font></b></i><b>. brura</b> - heather;<b> cuplia</b>, <b>panföy</b> - hemp, marijuana; <b>edra</b> - ivy; <b>fiy</b> - fern; <b>forno</b> - hay;<b> kena</b> - reed; <b>lácati</b> - cotton; <b>lan</b> - flax; <b>mokan</b> - hallucinogen; <b>palanu</b> - gorse; <b>susrevolu</b> - moss; <b>trava</b> - grass;<b> tref</b> - clover;<b> tuyoshari</b> - tobacco; <b>usiro</b> - Cuzeian maid's-herb
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Mold</font></b></i><b>. mico</b> - mold;<b> mochi</b> - rot, mold
<p><i>Organic substances: <a href="#16">16. Substances</a>
<p>Edible plants are listed under <a href="#24">24. Food</a></i>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="21">21. THE BODY</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>sira</b> - body
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Head</font></b></i><b>. bem</b> - head / <b>orel</b> - ear
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hair</font></b></i>. <b>shevei</b> - hair / <b>irevolu</b> - mustache; <b>revolu</b> - beard; <b>tizhai</b> - whisker; <b>sadhil</b> - unkempt; <b>tasul</b> - braid
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Face</font></b></i><b>. ufëa</b> - face / <b>suryi</b> - forehead; <b>siüli</b> - eyebrow; <b>yë</b> - eye; <b>pili</b> - eyelash; <b>olf</b> - nose; <b>olfkud</b> - nostril; <b>vánë</b> - cheek; <b>lukona</b> - chin
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Mouth</font></b></i>. <b>bush</b> - mouth / <b>leve</b> - lip; <b>labi</b> - tongue; <b>duri</b> - tooth; <b>mahia</b> - jaw; <b>disna</b> - gum
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Arms</font></b></i><b>. brak</b> - arm / <b>hipbrak</b> - armpit; <b>imsemizi</b> - inner arm; <b>dörsemizi</b> - outer arm; <b>cuda</b> - elbow; <b>semizi</b> - forearm; <b>ilura</b> - wrist
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hand</font></b></i>. <b>mano</b> - hand / <b>cálima</b> - knuckle; <b>chedho</b> - palm; <b>dochi</b> - finger; <b>dotoni</b> - thumb; <b>unë</b> - fingernail; <b>clek</b> - fist
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Trunk</font></b></i><b>. teho</b> - trunk / <b>sheya</b> - neck; <b>gorzhi</b> - throat; <b>mira vué</b> - larynx; <b>rhuzi</b> - chest, bosom; <b>sullimura</b> - chest above breasts; <b>limura</b>, <i>slang </i><b>gara</b> - breast; <b>cellimura</b> - cleavage; <b>tet</b> - nipple; <b>tetásh</b> - aureole; <b>taleo</b> - waist; <b>ombrili</b> - navel; <b>magen</b> - stomach, midriff; <b>ventra, brurho</b> - belly
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Back</font></b></i>. <b>dos</b> - back / <b>epöl</b> - shoulder; <b>crurhizo</b> - buttock; <b>kadul</b> - ass; <b>baskud</b>, (obscene) <b>forë</b> - anus
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Loins</font></b></i>.<b> anca</b> - hip; <b>dhasc</b> - bladder; <b>golë, dhincota</b> - groin; <b>bashshevey</b> - pubic hair; <b>frond, gob</b> - penis; <b>gamerka</b> - testicle; <b>shagati, vlagishe</b> - vagina; <b>baslevi</b> - vulva; <b>odhi</b> - clitoris
<p><i> see also <a href="#41">41. SEX</a></i>
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Organs</font></b></i>. <b> zhusë</b> - organ / <b>auva</b> - womb; <b>brurho</b> - gut; <b>hepato</b> - liver; <b>magen</b> - stomach; <b>merok</b> - brain; <b>plasy</b> - nerve; <b>poln</b> - skin; <b>pulmon</b> - lung; <b>rhim</b> - kidney; <b>rhusi</b> - muscle; <b>uem</b> - heart; <b>torensa</b> - blood vessel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Skeleton</font></b></i>. <b>hostora</b> - skeleton; <b>host</b> - bone / <b>bembula</b> - skull; <b>cheya</b> - rib; <b>rheba</b> - spine; <b>luka</b> - joint
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Legs</font></b></i><b>. crur</b> - leg / <b>riasni</b> - thigh; <b>imriasni</b> - inner thigh; <b>döriasni</b> - outer thigh; <b>yolo</b> - knee; <b>deryolo</b> - back of knee; <b>colo</b> - calf; <b>sheva</b> - ankle
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Feet</font></b></i><b>. </b> <b>naga</b> - foot / <b>cauco</b> - heel; <b>hipnaga</b> - sole; <b>orto</b> - toe / <b>chimora</b> - footprints
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Things the body does
<p>Facial expressions</font></b></i>. <b>dhuven</b> - frown; <b>gurfec</b> - scowl; <b>rizir</b> - smile; <b>rhasachir</b> - blush
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Mouth</font></b></i>. <b>baba</b> - open-mouthed; <b>bäbec</b> - yawn; <b>chamzan</b> - bite; <b>kusizan</b> - chew; <b>chihan</b> - sneeze; <b>dhudhir</b> - drool; <b>gagan</b> - choke; <b>bakatir</b> - vomit; <b>glutir</b> - swallow; <b>hüan</b> - sigh; <b>husten</b> - cough; <b>imbrurhen</b> - devour; <b>ktüec</b> - suck; <b>leurec</b> - sip; <b>ridir</b> - laugh; <b>rharkan</b> - spit; <b>rhorhuir</b> - gargle; <b>siblir</b> - whistle; <b>tezhec</b> - lick; <b>tuyec</b> - smoke; <b>zaridir</b> - burst out laughing
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hand</font></b></i>. <b>kazec</b> - point; <b>manachir</b> - gesture; <b>skichir</b> - clench; <b>bashan</b> - slap, spank
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other parts</font></b></i>. <b>imora </b>- digestion; <b>choran</b> - cry; <b>fsetec</b> - fart; <b>lacrir</b> - tear up, cry;<b> mittir</b> - urinate; <b>pilachir</b> - blink; <b>suzir</b> - sweat; <b>shalean</b> - breathe; <b>zachoran</b> - burst into tears
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Whole body</font></b></i>. <b>ásuir</b> - sit; <b>barucir</b> - lie down; <b>lätan</b> - compete; <b>nuotan</b> - swim; <b>prosan</b> - walk; <b>teker</b> - stand; <b>vezhaen</b> - run
<p><i> see also <a href="#12">12. Movement</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Relaxation</font></b></i>. <b>dormir</b> - sleep; <b>dodoir</b> - nap; <b>echitan</b> - wake; <b>nuven</b> - go to bed; <b>son</b> - dream; <b>proshalean</b> - rest; <b>shenan</b> - relax; ; <b>srhonker</b> - snore
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Body care</font></b></i>. <b>cesuan</b> - scratch; <b>fifachir</b> - groom; <b>fäbrau</b> - cosmetics, makeup; <b>innülen</b> - curl (tr.), <b>nülen</b> - curl; <b>galen</b> - bathe; <b>razir</b> - shave
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Caresses</font></b></i>. <b>imbrakir</b> - embrace; <b>labir</b> - (colloq.) kiss; <b>levatir</b> - kiss; <b>manoren</b> - caress; <b>paluen</b> - fondle; <b>saldhir</b> - feel; <b>zhiren</b> - hug
<p><i> see also <a href="#41">41. Sex</a></i>
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hunger</font></b></i>. <b>fsurë</b> - hungry;<b> fsurshushchan</b> - starve; <b>imbruse</b> - famished, ravenous; <b>fsurona</b> - famine <b>vulcrezhno</b> - appetite
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Thirst</font></b></i>. <b>sizy</b> - thirsty
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fatigue</font></b></i>. <b>lase</b> - tired; <b>vuldorme</b> - sleepy
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Intoxication</font></b></i><b>. oshte</b>, <b>söl</b> - drunk; <b>dhare</b> - sober; <b>molir</b> - get high; <b>molul</b>, <b>zhuzhu</b> - high
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Descriptions</font></b></i>. <b>azifse</b> - fat; <b>dautë</b> - one-eyed; <b>ikabe</b> - stunted; <b>lisy</b> - bald; <b>nültene</b> - curly
<p><i> Height, size, etc.: see <a href="#06">6. Extent</a></i>
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Substances</font></b></i>. <b>azipa</b> - fat; <b>chuza</b> - shit; <b>gleuma</b> - mucus; <b>glöma</b> - snot; <b>krof</b> - blood; <b>host</b> - bone; <b>lacri</b> - tear; <b>michy</b>, <b>zhizhyo</b> - urine; <b>myaso</b> - flesh; <b>risora</b> - semen; <b>rhark</b> - spit, saliva; <b>sud</b> - sweat; <b>zhonkrof</b> - menstrual blood
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="22">22. SENSORY EXPERIENCE </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>uleleë</b> - sense, perception
<p>To the Verdurians there are six senses: what we consider one sense, touch, they divide in two. As one savant explains it: "<b>Trogulo</b> gives us intimate and accurate perception of those objects in direct contact with our skin; <b>saldhia</b>, a vaguer sense of our surroundings as a whole." We could call <b>saldhia</b> what can be learned from the air; a Verdurian would agree with this formulation, but would maintain that the body receives impressions from all the air in its vicinity, not merely that in immediate contact with the skin-- how else (he would argue) can one tell exactly where in the room is a fire burning? In addition to temperature and humidity, Verdurians are likely to say they can <b>saldhir</b> the unhealthiness of a swamp, the freshness of a fountain, the tension before a storm, and even others' emotional states.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Indirect touch</font></b></i><b>. saldhir</b> - sense remotely or through the air
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Temperature</font></b></i>. <b> calo</b> - heat / <b>froe</b> - cold; <b>anizhe</b> - cool, chilly; <b>toshe</b> - warm; <b>cal</b> - hot
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Air quality</font></b></i>. <b>calseshue</b> - humid; <b>calzhole</b> - dry; <b>sfëz</b> - fresh
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Touch</font></b></i><b>. trogan</b> - touch (sense directly through skin contact)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hardness</font></b></i><b>. duresa</b> - hardness / <b>dur</b> - hard; <b>mole</b> - soft / <b>induran</b> - harden
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sharpness</font></b></i>. <b>chisiát</b> - sharpness / <b>chisy</b> - sharp; <b>möl</b> - blunt / <b>imchisir</b> - sharpen
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Roughness</font></b></i>. <b>femát</b> - roughness / <b>feme</b> - rough; <b>lisy</b> - barren, smooth; <b>sisy</b> - slippery; <b>dhul</b> - smooth / <b>indhulan</b> - smooth; <b>imsisir</b> - polish
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hearing</font></b></i>. <b>acinec</b> - listen to, hear (people, stories);<b> slushir</b> - hear (sounds); <b>oir</b> - listen (to sounds); <b>yari</b> - sound
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Loudness</font></b></i><b>. fortesa</b> - loudness / <b>forte</b> - loud; <b>dhonde</b> - quiet; <b>rhoforte</b> - soft; <b>misuril</b> - silent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sounds</font></b></i><b>. glonyec</b> - ring;<b> kabakaba</b> - noise; <b>keyen</b> - knock;<b> klushan</b> - splash; <b>kumpen</b> - stamp;<b> kumpulen</b> - tap;<b> peshan</b> - crash;<b> pishan</b> - smash;<b> scescan</b> - rattle;<b> tom</b> - thump
<p><i> Animal noises: see <a href="#19">19. Animals</a>
<p> Speech: see <a href="#58">58. Speech</a></i>
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Smell</font></b></i><b>. flaner</b> - smell; <b>chümse</b> - malodorous; <b>dushe</b> - aromatic; <b>dushic</b> - perfume
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sight</font></b></i>. <b>leilát</b> - sight; <b>lelen</b> - see
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Light</font></b></i>. <b>selta</b> - light / <b>iluvan</b> - shine; <b>suriluvan</b> - illuminate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Darkness</font></b></i>. <b>shoru</b> - darkness / <b>imshoruan</b> - darken; <b>shoruan</b> - dark; <b>umbra</b> - shadow <b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Observation</font></b></i>. <b>cumlelen</b> - witness; <b>kashlelel</b> - peek; <b>leleë</b> - view; <b>pakrihan</b> - regard; <b>pilava</b> - glance; <b>pser</b> - watch; <b>rihan</b> - look (at); <b>serizan</b> - stare; <b>sfutlelen</b> - spot; <b>yachir</b> - ogle
<p><i> See also <a href="#26">26. Leria (Understanding)</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Brightness</font></b></i>. <b>claesa</b> - brightness / <b>claë</b> - bright; <b>ëclaë</b> - glaring; <b>iluve</b> - shiny
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Visibility</font></b></i>. <b>lele</b> - visible; <b>cellele</b> - transparent; <b>rholele</b> - invisible; <b>salele</b> - clear
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Appearance</font></b></i>. <b>shaynesa</b> - appearance / <b>imlelen</b> - appear; <b>ishshalean</b> - vanish; <b>islelen</b> - disappear
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Quality</font></b></i>. <b>sfesher</b> - flash; <b>tsisir</b> - glitter
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Taste</font></b></i><b>. gustan</b> - taste; <b>imbushan</b> - savor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Quality</font></b></i>. <b>bogaty</b> - delicious; <b>egre</b> - sour;<b> embre</b> - bitter; <b>imbushäm</b> - savory; <b>mishkichy</b> - tasty, yummy; <b>sambushe</b> - tasteless, bland; <b>selse</b> - salty; <b>sfechy</b> - spicy;<b> tsesse</b> - sugary, sweet
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Deficiencies</font></b></i><b>. deyeen</b> - to blind; <b>samlele</b> - blind; <b>dautë</b> - one-eyed; <b>samslushe</b> - deaf; <b>rhom</b> - lame
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="23">23. HEALTH </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Health</font></b></i><b>. darove</b> - healthy; <b>sane</b> - well
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Illness</font></b></i><b>. malád</b> - illness; <b>malse</b> - ill, sick; <b>mön</b> - sick, diseased; <b>morge</b> - morbid, unhealthy; <b>morgarda</b> - agony
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Disease</font></b></i><b>. mönát</b> - disease, disorder / <b>agasarda</b> - cholera; <b>cuteio</b> - stroke; <b>chüma</b> - plague; <b>dicenarda</b> - scurvy; <b>falilant</b> - anemia; <b>gutia</b> - epilepsy; <b>gascia, ishshelsira</b> - leprosy; <b>kiscarda</b> - impotence; <b>lüvrug</b> - diarrhea; <b>magnotibri</b> - nausea; <b>malbema</b> - headache; <b>malionile</b> - venereal disease; <b>malgiveca</b> - sleeping sickness; <b>malmagen</b> - stomach-ache; <b>pulmonarda</b> - tuberculosis; <b>rhum</b> - cold; <b>tucet</b> - pox; <b>tugeca</b> - arthritis; <b>zëimalát</b> - seasickness
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Condition</font></b></i><b>. zendonec</b> - condition, indication / <b>azurek</b> - bruise; <b>bufauhe</b> - paralysis; <b>caesia</b> - rash; <b>calura</b> - fever; <b>chivi</b> - pain; <b>durok</b> - wart; <b>gararda</b> - swelling; <b>garka</b> - blister; <b>puyok</b> - pimple; <b>pavdormi</b> - insomnia; <b>roheica</b> - sprain, cramp; <b>vazhi</b> - wound
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Doctor</font></b></i>. <b>lekaro</b> - physician, doctor; <b>maladnáe</b> - hospital; <b>chümána</b> - leprosarium, plague hospital; <b>lainec</b> - patient
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Treatment</font></b></i><b>. lëka</b> - drug; <b>huvima</b> - pill; <b>onzhiven</b> - cure; <b>erénica</b> - purge; <b>porocesen</b> - massage; <b>trancát</b> - surgery / <b>bres</b> - bandage / <b>málemel </b>- symptom
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="24">24. FOOD </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Drink</font></b></i><b>. pitir</b> - drink / <b>otipitë</b> - drinkable
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Drinks</font></b></i>. <b>caua</b> - coffee;<b> chai</b> - tea;<b> leme</b> - milk; <b>mey</b> - water; <b>suco</b> - juice
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Beer</font></b></i><b>. sherë</b> - beer / <b>depiran</b> - brew; <b>firan</b> - ferment; <b>peza</b> - hops / <b>dhula sherë</b> ale; <b>flavë sherë</b> - lager; <b>fuzhula sherë</b> -bitter
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Wine</font></b></i>. <b>vin</b> - wine / <b>uzina</b> - sweet white wine; orhpitë - strong white wine; <b>rhasia</b> - rosé; <b>cleir</b> - medium red wine; <b>luyshor</b> - heavy red wine; <b>ruzbidesh</b> - cider; <b>zhöh</b> - mead / <b>vincole</b> - wine-lover; <b>vinom</b> - winegrower; <b>vinzihe</b> - grape; <b>bindo</b> - vine
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Distillation</font></b></i><b>. kopuren</b> - distill;<b> kopurul</b> - distilled drink; <b>izhprando</b> - cocktail
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Food</font></b></i>. <b>nurzha</b> - food / <b>crezhen</b> - eat; <b>crocan</b> - gorge, pig out; <b>mur</b> - ripe; <b>oticrezhe</b> - edible; <b>samnurzha</b> - fast; <b>veneno</b> - poison
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Animal products</font></b></i><b>. süro</b> - cheese; <b>huvon</b> - egg; <b>leme</b> - milk; <b>melosh</b> - honey
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Berries</font></b></i>. <b>zihe</b> - berry / <b>erél</b> - cranberry;<b> embrezihe</b> - raspberry;<b> fraga</b> - strawberry;<b> chinzik</b> - gooseberry;<b> mirtë</b> - blueberry; <b>sezhzihe</b> - raisin;<b> vinzihe</b> - grape;<b> visha</b> - cherry
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fruit</font></b></i><b>. koup</b> - fruit / <b>blan</b> - date; <b>ciröla</b> - plum;<b> chura</b> - pear;<b> dinya</b> - melon;<b> fik</b> - fig;<b> luom</b> - apple;<b> narnë</b> - orange; <b>nedizi</b> - banana;<b> precásh</b> - peach; <b>precok</b> - apricot;<b> sicho</b> - lemon;<b> sicho shurë</b> grapefruit; <b>sicho verde</b> lime / <b>cöd</b> - pit, kernel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Grains</font></b></i><b>. ris</b> - grain / <b>avena</b> - oats;<b> griu</b> - wheat;<b> horzhe</b> - barley;<b> maíz</b> - corn;<b> segly</b> - rye;<b> ton</b> - rice
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Grain products</font></b></i>. <b>avenura</b> - porridge; <b>brasho</b> - flour; <b>culanul</b> - pastry, torte; <b>keks</b> - cracker;<b> maco</b> - dough, pasta; <b>shulya</b> - noodle; <b>onrälul</b> - biscuit; <b>yon</b> - bread;<b> yonka</b> - roll;<b> yonog</b> - toast; <b>zer</b> - flatcake
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Meat.</font></b></i> <b> myaso</b> - meat / <b>shank</b> - ham;<b> shuchmyaso</b> - pork;<b> boumyaso</b> - beef;<b> domyaso</b> - bacon;<b> huyomyaso</b> - chicken meat;<b> milka</b> - sausage;<b> motmyaso</b> - mutton;<b> myassose</b> - gravy;<b> myasulo</b> - meatball;<b> sbayumyaso</b> - veal;<b> </b><b>sezu</b> - dried meat; <b>venmyaso</b> - venison; <b>cumetu - </b>seafood salad / <b>myasom</b> - butcher
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Nuts</font></b></i><b>. nüs</b> - nut / <b>cashna</b> - chestnut
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Spices</font></b></i><b>. sfeto</b> - spice /<b> alyo</b> - garlic;<b> </b><b>botsa</b> - vanilla; <b>cebo</b> - onion;<b> dizhón</b> - mustard;<b> </b><b>draba</b> - horseradish; <b>ind</b> - pepper;<b> kyodo</b> - clove;<b> merha </b>- oregano;<b> poro</b> - green onion, scallion; <b>sel</b> - salt;<b> vinembre</b> - vinegar;<b> zerhash</b> - herb
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Substances</font></b></i>. <b>cüe</b> - oil;<b> chuzhec</b> - starch;<b> azipa</b> - fat;<b> maslo</b> - butter;<b> slifi</b> - cream;<b> zhezho</b> - jelly; <b>zhezhoil</b> - gelatine
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sweets</font></b></i><b>. dheletá</b> - dessert / <b>chechu</b> - candy; <b>leme bulondula</b> - custard; <b>marmo</b> - pudding;<b> melosh</b> - honey;<b> yon munizul</b> - cake;<b> </b><b>rüdile</b> - flavored shaved ice; <b>tsesi</b> - sugar, sugarcane; <b>shekshek</b> - cacao, chocolate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Vegetables</font></b></i><b>. arico</b> - long bean; <b>cälî</b> asparagus;<b> eliá</b> - olive;<b> fazholo</b> - round bean;<b> fësil</b> - parsley;<b> fron</b> - a type of long, thick mushroom; <b>grak</b> - chickpea; <b>grakok</b> - pea;<b> grib</b> - mushroom; <b>grurha</b> - turnip; <b>lëtiy</b> - lentil;<b> </b><b>masloföy</b> - lettuce; <b>morut</b> - carrot;<b> ogorék</b> - cucumber;<b> susluoma</b> - potato; <b>shou</b> - cabbage;<b> shouzhorta</b> - cauliflower
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Preparation</font></b></i><b>. rälan</b> - cook / <b>azipdan</b> - grease, dip in fat; <b>bulondir</b> - bake; <b>cäcian</b> - chop; <b>cipan</b> - boil; <b>isfölen</b> - peel;<b> ogudir</b> - roast, broil;<b> porocan</b> - knead; <b>surogonec</b> - fry; <b>shobosec</b> - pickle; <b>tranen</b> - cut; <b>zerhashan</b> - season; <b>zhuydoni</b> - recipe
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Preparations</font></b></i>. <b>celzer</b> - sandwich;<b> </b><b>föî</b> - salad; <b>huvon pisul</b> - omelette; <b>legua</b> - soup; <b>shaune</b> - broth; <b>rhitchena</b> - pie; <b>suco</b> - juice;<b> sucón</b> - sauce; <b>zëdenei</b> - stew
<p><i> See also <a href="#51">51. Utensils</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Meal</font></b></i><b>. chena</b> - meal / <b>cédhue</b> - feast;<b> elchena</b> - lunch;<b> izhprandora</b> - cocktail party; <b>perchena</b> - breakfast;<b> prando</b> - dinner; <b>zury</b> - supper
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Restaurants</font></b></i><b>. lesteo</b> - restaurant / <b>rälom</b> - cook; <b>redh</b> - waiter; <b>desider</b> - order
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="25">25. CLOTHES </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Dress</font></b></i><b>. abilen</b> - clothe; <b>imuveren</b> - put on
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Undress</font></b></i><b>. dabilen</b> - undress; <b>deuveren</b> - take off; <b>isfolen</b> - strip
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Nudity</font></b></i>. <b>polne</b> - nude (emphasis on showing skin); <b>samuvere</b> - unclothed
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Whole body</font></b></i><b>. uverë</b> - clothes / <b>kyole</b> - dress; <b>lapiskusku</b> - bunny suit;<b> pauto</b> - coat;<b> pelerin</b> - cape;<b> plupauto</b> - raincoat; <b>sutana</b> - robe / <b>uverát</b> - tailoring, fashion
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Accessories</font></b></i><b>. bretel</b> - suspender; <b>detosh</b> - buckle; <b>dhash</b> - pocket; <b>gintro</b> - sash; <b>puyok</b> - button;<b> kunnasitosh</b> - purse; <b>odaivun</b> - tie, cravat; <b>sinmano</b> - glove; <b>siteza</b> - loop, fastener; <b>siturosh</b> - belt; <b>surorel</b> - earring; <b>shircilura</b> - bracelet
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Head</font></b></i>. <b>kazhgouka</b> - veil; <b>süpa</b> - cap; <b>shapa</b> - hat; <b>tiplüba</b> - wig
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Neck</font></b></i><b>. sheyosh</b> - collar;<b> shircsheya</b> - necklace;<b> toshsheya</b> - scarf
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Chest</font></b></i><b>. brakosh</b> - sleeve;<b> dhampauto</b> - sweater; <b>hend</b> - shirt;<b> hendana</b> - blouse;<b> limurbres, bres</b> - cloth to bind or support breasts; <b>sambrake</b> - vest-coat; <b>nuvenda</b> - nightgown
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Dresses exposing</font></b></i>: <b>sullimura</b> - area above breasts; <b>cellimura</b> - area between breasts; <b>hiplimura</b> - all of breasts; <b>magena</b> - midriff
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Legs</font></b></i><b>. bröca</b> - trousers, pants;<b> lanika</b> - underwear; <b>nilne</b> - skirt; <b>shircanca</b> - loincloth
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Foot</font></b></i><b>. calseo</b> - shoe / <b>kumpa</b> - boot; <b>shevesca</b> - long stockings; <b>sheveza</b> - sock, low stockings; <b>tacil</b> - sandal/ <b>samcalseë</b> - barefoot
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Material</font></b></i>. <b>dhalashteca</b> - elegance
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Material</font></b></i><b>. eléaku</b> - cloth / <b>cuplana</b> - canvas; <b>dhan</b> - wool;<b> dhaneme</b> - velvet; <b>korhu</b> - leather; <b>lácati</b> - cotton; <b>lanë</b> - linen; <b>seta</b> - silk; <b>shomë</b> - fur;<b> zhusni</b> - lace
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fabrication</font></b></i>. <b>testasan</b> - weave; <b>pleschen</b> - spin; <b>huven</b> - dye
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Laundry</font></b></i><b>. falen</b> - launder;<b> falis</b> - laundry
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="26">26 - 32. THE SOUL</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
Verdurians divide the human soul into four parts, each of which is situated in a particular part of the body. The <b>leria</b> or understanding is located in the eyes; its purpose is perception and understanding of the world. The <b>razum</b> or intellect is located in the brain, and serves for reflection, judgment, and rational thought. The <b>itian</b> or spirit is located in the heart, and contains the will, wisdom, compassion, love, and moral sense. The <b>hum</b> contains the animal emotions, passions, and drives and is localized in the guts; it is also the source of dreams.
<p>The righteous man is to be controlled by his <b>itian</b>; but base and corrupted men are slaves to their <b>humî</b>. <b>Itian</b> is also the name for the complete soul.
<p>Many Verdurian terms and idioms are rooted in this quadripartite division of the soul, which explains many things, from why Verdurian has two words for 'feel', <b>olotan</b> and <b>iscrenir</b>, to expressions like <b>curec yä dobrä</b> 'understand well' (literally 'have a good eye').
<p>For more on Verdurian teaching on the soul, see <i>Almean Belief Systems</i>.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Rational being</font></b></i><b>. lesüas</b> - rational being; <b>zetlele</b> - conscious; <b>urise</b> - mortal
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Personhood</font></b></i>. <b>lesüas</b> - person, personality; <b>aelutrát</b> - character, virtue; <b>iscreniora</b> - temperament, disposition; <b>ctel</b> - individual, person; <b>mem</b> - the self; <b>zhuca</b> - character in a book or play
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Disorder</font></b></i><b>. chupre</b> - unconscious, unaware; <b>lüssë</b> - insane;<b> rozhy</b> - mad
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Experience</font></b></i>. <b>saldhir</b> - experience; <b>hipsaldhir</b> - undergo (negative connotation)
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="27">26. LERIA (UNDERSTANDING) </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Observation</font></b></i><b>. bedhir</b> - observe, inspect / <b>bedhelan</b> - test;<b> sënan</b> - test, try; <b>hicetan</b> - count; <b>ronan</b> - check; <b>ulelen</b> - perceive, sense; <b>prezuir</b> - overlook, fail to perceive; <b>azhgolec</b> - ignore
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Misperception</font></b></i>. <b>prezuir</b> - overlook, fail to perceive; <b>azhgolec</b> - ignore; <b>desurchelan</b> - distract
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Consideration</font></b></i><b>. ashir</b> - think, consider /<b> agolec</b> - face, deal with;<b> alir</b> - come to terms with, make do with; <b>pakrihát</b> - attention; <b>surchelan</b> - concentrate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Understanding</font></b></i>. <b>cumoteran</b> - understand, sympathize; <b>cumprenan</b> - understand, grasp, realize;<b> onoteran</b> - recognize; <b>lelima</b> - impression; <b>zdesir</b> - look, dig; <b>cumprenäm</b> - context
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Imagination</font></b></i>. <b>implican</b> - imagine; <b>implisel</b> - image
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Misunderstanding</font></b></i>. <b>akoteran</b> - confuse; <b>ishshrifec</b> - guess; <b>yerömen</b> - estimate; <b>mauprenan</b> - misunderstand
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Knowledge</font></b></i><b>. shrifec</b> - know about, know how, know that, <i>savoir;</i> <b>oteran</b> - know well, know a person, <i>connaître; </i><b>plenshrifta</b> - mastery; <b>sfafkora</b> - information; <b>tëshrife</b> - familiar
<p><i> See also <a href="#30">30. Ideas</a>
</i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Appearance</font></b></i><b>. paretir</b> - seem; <b>shaynir</b> - appear, seem
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Clarity</font></b></i><b>. yasny</b> - clear, evident; <b>obleme</b> - unclear; <b>mölshue</b> - vague; <b>rude</b> - raw, primitive
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Complexity</font></b></i><b>. mushcote</b> - complex; <b>iscun</b> - simple; <b>sroly</b> - intricate; <b>munizul</b> - fancy; <b>urokúshue</b> - labored
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Obviousness</font></b></i><b>. abcurayne</b> - reasonable, rational; <b>mezine</b> - necessary, obvious;<b> miyire</b> - natural, to be expected; <b>rhomiyire</b> - unobvious, obscure; <b>iscunlerë</b> - commonplace; <b>peylerë</b> - esoteric
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Mystery</font></b></i>. <b>kashir</b> - hide; <b>berise</b> - mysterious; <b>taina</b> - secret; <b>tromeyá</b> - illusion; <b>shritihse</b> - discreet
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="27">27. RAZUM (MIND) </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Intelligence</font></b></i><b>. razumbre</b> - intelligent /<b> estitian</b> - genius; <b>hicheme</b> - astute; <b>hichy</b> - cunning; <b> lerte</b> - clever, smart;<b> mony</b> - brilliant;<b> razumse</b> - architected, mathematical;<b> chume</b> - smart, brainy; <b> cumbeme</b> - alert
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Stupidity</font></b></i>. <b>glupy</b> - stupid / <b>burhichy</b> - naïve; <b>buyel</b> - lout, loutish;<b> chachayëse</b> - slow, dim-witted; <b>niruise</b> - foolish;<b> nrüsk</b> - fool; <b>subu</b>, <b>chupom</b> - idiot; <b>shkuashy</b> - silly
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Meaning</font></b></i><b>. zadi</b> - meaning / <b>oterise</b> - grounded; <b>vulmizec</b> - mean, intend;<b> zadete</b> - meaningful;<b> zen</b> - sign, signal;<b> zendan</b> - signal, indicate; <b>zadadoni</b> - definition
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Nonsense</font></b></i>. <b>sancuraya</b> - nonsense;<b> skusku</b> - silliness; <b>malmese</b> - frivolous; <b>zicuäm</b> - ridiculous
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Rationality</font></b></i><b>. curaya</b> - reason / <b>imfayir</b> - logically require, entail; <b>appuyan</b> - imply, suggest; <b>degriman</b> - deduce; <b>onvizhien</b> - conclude by induction; <b>metulerec</b> - analyze
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Abstraction</font></b></i><b>. curaise</b> - abstract;<b> etaperë, mudhnirtey</b> - general; <b>etasule</b> - particular, concrete
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Judgment</font></b></i><b>. celëtir</b> - judge, discern;<b> celdheltan</b> - interpret;<b> vano</b> - alignment, bias; <b>arholotë</b> - prejudice; <b>ovnelse</b> - severe, strict
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Problem solving</font></b></i><b>. aguma</b> - problem; <b>bruven</b> - solve; <b>röma</b> - reckoning, calculation; <b>dekashir</b> - reveal; <b>zendonec</b> - clue, indication; <b>zendonecul</b> - hint
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Strategy</font></b></i><b>. kensa</b> - stratagem, scheme / <b>kensora</b> - strategy; <b>ftena</b> - plan; <b>zhou</b> - trick; <b>zhuy</b> - way, method; <b>zhuyora</b> - practice, modus operandi
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Expectation</font></b></i><b>. vizhien</b> - expect, wait (for) / <b>ishfahec</b> - predict; <b>izhlelen</b> - foresee; <b>izhmetan</b> - prepare; <b>malvizhir</b> - surprise; <b>vizhiát</b> - expectation; <b>voleme</b> - ready; <b>gazimir</b> - suspect, infer
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Memory</font></b></i><b>. suzán</b> - memory / <b>suzanen</b> - remember; <b>ublian</b> - forget
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Wit</font></b></i><b>. tisire</b> - witty, clever; <b>chismishe</b> - mocking, witty, cuttingly satirical; <b>lerezícue</b> - mocking, amusing, witty
<p><i>Categorization: <a href="#01">1. Abstract states</a>
<p>Valuation: <a href="#31">31. Valuation</a></i>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="28">28. ITIAN (SPIRIT) </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Feeling</font></b></i><b>. iscrenir</b> - feel (with the heart or <i>itian</i>), act
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ability</font></b></i>. <b>fäheca</b> - ability, talent /<b> fähe</b> - able; <b>rhofähe</b> - incapable
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Will</font></b></i><b>. vulei</b> - will /<b> nimec</b> - dare; <b>nameran</b> - intend; <b>voleme</b> - willing, ready; <b>vulir</b> - want;<b> vulula</b> - whim, wish;<b> zedenomát</b> - renunciation; <b>zetbeze</b> - self-willed, independent;<b> zuran</b> - wish; <b>cishcöre</b> - apathetic, lacking will; <b>malvoleme</b> - unwilling; with ill will; <b>avulën</b> - voluntary
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Decision</font></b></i><b>. ciberden, zet sudir</b> - decide; <b>diveir</b> - choose, select; <b>cierceyen</b> - waver; <b>ukeshen</b> - hesitate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Belief</font></b></i><b>. rhedec</b> - believe / <b>agreni</b> - belief, conviction; <b>agrenuli</b> - opinion, notion; <b>chunashea</b> - orthodoxy;<b> imagrenir</b> - persuade;<b> lelesa</b> - faith;<b> zël</b> - extreme, radical; <b>zhenashea</b> - opinion, received wisdom; <b>zhenrhedao</b> - superstition; <b> zhumbruhan</b> - practice, follow
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Doubt</font></b></i>. <b>dubir</b> - doubt / <b>borzhe</b> - heretical;<b> findise</b> - schismatic, unorthodox; <b>hipcuraye</b> - skeptical, distrustful of received wisdom; <b>samrhedao</b> - unbelief
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Obligation</font></b></i><b>. devir</b> - must, have to;<b> lacheo</b> - duty; <i>see also <a href="#35">35. Morality</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Wisdom</font></b></i><b>. mudray</b> - wise / <b>cherene</b> - prudent;<b> gareme</b> - sensible, reasonable; <b>garemora</b> - good sense;<b> imgaran</b> - wise up, talk sense into; <b>zhuyse </b>- practical
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Foolishness</font></b></i>. <b>niruise</b> - foolish;<b> nrüsk</b> - fool; <b>sancherene</b> - imprudent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Compassion</font></b></i>. <b>feyen</b> - pity; <b>chisuemse</b> - sensitive; <b>chivinyát</b> - sympathy; <b>iosu</b> - mercy; <b>inye</b> - kind; <b>zetlacri</b> - self-pity; <b>samvoloe</b> - unfeeling, apathetic; <b>unse</b> - sentimental, cloying
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Awe</font></b></i><b>. miura</b> - wonder;<b> nüman</b> - dread; <b>olior</b> - terrifying, awe-inspiring; <b>rhuy</b> - awe, astonishment
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Inspiration</font></b></i>. <b>appuyan</b> - push, motivate, inspire; <b>caucachir</b> - <i>vt </i>goad; <b>imëlen</b> - inspire, arouse
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hope</font></b></i>. <b>chascurec</b> - hope
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Liking</font></b></i><b>. ditavan</b> - like, prefer, appreciate / <b>ambrir</b> - love, have a taste for; <b>shatir</b> - like; <b>corhrhaner</b> - cherish
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Dislike</font></b></i><b>. akolotan</b> - dislike / <b>disan</b> - hate;<b> anushan</b> - loathe; <b>nizenäm</b> - grudge
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="29">29. HUM (PASSIONS) </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">General</font></b></i><b>. olotan</b> - feel (in the <i>hum</i> or guts); <b>olotë</b> - feeling, emotion; <b>olotëte</b> - passionate, emotional
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Anger</font></b></i>. <b> fashe</b> - angry / <b>gula</b> - bitterness, spite; <b>gulere</b> - <i>slang </i>angry; <b>gurísh</b> - wrath, ire;<b> ktudh</b> - wrath
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Curiosity</font></b></i>. <b>etitrát</b> - interest, curiosity; <b>samolotë</b> - lack of interest
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Desire</font></b></i><b>. iduran</b> - desire;<b> óndelan</b> - yearn for, long for;<b> prosoter</b> - jump for, clamor for; <b>akolotan</b> - spurn, scorn
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Dream</font></b></i><b>. son</b> - dream; <b>nizontu</b> - nightmare
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Excitement</font></b></i>. <b>huntene</b> - excited / <b>cumfriser</b> - thrill; <b>kezha</b> - zeal, enthusiasm; <b>möcre</b> - jittery, upset; <b>skukair</b> - be bored
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fear</font></b></i><b>. nkash</b> - fear / <b>arafát</b> - terror;<b> gövec</b> - panic;<b> nüman</b> - dread / <b>zhombren</b> - frighten; <b>zhombrulen</b> - alarm
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Happiness</font></b></i><b>. lerezhe</b> - happy / <b>äser</b> - merry;<b> bekame</b> - comfortable;<b> bonürë</b> - ecstatic;<b> crete</b> - glad;<b> cuelzulë</b> - proud, clean, happy;<b> estair</b> - exult;<b> malmese</b> - frivolous, light-hearted; <b>mísia</b> - fun;<b> pler</b> - pleasure;<b> ravi</b> - delight;<b> templeran</b> - enjoy;<b> tichure</b> - merry, happy; <b>zul</b> - joyous; <b>zhazharce</b> - joyful, boisterous
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Pain</font></b></i><b>. chivi</b> - pain /<b> suspilaven</b> - suffer; <b>sram</b> - shame; <i>see also <a href="#36">36. Sin</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sadness</font></b></i><b>. pëse</b> - sad / <b>chasishshelec</b> - despair;<b> dëlaun</b> - sad amid triumph;<b> </b><b>frodhe</b> - grim, dismal; <b>ilacrir</b> - lament; <b>milüür</b> - sad, poignant; <b>nizhnise</b> - miserable; <b>orusse</b> - melancholy; <b>pyerir</b> - regret; <b>siblec</b> - disappointing;<b> shushcholotan</b> - mourn;<b> tibri</b> - sorrow, grief
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Worry</font></b></i><b>. itësir</b> - worry / <b>orivura</b> - worry, concern; <b>skichiy</b> - tense; <b>torde</b> - tense, uptight
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="30">30. IDEAS </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
An idea is held or entertained in the <i>leria</i> (understanding); but evaluated and analyzed in the <i>razum</i> (mind). To teach, one must put facts before the <i>leria</i>: one must have a clear conception of what is, before one can form any judgments. Strictly speaking the <i>razum</i> cannot be educated at all; one can only encourage students to brood on what they have seen (<i>curaya</i> 'reason' derives from 'brooding'); the rules of judgment and analysis can only be exercized and encouraged, not created.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Idea</font></b></i><b>. yela</b> - idea / <b>eta</b> - topic; <b>mizeta</b> - topic, subject; <b>paveta</b> - mention, reference
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Truth</font></b></i><b>. oresta</b> - truth /<b> dhaye</b> - correct, right; <b>orestashe</b> - veritable;<b> prile</b> - real; <b>sadesa</b> - truth, genuineness; <b>sënul</b> - certain / <b>indhayec</b> - certain; <b>perë oresta</b> - principle
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Error</font></b></i><b>. budhaye</b> - wrong / <b>dham</b> - error, mistake; <b>fsiy</b> - false, untrustworthy; <b>fsiduisir</b> - deceive; <b>lezhel</b> - lie; <b>zet tromir</b> - be wrong, be mistaken
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Facts</font></b></i>. <b>shrifta</b> - knowledge; <b>surdena</b> - fact
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Notation</font></b></i>. <b>dum</b> - note, memorandum / <b>binea</b> - list / <b>induman</b> - record; <b>imbineyan</b> - list, register
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Theory</font></b></i><b>. mizhao</b> - theory;<b> nimashir</b> - assume; <b>permizec</b> - suppose
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Proof</font></b></i><b>. curayora</b> - argument, proof, discourse; <b>onteca</b> - demonstration, experiment; <b>onten</b> - show, demonstrate; <b>perzhano</b> - source of an idea or opinion; <b>pol</b> - grounds, basis; <b>sascuraya</b> - inquiry; <b>uklo</b> - proof
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Disproof</font></b></i>. <b>akontu</b> - disproof;<b> fsiüklo</b> - fallacy
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Explanation</font></b></i>. <b>etadel</b> - description; <b>imyasen</b> - explain; <b>condhayec</b> - justify; <b>prokio</b> - reason; <b>ptaleo</b> - hypothesis; coverage (of the facts)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Teach</font></b></i><b>. imbeman</b> - teach / <b>adshriften</b> - instruct; <b>smeruir</b> - educate / <b>indhulan</b> - tutor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Learn</font></b></i>. <b>divrec</b> - learn / <b>visanir</b> - study
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Teacher</font></b></i>. <b>imbemec</b> - teacher; <b>osän</b> - master, tutor; <b>shriftom</b> - doctor, professor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Student</font></b></i>. <b>echomu</b> - schoolboy; <b>smeric</b> - student, disciple, candidate; <b>tellec</b> - seeker after knowledge, postulant; <b>zentene</b> - literate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">School</font></b></i><b>. echom</b> - school / <b>avisar</b> - secondary school, academy; <b>smernáe</b> - professional college; <b>shriftanáe</b> - university; <b>suméria</b> - 1st level degree; <b>scrifteca</b> - 2nd leve degree
<p><b>urek</b> - lesson, class; <b>culë</b> - course; <b>zontor</b> - term / <b>caumen</b> - blow off; <b>fálshuec</b> - cram
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">The standard curriculum</font></b></i>. <b>hiceteviso</b> - mathematics; <b>aladhea</b> - music; <b>cadhino</b> - Cadhinor; <b>aluatas</b> - grammar; <b>eyurcrivát</b> - rhetoric, poetry; <b>pleschura</b> - history; <b>kestora</b> - natural philosophy; <b>lätát</b> - athletics
<p><i>See also <a href="#54">54. Science</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="31">31. VALUATION</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
The process of evaluating good and bad, beautiful and ugly, right and wrong, occurs in the <i>razum</i> (mind), informed by the virtues of the <i>itian</i> (heart). Verdurians usually consider that there is an objective scale of goodness, of which the <i>razum</i> is the organ of perception. The modern terrestrial idea that such judgments are arbitrary, cultural, or simply derive from fogbound traidition, is completely alien to Cadhinorian/Verdurian thought.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Goodness</font></b></i><b>. dobre</b> - good / <b>andor</b> - mighty; <b>beldobre</b> - good, lovely, satisfying; <b>buona</b> - cool, good; <b>creche</b> - pleasant; <b>dobrásh</b> - wonderful; <b>este</b> - great; <b>rodo</b> - nice; <b>telnë</b> - fine; <b>trastoshte</b> - excellent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Badness</font></b></i><b>. durnë</b> - bad / <b>bakt</b> - terrible; <b>ecaë</b> - horrible; <b>kodäm</b> - abomination; <b>kazchal</b> - nasty; <b>mal</b> - poor, bad, wrong; <b>nënë</b> - naughty
<p><i>Dirtiness: <a href="#17">17. Water</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Change</font></b></i>. <b>immelioran</b> - improve; <b>cumpugan</b> - perfect; <b>indurnen</b> - worsen
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Praise</font></b></i><b>. eglérec</b> - praise / <b>lonëglér</b> - acclamation
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Dispraise</font></b></i>. <b>malmizec</b> - speak ill of / <b>dhamlelen</b> - criticize; <b>klevan</b> - slander, demean; <b>ocorbir</b> - insult; <b>acceoren</b> - admonish; <b>basashshe</b> - inferior
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Assessment</font></b></i><b>. covaler</b> - assess the value of
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Comparison</font></b></i><b>. coashir</b> - compare, match / <b>valer</b> - compare (values)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Worth</font></b></i><b> valát</b> - value, worth, merit;<b> valer</b> - be worth, merit
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Genuineness</font></b></i><b>. husil</b> - genuine, real; <b>podline</b> - authentic, real; <b>sade</b> - true, genuine, authoritative
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Importance</font></b></i><b>. agoläm</b> - important / <b>bolëde</b> - major; <b>shofe</b> - chief, main; <b>tibäm</b> - urgent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Unimportance</font></b></i>. <b>rhoagoläm</b> - unimportant / <b>muane</b> - minor; <b>santele</b> - mere; <b>samvale</b> - worthless
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Utility</font></b></i><b>. otibruhe</b> - useful / <b>agbüte</b> - useless; <b>doblädan</b> - fit, be fitting; <b>mallädan</b> - clash
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Similarity</font></b></i><b>. comshayne</b> - similar / <b>cotuepen</b> - balance, equal; <b>comshaynir</b> - resemble; <b>huepe</b> - equal; <b>nenë</b> - same; <b>samidikon</b> - alike
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Dissimilarity</font></b></i><b>. dheler</b> - differ / <b>samlëce</b> - separate; <b>des</b> - various
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Usualness</font></b></i>. <b>chilise</b> - usual, ordinary / <b>vizhul</b> - ordinary, expected, familiar; <b>tutan</b> - daily, quotidian; <b>cunire</b> - tedious; <b>shinenë</b> - monotonous; <b>zhenshate</b> - popular
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Unusualness</font></b></i>. <b>urze</b> - strange / <b>idikós</b> - special; <b>idiko</b> - peculiarity; <b>isoncre</b> - irregular; <b>rhovizhul</b> - unexpected, unfamiliar; <b>zhendise </b>- unpopular
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sample</font></b></i><b>. ledha</b> - example, sample; <b>ledhise</b> - representative, typical; <b>gonicore</b> - consistent
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="32">32. TEMPERAMENT </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
One's <b>iscreniora</b> or temperament derives, in Cadhinorian thought, from the predominance of one <b>ftacon</b> (element) or another (see <a href="#16">16, <i>Subtances</i></a>). For instance, those dominated by fire are bold and energetic.
<p><b>iscreniora</b> - temperament, disposition;<b> zetteneo</b> - attitude, air
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">ur</font></b></i> clay --> <b>urise</b> - mortal, fallible; <b>urete</b> - down to earth, practical
<blockquote>
<p><i>Good sense: <a href="#28">28. Itian (Spirit)</a></i>
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">mey</font></b></i> water --> <b>mese</b> - benevolent, wise, tender; happy, playful
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Benevolence</font></b></i><b>. shatametec</b> - friendly / <b>caltose</b> - optimistic; <b>comdruke</b> - amiable; <b>dombrichan</b> - large-hearted, generous of spirit; <b>eleute</b> - frank, free, open, generous; <b>voleme</b> - benevolent; <b>volemát</b> - good will
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Tenderness</font></b></i><b>. azhele</b> - tender / <b>eshinyát</b> - lovingkindness; <b>timely</b> - gentle
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Light-heartedness</font></b></i>. <b>malmese</b> - frivolous, light-hearted, silly
<p><i>Wisdom, compassion: <a href="#28">28. Itian (Spirit)</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
</blockquote>
<p>dhumë</font></b></i> stone --> <b>dhumise</b> - strong, determined, patient<i></i>
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Determination</font></b></i><b>. déneca</b> - persistence; <b>nusse</b> - determined, dedicated, tenacious
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Patience</font></b></i>. <b>fadhne</b> - patient; <b>araste</b> - careful, painstaking, patient
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Calm</font></b></i><b>. peil</b> - peaceful; <b>rhozhive</b> - inactive;<b> zhelse</b> - calm / <b>imzhelen</b> - calm
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Gravity</font></b></i><b>. ishet</b> - solemn, grave; <b>medrëse</b> - pompous
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Impatience</font></b></i>. <b>rhodhumise</b> - impatient
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">endi</font></b></i> wood --> <b>enil</b> - quiet, shy, timid<i></i>
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Quietness</font></b></i><b>. tihy</b> - quiet / <b>paléty</b> - pathetic, sad, sorrowful
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Shyness</font></b></i><b>. gigitse</b> - cautious, shy / <b>plóe</b> - bashful; <b>sotse</b> - nervous;<b> surre</b> - solitary
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Delicacy</font></b></i><b>. sheli</b> - grace, delicacy / <b>dichy</b> - sweet, nice; <b>didhitise</b> - delicate, pretty, otherworldly; <b>mëf</b> - wondrous, childlike, loving; <b>nezhne</b> - delicate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Timidity</font></b></i><b>. fufur</b> - timid;<b> körhy</b> - cowardly
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">gent</font></b></i> metal --> <b>geteme</b> - strong, powerful, with the qualities of a leader
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Strength</font></b></i><b>. zol</b> - strong / <b>brushe</b> - tough; <b>cleir</b> - majestic, powerful, assured; <b>dálues</b> - jovial, strong, powerful; <b>guesse</b> - powerful; <b>mädörn</b> - powerful, triumphant, jovial; <b>medro</b> - nobility, greatness of heart; <b>rhis</b> - free<i></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Bravery</font></b></i>. <b>taye</b> - brave; <b>rhavy</b> - valorous
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Weakness</font></b></i>. <b>cishitë</b> - weak / <b>malgeteme</b> - ineffectual, weak
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">tshur</font></b></i> fire --> <b>mëril</b> - fiery, bold, energetic
<blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Boldness</font></b></i><b>. pondre</b> - bold, audacious; <b>sankuse</b> - desperate, rash
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fierceness</font></b></i><b>. oge</b> - ferocious;<b> onumnë</b> - fierce; <b>büne</b> - violent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Energy</font></b></i>. <b>zhive</b> - lively, active / <b>dunetene</b> - energetic; <b>elil</b> - vigorous; <b>elirát</b> - vitality, liveliness
</blockquote>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">shalea</font></b></i> air --> <b>shaleme</b> - intellectual, unwordly, ivory-tower
<blockquote>
<p><i>Intelligent. <a href="#27">27. Razum (Mind)</a>
<p>Cultured. <a href="#57">57. Art and culture</a></i>
</blockquote>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="33">33. SOCIETY</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
Cadhinorian and Cuzeian philosophy both emphasized the community (<i>soa sora</i>), and elevated harmonious relations with others into a virtue (indeed, one word for 'virtue', <i>elut</i>, virtually means 'community'). There is somewhat more room for individuality in modern Verdurian thought, especially as the conflict between paganism and Eledhát has partially separated society from religion. However, terrestrial ideas of individualism, from hippies to Heinlein, would be considered frighteningly immoral by almost all Verdurians.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">General</font></b></i><b>. celzhene</b> - social;<b> munese</b> - civic, public;<b> sënzise</b> - social;<b> zhuca</b> - role, part
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Behavior</font></b></i>. <b>mör</b> - custom, way; <b>zet duisir</b> -<i> </i>behave; <b>zetduisi</b> - behavior
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Agenda</font></b></i><b>. blidhräm</b> - affairs, agenda;<b> blidhren</b> - be busy, occupy oneself with;<b> fasco</b> - business, affairs, occupation; <b>fascotene</b> - busy;<b> bistren</b> - bustle
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Routine</font></b></i>. <b>tutfascea</b> - routine;<b> melürec</b> - go on one's rounds;<b> sënza</b> - occupation, things to do; <b>zhese</b> - casual; <b>corëe</b> - formal
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Group</font></b></i>. <b>oligu</b> - group / <b>bort</b> - band, gang;<b> céshuash</b> - tribe; <b>clechura</b> - cabal; <b>naroda</b> - crowd, the masses; <b>sora</b> - community; <b>zhen</b> - people; <b>imlädan</b> - join<b>; </b><b>azhlädan</b> - disperse
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Association</font></b></i><b>. cunculë</b> - organization; <b>cumoterát</b> - fellowship; <b>cumbutát</b> - company; <b>cumonora</b> - league
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Togetherness</font></b></i><b>. anát</b> - union, unity
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Separateness</font></b></i>. <b>samlëce</b> - separate; <b>surreca</b> - solitude; <b>acotia</b> - sequestration
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Worldliness</font></b></i><b>. sënza</b> - human affairs, society;<b> rhonurul</b> - boorish, uncultured
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Worldly</font></b></i><b>. munénë</b> - worldly, adroit / <b>saláncë</b> - experienced, capable, jaded, cynical; <b>cumorge</b> - bitter, cynical, angry at the world;<b> hipcuraye</b> - jaded, cynical, world-weary;<b> sënzec</b> - worldly; busy with career or society;<b> dhuncöre</b> - misanthropic, uncharitable, disgusted with the world, mocking
<p>Egalitarianism is a new and still radical idea in Verdurian society; the overwhelming reality, generally sanctioned by religion and law, is of hierarchy-- great distinctions in wealth and power. Under traditional Cadhinorian thought, differences in rank correlate to differences in value. The gap between theory and practice was always evident, of course, but was taken as grounds to exhort nobles to live up to their class, rather than to abandon moral justifications for aristocracy. Cuzeian and Eledhe thought has always emphasized the equality of all ranks before God, and so does some modern Cadhinorian philosophy.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hierarchy</font></b></i>. <b>rän</b> - rank;<b> ränát</b> - hierarchy / <b>chunima</b> - emblem, arms
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Class</font></b></i><b>. </b> <b>ränora</b> - social class /<b> medro, melashtora</b> - nobility;<b> adhomát</b> - clergy; <b>lechen</b> - bourgeoisie (professionals, fine craftsmen, merchants);<b> shalemora</b> - intelligentsia (artists, scholars, clerics); <b>rhezhenát</b> - lower class (laborers, soldiers, shopkeepers, servants); <b>hutorát</b> - peasantry; <b>vechora</b> - rabble; <b>milyö</b> - criminals; <b>tenuora</b> - class of serfs
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Superiority</font></b></i><b>. irränë</b> - superior / <b>irtëse</b> - supreme;<b> chinecan</b> - run, manage, boss;<b> hozën</b> - steward, host, head of a household; <b>iresan</b> - control;<b> irlelen</b> - oversee; <b>mashir</b> - master; <b>ireste</b> - supreme
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Inferiority</font></b></i>. <b>deprosec</b> - subordinate, inferior / <b>colaprec</b> - assistant; <b>konsec</b> - advisor / <b>deprosan</b> - depend on, be subordinate to;<b> kadulolf</b> - brown-noser;<b> mësan</b> - serve, follow;<b> nizhny</b> - prone, subjected, unresisting; <b>promevec</b> - agent; <b>snucan</b> - serve; <b>utekec</b> - hanger-on
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Honorifics</font></b></i><b>. grazhenka</b> - Mrs., Miss;<b> grazhenom</b> - Mister;<b> osän</b> - master, tutor; <b>samnome</b> - anonymous;<b> sannei</b> - lady;<b> sanno</b> - lord; <b>shriftom</b> - doctor, professor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Servants</font></b></i><b>. snugá</b> - servant / <b>devhezec</b> - indentured servant; <b>fifachic</b> - personal attendant;<b> hipom</b> - underling;<b> ishnugá</b> - handmaid;<b> pretäro</b> - valet, manservant;<b> rhezhzhina</b> - maid; <b>voyul</b> - messenger / <b>tenu</b> - serf; <b>basom</b> - slave
<p><i>See also <a href="#42">42. Government</a></i>
<p><i>For Verdurian noble titles and families, see <a href="kingdom.htm#Noble">The Kingdom of Verduria</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="34">34. SOCIAL INTERACTION</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Friend</font></b></i><b>. druk</b> - friend / <b>belor</b> - intimate friend; <b>cumon</b> - ally;<b> cumyonom</b> - companion; <b>dobu</b> - guy, chap;<b> dvase</b> - alter ego; <b>ezhesom</b> - person from same town/neighborhood, homeboy; <b>rëcul</b> - acquaintance;<b> zevu, shida</b> - <i>slang </i>dude
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Friendship</font></b></i><b>. shatabi</b> - friendship / <b>colädan</b> - complement, get along;<b> cumlädan</b> - accompany;<b> girulen</b> - hang out with; <b>rëco</b> - acquantaince; <b>shatashir</b> - love as a friend
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Stranger</font></b></i><b>. rhoshriful</b> - stranger / <b>eprazho</b> - newcomer; <b>isezhesom</b> - outsider; <b>kanheu</b> - foreigner; <b>lacuec</b> - settler, immigrant; <b>óuand</b> - neighbor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Meeting</font></b></i><b>. rëcen</b> - meet / <b>cuesrëco</b> - introduction; <b>isuvát</b> - date, rendez-vous; <b>lezhiren</b> - wait for; <b>onlel</b> - meeting again;<b> onrëcen</b> - meet, get together;<b> pasetir</b> - visit; <b>kodan</b> - avoid
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hospitality</font></b></i>. <b>donculë</b> - hospitality / <b>cuero</b> - host;<b> hotu</b> - guest; <b>rëcora</b> - company, audience
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Activities</font></b></i>. <b>audec</b> - receive, host, put up; <b>dörmetan</b> - dismiss; <b>cuesrëcen</b> - introduce; <b>emayec</b> - greet; <b>midhen</b> - celebrate; <b>rurotá</b> - social error, faux pas; <b>zhesglashan</b> - invite
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Social grace</font></b></i><b>. belacát</b> - courtesy, chivalry; <b>bal</b> - tact; <b>baltene</b> - tactful; <b>prolesse</b> - charming
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Party</font></b></i><b>. culë</b> - gathering, reception / <b>chena</b> - dinner party; <b>fësho</b> - ball, dance;<b> izhprandora</b> - cocktail party; <b>midhë</b> - celebration
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Polite formulas</font></b></i><b>. dëkuir</b> - thank;<b> dobrezhanul</b>! welcome!
<p><i> See also <a href="refs.htm#convention">Conventional expressions</a> in the </i>Grammar
<p><b>INTERRELATIONSHIPS</b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Annoyance</font></b></i><b>. agasan</b> - annoy;<b> bobren</b> - embarass; <b>genir</b> - bother; <b>rhoadfere</b> - insupportable; <b>blidhrom</b> - a busybody; <b>litno</b> - pest, parasite; <b>zhoziser</b> - irritate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Benefit</font></b></i><b>. dobrefassec</b> - benefit / <b>alihar</b> - advantage; <b>benir</b> - bless;<b> colapren</b> - help; <b>iosul</b> - favor; <b> pleran</b> - please;<b> proven</b> - guide;<b> ravir</b> - delight / <b>mélnite</b> - thankful
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Care</font></b></i><b>. cumásuir</b> - nurse; care, care for;<b> flegan</b> - nurse;<b> hipcurec</b> - uphold, support; <b>orivuran</b> - care about; <b>ucörte</b> - precious
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Esteem</font></b></i><b>. lon</b> - honor, esteem / <b>ayurec</b> - idolize, worship, be devoted to; <b>brac</b> - glory; <b>capir</b> - revere; <b>ditavan</b> - like, appreciate; <b>dobrelóg</b> - reputation;<b> hiponto</b> - homage;<b> incurec</b> - impress;<b> yanir</b> - admire
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fame</font></b></i><b>. inclaë</b> - famous /<b> sfahul</b> - latest rage, celebrity; <b>rhoshriful</b> - unknown
<p><b>AMUSEMENT</b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Amusement</font></b></i><b>. rizuir</b> - amuse / <b>cotrhez</b> - hobby; <b> mísia</b> - fun;<b> ralenan</b> - entertain; <b>ridir</b> - laugh; <b>ridonec</b> - funny; <b> tëspitir</b> - carouse, revel; <b>zovec</b> - play
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Game</font></b></i><b>. shendu</b> - game /<b> bodhpila</b> - kickball, soccer; <b>bütî</b> - game resembling pétanque or bocce; <b>cä</b><b>s</b><b>elî</b> - wagering game; <b>chem</b> - card; <b>ecuni</b> - knights-and-kings; <b>eftäpu</b> - tag; <b>firusta</b> - maze; <b>geteta</b> - dice; <b>káshuek</b> - hide-and-seek; <b>kiel-e</b> - puzzle; <b>parë</b> - gamble, bet / <b>desisec</b> - opponent; <b>falek</b> - game piece; <b>hicet</b><i> </i>- score
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Toy</font></b></i>. <b>zhuë</b> - toy / <b>brub</b> - block; <b>duta</b> - doll; <b>glispava</b> - sled; <b>letusok</b> - kite; <b>pavonka</b> - toy wagon; <b>pilke</b> - ball; <b>sëvo</b> - puppet; <b>tiplok</b> - hobbyhorse
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sport</font></b></i>. <b>lätát</b> - athletics; <b>sirhcura</b> - tournament, bout / <b>celäu</b> - sword-fighting; <b>cirabectia</b> - gymnastics; <b>cupi</b> - boxing; <b>dhiec</b> - racing; <b>luria</b> - wrestling; <b>nuotu</b> - swimming; <b>shishát</b> - archery / <b>irzoväm</b> - prize
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Clown</font></b></i><b>. rhulo</b> - clown; <b>usuku</b> - jester
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Celebration</font></b></i><b>. midhë</b> - celebration; <b>vlesta</b> - fair, festival, market
<p><i>Joke. <a href="#58">58. Speech</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="35">35. MORALITY</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
Cuzeian thought distinguished between harmonious community life and inner godliness; Cadhinorian though similarly distinguishes between <i>elut</i> and <i>seorát</i>. This opens up the possibility of having one set of virtues but not the other; in medieval times, the Empire fallen, chaos reigning, hermits, mendicant prophets, and other unsocial apostles of <i>seorát</i> were highly respected. In modern as in ancient times, one is expected to follow both codes. Unlike in ancient times, however, there is a recognition of the conventional nature of at least some part of <i>elut</i> or social virtue; the modern teaching is that one should live (and believe) in the way one's society expects, which may not be how other societies work. This does not mean that morality is relative; Verdurians would still consider almost all moral rules as objectively right, god-given, and recognized inherently by the <i>itian</i>.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Virtue</font></b></i><b>. aelutrát</b> - virtue, righteousness /<b> adhán</b> - both <i>elut</i> and <i>seor</i>; <b>chiste</b> - pure; <b>elut</b> - lawfulness, fair play; <b>seor</b> - clean, moral; <b>tau</b> - the moral code
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Justice</font></b></i><b>. raf</b> - just / <b>olute</b> - fair;<b> räfes</b> - just, right, sane, satisyingly true; <b>agazhë</b> - involved, active, outraged / <b>olotrazhec</b> - deserve, rate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Innocence</font></b></i><b>. sanchuce</b> - innocent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Forgiveness</font></b></i>. <b>dhiloran</b> - forgive, pardon
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Duty</font></b></i><b>. sfay</b> - duty / <b>curesát</b> - responsibility; <b>lachan</b> - ought, must, should;<b> hozënát</b> - trust, stewardship, duty; <b>sfaise</b> - dutiful
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Humility</font></b></i><b>. smire</b> - humble, simple; <b>zettihy</b> - modest
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Abstinence</font></b></i><b>. zetcuro</b> - abstinence / <b>meremát</b> - moderation; <b>scustebrát</b> - mortification / <b>imseoran</b> - purify
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Trustworthiness</font></b></i>. <b>orest</b> - true, loyal / <b>cepele</b> - loyal, faithful, chaste; <b>cunësan</b> - trust;<b> </b><b>gucöreca</b> - integrity; <b>lelesë</b> - faithful, believable; <b>lonse</b> - honorable; <b>oticunëse</b> - trustworthy; <b>virny</b> - loyal
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Truthfulness</font></b></i>. <b>prade</b> - honest
<p><i>See also <a href="#55">55. Religion</a>; and see <a href="beliefs.htm">Almean Belief Systems</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="36">36. SIN</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Wickedness</font></b></i><b>. chelt</b> - evil / <b>cainesh</b> - inhuman, triumphantly evil; <b>krofse</b> - cruel; <b>mochát</b> - corruption; <b>prige</b> - vicious, immoral, nasty; <b>rhoseor</b> - dirty, impure; <b>samveadhe</b> - uncharitable, loveless; <b>socole</b> - rogue; <b>sramdonec</b> - shameful; <b>zuchuyse</b> - perverse, unnatural; <b>zut</b> - wicked
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Temptation</font></b></i>. <b>iskusha</b> - temptation / <b>immochir</b> - corrupt, lead into vice; <b>detombe</b> - decadent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sin</font></b></i>. <b>deväm</b> - sin / <b>prigy</b> - vice; <b>travët</b> - crime
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Confession</font></b></i>. <b>zet kazec</b> confess, admit / <b>rodher</b> - excuse
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Shame</font></b></i><b>. sram</b> - shame / <b>bobrul</b> - embarassed; <b>lukul</b> - guilty
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ill repute</font></b></i>. <b>mallog</b> - disrepute / <b>akolotë</b> - dislike, disdain; <b>dis</b> - hate;<b> anusheo</b> - loathing; <b>mallon</b> - dishonor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Maliciousness</font></b></i><b>. akzhény</b> - malicious, mean; <b>atüchy</b> - rascal; <b>comlefe</b> - wolfish, malicious; <b>chivicole</b> - sadistic; <b>chuch</b> - bastard, asshole; <b>durnil</b> - malign, pernicious, virulent; <b>eshro</b> - bully; <b>köby</b> - mean; <b>pavichan</b> - petty; <b>samiose</b> - merciless; <b>samsrame</b> - shameless, scoundrel; <b>sferil</b> - brutal
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Pride</font></b></i><b>. orgöl</b> - pride /<b> sannanke</b> - arrogant; <b>zetbracse</b> - vain, conceited, full of oneself; <b>zetmeyec</b> - selfish / <b>zet raconter</b> - brag, boast
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Envy</font></b></i><b>. izziëcse</b> - jealous /<b> vuläde</b> - ambitious
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sloth</font></b></i>. <b>pigre</b> - lazy / <b>cämec</b> - be idle; <b>cishcöre</b> - apathetic, lacking will, slothful; <b>fazis</b> - deadbeat; <b>härom</b> - slowpoke; <b>samvoloe</b> - apathetic, uncaring; <b>zetzol</b> - stubborn
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Greed</font></b></i>. <b>kunvule</b> - greedy / <b>hundusil</b> - materialistic, worldly; <b>bizhno</b> - upstart; <b>puye</b> - upstart, bold, elbowing; <b>zueme</b> - gluttonous
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Falseness</font></b></i><b>. fsiy</b> - false, disloyal / <b>maldobre</b> - hypocritical; <b>mauprade</b> - dishonest; <b>rhocepele</b> - unfaithful; <b>sangucöre</b> - corrupt, unprincipled; <b>dhuvësäm</b> - not to be trusted
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Betrayal</font></b></i>. <b>trair</b> - betray; <b>sosir</b> - rat, squeal
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Deception</font></b></i><b>. fsiduisir</b> - deceive /<b> sytenec</b> - hold back, retain, hold out; <b>tromir</b> - fool; <b>zamben</b> - feign, pretend, ape
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Trick</font></b></i><b>. áiochak</b> - trap;<b> zhou</b> - trick
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Fraud</font></b></i>. <b>izziëcen</b> - deprive, defraud / <b>imchuzen</b> - screw, rip off
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Injustice</font></b></i><b>. gazhë</b> - unjust, oppressive / <b>akrafne</b> - unfair<i></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Theft</font></b></i><b>. velen</b> - steal / <b>akprenan</b> - rob (take with violence); <b>deprenan</b> - steal, remove; <b>dochuven</b> - pilfer; <b>imumbrir</b> - steal (at night or surreptitiously) / <b>kaltén</b> - thief; <b>maticom</b> - pickpocket; <b>urulec</b> - footpad, sneak
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Organized crime</font></b></i><b>. milyö</b> - underground / <b>bort</b> - gang; <b>bortom</b> - bandit, gangster; <b>rhusiom</b> - thug; <b>zëbortom</b> - buccanneer; <b>zëcuchom</b> - pirate / <b>finta</b> - boss, capo
<p><i>See also <a href="#45">45. Money</a>, <a href="#41">41. Sex</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="37">37. CONFLICT</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">General</font></b></i><b>. sirhan</b> - fight /<b> celshir</b> - competition; <b>cuchec</b> - attack; <b>vrarhe</b> - hostile; <b>dhuvëse</b> - suspicious, mistrustful
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Bodily fight</font></b></i>. <b>cupan</b> - box, fight; <b>luren</b> - wrestle
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Guard</font></b></i><b>. hezhan</b> - guard / <b>akezhan</b> - protect;<b> cumbrigan</b> - defend;<b> zhoren</b> - secure, make safe
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Resistance</font></b></i><b>. aklädan</b> - resist / <b>adisan</b> - reject;<b> agechir</b> - refuse, waive;<b> desisir</b> - oppose, contradict; <b>azhbrugiven</b> - dodge
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Blow</font></b></i><b>. badhir</b> - hit / <b>atikan</b> - sting;<b> bodhan</b> - kick;<b> cup </b>- blow;<b> cyager</b> - flog; <b>gunchec</b> - bump; <b> imvalitan</b> - knock down;<b> kdhuzec</b> - stab;<b> pafan</b> - swat;<b> neletan</b> - pounce;<b> sytäven</b> - strike against;<b> täven</b> - strike
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Win</font></b></i><b>. irzovec</b> - win / <b>bufan</b> - beat;<b> ceshtan</b> - overthrow; <b>imnizhnyen</b> - overpower, force to submit; <b>akpuyan</b> - repel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Lose</font></b></i><b>. eshuir</b> - lose /<b> izbanen</b> - mismanage, screw up;<b> spurir</b> - give up
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Harm</font></b></i><b>. dhevan</b> - harm / <b>shutkrof</b> - bloodshed;<b> vazhir</b> - hurt, wound; <b>opfë</b> - victim; <b>soclezir</b> - torture
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Kill</font></b></i><b>. kekan</b>- kill / <b>igozhen</b> - slaughter; <b>shezhuven</b> - strangle /<b> kekom</b> - assassin
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Revenge</font></b></i><b>. nizener</b> - avenge; <b>disnurir</b> - resent
<p><i>Pursuit, escape: <a href="#12">12. Movement</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Discord</font></b></i><b>. malcoli</b> - discord; <b>findise</b> - divisive; <b>neletse</b> - aggressive; <b>zhicocole</b> - quarrelsome
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbal conflict</font></b></i>. <b>etasosir</b> - gossip; <b>etertotan</b> - argue;<b> gromnec</b> - threaten;<b> kazec</b> - accuse;<b> ocorbir</b> - insult; <b>zicuan</b> - mock;<b> zizigesa</b> - intrigue;<b> zhicoir</b> - dispute, quarrel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Outside involvement</font></b></i><b>. vanan</b> - align, side with;<b> rhovanesa</b> - neutrality; <b>celzhanen</b> - intervene; <b>propreser</b> - intercede; <b>onshatashir</b> - reconcile
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="38">38. WAR </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">War</font></b></i>. <b>belgo</b> - war / <b>pé</b> - peace / <b>takna</b> - battle; <b>brigan</b> - fight a war, engage; <b>incuchec</b> - invade; <b>irteker</b> - rebel; <b>savakan</b> - spy (on); <b>vencir</b> - conquer; <b>krichen iosun</b> -<i> </i>surrender; <b>melis</b> - tactics; <b>propuyo</b> - campaign; <b>hizhena </b>- front
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Army</font></b></i>. <b>falata</b> - army / <b>mily</b> - legion; <b>taknosh</b> - battalion; <b>navirora</b> - navy; <b>vrakora</b> - host, opposing army; <b>shualcot</b> - cavalry; <b>nagacot</b> - infantry / <b>cletana</b> - military academy; <b>cumshadom</b> - escort; <b>gechom</b> - vanguard
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Places</font></b></i>. <b>rhuk</b>- castle; <b>caln</b> - fortress; <b>keshnáe</b> - camp; <b>shofkeshnáe</b> - headquarters
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Soldier</font></b></i><b>. voyak</b> - soldier/ <b>haleza</b> - xaleza;<b> sabelgom</b> - veteran;<b> redhreul</b> - desk officer, aide; <b>sanci</b> - new recruit / <b>vrak</b> - enemy; <b>belaca platula</b> - mercenary / <b>raumen</b> - insignia
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Spoils</font></b></i><b>. goler</b> - loot; <b>graven</b> - pillage, plunder; <b>mat</b> - capture, seizure;<b> stupen</b> - rape, despoil
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verdurian military ranks</font></b></i>.
<p> The <b>Redhreo i Belgo</b> (Minister of War) in the King's Council is the commander of all Verdurian armed forces, responsible only to the King. By contrast with the American system, this position is filled by an army officer.
<p> There are usually several <b>belgsannoi</b> (generals) commissioned at one time; during wartime the generals in one theater of war may be subordinate to one <b>shofe belgsanno</b>.
<p> The Verdurian navy is a division of the army, so that a <b>culso</b> normally is subordinate to a <b>belgsanno</b>.
<table>
<tr><td><b><i><font color="#002080">Army</font></b></i> <td><td><b><i><font color="#002080">Navy</font></b></i></tr>
<tr><td><b>belgsanno</b> <td>general </tr>
<tr><td><b>cefsanno</b> <td>castle commander <td><b>culso</b> <td>commodore (fleet commander)</tr>
<tr><td><b> chedeshro</b> <td>colonel <td><b>nabro</b> <td>captain (ship commander)</tr>
<tr><td><b>alchiro</b> <td>major</tr>
<tr><td><b>shiro</b> <td>lieutenant <td><b>shiro</b><td>lieutenant</tr>
<tr><td><b>kobom</b> <td>sergeant <td><b>kobom</b> <td>ensign</tr>
<tr><td><b>voyak</b> <td>common soldier <td><b>azurom</b> <td>common sailor</tr>
</table>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="39">39. LOVE AND MARRIAGE </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Love</font></b></i><b>. lübor</b> - love / <b>luzhura</b> - affection, family feeling;<b> lübor</b> - romantic love; <b>rasfolzhe</b> - affection; <b>shatabi</b> - friendship; <b>veadha</b> - charity, <i>agape: </i>; <b>zetshatabi </b>- self-love; <b>eshinyát</b> - lovingkindness
<p><i>Desire: <a href="#41">41. Sex</a></i>
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Gender</font></b></i><b>. muatëra</b> - sex (half of race) / <b>ser</b> - male; <b>zhonë</b> - female
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Beauty</font></b></i><b>. beluán</b> - beautiful / <b>shön</b> - handsome, pretty;<b> minyón</b> - cute;<b> rezhne</b> - fair, pretty;<b> zhaye</b> - foxy, a knockout; <b>zhnea</b> - attractiveness / <b>eyuren</b> - adorn
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ugliness</font></b></i>. <b>ezhcud</b> - ugly / <b>dhëse</b> - homely, plain; <b>dhunmishekse</b> - extremely ugly; <b>fäbshue</b> - tacky; <b>okronte</b> - hideous; <b>rhoshön</b> - unattractive
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Romance</font></b></i><b>. fsora</b> - romance /<b> fsorora</b> - relationship, affair;<b> piflec</b> - flirt, coquette;<b> pifler</b> - flirt; <b>piflora</b> - crush, flirtation; <b>luzhure</b> - affectionate;<b> manoricole</b> - affectionate / <b>esyule</b> - dear
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Lover</font></b></i>. <b>besyun</b> - lover, boyfriend; <b>besya</b> - lover, girlfriend
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Engagement</font></b></i>. <b>celftena</b> - engagement; <b>nosäm</b> - engaged / <b>cumeliräm</b> - fiancé; <b>marileshel</b> - bride-price
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Wedding</font></b></i>. <b>nos</b> - wedding;<b> nosnochy</b> - honeymoon / <b>lebmaris</b> - groom; <b>lebmare</b> - bride; <b>zur</b> - benediction / <b>velashir</b> - elope
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Marriage</font></b></i><b>. marian</b> - marry;<b> marisa</b> - marriage / <b>maris</b> - husband; <b>cira</b>, <b>mare</b> - wife<b> </b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Divorce</font></b></i>. <b>adis</b> - divorce;<b> trancören</b> - divorce (v.)
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="40">40. FAMILY </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Family</font></b></i>. <b>zhenát</b> - family / <b>kuzulora</b> - extended family; <b>tagia</b> - clan, dynasty; <b>zhenatom</b> - relative
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ancestry</font></b></i><b>. anëdec</b> - descendant;<b> anëdul</b> - ancestor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Children</font></b></i><b>. imfát</b> - child; <b>sefo</b> - boy; <b>zhina</b> - girl; <b>ane</b> - eldest;<b> dvanes, zhemna</b> - twin; <b>pidha</b> - baby
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Status</font></b></i>. <b>ammedh</b> - eldest child, heir;<b> pernese</b> - firstborn; <b>ismarise</b> - legitimate; <b>cogul</b> - illegitimate, bastard; <b>sampire</b> - orphan (without parents); <b>sanzhenate</b> - without a family; <b>onaudec</b> - adopt
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i><b>. kedhen</b> - bear children; <b>lememan</b> - beget; <b>meyan</b> - spoil; <b>nurir</b> - rear
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Name</font></b></i>. <b>nom</b> - given name; <b>pirei</b> - patronymic; <b>zhenata</b> - family name; <b>nomako</b> - nickname
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Parents</font></b></i><b>. ani</b> - parent / <b>piro</b> - father; <b>mira</b> - mother, <b>mima</b> - mommy, mama
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Grandparents</font></b></i>. <b>avo</b> - grandfather; <b>ava</b> - grandmother / <b>predavo/a</b> -<i> </i>great-grandfather (mother) /<b> avulo/a</b> - great-uncle (aunt) /<b> onavulo/a</b> - great-uncle's son (daughter)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Children</font></b></i>. <b>medh </b>- son; <b>meca</b> - daughter
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Grandchildren</font></b></i>. <b>nepo</b> - grandson; <b>nepa</b> - granddaughter /<b> onnepo/a</b> - great-grandson (daughter)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Siblings</font></b></i>. <b>baradhu</b> - brother; <b>sädra</b> - sister
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Nephews</font></b></i>. <b>nemo</b> - nephew; <b>nema</b> - niece /<b> onnemo/a</b> - nephew's son (daughter)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Uncles and aunts</font></b></i>. <b>vlay</b> - uncle;<b> vlaya</b> - aunt
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Cousins.</font></b></i> <b>kuzo/a</b> - cousin;<b> kuzulo/a</b> - second (or more distant) cousin / <b>onkuzo/a</b> - cousin's son (daughter) /<b> onkuzulo/a</b> - second cousin's son (daughter)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">In-laws</font></b></i>. <b> bola</b> - an in-law / <b>nora</b> - daughter-in-law;<b> süra</b> - mother-in-law; <b>ulëc</b> - brother-in-law<b>
</b>
<p>See the <i>Grammar of Verdurian, </i><a href="refs.htm#kinship">Kinship terms</a>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="41">41. SEX </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
Note: Terms marked with an asterisk (*) imply a demeaning view of women or of the sexual act, and should be used with caution.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Have sex</font></b></i><b>. rashir</b>, <b>cumnuven</b>, <i>genteelisms</i><b> cumlübec</b>, <b>pasetir</b>, <b>lübec im nuven</b>, <b>mifan/prenan paktrogulam</b>, <i>colloquial</i> <b>tocan</b>, <b>risdan</b>, <b>sevan nilna</b>*, <i>slang </i><b>shuten</b> <b>sur</b>*, <b>sishen</b>*, <b>trichec</b>*, <i>obscene</i> <b>futruir</b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Intercourse</font></b></i><b>. rasha</b>, <i>genteelism</i> <b>lübor sirise</b>, <i>slang </i><b>toc</b>, <b>sish</b>*, <b>tricho</b>* - sexual intercourse; <b>ispuyan</b>, <i>slang </i><b>gobachir</b> - ejaculate; <b>tosceio</b> - orgasm
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Have oral sex</font></b></i><b>. tezhrashir</b>, <i>slang </i><b>shuyan</b>, <b>tezhktüec</b>, <i>obscene</i> <b>polfutruir</b>*
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Foreplay</font></b></i><b>. izhovi</b> - foreplay; / <b>acotura</b> - seduction; <b>dochatir</b> - excite with the fingers; <b>levatir</b>, <i>slang </i><b>labir</b> - kiss; <b>manoren</b> - caress; <b>paluen</b> - fondle; <b>porocesen</b> - massage; <b>yezhluran</b> - stimulate, arouse; <b>zetrogulo</b> - masturbation; <b>dhumpalel</b> - lesbian lovemaking (not considered sinful in a heterosexual)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Desire</font></b></i>. <b>idureo</b> - desire / <b>dyuzh</b> - lust; <b>dhorina</b> - passion; <b>lübotene</b> - passionate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Woman</font></b></i>. <b>redelcë</b>, <i>slang </i><b>rhédë</b>, <i>obscene</i> <b>riasni</b>*, <b>kaduloma</b>*, <b>baco</b>*, <b>cruy</b>*, <b>kuda</b>*, <b>sishkuda</b>* - woman; <b>frälina</b>, <i>slang </i><b>zhina</b>, <b>tilka</b>, <b>koshka</b>, <b>nilne</b>* - young woman, girl; <b>cirula</b> - the little woman, my old lady; <b>fodro</b>* - bitch; <b>ryotka</b>* - frigid, unwilling to put out; <b>rhovoitula</b> - virgin; <b>rhuzë</b> - chesty, bosomy; <b>sevnilna</b> - easy girl, tramp;<b> zhaye</b>, <b>luana</b> - fox, looker
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Breasts</font></b></i>. <b>limura</b>, <i>slang </i><b>gara</b>, <b>narnë</b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Vagina</font></b></i>. <b>shagati</b>, <b>vlagishe</b>, <i>slang </i><b>alcalë</b>, <b>ánselcud</b>, <b>kuda</b>*, <i>obscene</i> <b>baco</b>*, <b>cruy</b>*, <b>sishkuda</b>*
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Penis</font></b></i>. <b>frond</b>; <i>slang </i><b>urk</b>, <b>tecai</b>, <b>prozec</b>, <b>leta</b>*, <b>pro</b>*, <i>obscene</i> <b>gob</b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Reproduction</font></b></i><b>. lememát</b> - reproduction / <b>ilëgárda</b>, <b>zhonkrof</b>, <i>slang </i><b>dvazhoc</b> - menstruation; <b>ris</b> - sperm; <b>risora</b> - semen; <b>huvon</b> - egg; <b>leblirát</b> - conception; <b>risdan</b>, <i>slang </i><b>cundrozhir</b> - impregnate; <b>nasitát</b> - pregnancy; <i>slang </i><b>rälec</b>,<b> tabosáshe</b>, <b>cundrozhul</b>* - pregnant; <b>nes</b> - birth; <b>malnesan</b> - miscarry, abort
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Prostitution</font></b></i>. <b>salui</b>, slang <b>lescoma</b>, <b>guya</b>, <b>proletka</b> - prostitute; <b>ketuom</b>, slang <b>leful</b> - pimp; <b>ketuoma</b> - madam; <b>ketu</b>, slang <b>saluyora</b> - brothel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Forbidden fruits</font></b></i>. <b> mallübor</b> - sexual immorality / <b>acoturom</b> - seducer; <b>berana</b> - harem; <b>beranë</b> - concubine; <b>cogia</b> - adultery; <b>deníe</b>,<b> </b><i>obscene</i><b> foirachul</b> - homosexual male; <b>dyuzh</b> - lust;<b> kadutocan</b>, <i>obscene</i><b> foirachir</b> - have anal sex; <b>kazhina</b> - mistress; <b>kechezhil</b> - pornography; <b>malamórë</b> - lustful, perverse; <b>nilnura</b> - womanizing; <b>pizarda</b> - desire for children or icëlanî; <b>pleronáe</b> - pleasure dome; <b>pona</b> - homosexual, mannish woman; <b>lufe, suin</b> - loose; <b>rhocepele</b> - unfaithful; <b>stupen</b> - rape; <b>tëspler</b> - orgy; <b>zuchuy </b>- perversion
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other terms</font></b></i><b>. lue</b> - voluptuous;<b> lübise</b> - erotic, sexual, romantic;<b> paktrogulo</b> - sexual intimacy or favor;<b> plero</b> - sensual pleasure;<b> rashe</b> - sexual
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="42">42. GOVERNMENT </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Royalty</font></b></i>. <b>atabo</b>, <b>elordalu</b> - emperor; <b>dalu</b> - king;<b> elrei</b> - queen; <b>sazë</b> - prince; <b>saza</b> - princess; <b>dalu maris</b> - king consort; <b>elrei mare</b> - queen consort
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Noble titles and estates</font></b></i>.
<p> As used in Verduria and most other countries in the Plain.
<table>
<tr><td><b>dalu</b> <td>king <td><b>dálua</b> <td>kingdom</tr>
<tr><td><b>shoh</b> <td>duke <td><b>shohy</b> <td>duchy</tr>
<tr><td><b>surcont</b> <td>marquis <td><b>surcontana</b> <td>marquisate</tr>
<tr><td><b>cont</b> <td>count, earl <td><b>contana</b> <td>county</tr>
<tr><td><b>hipcont</b> <td>viscount <td><b>hipcontana</b> <td>viscountcy</tr>
<tr><td><b>beom</b> <td>baron <td><b>beomana</b> <td>barony</tr>
<tr><td><b>beomul</b> <td>baronet (honorary)</tr>
<tr><td><b>shaden</b> <td>knight</tr>
</table>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Civil titles and jurisdictions</font></b></i>
<p> In Verduria noble estates are subject to the civil authorities, with the partial exception of <i>shohî</i> and <i>surcontanî,</i> which belong to a given <i>fetöra</i> but not to a <i>shana</i>. <i>Mazhtanî</i> (cities) are also not considered part of a <i>shana</i>.
<table>
<tr><td><b>dalu</b> <td>king <td><b>dálua</b> <td>kingdom</tr>
<tr><td><b>sazhuro</b> <td>governor <td><b>fetöra</b> <td>province</tr>
<tr><td><b>esar</b> <td>prefect <td><b>shana</b> <td>district</tr>
<tr><td><b>rhivo</b> <td>mayor <td><b>mazhtana</b> <td>city</tr>
<tr><td><b>kesharo</b> <td>steward <td><b>keshana</b> <td>borough</tr>
<tr><td><b>aldhoro</b> <td>village chief <td><b>aldea</b> <td>village</tr>
</table>
<p><i> Verdurian military hierarchy: <a href="#38">38. War</a></i>
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ancient Cadhinorian hierarchy</font></b></i>
<p> The Cadhinor titles are also given, as well as a numerical rank to tie the various hierarchies together. The Verdurian equivalents are used not only for the writing of history, but in certain legal contexts; some of them are even current in some parts of the Plain.
<table>
<tr><td>1 <td>ATRABEI <td><b>elordalu</b> <td>emperor <td>ATRABANTOS <td><b>eloria</b> <td>empire</tr>
<tr><td>2 <td>DALU <td><b>sazë</b> <td>prince <td>NAIUNOS <td><b>nazh</b> <td>realm </tr>
<tr><td>3 <td>SCOKHOS <td><b>sazhuro</b> <td>governor <td>PETHUERA <td><b>sazhuna</b> <td>division</tr>
<tr><td>4 <td>ESARKH <td><b>esar</b> <td>prefect <td>SCANNA <td><b>shana</b> <td>district</tr>
<tr><td>5 <td>COMITOS <td><b>comit</b> <td>count <td>COMITANDA <td><b>comitana</b> <td>county</tr>
<tr><td>6 <td>DUSORION <td><b>altom</b> <td>headman <td>PAGOS <td><b>pag</b> <td>rural district</tr>
<tr><td><td><b><i><font color="#002080"> Urban</font></b></i></tr>
<tr><td>2 <td>SANNO <td><b>sanno</b> <td>lord <td>SATRANDA <td><b>mazhtana satrë</b> <td>free city</tr>
<tr><td>5 <td>AMARUOS <td><b>rhivo</b> <td>mayor <td>MACTANA <td><b>mazhtana</b> <td>city</tr>
<tr><td>6 <td>KESCARION <td><b>kesharo</b> <td>steward <td>KESCANDA <td><b>keshana</b> <td>city borough</tr>
<tr><td>6 <td>BANLORION <td><b>loryo</b> <td>overseer <td>KESUIE <td><b>kesuë</b> <td>lands (about a city)</tr>
<tr><td>6 <td>DUSORION <td><b>altom</b> <td>headman <td>CUMUNDA <td><b>cumuna</b> <td>town</tr>
<tr><td>6 <td>ALATHORION <td><b>aldhoro</b> <td>elder <td>ALADEIA <td><b>aldea</b> <td>village</tr>
<tr><td><td><b><i><font color="#002080"> Military</font></b></i></tr>
<tr><td>3 <td>SAIURION <td><b>sazhuro</b> <td>governor <td>SAIUNDA <td><b>sazhuna</b> <td>division</tr>
<tr><td>4 <td>ESARKH <td><b>esar</b> <td>prefect <td>SCANNA <td><b>shana</b> <td>district</tr>
<tr><td>5 <td>CALENORION <td><b>cefsanno</b> <td>warlord <td>CALENOS <td><b>caln</b> <td>fortress</tr>
</table>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other leaders</font></b></i>. <b>altom</b> - leader / <b>anor</b> - elder; <b>burom</b> - officer; <b>chinek</b> - boss; <b>loryo</b> - overseer; <b>shofom</b> - chief; <b>altu </b>- tyrant; <b>gintrovelec</b> - usurper
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Regions</font></b></i><b>. cunnazh</b> - confederacy; <b>eshcontana</b> - grand county; <b>imletuen</b> - precinct, grounds; <b>nazh</b> - state, realm (focus on legal jurisdiction); <b>pázhian</b> - land (focus on area); <b>pironáe</b> - fatherland; <b>scuri</b> - country (focus on community); <b>stal</b> - seat (land within an estate pertaining to the chief lord, not a vassal); <b>kesuë</b> - land attached to a noble or religious post, generally administered by a <b>loryo</b>; <b>grannáe</b> - borderland
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Govern</font></b></i><b>. rhusec</b> - govern / <b>duisir</b> - lead;<b> nachal</b> - rule;<b> rhucor</b> - government; <b>lunuran</b> - appoint;<b> denomen</b> - dismiss; <b>ranát</b> - bureaucracy, the establishment; <b>lunureo</b> - department
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Rule</font></b></i><b>. nazhan</b> - rule, reign / <b>dallengát</b> - reign; <b>imalten</b> - accede;<b> imameto</b> - investiture;<b> indaluát</b> - coronation; <b>satre</b> - sovereign; <b>tengintro</b> - dynasty;<b> velgintro</b> - usurpation
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Institutions</font></b></i><b>. Biyetora</b> - Assembly empowered to elect a king;<b> Eschambra</b> - the Verdurian Parliament;<b> Konselora</b> - King's Council; <b>Kunasha</b> - the Treasury; <b>Mazhtane Kal</b> - City Forum;<b> nazhdenë</b> - state messenger service; <b>mazhtansäte</b> - town hall; <b> redhreo</b> - ministry; <b>sheíra</b> - palace;<b> shofmazhtana</b> - capital
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Politics</font></b></i><b>. guézzovi</b> - politics / <b>crivogués </b>- bureaucracy; <b>cummev</b> - collective action; <b>chambra</b> - council;<b> gués</b> - power; <b>ledhul</b> - representative /<b> dëguran</b> - negotiate; <b>guézzovir</b> - enter into politics; <b>ziziger</b> - intrigue
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Parties</font></b></i>. <b>fako</b> - political party / <b>bomrhanec</b> - conservative; <b>imräfë</b> - progressive; <b>oligom</b>, <b>sëoligom</b> - partisan, supporter;<b> Desisec Fako</b> - the Opposition;<b> oligu</b> - faction, clique;<b> cumonora</b> - league
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Votes</font></b></i><b>. elusir</b> - vote / <b>biyeta</b>- royal vote;<b> debiyetan</b> - remove from the electorship; <b>tësvuáë</b> - unanimous
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Foreign affairs</font></b></i><b>. ruscurë</b> - foreign / <b>bocteica</b> - diplomacy; <b>boctura</b> - tribute; <b>gran</b> - border; <b>dalom</b> - ambassador;<b> hipdalom</b> - consul; <b>kanheu</b> - outlander; <b>mevel</b> - treaty; <b>prezuden</b> - passport
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Symbols</font></b></i><b>. cistila</b> - crown;<b> corë</b> - court; <b>gintro</b> - sash of office;<b> yesta</b> - throne;<b> znura</b> - flag, banner
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Types</font></b></i><b>. burogués</b> - bureaucracy; <b>dálugues</b> - monarchy; <b>elusigués</b>, <b>sandálua</b> - republic;<b> meláshtegues</b> - aristocracy;<b> oligugués</b> - oligarchy;<b> zhéngues</b> - democracy
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="43">43. NATIONALITIES </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>rhusulát </b>- civilization
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">The Plain</font></b></i><b>. barahine</b> - Barakhuni; <b>benécy</b> - Benecian; <b>caizure</b> - Caizuran; <b>coriy</b> - Curiyan; <b>cunnazhise</b> - Svetlan; <b>ismaë</b> - Ismaîn; <b>kachan</b> - Kachanzan; <b>kebrén</b> - Kebreni; <b>mutkünise</b> - Mútküni; <b>obenzaye</b> - Obenzayan; <b>verdúry</b> - Verdurian
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ancient times</font></b></i>. <b>cadhin</b> - Cadhinorian; <b>cuzeë</b> - Cuzeian; <b>ül muhnar</b> - Monkhayic; <b>munkeashise</b> - Munkhâshi; <b>sarilo</b> - Easterner
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Barbarians</font></b></i>. <b>malsfaom</b> - barbarian; <b>iovu</b> - nomad / <b>rudom</b> - hunter/gatherer; <b>eluyemakshy</b> - Eluye-Makshi; <b>rafsany</b> - Rafsani; <b>zanuy</b> - Zanui
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Outside the plain</font></b></i>. <b>ahuene</b> - Xurnese; <b>belshaine</b> - of Belshai; <b>dhekname</b> - Dhekhnami; <b>karaum</b> - Qarau; <b>lenanë</b> - Lenani; <b>muhnar</b> - Monkhayu; <b>nanilo</b> - Nanese (n.); <b>odaivun</b> - from O-Dayevu; <b>rhanore</b> - Rhânori; <b>sarnar</b> - Sarnaean; <b>shurë</b> - Skourene
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Races</font></b></i>. <b>falom</b> - white man; <b>taëse</b> - relating to the Taëse (eastern Ereláean) race
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Eledhe</font></b></i>. <b>ebrene</b> - Jewish; <b>elenike</b> - Greek
<p><i>Other intelligent races</i>: <a href="#19">19. Animals</a>
<p><i>See also</i>: <a href="almea.htm">Cultures of Almea</a>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="44">44. LAW</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Law</font></b></i><b>. amrab</b> - law /<b> cadeo</b> - commandment; <b>cazo</b> - law, legal act; <b>clidhel</b> - statute, rule; <b>coamrab</b> - privilege; <b>mör</b> - protocol;<b> dalumize</b> - official, standard; <b>retec</b> - standard; <b>zhoren</b> - guarantee / <b>rhoamrabe</b> - illegal; <b>desaten</b> - abolish
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Authority</font></b></i>. <b>droë</b> - right, power, authority; <b>nachalát</b> - authority, rule
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Status</font></b></i><b>. amrabise</b> - de jure; <b>guésise</b> - de facto;<b> nomise</b> - nominal; <b>pázhiom</b> - citizen; <b>munese</b> - public; <b>ziëcse</b> - private
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Person</font></b></i>. <b>ctel</b> - person, party; <b>uom</b> - party, individual
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Trial</font></b></i>. <b>lichy</b> - lawsuit, trial / <b>asha</b> - session; <b>sud</b> - court / <b>voitec lichín</b> - sue; <b>orivan lichim</b> - appeal; <b>prosfahen</b> - represent; <b>málemel </b>- complaint; <b>malemiles</b> - plaintiff
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Enforcement</font></b></i><b>. cilu</b> - police, guardsmen;<b> keshuen</b> - arrest
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Accusation</font></b></i><b>. kazec</b> - accuse; <b>culpir</b> - blame; <b>bäzec</b> - claim
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Confession</font></b></i>. <b>zet kazec</b> confess, admit; <b>rodher</b> - excuse
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Judgement</font></b></i><b>. celëtir</b> - judge, discern /<b> curien</b> - deliberate, consider; <b>nomen</b> - deem; <b>ovnel</b> - judgment; <b>sudir</b> - judge, condemn; <b>sudiel</b> - decision, sentence
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Guilt</font></b></i><b>. sanchucesa</b> - innocence / <b>lukul</b> - guilty; <b>sanchuce</b> - innocent
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Punishment</font></b></i><b>. skazia</b> - punishment / <b>kozuir</b> - cast out, exile; <b>sudir</b> - condemn; <b>skazir</b> - punish /<b> gécul</b> - dungeon; <b>tyurma</b> - prison<b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Obedience</font></b></i>. <b>imuran</b> - obey; <b>urokeshen</b> - fulfill (a duty); <b>agmuran</b> - disobey; <b>trolädan</b> - violate<b> </b>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Permission</font></b></i>. <b>mifan</b> - allow; <b>prodan</b> - grant /<b>azhmifan</b> - revoke; <b>rhomifan</b> - prohibit; <b>isletuen</b> - forbid
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Legal forms</font></b></i><b>. chaset</b> - stamp, seal;<b> den</b> - form; <b>fizir</b> - seal;<b> glashul</b> - announcement, notice; <b>hribret</b> - license; <b> iduret</b> - court order, writ;<b> matuäm</b> - warrant; <b>mevel</b> - contract; <b>precet</b> - petition; <b>prokibi</b> - proclamation; <b>vocet</b> - summons, subpoena / <b>crivan</b> - write, fill out; <b>dan</b> - issue; <b>imbineyen</b> - list, record, enter;<b> imivren</b> - register
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Ownership</font></b></i><b>. ziecurec</b> - own / <b>attenec</b> - belong;<b> rhaner</b> - keep;<b> imesan</b> - occupy; <b>cuncurec</b> - hold jointly / <b>fsitenec</b> - hold under false pretenses
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Property</font></b></i><b>. ziëca</b> - property / <b>imletuen</b> - grounds, lot; <b>kesel</b> - with associated lands;<b> kesuë</b> - land;<b> zhescaln</b> - domain, dominion
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Inheritance</font></b></i><b>. delazhec</b> - receive, inherit;<b> pirodonul</b> - inheritance
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Feudalism</font></b></i><b>. oray</b> - estate, fief;<b> orayec</b> - vassal, fiefholder;<b> orayul</b> - overlord, lord
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Freedom</font></b></i>. <b>rhisát</b> - freedom / <b>incoren</b> - royal hostage; <b>tyurmul</b> - prisoner; <b>devhezec</b> - indentured servant; <b>basom</b> - slave; <b>tenu</b> - slave / <b>imrhisan</b> - free
<p><i>Theft: <a href="#36">36. Sin</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="45">45. MONEY</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Money</font></b></i><b>. kuna</b> - money / <b>leta</b> - coin; <b>orhula</b> - gold piece; <b>zhoya</b> - jewel; <b>pelant</b> - main coin of ancient times / metals commonly used for coins: <b>arzhent</b> - silver; <b>emur</b> - silver/tin alloy; <b>orh</b> - gold / <b>zetdeche</b> - bank draft
<p><i> Gems: <a href="#16">16. Substances</a></i>
<p><i> Coins of Eretald: <a href="kingdom.htm#Coinage">Kingdom of Verduria document</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Buy/Sell</font></b></i><b>. emec</b> - buy; <b>zhusir</b> - sell / <b>primetan</b> - offer; <b>dëguran</b> - haggle, negotiate; <b>prinimec</b> - accept; <b>cumaudët</b> - conditions; <b>agechir</b> - reject; <b>ashetir</b> - redeem; <b>proskadec</b> - compensate
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Spend</font></b></i><b>. dorshetir</b> - spend / <b>dan</b> - give, spend;<b> platir</b> - pay;<b> trodan</b> - waste money
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Price</font></b></i><b>. adezhel</b> - cost, purchase price (buyer's perspective); <b>leshel</b> - price, selling price (seller's perspective) / <b>sholiser</b> - cost; <b>naschura</b> - fee
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Costliness</font></b></i><b>. kundimo</b> - expense /<b> bilic</b> - cheap;<b> kunondise</b> - expensive; <b>rës</b> - costly; <b>rhanäm</b> - valuable
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Poverty</font></b></i>. <b>licre</b> - poor / <b>pricurec</b> - beggar; <b>pugeise</b> - bankrupt; <b>sankune</b> - penniless; <b>feyel</b> - alms; <b>nagobo</b> - hobo
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Riches</font></b></i><b>. bogaty</b> - rich /<b> munifa</b> - splendor;<b> obad</b> - prosperous;<b> opon</b> - wealth
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Luxury</font></b></i>. <b>telnëra</b> - luxury / <b>comdalue</b> - princely, luxurious; <b>fintát</b> - quality; <b>berhotá</b> - bad taste
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Savings</font></b></i>. <b>fanir</b> - save / <b>alcalë</b> - treasure;<b> matica</b> - purse
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Accounting</font></b></i><b>. römát</b> - accounting / <b>andedau</b> - profit; <b>crif</b> - ledger; <b>demedau</b> - loss; <b>dumora</b> - account, file; <b>dürí</b> - credit; <b>dürio</b> - asset; <b>gocrea</b> - balance sheet; <b>isuväm</b> - payable; <b>kedimo</b> - bill, check;<b> pória</b> - liability; <b>porui</b> - debit; <b>prosnucosh</b> - receipt; <b>voitäm</b> - receivable
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Opposites</font></b></i>. <b>dürí</b> - credit; <b>porui</b> - debit / <b>dürio</b> - asset; <b>pória</b> - liability / <b>hiptosheo</b> - deficit / <b>lagu</b> - income; <b>zhüngu</b> - expenses
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Investment</font></b></i><b>. keladan</b> - invest / <b>bemát</b> - capital;<b> kela</b> - stake, interest
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Loan</font></b></i><b>. mutec</b> - loan; <b>muchir</b> - borrow; <b>deväm</b> - debt, obligation; <b>gëmésha</b> - mortgage
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Taxes</font></b></i><b>. decë</b> - tithe, tax;<b> deskuna</b> - toll;<b> imröma</b> - customs; <b>Kunasha</b> - the Treasury
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Rent</font></b></i><b>. dörlöen</b> - rent (what lessee does);<b> imloën</b> - rent out (what lessor does);<b> loën</b> - rent (either);<b> loy </b>- rent (payment)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Betting</font></b></i><b>. parir</b> - bet, gamble;<b> zakladan</b> - bet, wager, contest
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Tendency to spend</font></b></i><b>. clesny</b> - frugal;<b> shupo</b> - miser; <b>zhure </b>- generous; <b>trodonec</b> - spendthrift
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Abuses</font></b></i><b>. corp</b> - bribe;<b> durnkun</b> - extortion; <b>nogachia</b> - usury
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="46">46. TRADE </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Trade</font></b></i><b>. celdoni</b> - trade / <b>mers</b> - market; <b>mershshäte</b> - agora; <b>susaré</b> - shop, store; <b>vlesta</b> - fair, festival, market; <b>zhusäm</b> - merchandise; <b>inceldan</b> - import; <b>isceldan</b> - export / <b>melürec</b> - shop
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Business</font></b></i><b>. cumbutát</b> - partnership, company / <b>cumbutom</b> - partner;<b> innesan</b> - found; <b>prorivan</b> - advertise; <b>rheznáe </b>- workshop; <b>snucäm</b> - customer
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Types of business</font></b></i><b>. akeshui </b>- insurance;<b> celkunom</b> - moneychanger;<b> fascom</b> - manufacturer; <b>kedhnáe</b> - factory; <b>kunnáe</b> - bank, brokerage; <b>lescom</b> - merchant;<b> lescomásh</b> - merchant prince;<b> lescomul</b> - shopowner; <b>ruzhkunom</b> - moneylender;<b> zhusec</b> - vendor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Employment</font></b></i><b>. munëi</b> - job, career, task / <b>mondan</b> - hire, employ;<b> isuvuan</b> - fire; <b>samrheze</b> - unemployed; <b>prolazhec</b> - earn; <b>lodimo</b> - wages / <b>chinek</b> - boss; <b>mondec</b> - employer; <b>redh</b> - clerk; <b>rhezec</b> - worker
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="47">47. CRAFT </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Work</font></b></i><b>. rhez</b> - work, job / <b>basrhez</b> - toil; <b>cumrhez</b> - cooperation; <b>medhi</b> - job, profession; <b>ctuzete</b> - artificial; <b>neron</b> - guild; <b>prolete</b> - worker; <b>rhezek</b> - task; <b>urok</b> - work, craft, manufacture
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Rest</font></b></i>. <b>proshalea</b> - rest; <b>cäma</b> - holiday; <b>azhuvea</b> - vacation
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Experience level</font></b></i>. <b>etec</b> - dabbler, novice; <b>ebrák</b> - apprentice; <b>lebom</b> - novice; <b>neronom</b> - full guild member; <b>osän</b> - master
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Crafts</font></b></i><b>. medhiát</b> - craft / <b>curulelát</b> - navigation;<b> dhitelát</b> - engineering; <b>dhumát</b> - masonry; <b>egulát</b> - sewing;<b> endya</b> - carpentry;<b> felát</b> - sailing; <b>fevát</b> - carving;<b> genturoki</b> - metalworking;<b> gunát</b> - armormaking; <b>impuyát</b> - printing;<b> orhurokec</b> - goldsmithing, <b>orhiznakir</b> - emblazon;<b> pazhakát</b> - mapmaking, <b>impazhaken</b> - map;<b> säteviso</b> - architecture;<b> sizhnáe</b> - smithy, <b>täven</b> - forge;<b> teloro</b> - instrument maker;<b> testasát</b> - weave,<b> testasosh</b> - loom / <b>urokec</b> - maker, forger, creator
<p><i>For Verdurian guilds, see <a href="kingdom.htm#Guilds">The Kingdom of Verduria</a></i>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="48">48. CITY </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Types of city</font></b></i><b>. mazhtana</b> - city / <b>aldea</b>, <b>dan</b> - village; <b>cumuna, mazhula</b> - town; <b>cer</b> - port; <b>lebnáe</b> - colony; <b>oshai</b> - haven / <b>lacuen</b> - settle
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Parts of city</font></b></i>. <b>keshana</b> - borough; <b>ezhes</b> - neighborhood, quarter / <b>Scafiora</b> - waterfront (Thieves') Quarter in Verduria
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Roads</font></b></i><b>. dhitel</b> - road / <b>ban</b> - passage, way; <b>berda</b> - path, trail; <b>desi</b> - bridge; <b>esdhitel</b> - highway; <b>prosia</b> - (main) street; <b>prosúlia</b> - minor street; <b>ruiso</b> - alley; <b>scafi</b> - dock
<p><i> see also <a href="#12">12. Movement</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Open land</font></b></i><b>. shushnáe</b> - cemetary; <b>niëma</b> - park; <b>lagana</b> - square; <b>toranda</b> - fountain
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Buildings</font></b></i><b>. cebrel</b> - building; <b>donta</b> - block
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Government</font></b></i>. <b>densäte</b> - archives; <b>gécul</b> - dungeon; <b>imrömora</b> - customs-house; <b>kal</b> - forum; <b>redhreo</b> - ministry; <b>sheíra</b> - palace
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Food and lodging</font></b></i><b>. anieprusi</b> - singles bar; <b>chaináe</b> - tearoom; <b>hornáe</b> - hotel; <b>caunáe</b> - coffeehouse; <b>lesteo</b> - restaurant; <b>nuvora</b> - dormitory; <b>prusi</b> - inn; <b>vifmitáe</b> - tavern; <b>zerlesteo</b> - 'pizzeria' / <b>pitu</b> - tip
<p><i> see also <a href="#24">24. Food</a></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Shops</font></b></i>. <b>susaré</b> - shop / <b>ivrora</b> - bookseller's; <b>lëkadnáe</b> - apothecary; <b>mershshäte</b> - agora; <b>myasnáe</b> - butchershop; <b>bulonnáe</b> - bakery
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Recreation</font></b></i>. <b>dhiecnáe</b> - racetrack; <b>lättom</b> - arena; <b>ketu</b> - brothel; <b>onela</b> - bath
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Culture</font></b></i>. <b>ardënda</b> - monument; <b>crifsäte</b> - scriptorium; <b>furnáe</b> - theater; <b>ivrosäte</b> - library; <b>suzanosh</b> - memorial; <b>shriftanáe</b> - university; <b>taläte</b> - museum
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other</font></b></i>. <b>etol</b> - warehouse; <b>kedhnáe</b> - factory; <b>maladnáe</b> - hospital; <b>neronsäte</b> - guild hall; <b>shualnáe</b> - stable
<p><i>See also <a href="#46">46. Trade</a>, <a href="#55">55. Religion</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="49">49. HOUSES</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">House</font></b></i><b>. dom</b> - house / <b>zhes</b> - home; <b>rhache</b> - private
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Parts of a room</font></b></i><b>. aknó</b> - window; <b>caro</b> - pane; <b>dher</b> - door; <b>ftalók</b> - ceiling; <b>letuë</b> - wall; <b>pol</b> - floor; <b>churata</b> - hearth; <b>akchaska</b> - firescreen; <b>kasheza</b> - screen, half-wall
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Types of house</font></b></i><b>. chayma</b> - tent; <b>skala</b> - hut, hovel; <b>zhatatún</b> - shed, pavilion; <b>atna</b> - cabin; <b>atuny</b> - apartment; <b>sheíra</b> - palace; <b>ubreza</b> - shelter; <b>üvéza</b> - mansion
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Rooms in a house</font></b></i><b>. atún</b> - room / <b>audnáe</b> - living room; <b>cave</b> - basement; <b>cayun,</b> <b>dhaonáe</b> - washroom; <b>dosic</b> - hallway; <b>dheratún</b> - vestibule; <b>fannáe</b> - closet, store-room; <b>iretazh</b> - attic; <b>nuvnáe</b> - bedroom; <b>prannáe</b> - dining room; <b>rälnáe</b> - kitchen; <b>säte</b> - hall
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Architectural elements</font></b></i>. <b>baruk</b> - Cadhinorian patio; <b>cëmura</b> - column, pillar; <b>dazhy</b> - framework; <b>etazh</b> - storey; <b>foruneo</b> - balcony; <b>gorat</b> - tower; <b>ilosha</b> - arch; <b>iloshora</b> - arcade; <b>nizheza</b> - chimney; <b>polfond</b> - foundation; <b>uleta</b> - step; <b>uletora</b> - staircase; <b>zöm</b> - gate; <b>zhof</b> - roof
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Outside the house</font></b></i>. <b>car</b> - courtyard; <b>puto</b> - well; <b>seft</b> - fence; <b>sitana</b> - yard; <b>zhat</b> - garden
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Persons</font></b></i>. <b> atunec</b> - roommate; <b>domzhina</b> - chambermaid
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i>. <b>saten</b> - build; <b>zhesan</b> - live (at)
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="50">50. FURNITURE </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>dafro</b> - piece of furniture
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Seats</font></b></i><b>. ferior</b> - chair / <b>asuena</b> - seat, chair; <b>shama</b> - bench; <b>shamek</b> - stool; <b>zhicse</b> - cushion; <b>nazheza</b> - couch; <b>diván</b> - sofa
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Beds</font></b></i>. <b>nuva</b>- bed / <b>aran</b> - cradle; <b>pidhnuva</b> - crib; <b>minka</b> - mat / <b>poshásh</b> - mattress; <b>lambra</b> - sheet; <b>surbarúc</b> - blanket; <b>orelosh</b> - pillow
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Tables</font></b></i>. <b>metta</b> - table / <b>flayka</b> - desk; <b>ray</b> - shelf
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Carpetry</font></b></i>. <b>escaë</b> - carpet; <b>escatelë</b> - tapestry;<b> forhel</b> - curtain, drapes
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other</font></b></i>. <b>fanul</b> - cabinet, chest; <b>galumo</b> - bathtub; <b>pëch</b> - stove; <b>rayora</b> - set of shelves; <b>umo</b> - tub, sink
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="51">51. UTENSILS</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>brurhy</b> - tool
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Cleaning</font></b></i><b>. palanir</b> - sweep;<b> palán</b> - broom;<b> cepil</b> - brush; <b>kirka</b> - rag; <b>buas</b> - sponge
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Desk</font></b></i><b>. nozhranosh</b> - scissors;<b> yezhil</b> - pen; <b>fucosh</b> - pencil
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Door</font></b></i><b>. ans</b> - handle; <b>ansel</b> - key; <b>ánselcud</b> - keyhole; <b>ber</b> - lock; <b>shëno</b> - hinge
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Drink</font></b></i>. <b>ciposh</b> - kettle; <b>dhuro</b> - flagon; <b>glacu</b> - mug, stein; <b>lazhna</b> - bottle; <b>stekana</b> - glass; <b>tash</b> - cup; <b>verae</b> - wineglass; <b>bushosh</b> - cork; <b>prenbushosh</b> - corkscrew
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Food</font></b></i><b>. chana</b> - pot;<b> chine</b> - dish, plate; <b>pelvo</b> - bowl; <b>rhit</b> - pan; <b>dhazhika</b> - sieve; <b>dasek</b> - tray
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Garden/Farm</font></b></i>. <b>fac</b> - yoke; <b>gravil</b> - rake; <b>mochüka</b> - hoe; <b>pela</b> - shovel, spade; <b>troz</b> - ax;<b> vili</b> - pitchfork
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Grooming</font></b></i><b>. durosh</b> - toothbrush;<b> havlu</b> - towel; <b>peny</b> - comb;<b> razosh</b> - razor;<b> rihë</b> - mirror
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Instruments</font></b></i><b>. teleo</b> - instrument; <b>horteleo</b> - clock;<b> </b><b>chüta</b> - balance;<b> lëtiy</b> - lens; <b>lëtyora</b> - spectacles;<b> mepuyosh</b> - pump; <b>merteleo</b> - gauge; <b>ontedidha</b> - watch; <b>resteklo</b> - telescope; <b>leleza</b> - microscope; <b>shalechüta</b> - barometer; <b>calteleo</b> - thermometer
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Light</font></b></i>. <b>glaza</b> - lamp; <b>tshurglaza</b> - torch
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Metallurgy</font></b></i><b>. sizho</b> - forge, furnace for forging metals; <b>auva</b> - mold
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sewing</font></b></i><b>. testasosh </b>- loom;<b> shnin</b> - pin;<b> egula</b> - needle
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Tableware</font></b></i><b>. cuyo</b> - spoon; <b>tranosh</b> - knife; <b>vilka</b> - fork; <b>chilanë</b> - napkin; <b>metteza</b> - tablecloth
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Unmentionables</font></b></i><b>. katy</b> - spittoon;<b> matela</b> - chamberpot
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Workshop</font></b></i><b>. curosh</b> - pliers; <b>dauto</b> - chisel; <b>moleza</b> - hammer;<b> sfica</b> - nail;<b> tëcosh</b> - saw; <b>vinte</b> - screw;<b> vintosh</b> - screwdriver / <b>das</b> - board
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other</font></b></i><b>. akpluya</b> - umbrella; <b>closh</b> - bell; <b>donyosh</b> - candle; <b>fazholo</b> - ticket; <b>lialec</b> - lever; <b>siiru</b> - wheel; <b>siirukesha</b> - brake; <b>snur</b> - rope; <b> snurek</b> - thread; <b>shaleza</b> - fan; <b>tuyo</b> - pipe; <b>zhovosh</b> - ladder
<p><i>Containers: <a href="#08">8. Contents</a></i>
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Machines</font></b></i><b>. niru</b> - machine /<b> niruom</b> - robot;<b> sfuteniru</b> - clockwork, machinery; <b>zetbezhe</b> - automatic; <b>nirul</b> - apparatus; <b>satotá</b> - contraption
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i><b>. bezhir</b> - work; <b>boshnan</b> - stop working; <b>imbezhir</b> - fix; <b>indobren</b> - adjust;<b> </b><b>onegulen</b> - mend; <b>sterer</b> - operate a machine; <b>addobre</b> - adjustment
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="52">52. WEAPONS </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>brigosh</b> - weapon
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Edged weapons</font></b></i><b>. cardhë</b> - sword, scimitar / <b>belaca</b> - straight sword; <b>epüa</b> - spear; <b>glavo</b> - broadsword; <b>hauttroz</b> - halberd; <b>tecai</b> - dagger; <b>tranosh</b> - knife / <b>vlagishe</b> - sheath
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other weapons</font></b></i><b>. arc</b> - bow; <b>streli</b> - arrow; <b>strelima</b> - dart; <b>krhumbil</b> - bomb; <b>pushec</b> - cannon, gun; <b>pushpula</b> - cannonball; <b>fikshi</b> - whip; <b>snocu</b> - club
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Defense</font></b></i>. <b>casi</b> - helmet; <b>chunima</b> - shield; <b>gunë</b> - armor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i><b>. acclasmir</b> - parry; <b>büten</b> - aim; <b>clasmir</b> - wield, swing; <b>kdhuzec</b> - stab;<b> krhumban</b> - explode; <b>siblir</b> - miss; <b>shishan</b> - shoot
<p><i>See also <a href="#38">38. War</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="53">53. RURAL LIFE</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Persons</font></b></i><b>. rurom</b> - peasant / <b>hutorom</b> - farmer;<b> hutorsnugá</b>, <b>snugá</b> - farmhand;<b> griuzhina</b> - farm-maiden; <b>grogec</b> - miller; <b>ihtüec</b> - fisherman; <b>motucöm</b> - shepherd; <b>ucöm</b> - herdsman
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Farm</font></b></i><b>. hutor</b> - farm / <b>bouhutor</b> - dairy; <b>luteon</b> - orchard;<b> mesti</b> - field; <b>meu</b> - furrow; <b>susuleta</b> - terrace; <b>zhat</b> - garden; <b>risnáe</b> - barn; <b>nurzhosh</b> - manger
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i><b>. meuden</b> - to plow; <b>relir</b> - sow; <b>meyan</b> - water; <b>recolir</b> - harvest; <b>grogec</b> - mill, grind; <b>sterer</b> - tend; <b>yagen</b> - hunt; <b>kedhen</b> - produce, yield
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other terms</font></b></i><b>. detöshen </b>- geld; <b>enttrane</b> - woodcutting; <b>irdha</b> - crop; <b>irdhimo</b> - yield; <b>ofóry</b> - fertile; <b>rura</b> - the countryside
<p><i>See also <a href="#20">20. Plants</a>, <a href="#24">24. Food</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="54">54. SCIENCE</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
Where we speak of 'science' Verdurians are more apt to speak of <b>ripriroda</b> 'philosophy', of which the study of nature is still considered a part. <b>Visanora</b> is in origin 'curriculum, studies', and has come to mean 'established knowledge.'
<p>The division of the sciences below is that of the Verdurians, and in many places reflects the history of Verdurian science, as well as the organizational divisions of Verdurian universities. Each division as a whole can be referred to using the first term in each set.
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">General</font></b></i><b>. etahicete</b> - mathematical; <b>onteca</b> - experiment; <b>prilicole</b> - realist; <b>shriftanáe</b> - university; <b>visano</b> - field of study; <b>visanora</b> - science; <b>zhuyse onteca</b> scientific method
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Scientist</font></b></i>. <b>shriftom</b> - doctor, professor; <b>visanom</b> - scientist; <b>shrifsäshue</b> - know-it-all
<p><i>Instruments: <a href="#51">51. Utensils</a></i>
<p>
<p><b>ripriroda</b> - philosophy / <b>curayora</b> - logic; <b>hiceteviso</b> - mathematics; <b>elut</b> - ethics /
<p><b>pleschura</b> - history / <b>so amrab</b> - law; <b>hinát</b> - geography; <b>kunát</b> - economics; <b>rhucoriviso</b> - political science
<p><b>kestora</b> - natural philosophy / <b>bezhiviso</b> - dynamics; <b>dascoviso</b> - zoology; <b>duneviso</b> - physics; <b>eliriviso</b> - biology; <b>mecliviso</b> - chemistry; <b>susoviso</b> - geology; <b>syeleviso</b> - astronomy; <b>vezhiviso</b> - botany
<p><b>daroveviso</b> - medicine / <b>zerhasheviso</b> - herblore; <b>cerhecát</b> - alchemy
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Mathematics</font></b></i>. <b>surmeto</b> - addition; <b>demeto</b> - subtraction; <b>childoni</b> - division; <b>tësculë</b> - multiplication; <b>huepát</b> - formula; <b>dazhy</b> - grid; <b>scerno</b> - axis; <b>aletasces</b> - maximum; <b>basasces</b> - minimum / <b>eidoloviso</b> - geometry
<p><i>See also <a href="#30">30. Ideas</a>, <a href="#59">59. Writing</a>, <a href="#9">9. Shape and Form</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="55">55. RELIGION</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>rhemuris</b> - religion, traditional belief
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Gods</font></b></i><b>. adh</b> - god /<b> adha</b> - goddess;<b> adhicole</b> - divine, godly; <b>creec</b> - the Creator
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Holiness</font></b></i>. <b>rhem</b> - sacred / <b>imrheman</b> - consecrate; <b>irhodom</b> - hallowed; <b>vacre</b> - altar; <b>zheiza</b> - shrine
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Revelation</font></b></i><b>. adhontu</b> - vision, revelation; <b>dorot</b> - prophecy, omen; <b>dhat</b> - sign; <b>kesir</b> - possess; <b>terato</b> - miracle; <b>zhantan</b> - prophesy
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Clergy</font></b></i>. <b>adhomát</b> - clergy; <b>adhom</b> - cleric; <b>calnadhom</b> - chaplain; <b>osän</b> - guru; <b>zhantom</b> - prophet
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Monasticism</font></b></i><b>. surreca</b> - monasticism, solitude / <b>amrab</b> - monastic rule or order; <b>azhcita</b> - monastery; <b>ceno</b> - abbot; <b>suloro</b> - monk, hermit; <b>sulorei</b> - nun
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Observance</font></b></i><b>. hunnachal</b> - spiritual discipline or observance / <b>cuenda</b> - festival; <b>krovuresa</b> - sacrifice; <b>lelesa</b> - faith; <b>orer</b> - pray; <b>risuresa</b> - offering; <b>rhemnáe</b> - temple; <b>samnurzha</b> - fast; <b>scustebrát</b> - mortification; <b>uesa</b> - ceremony; <b>uris</b> - worship; <b>vaglädec</b> - pilgrim; <b>vosel</b> - invocation; <b>zetcuro</b> - abstinence
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Philosophy</font></b></i>. <b> sör</b> - fate;<b> bunori</b> - fortune; <b>dësul</b> - creature; <b>fant</b> - soul (after death); <b>itian</b> - spirit, soul; <b>mezinë</b> - Divine Order; <b>rhezy</b> - eternal
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Specific beliefs</font></b></i><b>. Irreanát</b> - Irreanism; <b>Andazhuei</b> - Endajué; <b>Behusa</b> - Bezuxao; <b>rham</b> - cult
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Irreligion</font></b></i>. <b>samadhise</b> - atheist; <b>adhivazhir</b> - blaspheme
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Eledhe</font></b></i><b>. Eledhát</b> - Eledhe religion; <b>eledhe</b> - Eledhe; <b>Arashei</b> worshipper of Iainos; <b>Elenico</b> - one of the Eleniki, follower of Mihel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">God</font></b></i><b>. dhinát</b> - trinity / <b>Eledh</b> - Eledh (Ei:ledan),<b> Iesu Cüedul</b> - the Messiah; <b>Iain</b> - Iáinos; <b>so Itian</b>, <b>Ulone</b> - Ulo:ne
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Spirits</font></b></i><b>. anëly</b> - angel; <b>einalandaua</b> - angel, eternal spirit; <b>vyozha</b> - primal force
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Devils</font></b></i><b>. amnigo</b> - corrupted angel; <b>Ekaia</b> - chief of the rebellious spirits in heaven; <b>Amnäi</b> - chief of the demons on Almea
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Places</font></b></i>. <b>shdhesna</b> - hell; <b>Izhoräne</b> - Purgatory; <b>Oräna</b> - heaven; <b>Oikumene</b> - the Earth
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Church</font></b></i><b>. adheton</b> - church;<b> adhetonáe</b> - church building; <b>mestináe</b> - cathedral; <b>lüsi</b> - Glade
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hierarchy</font></b></i>.
<table>
<tr><td><b>lebom</b> <td>deacon
<tr><td><b>clidhu</b> <td>priest <td><b>doligu</b> <td>parish
<tr><td><b>cüre</b> <td>curate <td><b>cürana</b> <td>curacy
<tr><td><b>ilneo</b> <td>bishop, overseer <td><b>mesti</b> <td>diocese
<tr><td><b>altilneo</b> <td>archbishop <td><b>altmesti</b> <td>archdiocese
<tr><td><b>anorul</b> <td>cardinal
<tr><td><b>perarh</b> <td>patriarch <td><b>perarhát</b> <td>patriarchate
</table>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Special terms</font></b></i><b>. cüeden</b> - anoint; <b>dashká</b> - amen; <b>etëlevi</b> - gospel; <b>imelirec</b> - indwell; <b>immeyan</b> - baptize; <b>karyu</b> - grace; <b>nëron</b> - saint, holy; <b>onnes</b> - rebirth; <b>profäsec</b> - disciple; <b>sabato</b> - sabbath; <b>shorucole</b> - infidel; <b>veadhen</b> - love (agape:); <b>voyul</b> - apostle; <b>zurem</b> - mass
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Paganism</font></b></i><b>. tësadhát</b>,<b> ül uris</b> - Cadhinorian paganism
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Divine beings</font></b></i>. <b>Enäron</b>, <b>Ishira</b>, etc.; <b>hezhadh</b> - Guardian (2nd Age); <b>gaiei</b> - one of the Fates; <b>fant</b> - dead soul or other powerful being; <b>ovneladh</b> - Judge in afterlife; <b>vyozha</b> - elemental spirit
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Demons</font></b></i>. <b>kezonul</b> - demon; <b>chéltevar</b> - archdemon; <b>ftacu</b> - elemental monster; <b>kezonát</b>, <b>Gelalát</b> - Gelalát; <b>Kezul, Gelalh</b> - chief demon
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Places</font></b></i>. <b>ishária</b> - paradise; <b>Ilávrinor</b> - Limbo; <b>chel shorui</b> - hell; <b>Adhunac</b> - 1st age residence of gods
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hierarchy</font></b></i>.
<table>
<tr><td><b>lebom</b> <td>acolyte
<tr><td><b>clidhu</b> <td>priest <td><b>senge</b> <td>presbyterate
<tr><td><b>altclidhu</b> <td>vicar <td><b>decsenge</b> <td>vicarate
<tr><td><b>cüre</b> <td>curate <td><b>cürana</b> <td>curacy
<tr><td><b>altcüre</b> <td>high curate <td><b>altcurana</b> <td>high curacy
<tr><td><b>eshcüre</b>, <b>vacuran</b> <td>primate <td><b>eshcurana</b> <td>primacy
<tr><td><b>perarh</b> <td>patriarch <td><b>perarhát</b> <td>patriarchate
</table>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Special terms</font></b></i>. <b>adhnáe</b> - temple; <b>huca</b> - oracle; <b>cletana</b> - priestly seminary
<p><i>See also <a href="beliefs.htm">Almean Belief Systems</a></i>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="56">56. MAGIC</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Magic</font></b></i><b>. alcedla</b> - magic / <b>shray</b> - <i>archaic</i> grammarye; <b>vyozha</b> - magical force; <b>zobát</b> - lore, nature magic
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Spells</font></b></i><b>. ëdich</b> - spell, enchantment; <b>prokel</b> - curse / <b>nechan</b> - enchant; <b>isnechan</b> - disenchant, dispel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Magician</font></b></i><b>. alcedlom</b> - magician / <b>ëdichi</b> - witch; <b>fodro</b> - enchantress; <b>lozhiur</b> - lojur, Xurnese court magician; <b>zobom</b> - loremaster; <b>bosmizë</b> - fortuneteller
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Hierarchy</font></b></i>. <b>ebrák</b> - apprentice; <b>zhouom</b> - conjuror; <b>imscrifel</b> - initiate; <b>garlo</b> - warlock; <b>zobom</b> - sorceror; <b>alcedsanno</b> - necromancer; <b>shrayom</b> - wizard
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="57">57. ART AND CULTURE</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">General</font></b></i>. <b>lelitsala</b> - art; <b>mencora</b> - culture, the academy / <b>mazhtanul</b> - civilized; <b>cletandre</b> - pedantic; <b>mecrel</b> - mixed-media; <b>menca</b> - school
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Skill level</font></b></i>. <b>etec</b> - dabbler; <b>fsurë</b> - starving artist; <b>imlelul</b> - exhibitor; <b>sfahul</b> - latest rage; <b>yanul</b> - successful artist; <b>mashre lelitsalom</b> - master artist
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Exhibition</font></b></i>. <b>imlelen</b> - exhibit; <b>ontnáe</b> - gallery
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Music</font></b></i>. <b>aladhea</b> - music / <b>macua</b> - popular music; <b>pëtan</b> - play; <b>rhorha</b> - minstrel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Elements</font></b></i>. <b>caturo</b> - rhythm; <b>chima</b> - note; <b>lir</b> - measure; <b>lirnora</b> - lyrics; <b>shant</b> - melody / <b>tompec</b> - beat the rhythm
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Song</font></b></i>. <b>shant</b> - song/ <b>cevai</b> - chant, psalm; <b>rezhuchia</b> - ballad; <b>sorea</b> - a love song / <b>zashantan</b> - burst into song; see also <a href="#dance">Dance</a>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Vocal ranges</font></b></i>. <b>plisel</b> - range, part / <b>nizze</b> - baritone; <b>ponyore</b> - bass, low tenor; <b>sëte</b> - countertenor, contralto; <b>molë</b> - alto; <b>lihse</b> - soprano
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Musical character</font></b></i>. <b>bardaum</b> - stormy, ritualistic, exultant; <b>cainesh</b> - harsh, mechanical; <b>cleir</b> - majestic, powerful, assured; <b>creshmädörn</b> - rhythmic, compelling, sad, rising then falling; <b>creshvoce</b> - compelling, powerful through quiet; <b>cuélzulë</b> - joyful, melodic, brassy; <b>dálues</b> - jovial, good, strong; <b>didhitise</b> - delicate, pretty; <b>launes</b> - smoothly repetitive, minimalist; <b>mädörn </b>- majestic, powerful, masterful; <b>milüür</b> - sad, poignant; <b>razumse</b> - ordered, mathematical, contrapuntal; <b>tichure</b> - melodic, complex, lively; <b>zhazharke</b> - boisterous, foot-tapping
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Instruments</font></b></i>. <b>pëtul</b> - instrument / <b>endi</b> - violin bow; <b>fil</b> - string; <b>tecla</b> - key
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Woodwinds</font></b></i>. <b>endi</b> - woodwind / <b>hautendi</b> - oboe; <b>kena</b> - flute; <b>kenula</b> - piccolo, high-pitched flute; <b>lüra</b> - bassoon, low-toned flute; <b>mishu caizure</b> - bagpipe; <b>siku</b> - pan-flute
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Percussion</font></b></i>. <b>badhul</b> - percussion instrument / <b>bashti</b> - the sticks; <b>closh</b> - bell; <b>chana</b> - kettledrum, metal drum; <b>chinya</b> - triangle or other metal <i>badhul;</i> <b>klesh</b> - cymbals; <b>klok</b> - blocks, produces knocks, rasps; <b>teclora</b> - clavier; <b>taca</b> - castanets, produces clicks; <b>tompom</b> - drum
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Brass</font></b></i>. <b>laitón</b> - brass instrument / <b>cleru</b> - bass horn; <b>crundina</b> - long horn; <b>crunya</b> - trumpet; <b>chiplin</b> - bugle; <b>tefalu</b> - horn; <b>tefalu bulse</b> - round horn
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Strings</font></b></i>. <b>dronul</b> - stringed instrument / <b>chishte</b> - Ismaîn mandolin; <b>dichura</b> - sitar, zither; <b>drona</b> - guitar; <b>endivyón</b> - violin; <b>viond sëte</b> - viola; <b>viond nizze</b> - cello; <b>vyon</b> - lyre
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Play</font></b></i>. <b>pëtan</b> - play / <b>badhir</b> - hit (drums, keys); <b>drocen</b> - pluck; <b>dronen</b> - strum; <b>klokan</b> - knock; <b>shalean</b> - blow, play (trumpets, flutes, etc.)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080"><a name="dance">Dance</a></font></b></i>. <b> lavísia</b> - dance / <b>bechón</b> - fast Ismaîn dance; <b>fírita</b> - a courtship dance; <b>zhazharka</b> - fast, rhythmic dance; <b>derigime</b> - a fast, noisy dance
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Drama</font></b></i>.<b> furát</b> - drama / <b>ralinë</b> - play; <b>furan</b> - act, produce; <b>tranel</b> - act; <b>furnáe</b> - theater; <b>adeleca</b> - Barakhinei comedy
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Drawing</font></b></i>. <b> risunát</b> - drawing / <b>behdel</b> - picture; <b>bemásh</b> - cartoon; <b>pazhaka</b> - map; <b>yezilát</b> - calligraphy; <b>rofulát</b> - engraving / <b>defulüren</b> - erase
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Painting</font></b></i>. <b> fäbát</b> - painting (art) / <b>fäb</b> - paint; <b>cisa</b> - brush; <b>fäbosh</b> - painting (object) / <b>irprile</b> - surrealist
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sculpture</font></b></i>. <b> chehát</b> - sculpture (art) / <b>chehosh</b> - sculpture (object); <b>dhumëbenda</b> - statue; <b>dhumëgórzhi</b> - gargoyle
<p><i>See also <a href="#59">59. Writing</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="58">58. SPEECH</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Discourse.</font></b></i><b> sfahe</b> - speech / <b>celsfahe</b> - conversation; <b>etertót</b> - quarrel; <b>etësfahe</b> - discussion; <b>praten</b> - talk, chat; <b>tësfahen</b> - discuss; <b>voy</b> - message;<b> vuá</b> - voice <i></i>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Words</font></b></i><b>. log</b> - word; <b>nom</b> - name; <b>lozhise</b> - literal
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Speech acts</font></b></i><b>. advechen</b> - answer, reply; <b>aklogen</b> - contradict, deny;<b> akmizec</b> - disagree; <b>apeluan</b> - call; <b>befelan</b> - command; <b>beshanen</b> - promise; <b>cavir</b> - warn; <b>cuesan</b> - ask; <b>cummizec</b> - agree; <b>etasfahen</b> - refer to, speak of; <b>etertotan</b> - argue; <b>zet feyen</b> - complain; <b>glashan</b> - announce; <b>gromnec</b> - threaten;<b> imseltan</b> - admit, reveal; <b>issirec</b> - tell (a story); <b>izgechir</b> - remark; <b>konsir</b> - advise; <b>legan</b> - lie, mislead; <b>lestuen</b> - flatter; <b>malmizec</b> - speak ill of; <b>mizec</b> - say, tell; <b>mametec</b> - advocate; <b>maumec</b> - gripe; <b>ocorbir</b> - insult; <b>otalmizec</b> - bear witness, attest; <b>preser</b> - request; <b>presizer</b> - plead; <b>proetec</b> - swear; <b>prokibir</b> - proclaim; <b>proklir</b> - curse; <b>pronimec</b> - propose; <b>propuyan</b> - insist; <b>kazec</b> - accuse;<b> raconter</b> - tell; <b>renemec</b> - repeat; <b>sfafken</b> - inform; <b>trasfahen</b> - exaggerate; <b>vocan</b> - invoke; <b>zhicoir</b> - dispute, quarrel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Genre</font></b></i><b>. acinul</b> - rumor; opinion; <b>eshahe</b> - sermon, address; <b>issirula</b> - fable, anecdote, story; <b>kallogát</b> - rhetoric, oratory; <b>kallogi</b> - speech; <b>lertlog</b> - maxim, aphorism; <b>pidhë</b> - anecdote, story; <b>zhenmize</b> - proverb;<b> zhensulirul</b> - idiom
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Joke</font></b></i><b>. misotá</b> - joke / <b>chisimotá</b> - pun, play on words; <b>tisirotá</b> - witticism; <b>zicua</b> - mockery
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Manner</font></b></i>. <b>coec</b> - croak; <b>dacdacir</b> - babble; <b>cüncünir</b> - whine; <b>tatatir</b> - chatter; <b>gelvo</b> - moan; <b>gronen</b> - grumble; <b>keshashdan</b> - pause; <b>kielsfahe</b> - tone of voice;<b> </b><b>papapir</b> - mutter; <b>rhote</b> - hoarse; <b>rhunan</b> - grunt; <b>sosir</b> - whisper
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Shout</font></b></i><b>. badair</b> - scream; <b>kibir</b> - shout; <b>iskrichen</b> - exclaim, cry out; <b>krichen</b> - cry; <b>ushican</b> - yell
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Translation</font></b></i>. <b>celmetan</b> - translate; <b>levivrec</b> - lip-read
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Characteristics</font></b></i><b>. pratecole</b> - talkative; <b>samsfahe</b> - mute
<p><i>See also <a href="#37">37. Conflict</a></i>
<p>
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="59">59. WRITING</a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Books</font></b></i><b>. ivro</b> - book / <b>cëmura</b> - column, page; <b>crif</b> - scroll, manuscript; <b>crifom</b> - scribe
<b><i><font color="#002080">Parts</font></b></i>. <b>cëmura</b> - column, page; <b>crivel</b> - text; <b>duna</b> - chapter, scene; <b>hora</b> - act (of a play); <b>perecrivel</b> - preface
<b><i><font color="#002080">Places</font></b></i>. <b>crifsäte</b> - scriptorium; <b>ivrora</b> - bookseller's shop;<b> ivrosäte</b> - library
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Materials</font></b></i><b>. fucosh</b> - pencil;<b> fulüra</b> - ink; <b>minë</b> - paper; <b>yezhil</b> - pen; <b>den</b> - document; <b>dumora</b> - notebook, folder
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Verbs</font></b></i><b>. crivan</b> - write; <b>dhayecrivan</b> - spell; <b>hipcrivan</b> - sign; <b>curonan</b> - edit; <b>imlelen</b> - publish; <b>induman</b> - note, record; <b>ivrec</b> - read; <b>plican</b> - copy; <b>subran</b> - cite
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Style</font></b></i><b>. iscuncrivát</b> - simple style, 'prose'; <b>eyurcrivát</b> - elevated style, 'poetry'; <b>iscun</b> - simple, direct, unadorned; <b>eyure</b> - poetic, literary, elevated
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Genres</font></b></i><b>. </b>The<b> </b>eight traditional genres, and some subgenres:
<br><b> pomäe</b> - chronicle, myth, legend, <b>zonpomäe</b> - chronicle, history, <b>rocá</b> - epic
<br><b> racont</b> - tale, story, account, <b>lebivro</b> - novel, <b>pleschura</b> - history, <b>pisá</b> - report
<br><b> shant</b> - song <i>(see <a href="#57">57. Art</a>)</i>
<br> <b>cevai</b> - chant
<br> <b>ralinë</b> - play
<br> <b>kallogi</b> - speech
<br> <b>onemu</b> - treatise, essay, account, manual; <b>imbolëo</b> - commentary; <b>kob</b> - headword
<br> <b>curayora</b> - argument, proof, discourse, manifesto
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Subject</font></b></i>. <b>murebode</b> - fantasy; <b>romobode</b> - tragedy; <b>ridibode</b> - comedy; <b>coelibode</b> - romance; <b>cäpibode</b> - devotional art
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Tone</font></b></i>. <b>coacino</b> - irony
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Poetry</font></b></i><b>. eyure</b> - poetic, literary; <b>lirát</b> - poetics; <b>sulinora</b> - lyrics; <b>syele</b> - lyric
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Metrics</font></b></i>. <b>lirosh</b> - poem; <b>sulírn</b> - line; <b>sulirul</b> - phrase, half-line; <b>alte</b> - accent, beat; <b>base</b> - unaccented syllable; <b>altora</b> - metrical pattern
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Embellishments</font></b></i>. <b>commizo</b> - semi-refrain;<b> dhunmizo</b> - parallelism; <b>onmizo</b> - refrain; <b>nenalte</b> - syllabic repetition; <b>nenavuá</b> - alliteration; <b>neneresau</b> - rhyme; <b>tombo</b> - lapse into prose; <b>forheo</b> - suspense; <b>umizo</b> - metaphor
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Schools</font></b></i>. <b>menca</b> - school; <b>cadhin</b> - Cadhinorian; <b>üllebe</b> - Old New; <b>leblebe</b>, <b>uvrul</b> - New New; <b>shohe</b> - Ducal
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Script</font></b></i><b>. comcrifát</b> - script, writing; <b>comcrifata</b> - lower case;<b> mecrelise</b> - mixed case; <b>üla</b> - upper case
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Correspondence</font></b></i><b>. brevë</b> - short letter, note; <b>dum</b> - note, memorandum; <b>pisá</b> - letter; <b>shadecî</b> - commercial messenger service; <b>zhesglashul</b> - invitation
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">News</font></b></i><b>. lebi</b> - news; <b>prorivel</b> - advertisement; <b>tutanél</b> - newspaper, magazine; <b>ushiclebi</b> - town crier
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Puzzles</font></b></i>. <b>kiel-e</b> - riddle; <b>shrailozhi</b> - cipher; <b>shraizeni</b> - code
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="60">60. LANGUAGE </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>rhon</b> - language
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Grammar</font></b></i><b>. aluatas</b> - grammar; <b>cumbectia</b> - syntax; <b>logora</b> - dictionary; <b>mizo</b> - expression; <b>zhenshate</b> - idiomatic; <b>vuá</b> - sound
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Sounds</font></b></i>. <b>fucec</b> - consonant; <b>pentec</b> - vowel
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Parts of speech</font></b></i><b>. kest lozhië</b> - part of speech / <b>ecelóg</b> - regular adverb; <b>etalóg</b> - adjective; <b>ktëlog</b> - preposition; <b>nom</b> - noun; <b>mevlog</b> - verb; <b>nom promevec</b> - anaphor; <b>kansile</b> - correlative; <b>raspuyec</b> - form word-- particle, conjunction; <b>scolisec</b> - indefinite pronoun; <b>perunec</b> - superlative; <b>valtec</b> - comparative; <b>zetopfëë</b> - reflexive
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Form</font></b></i>. <b>ifkecot</b> - form, morphological variant / <b>laun</b> - paradigm;<b> loglaun</b> - conjugation, declension;<b> nengeca</b> - agreement; <b>arhemë</b> - negative; <b>curesec</b> - interrogative
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Gender</font></b></i>. <b>dinë</b> - gender / <b>ionile</b> - feminine; <b>cer</b> - masculine; <b>suy</b> - neuter
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Case</font></b></i><b>. cot</b> - case / <b>etamizë</b> - nominative; <b>tenec</b> - genitive; <b>opfëe</b> - accusative, direct object; <b>prenec</b> - dative, indirect object
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Number</font></b></i>. <b>dimo</b> - number / <b>anröma</b> - singular; <b>dhunröme</b> - plural
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Person</font></b></i>. <b>cot</b> - person / <b>cot sfahecei</b> - first person; <b>cot oecei</b> - second person; <b>cot telië</b> - third person
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Tense</font></b></i>. <b>didha</b> - tense / <b>izhcrifel</b> - past anterior; <b>scrifel</b> - past;<b> demeric</b>, <b>esec</b> - present; <b>ctanec</b> - future;<b> epesec</b> - conditional tense / <b>befel</b> - imperative; <b>mevdonec</b> - participle
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">The Cadhinor verb</font></b></i>. <b>prilise</b> - definite; <b>buprilise</b> - subjunctive; <b>olocec</b> - dynamic; <b>nuncre</b> - static
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Symbols</font></b></i>. <b>znak</b> - letter; <b>znakora</b> - alphabet / <b>vuáë</b> - voice mark; <b>lenge</b> - long mark; <b>mole</b> - soft mark; <b>breve</b> - short mark
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Punctuation</font></b></i>. <b>znakî provecî</b> - punctuation / <b>keshash</b> - pause sign; <b>bolyáshe keshash</b> - period; <b>iskricha</b> - exclamation mark; <b>cues</b> - question mark; <b>shircaî</b> - appositive signs
<p>
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Types of speech</font></b></i><b>. avelotá</b> - Avelanism; <b>basfahe</b> - slang;<b> cadhinotá</b> - archaism; <b>chorec</b> - fluent; <b> domsfahe</b> - dialect, patois; <b>milyörhun</b> - lower-class speech; <b>parnise</b> - laconic; <b>rurotá</b> - ruralism; <b>seshuesa</b> - accent; <b>(sfahe) shriftanéi</b> - standard (Verdurian)
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">
<p>Languages</font></b></i><b>. ahuenásh</b> - Xurnásh; <b>barahinei</b> - Barakhinei;<b> cadhino</b> - Cadhinor;<b> cuezi</b> - Cuêzi;<b> ebrerhon</b> - Hebrew;<b> elcarrhon</b> - Elkarûl;<b> eteodäole</b> - Eteodäole, ilian; <b>fleadrhon</b> - Flaidish;<b> Ismaën</b> - Ismaîn;<b> kebrenei</b> - <a href="kebreni.htm">Kebreni</a>; <b>Sarroc</b> - Sarroc; <b>soa Sfahe</b> - Verdurian; <b>so pere rhon</b> - proto-Eastern; <b>telise</b> - Western
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="61">61. ADVERBS </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">Location</font></b></i><b>. hípece</b> - down; <b>írece</b> - up; <b>isscurin</b> - abroad; <b>ishshesán</b> - out, from home; <b>nezhesán</b> - at home; <b>surnavír</b> - aboard; <b>uborden</b> - ashore
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Emphasis</font></b></i><b>. adecan</b> - just, exactly; <b>izhefsë</b> - especially, most of all; <b>ërece</b> - in fact, actually, really; <b>mudhe</b> - most; <b>muán</b> - least; <b>purho</b> - certainly, surely; <b>tana</b> - indeed, truly
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Logic</font></b></i><b>. otál</b> - as, also, too, furthermore, so; <b>cechélece</b> - thereby; <b>duya</b> - therefore; <b>ozë</b> - thus; <b>urë</b> - then, therefore, hence
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Pragmatics</font></b></i><b>. acotál</b> - besides, anyway; <b>azhana</b> - at least, at worst; <b>erotál</b> - moreover, furthermore; <b>ledhad </b><i>- </i>for example; <b>rhomuán</b> - nonetheless; <b>tësitál</b> - anyhow, going back to the subject at hand; <b>zdésece</b> - herein
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Aktionsarten</font></b></i><b>. dénuo</b> - continually, habitually, repeatedly; <b>elnora</b> - still, yet, more; <b>núnece</b> - just, about to, right now; <b>sicha</b> - just now, right now, right then; <b>ya</b> - indeed, even; indication of completed action; <b>yatá</b> - already
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Direction</font></b></i><b>. dosán</b> - backward; <b>fasadán</b> - forward; <b>hipán</b> - downward; <b>dhitelán</b> - ahead, onward, forth; <b>irán</b> - upward
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Extent</font></b></i><b>. arashó</b> - very much, much, quite; <b>ger</b> - hardly; <b>tidimo</b> - somewhat; <b>isu</b> - enough; such that; very; <b>lyö</b> - very; <b>níbece</b> - at all; <b>parha</b> - approximately; <b>prosice</b> - almost; <b>tro</b> - too much; <b>rhóece</b> - not at all; <b>áltece</b> - at the most; <b>básece</b> - at the least
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Time</font></b></i><b>. aproste</b> - later, afterward; <b>descairon</b> - sometimes; <b>ízhece</b> - before; <b>nirto</b> - often; <b>nunei</b> - henceforth; <b>pronun</b> - meanwhile; <b>proshe</b> - next, then; <b>sicha</b> - just now; <b>ticairon</b> - some time; <b>vremë</b> - thenceforth; <b>vremya</b> - then
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other</font></b></i><b>. </b> <b>nochula</b> - together; <b>on</b> - again; back to; <b>shekeshan</b> - finally, at last; <b>torin</b> - apart, into pieces
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="62">62. CONJUNCTIONS </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>ac</b> - but
<br><b>dezike</b> - while
<br><b>dy</b> - that, than
<br><b>eluá</b> - behold; here is, here are
<br><b>er</b> - and; both; plus
<br><b>esce</b> - is it that; whether
<br><b>esli</b> - if
<br><b>hoyan</b> - although
<br><b>iy</b>- or, either
<br><b>iyotra</b> - otherwise
<br><b>ni</b> - neither, nor
<br><b>prokena</b> - because
<br><b>sedau</b> - however
<br><b>ut</b> - if only
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="63">63. INTERJECTIONS </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b>ar</b> - yes; <b>rho</b> - no
<p><b>ave</b> - hail! hello! <b>emai!</b> - hello!
<br><b>icë</b> - present, here
<br><b>urave</b> - please; <b>dëkuy</b> - thanks, a thank you
<br><b>nish</b> - fine, OK, great
<p><b>ay </b>- ouch!<b> ec</b> - hey! well! <b>cha</b> - well! <b>nu</b> - well! <b>aa</b> - uh, er; <b>uy</b> - oh! <b>iosu</b> - alas
<br><b>krodhi</b> - damn! <b>chuza</b>! - shit! <b>futash</b> - fuck! <b>rashe</b> - frigging
<h2><font color="#000060"><a name="64">64. QUANTIFIERS </a></font></h2>
<A HREF="#contents">[Contents]</A><br>
<b><i><font color="#002080">None</font></b></i><b>. suy</b> - none, not any, no; <b>nish</b> - zero
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">One</font></b></i><b>. an</b> - one, single;<b> anise</b> - only, unique, sole;<b> so</b> - the;<b> sul</b> - only, sole, alone
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Some</font></b></i><b>. nib</b> - any;<b> ti</b> - some
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Few</font></b></i><b>. des</b> - several;<b> pey</b> - few;<b> dhes</b> - several;<b> bumushe </b>- not many; <b>dhun</b> - two
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Many</font></b></i><b>. benge</b> - most; <b>boce</b> - plenty;<b> bolë</b> - much;<b> mushe</b> - many;<b> muatë</b> - half
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">All</font></b></i><b>. chil</b> - each;<b> perë</b> - whole, entire;<b> shi</b> - every;<b> tëse</b> - all
<p><b><i><font color="#002080">Other</font></b></i><b>. dernë</b> - last;<b> etasule</b> - particular;<b> fäsul</b> - left; other;<b> otre</b> - another;<b> tal</b> - such, so;<b> tar</b> - either one;<b> tele</b> - other
<p><i>See also <a href="phonology.htm#numbers">"Numbers"</a> in the Grammar</i>.
<p>
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