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<h1>Munkhâshi</h1>
<i>© 2010 by Mark Rosenfelder · <A HREF="default.html">zompist.com</a></i>
<!-- Table of Contents -->
<hr/>
<p><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a> — <i> <a href="#Background">Background</a> — <a href="#Highlights">Highlights</a>
</i>
<p><a href="#Phonology">Phonology</a> — <i> <a href="#Stress">Stress</a> — <a href="#Phonotactics">Phonotactics</a>
</i>
<p><a href="#Verbal">Verbal morphology</a> — <i> <a href="#Rank">Rank</a> — <a href="#present">The simple present</a> —
<a href="#Past">Past</a> — <a href="#Future">Future</a> — <a href="#Negative">Negative</a> — <a href="#Iterative">Iterative</a> — <a href="#Direction">Direction</a> — <a href="#Affixes">Affixes</a> — <a href="#Subordinators">Subordinators</a> — <a href="#Adjectives">Adjectives</a> — <a href="#Adjectivizers">Adjectivizers</a>
</i>
<br><a href="#Nominal">Nominal morphology</a> — <i> <a href="#Tense">Tense</a> — <a href="#Possession">Possession</a> —
<a href="#Pejoratives">Pejoratives</a> — <a href="#augmentatives">Diminutives and augmentatives</a> — <a href="#Derivational">Derivational affixes</a>
</i>
<br><a href="#Deictics">Deictics</a> —
<a href="#Quantifiers">Quantifiers</a> —
<a href="#Numbers">Numbers</a> —
<a href="#Prepositions">Prepositions</a>
<p><a href="#Sentence">Sentence order</a> — <i> <a href="#Topic">Topic and comment</a> —
</i>
<a href="#NP">NP order</a> — <i> <a href="#Appositives">Appositives</a> —
</i>
<a href="#Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</a>
</i>
<br><a href="#Questions">Questions</a> — <i> <a href="#YesNo">Yes-no questions</a> — <a href="#Interrogatives">Interrogatives</a> —
</i>
<a href="#Negatives">Negatives</a> —
<a href="#Coordination">Coordination</a>
<br><a href="#Subordination">Subordination</a> — <i> <a href="#Sentential">Sentential objects</a> — <a href="#Relative">Relative clauses </a> —
<a href="#Causatives">Causatives</a> — <a href="#Adverbials">Adverbials</a> — <a href="#Time">Time clauses</a> — <a href="#calendar">The calendar</a> — <a href="#Place">Place clauses</a> — <a href="#Reason">Reason clauses</a> —
</i>
<p><a href="#Examples">Examples</a> — <i> <a href="#Liturgy">Liturgy</a> —<a href="#munlife">A Munkhâshi life</a> </i>
<br><a href="#Lexicon"><b>Lexicon</b></a>
<hr/>
<h2><a name="Introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<h3><a name="Background">Background</a></h3>
<b>Munkhâshi</b> (<i>lok Munkhâsh</i>) was the standard language of <b><a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Munkh%C3%A2sh">Munkhâsh</a></b>, the <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Ktuvok_empire">ktuvok empire</a> which was established in Z.E. -1360 in <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Dem%C3%B3shimor">Demóshimor</a>, the land between the two ktuvok habitats of Ereláe. The ancient name is <b>Tmôtimor</b>, ‘first home’, reflecting the fact that the Demoshi were the first humans in the empire, thus aways ranked above later conquests.
<p><img src="Munkhash-map.gif" align="right" title="Borders as of Z.E. 600">
It’s a member of the <b><a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Eynleyni">Eynleyni</a></b> language family; the name derives from <b>ênleno</b> ‘remote relative’, a term that reflects the Demoshi awareness that these were related peoples.
<p>The empire slowly grew to rule all the Eynleyni peoples, and invaded Eretald in force in 440. They conquered most of the Monkhayu and Caďinorians and besieged Eleisa, but were slowly pushed back— a process that created the Caďinorian empire. They were expelled from Eretald in 1150, but engineered a resurgence in the 1600s, intervening in Xengiman as well. This provoked an alliance of the Caďinorians and Tžuro which finally destroyed the ktuvok empire and occupied the ktuvok swamps (1667).
<blockquote>
<i>See <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Munkh%C3%A2sh">Munkhâsh</a> in the Almeopedia for a fuller history
<br>See <a href="shikhar.html">“A Munkhâshi life”</a> for a picture of classical Demoshi peasant society.</i>
</blockquote>
There were really several ancient Eynleyni languages; the state language was that of Demóshimor, but the one that was most familiar to the Caďinorians was that of the western Eynleyni, who inhabited what is now Sarnáe. This accounts for the discrepancy— unfortunately echoed in early Almeology— between proper names in this document and as reported in previous works, e.g. <b>Kenshil</b> vs. <i>Khêvnil</i>, <b>Korkâsh</b> vs. <i>Korgâkh</i>.
<h3><a name="Highlights">Highlights</a></h3>
Some highlights of Munkhâshi:
<ul>
<li>The language is VSO, and is consistently head-first (e.g <b>Engel alh</b> ‘an Englishman’).
<br><li>The language and culture are notable for incorporating a non-human value system. For instance, words that are highly negative to us— <i>reptilian, swampy, scaly, head tentacle</i>— have strong positive connotations. The Thinking Kinds are named from a ktuvok perspective: e.g. <b>jôtil</b> ‘worshipper’ = human, <b>tujno </b>‘paddler’ = iliu (an insult to their swimming ability).
<br><li>The counting system is octal, in line with the eight fingers of ktuvoks.
<br><li>There are no personal pronouns; instead there is a five-rank hierarchy applied to both verbs and deictics. This is largely expressed via consonant mutation.
<br><li>A peculiarity of Munkhâshi, which has spread to Sarroc, is that both auxiliaries and main verbs within a clause are conjugated.
<br><li>There is a rich system of pejoratives. One way to create a despective, borrowed from occultism, is to say it backwards.
<br>
</ul>
Outsiders have often supposed that Munkhâshi is “the language of the ktuvoks” and was taught to the Eynleyni. However, the languages are known to precede the empire, and indeed there is evidence that they’re distantly related to the Qarau languages. The ktuvoks have their own languages; indeed, it’s said that these differ between <b>Etmekâshdak</b> and <b>Etmekâshlim</b>, the two ‘great wetlands’. Ktuvok speech is often described as whistling or sibilant, and it may be that Munkhâshi phonology has been modified under its influence.
<p>The word <i>ktuvok</i> is not, as one might expect, Munkhâshi; it derives from Elkarîl. The Munkhâshi term is <b>gotalh</b> ‘holy ruler’.
<h2><a name="Phonology">Phonology</a></h2>
The sounds below are reconstructions, and thus precise phonetic and allophinic details are unavailable. The major sources are these:
<ul>
<li>reconstruction from modern Eynleyni languages (plus Sarroc whose stock of borrowings is large enough to show regular correspondences)
<br><li>contemporary Caďinorian and Cuzeian descriptions
<br><li>some difficult passages in Dhekhnami tomes on magic describing what is evidently an archaizing pronunciation
<br><li>a very few words also attested in Tžuro sources; these mostly serve to limit wild conjectures
<br>
</ul>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3">
<td></td>
<td><i>labial</i></td>
<td><i>dental</i></td>
<td><i>palatal</i></td>
<td><i>velar</i></td>
<td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="100px"> </td>
<td colspan="2"><i> vowels </i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#BCCFB3" rowspan="2"><i>stops</i></td>
<td><b>p</b></td>
<td><b>t</b></td>
<td><b>ch</b></td>
<td><b>k</b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>i</b></td>
<td><b>u</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>b</b></td>
<td><b>d</b></td>
<td><b>j</b></td>
<td><b>g</b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>e</b></td>
<td><b>o</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>affricates</i></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td><b>ts dz</b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>ê</b></td>
<td><b>ô</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>fricatives</i></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td><b>th dh</b></td>
<td><b>sh zh</b></td>
<td><b>kh</b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>â</b></td>
<td><b>a</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>nasals</i></td>
<td><b>m</b></td>
<td><b>n</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>liquids</i></td>
<td><b>w</b></td>
<td><b>l lh</b></td>
<td><b>r</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Most likely <b>ch j</b> were affricates [tʃ dʒ] rather than palatal stops [c ɟ], but they mostly pattern with the stops. (We also know that when morphological processes produce <b>t + sh</b>, the result was <b>ch</b>, e.g. <b>zhêt </b>‘any’ + <b>shil </b>‘place’ = <b>zhêchil</b> ‘anywhere’.
<p>It’s clear that <b>ts dz</b> were affricates, but as neither Caďinor nor Cuêzi have any, their descriptions are somewhat fanciful. They certainly contrasted with <b>ch j</b>. The simplest interpretation is [ts dz].
<p>We know that <b>th dh kh</b> had very similar values to Caďinor, thus [θ ð x]. We have attestations of <b>sh</b> transliterated š [ʃ] in Axunašin, e.g. <i>Šulčei</i> for <b>Shultlhe</b> ‘Forbidden Sea’.
<p>Very likely <b>w</b> derives from an earlier *<i>ph</i> [f] or [ɸ].
<p><b>Lh</b> was likely a voiced lateral fricative [ɮ]. Both Caďinor and Cuêzi sources comment on the difficulty (and ‘ugliness’) of the sound. Dhekhnami sources give instructions on how to say it that are somewhat confused, but show that it’s not the same as modern <i>tl</i> [ɬ].
<p>The vowels <b>ê ô</b> are fairly clearly [ɛ ɔ], as Cuêzi sources distinguish them though Caďinor sources merge them. Cuêzi <i>Munxeas </i>suggests [æ] for <b>â</b>.
<p>There are no diphthongs; if one threatens to occur due to affixation, a -<b>w</b>- is inserted.
<p>As there is no <i>h</i> sound, <b>h</b> always forms part of a digraph. (Digraphs have been used for Munkhâshi for the last thirty years of Almeology, mostly in order to make Munkhâshi/Dhekhnami words easily distinct from Verdurian. They do not reflect the nature of the Demoshi alphabet.)
<p>Some Almean scholars assume that at least some modern Eynleyni features can be dated to the Munkhâshi period— e.g. the change of <b>r</b> to <b>y</b> after stops. But this is to confuse the comparative method with a time machine. We have no direct evidence for such early dates and often evidence against (e.g. the Caďinor attestation of <b>Trêlag</b> ‘Tyellakh’ as <i>Trelagos</i>).
<h4><a name="Stress">Stress</a></h4>
Stress is generally placed on the first syllable of the root; thus:
<blockquote><b>Múnkhâsh<br>Tmótimor<br>ktúthen</b> ‘please come’<b><br>jápachum </b>‘cried a lot’<b><br>dhméki</b> ‘lake’<b><br>ínwisho </b>‘girl’<b><br>inínwisho</b> ‘girls’<b><br>ultsár </b>‘mayor’<b><br>púdagno</b> ‘Caďinorian’<br><b>bôtóchil</b> ‘entrance’<br><b>Námpapshimnam</b> ‘Axunai’</blockquote>
The suffix -<b>álh</b> is stressed; thus <b>Gelálh</b>, <b>gotálh</b> ‘ktuvok’.
<p>As stress is predictable I usually indicate it only in geographical terms, which appear in contexts where a knowledge of Munkhâshi roots can’t be presumed: e.g. <b>Tmótimor</b>, <b>Shkónodo</b>.
<h4><a name="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</a></h4>
Syllables are generally of the form
<blockquote>(<b>sh</b>)C(C)(R)V(F)</blockquote>
where R is one of the liquids <b>l r lh w</b>, and F excludes the fricatives and affricates in the chart (i.e. <b>ts/dz</b> can’t occur syllable-finally, but <b>ch/j</b> can).
<p>If an initial cluster appears, neither can be <b>ch j</b>, and the first can’t be a liquid.
<p>A single vowel never occurs as a syllable, but the pattern
<blockquote>VC</blockquote>
occurs where the consonant is limited to nasals, liquids, or fricatives— a set that only partially matches the F class above. (Note that final fricatives are also found in the verbal conjugation.)
<p>A peculiarity of Munkhâshi is that it allows clusters with unassimilated voicing contrasts, as in <b>pdhot </b>‘be shamed’, <b>gshum</b> ‘be noisy’. This is explicitly noted by observers from Eretald, but they’ve all been assimilated or simplified in Dhekhnami.
<h2><a name="">Morphology</a></h2>
</font>Munkhâshi has a fairly complicated morphology, expressing many things by affixes (including infixes) that other languages express via syntax.
<h3><a name="Verbal">Verbal morphology</a></h3>
Verbs include what we’d call adjectives.
<br>Verbal morphology includes a fairly complex number of methods: consonant mutation, partial reduplication, vowel harmony, infixing, and affixing.
<h4><a name="Rank">Rank</a></h4>
Instead of person, Munkhâshi verbs inflect by <b><i><font color="#008000">rank</b></i></font> (<b>gmêchmu</b>) There are five gradations in all, which we will simply call grades A through E. They are relative not absolute, so even slaves use all five grades.
<br>Rank in Munkhâshi society could be a treatise in itself; but the general rules are these, in order of importance:
<ul>
<li>Ktuvoks and gods outrank humans.
<li>In any institution (army, temples, workshops, etc.) superiors outrank inferiors.
<li>Each generation outranks the next.
<li>Insiders (of any group) outrank outsiders, when addressing members of the group or within the group’s territory.
<li>Males outrank females.
<li>Among women, married women outrank unmarried ones, and those with children outrank the childless.
<li>Within an age cohort (<b>kuklag</b>), members are ranked by strength— think of the pecking order of birds.
<ul>
<li>Among children, this correlates with age.
<li>Among adults, or children of the same age, physical size is a good proxy.
<li>The outcome of a fight or intimidation display supersedes these rough tests.
<li>Backers add to one’s own strength. So Draco Malfoy’s rank would be calculated by including Crabbe and Goyle.
<li><i>Implied</i> backers count too; the chief corollary is that elite status increases strength. (You’d be unwise to physically challenge an elite member even if they’re alone, as they’ll have their minions deal with you later.)
</ul></ul>
Munkhâshi were practiced with rules of rank (and they are actually more complicated than I’ve laid out here), and could instantly calculate the relative ranks of any number of parties. Some examples:
<ul>
<li>A teacher outranks all his students; among the students, the males rank first, in their pecking order, then the females in theirs.
<li>A boy outranks all his sisters, and his younger brothers; but not his mothers or aunts. When he grows up, a younger brother might come to outrank him, if the brother is stronger.
<li>Within your clan or work unit (<b>kukla</b>; the term applies to divisions of a village, army, or other institution), the members outrank similar members of a rival unit. (On the other hand, rank trumps insiderdom: a unit leader (<b>ulkuk</b>) from another <b>kukla</b> outranks you and the rest of your <b>kuklag</b>.)
<br>
</ul>
The simplest case: two people are speaking. Then:
<ul>
<li>A is used to refer to third parties superior to both speakers
<li>B is used to refer to the superior speaker (both by himself and by his interlocutor)
<li>C refers to third parties intermediate in rank between the two speakers
<li>D is used to refer to the inferior speaker (again, by both parties)
<li>E is used to refer to third parties inferior to both speakers
<br>
</ul>
The rank hierarchy is such that one never really has a peer— of two people, one will always be superior. As a corollary, in the two-speaker scenario, the B and D forms never refer to a third party, and thus there is no need for personal pronouns or personal inflections.
<p>Occasionally A and C are used instead; naturally, this has the implication that the higher-ranked party has no superiors. This is typical when addressing gods or ktuvoks. (If the ktuvok initiated the conversation, however, it will normally use B forms.)
<p>As soon as a <b><i><font color="#008000">third speaker</b></i></font> joins the conversation, strict speech hierarchy cannot be maintained— we would need seven forms to separate all the gradations of rank, and only five are available. Generally C forms are used for the middle-ranking speaker, reserving A and E for other parties superior or inferior to all the speakers.
<p>With four speakers the top-ranking speaker can use A forms; and with five, of course, each speaker has their own form.
<br>More complex situations are approximated to the simple cases by grouping people together. Some examples:
<ul>
<li>Parents speaking with their children: parents = B, children = D.
<li>An extended family get-together: each generation gets a form, usually B/C/D, but A and E are used if the generational range is large enough.
<li>A challenge (<b>gdêkmu</b>): the fighters are B and D, but reverse if the challenger wins; the spectators use A/C/E depending on status.
<li>A classroom: teacher = B, students = D.
<li>Two groups are negotiating: the superior group’s leader = B, the inferior group’s leader = C, all their subordinates = D.
<li>A ktuvok is inspecting the troops: ktuvoks = A, officers = B, soldiers = D.
<br>
</ul>
If a person from one of these groups needs to be singled out, names are used (including by that person).
<p>Animals and physical objects always use form E. It’s also conventional to refer to iliu using the E form. (There is never any occasion to <i>speak to</i> an iliu in Munkhâshi.)
<p>By the rules given, two persons of different <b>kukukla </b>will each consider the other inferior. In practice minor rules were used to establish a mutually understood rank—if there was really nothing else to go by, whoever spoke first would take the higher rank.
<p>Though all Munkhâshi are conscious of rank, it’s perhaps most emphasized and most cruel among children. Women are also notorious for enforcing the pecking order among themselves. Perhaps the only area of life where the tyranny of <b>gmêchmu </b>is relaxed is among soldiers on active duty, for whom within-unit camaraderie is more important.
<h4><a name="present">The simple present</a></h4>
The baisc Munkhâshi tense is the simple present. Semantically, it’s closest to our present progressive: e.g. <b>poch = </b>‘D is thinking’. (To simplify the glosses, I will simply treat the grade names as nouns. ‘D is thinking’ simply means that the D rank grade is being used. It might refer to myself, to yourself, or to a third party; see the discussion on <i>Rank</i> just above.)
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>‘be’</i></td>
<td><i>‘want’</i></td>
<td><i>‘think’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be near’</i></td>
<td><i>‘cry’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">A.s</td>
<td>khrath</td>
<td>krith</td>
<td>wrosh</td>
<td>roth</td>
<td>zhrash</td>
<td>thrêsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>khath</td>
<td>krith</td>
<td>wosh</td>
<td>roth</td>
<td>zhash</td>
<td>thêsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">C.s</td>
<td>khat</td>
<td>krit</td>
<td>woch</td>
<td>rot</td>
<td>zhach</td>
<td>thêts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td><font color="#ff0000">kat</font></td>
<td><font color="#ff0000">krit</font></td>
<td><font color="#ff0000">poch</font></td>
<td><font color="#ff0000">rot</font></td>
<td><font color="#ff0000">jach</font></td>
<td><font color="#ff0000">têts</font></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>gat</td>
<td>grit</td>
<td>boch</td>
<td>rot</td>
<td>jach</td>
<td>dêts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">A.d</td>
<td>khratha</td>
<td>krithi</td>
<td>wrosho</td>
<td>rotho</td>
<td>zhrasha</td>
<td>thrêchê</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.d</td>
<td>khatha</td>
<td>krithi</td>
<td>wosho</td>
<td>rotho</td>
<td>zhasha</td>
<td>thêchê</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">C.d</td>
<td>khata</td>
<td>kriti</td>
<td>wocho</td>
<td>roto</td>
<td>zhacha</td>
<td>thêtsê</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.d</td>
<td>kata</td>
<td>kriti</td>
<td>pocho</td>
<td>roto</td>
<td>jacha</td>
<td>têtsê</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.d</td>
<td>gata</td>
<td>griti</td>
<td>bocho</td>
<td>roto</td>
<td>jacha</td>
<td>dêtsê</td>
</tr>
<tr><td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">A.p</td>
<td>khrathâ</td>
<td>krithu</td>
<td>wroshe</td>
<td>rothe</td>
<td>zhrashâ</td>
<td>thrêchô</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.p</td>
<td>khathâ</td>
<td>krithu</td>
<td>woshe</td>
<td>rothe</td>
<td>zhashâ</td>
<td>thêchô</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">C.p</td>
<td>khatâ</td>
<td>kritu</td>
<td>woche</td>
<td>rote</td>
<td>zhachâ</td>
<td>thêtsô</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.p</td>
<td>katâ</td>
<td>kritu</td>
<td>poche</td>
<td>rote</td>
<td>jachâ</td>
<td>têtsô</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.p</td>
<td>gatâ</td>
<td>gritu</td>
<td>boche</td>
<td>rote</td>
<td>jachâ</td>
<td>dêtsô</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The <b>citation form</b> (shown in <font color="#ff0000">red</font>) is the <b>D grade singular</b> (D.s).
<p><b><i><font color="#008000">Singular grades.</b></i></font> The basic idea is that <i>higher ranks soften the sounds</i>, either by fricativization or rhotacism. (The principle behind this seems to be that fricativization makes people sound more like ktuvoks.)
<ul>
<li>Going from D to A, we have the progression
<blockquote>
<font color="#ff0000">SVS</font> → <b>F</b>VS → FV<b>F</b> → F<b>r</b>VF
</blockquote>
where S → F indicates that a stop is fricativized. Differences at each gradation are bolded. (Note <b>ch j</b> → <b>sh zh</b>; same with <b>ts dz</b>. <b>p</b> → <b>w</b> for the initial only.)
<p>In the A form, an <b>r</b> is inserted after the initial.
<li>If there’s an initial cluster, the progression becomes
<blockquote> <font color="#ff0000">SSVS</font> → S<b>F</b>VS → SFV<b>F</b> → S<b>r</b>VF </blockquote>
Affricates count as a single consonant: <b>tsuk</b> ‘know’ is SVS not SSVS.<br>
<li>In the E grade, voice the first consonant(s).
</ul>
Most verb roots (D forms) begin and end with unvoiced stops. If a transformation can’t be applied, it isn’t— e.g. <b>dhek</b> ‘be pure’ already begins with a fricative, so its D and C forms are identical; note the defective conjugation of <b>rot</b> ‘be near’.
<p><b><i><font color="#008000">Dual grades</b></i></font>. The dual is formed affixing a copy of the root vowel:
<blockquote>S(S)VS → S(S)VSV </blockquote>
<b><i><font color="#008000">Plural grade</b></i></font>. The plural also affixes a vowel, but of opposite frontness to the root vowel:
<blockquote>
i ←→ u
<br>e ←→ o
<br>ê ←→ ô
<br>a ←→ â </blockquote>
Which rank do you use if an action was taken by <b><i><font color="#008000">multiple parties</b></i></font>? Easy— the highest applicable one; but apply dual or plural as needed semantically. Thus <b>krithi</b> ‘want.B.dual’ really means that two people wanted something, and at least one of them is B rank.
<h4><a name="Past">Past</a></h4>
Insert -<b>pa</b>- before the final consonant; but the infix is mutated (fricativized for AB, voiced for E)
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>‘be’</i></td>
<td><i>‘want’</i></td>
<td><i>‘think’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be near’</i></td>
<td><i>‘cry’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">A.s</td>
<td>khrawath</td>
<td>kriwath</td>
<td>wrowash</td>
<td>rowath</td>
<td>zhrawash</td>
<td>thrêwash</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>khawath</td>
<td>kriwath</td>
<td>wowash</td>
<td>rowath</td>
<td>zhawash</td>
<td>thêwash</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">C.s</td>
<td>khapat</td>
<td>kripat</td>
<td>wopach</td>
<td>ropat</td>
<td>zhapach</td>
<td>thêpats</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td>kapat</td>
<td>kripat</td>
<td>popach</td>
<td>ropat</td>
<td>japach</td>
<td>têpats</td>
<td><font color="#ff0000"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>gabat</td>
<td>gribat</td>
<td>bobach</td>
<td>robat</td>
<td>jabach</td>
<td>dêbats</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
This infix (and those discussed below) doesn’t change the stress: <b>khráwath</b> ‘A was’, <b>khráwatha</b> ‘A (dual) were’.
<h4><a name="Future">Future</a></h4>
Like the past, but using -<b>tô</b> instead (mutated by rank).
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>‘be’</i></td>
<td><i>‘want’</i></td>
<td><i>‘think’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be near’</i></td>
<td><i>‘cry’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">A.s</td>
<td>khrathôth</td>
<td>krithôth</td>
<td>wrothôsh</td>
<td>rothôth</td>
<td>zhrathôsh</td>
<td>thrêthôsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>khathôth</td>
<td>krithôth</td>
<td>wothôsh</td>
<td>rothôth</td>
<td>zhathôsh</td>
<td>thêthôsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">C.s</td>
<td>khatôt</td>
<td>kritôt</td>
<td>wotôch</td>
<td>rotôt</td>
<td>zhatôch</td>
<td>thêtôts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td>katôt</td>
<td>kritôt</td>
<td>potôch</td>
<td>rotôt</td>
<td>jatôch</td>
<td>têtôts</td>
<td><font color="#ff0000"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>gadôt</td>
<td>gridôt</td>
<td>bodôch</td>
<td>rodôt</td>
<td>jadôch</td>
<td>dêdôts</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="Negative">Negative</a></h4>
An invariable -<b>ru</b>- is infixed before the final consonant.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>‘be’</i></td>
<td><i>‘want’</i></td>
<td><i>‘think’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be near’</i></td>
<td><i>‘cry’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">A.s</td>
<td>khraruth</td>
<td>kriruth</td>
<td>wrorush</td>
<td>roruth</td>
<td>zhrarush</td>
<td>thrêrush</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>kharuth</td>
<td>kriruth</td>
<td>worush</td>
<td>roruth</td>
<td>zharush</td>
<td>thêrush</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">C.s</td>
<td>kharut</td>
<td>krirut</td>
<td>woruch</td>
<td>rorut</td>
<td>zharuch</td>
<td>thêruts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td>karut</td>
<td>krirut</td>
<td>poruch</td>
<td>rorut</td>
<td>jaruch</td>
<td>têruts</td>
<td><font color="#ff0000"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>garut</td>
<td>grirut</td>
<td>boruch</td>
<td>rorut</td>
<td>jaruch</td>
<td>dêruts</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The infix appears <i>after</i> the past or future infix.
<p>The infix can be altered to -<b>ri</b>- to form a <b><i><font color="#008000">dubitative</b></i></font>, which can be used for doubtful or unlikely events: <b>karit </b>‘D probably isn’t’; <b>krithôritho </b>‘B (pl.) are unlikely to want’.
<h4><a name="Iterative">Iterative</a></h4>
Reduplication of the first syllable (first consonant only, including its mutation, plus first vowel), expresses a repeated or habitual event.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>‘be’</i></td>
<td><i>‘want’</i></td>
<td><i>‘think’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be near’</i></td>
<td><i>‘cry’</i></td>
<td><i>‘be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">A.s</td>
<td>khakhrath</td>
<td>kikrith</td>
<td>wowrosh</td>
<td>roroth</td>
<td>zhazhrash</td>
<td>thêthrêsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>khakhath</td>
<td>kikrith</td>
<td>wowosh</td>
<td>roroth</td>
<td>zhazhash</td>
<td>thêthêsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">C.s</td>
<td>khakhat</td>
<td>kikrit</td>
<td>wowoch</td>
<td>rorot</td>
<td>zhazhach</td>
<td>thêthêts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td>kakat</td>
<td>kikrit</td>
<td>popoch</td>
<td>rorot</td>
<td>jajach</td>
<td>têtêts</td>
<td><font color="#ff0000"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>gagat</td>
<td>gigrit</td>
<td>boboch</td>
<td>rorot</td>
<td>jajach</td>
<td>dêdêts</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The main syllable retains the stress: <b>khakhráwathâ</b> ‘A (pl.) were repeatedly being’.
<h4><a name="Direction">Direction</a></h4>
Any of the prepositions may be prefixed to a verb before the root. Examples (showing the direction prefix in blue, tense/negative infixes in green):
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>tot</td>
<td></b>go</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bô</b></font><b>tot</td>
<td></b>enter</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">go</b></font><b>tot</td>
<td></b>exit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzun</b></font><b>tot</td>
<td></b>return</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khin</b></font><b>tot</td>
<td></b>leave</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nek</b></font><b>tot</td>
<td></b>cross </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bô</b></font><b>tho</b><b><font color="#008000">wa</b></font><b>th</td>
<td></b>B went in</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzun</b></font><b>do</b><b><font color="#008000">ru</b></font><b>t</td>
<td></b>E doesn’t return</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nek</b></font><b>thro</b><b><font color="#008000">thôru</b></font><b>th</td>
<td></b>A (dual) will not cross</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bô</b></font><b>thotho</b><b><font color="#008000">pa</b></font><b>t</td>
<td></b>C (pl.) kept entering</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="Affixes">Affixes</a></h4>
The meaning may be refined further using affixes.
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3" rowspan="2">1 </td>
<td>request (for superiors)</td>
<td><b>-en</td>
<td></b><b>kthuthen</b> please come</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>order (to inferiors)</td>
<td><b>or-</td>
<td></b><b>orktut</b>! come!</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3" rowspan="8">2</td>
<td>accidental</td>
<td><b>-ap</td>
<td></b><b>ktupatap</b> accidentally came</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>diminutive</td>
<td><b>wi-</td>
<td></b><b>wirot </b>be kind of near, <b>wijach </b>cry a little<b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>intensive</td>
<td><b>-um</td>
<td></b><b>japachum </b>cried a lot<b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>inceptive</td>
<td><b>me-</td>
<td></b><b>mejach </b>begin to cry, <b>mechip</b> begin to shoot<b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>wrongly, badly</td>
<td><b>pne-</td>
<td></b><b>pneknik </b>kill wrongly (e.g. the wrong person) <b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>forbidden</td>
<td><b>shun-</td>
<td></b><b>shuntot </b>go where or when it’s forbidden<b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>foolishly, clumsily</td>
<td><b>gip-</td>
<td></b><b>giptsin </b>walk clumsily, <b>gipjach </b>cry like a fool<b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>carefully</td>
<td><b>wor-</td>
<td></b><b>wortsin </b>walk carefully<b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3" rowspan="2">3</td>
<td>active participle</td>
<td><b>-il</td>
<td></b><b>kritil </b>wanting<b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>passive participle</td>
<td><b>-ug</td>
<td></b><b>kritug </b>wanted<b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
You can have one affix from category 1 and one from 2, or one from 2 and one from 3. Thus <b>ormechip</b> ‘begin to shoot!’, <b>mechipil</b> ‘beginning to shoot’, but *<i>ormechipumug</i>.
<p>If it’s uncertain whether someone or something will obey, use -<b>en</b> whether or not the agent is superior— e.g. <b>dhmelen</b> ‘let it rain’. (If you exhort yourself, however, use <b>or</b>- since it’s assumed you’ll obey youself: <b>orpôch</b>! ‘let me think!’)
<h4><a name="Subordinators">Subordinators</a></h4>
These will be explained in the Syntax section, but are listed here for completeness. These must occur before any other prefixes.
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>then (time)</td>
<td><b>ga-</b></td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td>there (place)</td>
<td><b>dwun-</b></td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td>because of</td>
<td><b>bin-</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="Adjectives">Adjectives</a></h4>
Predicative adjectives are verbs— e.g. <b>chot</b> ‘be small’, <b>tek</b> ‘be black, rich, or full’, <b>rot</b> ‘be near’. These are conjugated exactly like any other verb, with full rank forms.
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Jobat tlar.</b>
<br>small.E.past city
<br><i>The city was small.
</blockquote>
</i>The present or past participle form is used for adnominals: e.g. <b>inwino chotil</b> ‘a small boy’; <b>nam rotil</b> ‘a nearby country’, <b>jôtil knikug</b> ‘a murdered human’. These are not conjugated; just use the base (D) form.
<p>The -<b>il</b> form can also be used as an adverb, following the verb.
<br><b>wi</b>- weakens the sense of an adjective: <b>wichot </b>‘smallish’; <b>witek </b>‘blackish’. The suffix -<b>êsh </b>seems to have started with a similar meaning (cf. the <b>Dakêsh</b> ‘westerly’ mountains), but came to have a connotation of disdain or fakeness— <b>tujêsh</b> ‘iliu-ish = Cuzeian’.
<p>A <b><i><font color="#008000">causative</b></i></font> is formed with initial <b>ôth</b>-: <b>ôthchot</b> ‘make small’, <b>ôthtek </b>‘blacken’, <b>ôthrot </b>‘bring near’.
<h4><a name="Adjectivizers">Adjectivizers</a></h4>
Nouns can be fully adjectivized by suffixing -<b>kat</b> ‘be’. E.g. <b>inwi</b> ‘child’ forms <b>inwikat</b> ‘be childish’.
<br>To form adnominals, however, use the suffix -<b>do</b>: <b>inwido</b> ‘childish’ (not <i>*inwikatil</i>).
<h3><a name="Nominal">Nominal morphology</a></h3>
Nouns have singular, dual, and plural forms:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td>‘estate’</td>
<td>‘lake’</td>
<td>‘skirt’</td>
<td>‘human’</td>
<td>‘bone’</td>
<td>‘girl’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">singular</td>
<td>trêm</td>
<td>dhmeki</td>
<td>bêdha</td>
<td>jôtil</td>
<td>tsak</td>
<td>inwisho</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">dual</td>
<td>trêmêt</td>
<td>dhmekit</td>
<td>bêdhat</td>
<td>jôtilit</td>
<td>tsakat</td>
<td>inwishot</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">plural</td>
<td>têtrêm</td>
<td>dhedhmeki</td>
<td>bêbêdha</td>
<td>jôjôtil</td>
<td>tatsak</td>
<td>ininwisho</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The <b><i><font color="#008000">dual</b></i></font> is formed by duplicating the last vowel of the root (if it ends in a consonant), then adding -<b>t</b>.
<p>The <b><i><font color="#008000">plural</b></i></font> is formed like the verbal iterative— by reduplicating the first syllable (first consonant of a cluster only). If the root begins with a vowel, the initial VC is duplicated instead. The stress remains on the main syllable: <b>tatsák, inínwisho</b>.
<h4><a name="Tense">Tense</a></h4>
The past infix -<b>pa</b>- and the future infix -<b>tô</b>- can be applied to nouns, to indicate that the description applied in the past or future but not the present:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>peksho</td>
<td></b>wife</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pek</b><b><font color="#0000ff">pa</b></font><b>sho</td>
<td></b>ex-wife</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pak</b><b><font color="#0000ff">tô</b></font><b>sho</td>
<td></b>wife-to-be, fiancé</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b></td>
<td></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ultlar</td>
<td></b>mayor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ultla</b><b><font color="#0000ff">pa</b></font><b>r</td>
<td></b>former mayor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ultla</b><b><font color="#0000ff">tô</b></font><b>r</td>
<td></b>future mayor</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b></td>
<td></b></td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kmêchno</td>
<td></b>superior</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kmê</b><b><font color="#0000ff">pa</b></font><b>chno</td>
<td></b>former superior</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="Possession">Possession</a></h4>
Posession refers to the five ranks, not to persons. It’s indicated by suffixes:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">A </td>
<td><b>-khol</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B</td>
<td><b>-the</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">C</td>
<td><b>-nan</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D</td>
<td><b>-din</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E</td>
<td><b>-wên</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>pekshothe</td>
<td></b>B’s wife</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pekshodin</td>
<td></b>D’s wife</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b></td>
<td></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bêdhawên</td>
<td></b>E’s skirt</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b></td>
<td></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>trêmkhol</td>
<td></b>A’s estate</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
What if multiple people own it? Linguistically, they don’t— the convention is to apply the suffix for the highest rank involved. So if a husband and wife are talking, both would use <b>rêgthe </b>‘B’s house’ for their house. If you’re talking to a ktuvok, ‘our estate’ is <b>trêmkhol</b> ‘A’s estate’, i.e. his estate.
<p>These forms can also be prefixed to <b>pet</b> ‘speak’ in order to refer to speaking with the appropriate form, eg. <b>thepet</b> ‘speak using the B form’. (Compare French <i>tutoyer</i> ‘address someone with <i>tu</i>’.)
<h4><a name="Pejoratives">Pejoratives</a></h4>
Munkhâshi has a number of morphological means to express disdain, mockery, and disrespect.
<ul>
<li>Substitute a more insulting term, or a metonym:
<blockquote><b>nâk </b>mouth → <b>kthe </b>hole<br><b>kukla</b> work unit → <b>dhlêk </b>flock<br><b>tlekmi </b>horse → <b>jadh</b> dog<br><b>dhmel</b> it’s raining → <b>pshim</b> it’s pissing<br><b>jômro </b>leg → <b>tsak </b>bone
<br><b>redna</b> foot → guy, dude<br><b>châm</b> ass → woman<br><b>jêtsêt</b> shoes → upper-class person<br><b>katsuk </b>hair → rabble, commoners (as they didn’t shave) </blockquote>
Many of these were so commonly used that they became the standard word in Dhekhnami. <br>
<li>Voice the initial (note that this is the same operation as in forming the lowest rank verbs) and optionally front the vowels:
<blockquote><b>peksho </b>wife<b> → beksho <br>pdhotno </b>Qarau<b> → bdhetno<br>tlar </b>city<b> → dlâr<br>tsak </b>bone, leg→ <b>dzak</b> </blockquote>
<li>Reduplication of the last syllable, with the previous syllable stressed and drawn out, expresses mockery. This can be intensified by reduplicating the entire word.
<blockquote><b>pekshóoosho</b> wifey-wife<br><b>tujnotúuuujno</b> iliu-shmiliu </blockquote>
<li>Add the suffix -<b>gân</b> or the (extremely negative) prefix <b>wum</b>-:
<blockquote><b>pekshogân </b>damn wife<br><b>chotno</b> shorty → <b>chotnogân</b> friggin’ shorty<b><br>wumpeksho </b>goddamn wife </blockquote>
<li>Saying a word backwards expresses contempt with a tinge of occult power, as this originates in magical incantations. (Such words can violate phonotactics, which may or may not affect the pronunciation.)
<blockquote><b>ontoch</b> shorty—affricates are not internally reversed<br><b>ontêng</b> wretch— that’s [ng] not [ŋ] </blockquote>
</ul>
These can be combined, but don’t overdo it— the combinations tend to express humorous outrage rather than anger. Apply the transformations in the order shown— e.g. <b>peksóooshogân</b>, not *<i>peksogâaangân</i>; <b>tsak</b> → <b>dzak</b> → <b>kadz</b> not → <b>kats</b> → *<i>gats</i>.
<p>It’s also possible to use expressions of respect (e.g. rank conjugations, the divine/ktuvok suffix -<b>álh</b>, or <b>ul</b>- ‘lord’) ironically or mockingly. If you’re a foreigner, you’re normally called a <b>gonamno</b>; if you hear <b>gono</b> it’s a mild insult, but <b>gonowálh</b> expresses great anger or contempt. Also common are insults or curses like <b>blawetálh</b> ‘shit-god’, <b>ulgêg</b> ‘lord fuck’; these are so common that they’ve been taken by outsiders to be actual gods.
<h4><a name="augmentatives">Diminutives and augmentatives</a></h4>
The <b><i><font color="#008000">diminutive</b></i></font> is -<b>ag</b>, the <b><i><font color="#008000">augmentative</b></i></font> -<b>dzu</b>. These can express size alone (<b>tsiplag</b> ‘little bird’, <b>randzu ‘</b>big bull’), rank (<b>cheknodzu</b> ‘big brother’, <b>cheknog </b>‘little brother’), disdain (<b>gonog</b> ‘little foreigner’, <b>knâknodzu</b> ‘big idiot’), or even affection (<b>inwig</b> ‘kid’).
<p>Affection is tricky in Munkhâsh. The ktuvoks don’t experience sexual love as we do (mating is an expression of value not romance, and there is no intercourse), and human love is considered a base mammal sort of thing, approached with mockery and shame.
<p>Friendship is more respected, but recall that there are no equals in Munkhâshi society— the closest word to ‘friend’ is <b>timno </b>‘companion’, etymologically a fellow soldier or worker. A sort of macho jesting— a fratboy or salesman atmosphere— can be found within a <b>kuklag</b> (age cohort), but rank never goes away— you can never call a higher-ranking friend <b>timnog</b>. Your boss (<b>tâkno</b>) might not require obsequiousness, and if you’re bold you might call him <b>dâkno</b> to his face, but <b>tâknog </b>would be asking for a beating.
<p>It’s acceptable to be affectionate to children and animals (and in private, to your lover or spouse). In any case affection is more expressed by tone of voice than by linguistic markers.
<p>Inferiors are often given nicknames, based on the sound of their names or other factors.
<h4><a name="Derivational">Derivational affixes</a></h4>
These may be applied to verbal as well as nominal roots.
<p><b><i><font color="#008000">Locative</b></i></font>: -<b>shil
<blockquote></b><b>dshugwa</b> seagull → <b>Dshugwashil</b> name of an island<br><b>koch</b> rest → <b>kochshil</b> camp<br><b>kwêt</b> deliver → <b>kwêchil</b> quay<br><b>blawet</b> shit → <b>blawechil</b> dung heap </blockquote>
<b><i><font color="#008000">Males</b></i></font> -<b>no</b>, <b><i><font color="#008000">females</b></i></font> -<b>sho</b>:
<blockquote><b>pek</b> marry → <b>pekno</b> husband, <b>peksho</b> wife<br><b>tsan</b> be beautiful → <b>tsanno</b> handsome man, <b>tsansho</b> beautiful woman<br><b>tmôt</b> be ancient, Demoshi → <b>tmôtno</b> Demoshi man, <b>tmôtsho</b> Demoshi woman </blockquote>
Note that these are not applied to animals, nor to ktuvoks or gods.
<p>There are two honorific nominalizers, -<b>alh</b> for gods and ktuvoks (related to ‘a, one’; i.e. ‘the One who...’), <b>ul</b>- for humans (and a few gods):
<blockquote>
<b>got</b> rule → <b>gotalh</b> ktuvok<br><b>gel</b> be holy → <b>Gelalh</b> chief god
<br><b>tlar</b> city → <b>ultlar </b>mayor<br><b>kuk</b> work → <b>ulkuk </b>team leader, sergeant </blockquote>
The active <b><i><font color="#008000">participle</b></i></font> -<b>il</b> can be used as a noun, though this is more likely to be a tool than a person:
<blockquote><b>jôt</b> worship → <b>jôtil</b> human<br><b>khâsh</b> be rich → <b>khâshil</b> rich person<br><b>pnak</b> thrust into → <b>pnakil</b> pitchfork </blockquote>
An <b><i><font color="#008000">object</b></i></font> or <b><i><font color="#008000">substance</b></i></font> with a given quality is formed with -<b>la</b>, using the (voiced) E form of the verb:
<blockquote><b>bat </b>snow → <b>batla </b>snow<br><b>nêk </b>across → <b>nêkla </b>bridge<br><b>pmêk </b>be flat → <b>bmêkla</b> platform </blockquote>
A <b><i><font color="#008000">process</b></i></font> (including an instance of that process) is named with -<b>mu</b>, using the E form:
<blockquote><b>knik</b> kill → <b>gnikmu </b>killing<br><b>mets</b> be good → <b>metsmu </b>goodness<br><b>ptêt</b> connect → <b>bdêtmu </b>connection </blockquote>
<h3><a name="Deictics">Deictics</a></h3>
There are no personal pronouns in Munkhâshi; instead there are a set of deictics which agree with the rank system used on verbs. However, the A/B ranks are merged, and there are no dual or plural forms:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td>AB</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>E</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">this one</td>
<td><b>wikho</b></td>
<td><b>wiko</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">piko</font></b></td>
<td><b>biko</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">that near one</td>
<td><b>shithe</b></td>
<td><b>shite</b></td>
<td></b><b><font color="#ff0000">chite</font></b></td>
<td></b></font><b>jite</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">that far one</td>
<td><b>shoj</b></td>
<td><b>shoj</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">tsoj</font></b></td>
<td><b>dzoj</b></td>
</tr>
</b>
</table></blockquote>
That is, if Shikhar is using D forms and his superior Umno is using B forms, then both can use <b>piko</b><i> </i>to refer to Shikhar and <b>wiko </b>to refer to Umno.
<p>The other forms need not correspond to speakers; they can include things in the environment. (Recall that inanimate things always take E forms.)
<p>There may be more referents than speakers, and fortunately more distinctions are available than just the ranks. As seen in the table, referents may be distinguished by distance: nearby (<b>piko</b>), a little ways away (<b>chite</b>), far off (<b>tsoj</b>). Educated speakers often adopt the perspective of the highest-ranking speaker, so if Shikhar and Umno are not right next to each other, Shikhar might be <b>chite</b><b><i> </b></i>instead.
<p>In addition the derivational affixes -<b>no</b> (male), -<b>sho</b> (female), and -<b>shil</b> (place) may be applied. Thus one could distinguish <b>wikono </b>‘this male’, <b>wikosho </b>‘this female’, or <b>bikoshil </b>‘this place, here’ vs. <b>jiteshil </b>‘that place, there’ vs. <b>dzojil </b>‘that place yonder’.
<p>There is also a form <b>niko</b> that refers only to clauses; see <i>Subordination</i> below.
<p>For <b><i><font color="#008000">time</b></i></font> there are separate words:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>now</td>
<td><b>eral</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>then (near pres.)</td>
<td><b>megle</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>then (farther)</td>
<td><b>pakwe</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b>
</table></blockquote>
<b>Pakwe</b> refers to a time farther from the present, <b>megle</b> to one closer to it. Thus <b>pakwe</b> is earlier when it comes to the past, later when it comes to the future.
<br>The deictic adjectives are:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>this</td>
<td><b>mim</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>that (here)</td>
<td><b>num</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>that (yonder)</td>
<td><b>tlor</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b>
</table></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Quantifiers">Quantifiers</a></h3>
The basic quantifiers appear after the noun. The nominal forms are mostly derived, with some suppletion:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>adj</i></td>
<td><i>god/ktuvok</i></td>
<td><i>person</i></td>
<td><i>thing</i></td>
<td><i>place</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>any, one</i></td>
<td><b>alh</b></td>
<td><b>ulalh</b></td>
<td><b>zhêtno</b></td>
<td><b>zhêtla</b></td>
<td><b>zhêchil</b></td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>two</i></td>
<td><b>etgat</b></td>
<td><b>uletgat</b></td>
<td><b>dhakno</b></td>
<td><b>dhakla</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>some</i></td>
<td><b>lhôr</b></td>
<td><b>ullhôr</b></td>
<td><b>lhôrno</b></td>
<td><b>lhôrla</b></td>
<td><b>lhôrshil</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>many</i></td>
<td><b>pwat</b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>pwatno</b></td>
<td><b>pwatla</b></td>
<td><b>pwachil</b></td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>all, every</i></td>
<td><b>shê</b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>shêno</b></td>
<td><b>shêla</b></td>
<td><b>shêshil</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>none</i></td>
<td><b>prashi</b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>prashino</b></td>
<td><b>prashila</b></td>
<td><b>prashil</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The -<b>no</b> forms are specifically male, and female -<b>sho</b> forms exist as well. Munkhâshi had a habit of ignoring women— one may say <b>Jarul prashino</b> ‘there’s no one there’ of a house with women in it— but if one wants to explicitly include the women, it’s best to include both forms, e.g. <b>shêno zh shêsho </b>‘all the man and all the women’. <b>Etgat</b> can also be used as a substantive for a male/female couple, as opposed to <b>dhakno</b> which refers only to two men.
<p>Again, the time words are unrelated:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>sometimes</td>
<td><b>tlatsa</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>always</td>
<td><b>nashrê</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>never</td>
<td><b>ôkpa</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b>
</table></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Numbers">Numbers</a></h3>
The numeric base is eight, as ktuvoks have just eight fingers.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td><i></td>
<td><i>x</i></td>
<td><i>8x</i></td>
<td><i>be xth</i></td>
<td><i>1/x</i></td>
<td><i>8<font size=1><sup>x</i></sup></font></i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">0 </td>
<td><b>shpêm</b></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>tat</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">1</td>
<td><b>tat</b></td>
<td>baj</td>
<td>tmôt</td>
<td></td>
<td>baj</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">2</td>
<td><b>dhak</b></td>
<td>bajat</td>
<td>wôk</td>
<td>rêm</td>
<td>dlhek</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">3</td>
<td><b>kach</td>
<td>kapaj</td>
<td>kachkat</td>
<td>knuksha</td>
<td>tseb</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">4</td>
<td><b>enki</b></td>
<td>empaj</td>
<td>enkikat</td>
<td>jôkre</td>
<td>kdhagne</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">5</td>
<td><b>kri</b></td>
<td>kribaj</td>
<td>krikat</td>
<td>ôshkri</td>
<td>najêt</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">6</td>
<td><b>plhek</b></td>
<td>plhepaj</td>
<td>plhekkat</td>
<td>ôshplhek</td>
<td>tsiklho</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">7</td>
<td><b>pnat</b></td>
<td>pnapaj</td>
<td>pnatkat</td>
<td>ôshpnat</td>
<td>shtôt</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">8</td>
<td><b>baj</td>
<td>dlhek</td>
<td>bajkat</td>
<td>ôshbaj</td>
<td>urjô</td>
<td></b></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
The ordinals are verbs, and are regular from ‘be third’ on. The adnominals differ however: <b>tmôtil</b> ‘first’, <b>wôkil</b> ‘second’, then #-<b>do</b>. Thus <b>pekshonan kachdo</b> ‘my third wife’.
<p>There are special forms <b>zhdat</b> 9 and <b>zhdak</b> 10. Other two-digit numbers follow the formula <i><multiple-of-eight></i> <b>zh</b> <i><digit></i>, thus:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>baj zh kach</td>
<td></b>8 + 3 = 11</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>baj zh enki</td>
<td></b>8 + 4 = 12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>baj zh plhek</td>
<td></b>8 + 6 = 14 </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>bajat zh enki</td>
<td></b>16 + 4 = 20</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kribaj zh kri</td>
<td></b>40+ 5 = 45</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>pnapaj zh tat</td>
<td></b>56+ 1 = 57</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Higher numbers are formed by adding <i><multiple>-<power-of-eight></i>, separating digits with <b>zh</b>; thus:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>kach-dlhek</td>
<td></b>3*64 = 192</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kach-dlhek zh kach</td>
<td></b>3*64 + 3 = 195</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kach-dlhek zh bajat zh kach</td>
<td></b>3*64 + 16 + 3 = 211</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>plhek-tseb </td>
<td></b>6*512 = 3072</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>plhek-tseb zh plhek-dlhek</td>
<td></b>6*512 + 6*64 = 3456</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>plhek-tseb zh plhek-dlhek zh kapaj</td>
<td></b>6*512 + 6*64 + 24 = 3480</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>enki-khdagne</td>
<td></b>4*4096 = 16384</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dhak-najêt</td>
<td></b>2*32768 = 65536</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The basic arithmetic operations:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>plhek zh dhak</td>
<td></b>‘and’</td>
<td>6 + 2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>plhek pelkho dhak</td>
<td></b>‘without’</td>
<td>6 - 2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>plhek ruch dhak</td>
<td></b>‘against’</td>
<td>6 x 2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>plhek lit dhak</td>
<td></b>‘for’</td>
<td>6 / 2</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Prepositions">Prepositions</h3>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td></font><b>tnur</td>
<td></b>between <b></td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>nek</b></td>
<td>across</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>go</td>
<td></b>outside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bô</td>
<td></b>in</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>khin</td>
<td></b>away from</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kir</td>
<td></b>toward, to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dzun</td>
<td></b>back to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>shne</td>
<td></b>in front of, next to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ukki</td>
<td></b>in back of, behind</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kwar</td>
<td></b>above</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pôch</td>
<td></b>below</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lhât</td>
<td></b>with (accompanying)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>prênat</td>
<td></b>using</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pelkho</td>
<td></b>without</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tezhat</td>
<td></b>around, surrounding</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tdhi</td>
<td></b>containing, including</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>jan</td>
<td></b>of, belonging to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lit</td>
<td></b>for, for the purpose of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ruch</td>
<td></b>against</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>shêb</td>
<td></b>by order of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oma</td>
<td></b>through</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>shmal</td>
<td></b>north of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lim</td>
<td></b>east of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dak</td>
<td></b>west of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>trêl</td>
<td></b>south of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>thom</td>
<td></b>to the right of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gmôr</td>
<td></b>to the left of </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nêch</td>
<td></b>like, as</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
These can be used as prefixes on a verb, or as the head of a prepositional phrase.
<p>The ordinary time preposition is <b>bô</b>. Time moves towards us, so <b>khin</b> is ‘before, until’, <b>kir </b>is ‘after, since’.
<p><b><i><font color="#008000">Comparatives</b></i></font> use <b>kwar/pôch</b>:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Knok Shikhar <font color="#0000ff">kwar</font> Thkikil.
<br></b>tall.D Shikhar above Thkikil
<br><i>Shikhar is taller than Thkikil.
<p></i><b>Knok Shikhar <font color="#0000ff">kwar</font> ininwino shê jan kuklagdin.
<br></b>tall.D Shikhar above pl-boy every of clan-dim-poss.D
<br><i>Shikhar is taller than all the boys in his age cohort (i.e. he’s the tallest).</i>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="Syntax">Syntax</a></h2>
<h3><a name="Sentence">Sentence order</a></h3>
The basic sentence order is VSO:
<blockquote>
<b>Threwap gotalh tujno.
<br></b>eat.A.past ktuvok iliu
<br><i>The ktuvok ate the iliu.</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Topic">Topic and comment</a></h4>
Moving things before the verb topicalizes them; that is, it’s a place for old information. If the element is the subject or object, a deictic should be left in its place:
<blockquote>
<b><font color="#0000ff">Gotalh</font> threwap wikho tujno.
<br></b>ktuvok eat.A.past this.A iliu
<br><i>As for the ktuvok, it ate the iliu.</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="NP">NP order</a></h3>
The noun always comes first, followed by <font color="#0000ff">numeral</font>, <font color="#ff0000">quantifier</font>, <font color="#008000">adjectives</font>, <font color="#ff00ff">deictics</font>, then <font color="#0000ff">prepositional phrases or relative clauses</font>:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>mrimno </b><b><font color="#ff0000">alh</b></font><b></td>
<td></b>a peasant, some peasant</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mimrimno </b><b><font color="#0000ff">enki</b></font><b></td>
<td></b>four peasants</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mrimnot </b><b><font color="#ff0000">etgat</b></font><b></td>
<td></b>both peasants </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mrimno </b><b><font color="#ff00ff">mim</b></font><b></td>
<td></b>this peasant</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mimrimno </b><b><font color="#ff0000">shê</b></font><b></td>
<td></b>all the peasants</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mimrimno </b><b><font color="#0000ff">plhek</b></font><b> </b><b><font color="#ff0000">lhôr</b></font><b></td>
<td></b>some of the six peasants</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mrimno </b><b><font color="#008000">knâkil</b></font><b></td>
<td></b>stupid peasant</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mrimno </b><b><font color="#008000">knâkil</b></font><b> </b><b><font color="#ff00ff">mim</b></font><b><font color="#ff0000"> </b></font><b></td>
<td></b>this stupid peasant</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mrimnot </b><b><font color="#ff0000">etgat</b></font><b> </b><b><font color="#008000">knâkil</b></font><b> </td>
<td></b>both of the stupid peasants</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mimrimno </b><b><font color="#0000ff">plhek</b></font><b> </b><b><font color="#ff0000">shê</b></font><b> </b><b><font color="#008000">knâkil</b></font><b> </b><b><font color="#ff00ff">mim</b></font><b></td>
<td></b>all six of these stupid peasants</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mrimno </b><b><font color="#0000ff">shne eret</b></font><b> </td>
<td></b>the peasant by the river</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mrimno </b><b><font color="#0000ff">tlachil shora</b></font><b></td>
<td></b>the peasant who grows wheat</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="Appositives">Appositives</a></h4>
Nouns giving a name, title, direction, composition, or origin can be simply added to the NP:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>êrêt Orum</td>
<td></b>the river Orum</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>papnân Dakêsh</td>
<td></b>the Dagêsh mountains</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Tmôtimor dak</td>
<td></b>west Demóshimor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pritno Umno</td>
<td></b>Master Umno</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ultlar Umno</td>
<td></b>Mayor Umno</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lhutrêm knir</td>
<td></b>gold necklace</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>rêg plâtru</td>
<td></b>wood house</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lok Munkhâsh</td>
<td></b>the speech of Munkhâsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mrimno Trelag</td>
<td></b>a Tyellakhi peasant</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Note that origins are given using locative nouns, not person nouns or adjectives: don’t say *<i>lok Munkhâshdo</i> or *<i>mrimno Trelagno</i>.
<p>Anything else should use an adjective form or a prepositional phrase; Munkhâshi is far less tolerant of noun modifiers than English is:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>ultlar jan Orumnâk</td>
<td></b>mayor of Ornakh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>apktsem jan Munkhâsh</td>
<td></b>the Munkhâshi army</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kukla jan apktsem</td>
<td></b>an army unit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tlachil lit jukmu</td>
<td></b>school of medicine</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>zhikne prênat gshê</td>
<td></b>fire arrow</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tlar shne êrêt </td>
<td></b>river town</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries </a></h3>
Munkhâshi auxiliaries are separate verbs that follow and modify the main verb, e.g.:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>want to</td>
<td><b>krit</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>fear to</td>
<td><b>kloch</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>can</td>
<td><b>gpuk</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>must</td>
<td><b>tmêt</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>learn</td>
<td><b>kmap</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>do</td>
<td><b>pol</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>almost do</td>
<td><b>shnektut</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b>
</table></blockquote>
Unusually, both verbs are conjugated.
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Wewakh <font color="#0000ff">kriwath</font> gotalh.
<br></b>mate.A.past want.A.past ktuvok
<br><i>The ktuvok wanted to mate.
<p></i><b>Kmât <font color="#0000ff">tmêt</font> piko lhôb.
<br></b>win.D must.D this.one.D enemy
<br><i>You must defeat the enemy.
<p></i><b>Pshot <font color="#0000ff">gpuruk</font> piko Ulgâsh.
<br></b>stop.D can.D.not this.one.D Ulgâsh
<br><i>You cannot stop Chaos.
</blockquote>
</i>Munkhâshi is scrupulous about which verb is negated; there is no Negative Hopping as in English. <b>Tot tmê</b><b><font color="#0000ff">ru</b></font><b>t</b> ‘must-not go’ means that there is no obligation, and this can’t be substituted for <b>To</b><b><font color="#0000ff">ru</b></font><b>t tmêt</b> ‘must not-go’ (the obligation is to not go).
<p>(Munkhâshi authorities like to forbid, not to permit. Not-obliged is about the closest you can get to ‘may’.)
<h3><a name="Questions">Questions</a></h3>
<h4><a name="YesNo">Yes-no questions</a></h4>
Questions use a combination of topicalization and an auxiliary; <b>pol</b> ‘do’ must be used if no other is present. The <font color="#0000ff">subject</font> is fronted together with the <font color="#ff0000">auxiliary</font>:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b><font color="#ff0000">Wowal</font><font color="#0000ff"> gotalh</font> threwap tujno?
<br></b>do.A.past ktuvok eat.A.past iliu
<br><i>Did the ktuvok eat the iliu?</i>
<p><b><font color="#ff0000">Gpuki</font><font color="#0000ff"> tutujno </font>matâ?</b>
<br>can.E-pl pl-iliu swim.E-pl
<br><i>Can iliu swim?
<p></i><b><font color="#ff0000">Tmêthê</font><font color="#0000ff"> wikho</font> litndek inwithe?
<br></b>must.B-dual this.one.B sacrifice.B child-B
<br><i>Must we sacrifice our child?<br>(note B agreement throughout, matching the higher-ranked speaker)
<br></i>
<p><b><font color="#ff0000">Wothôl</font><font color="#0000ff"> wikho</font> thothôth kir nrinmu?
<br></b>do.B.fut this.one.B go.B.fut to dance
<br><i>Are you (B) going to the dance?
<p></i><b><font color="#ff0000">Potôl</font><font color="#0000ff"> piko</font> totôt kir nrinmu?
<br></b>do.D.fut this.one.D go.D.fut to dance
<br><i>Are you (D) going to the dance?
</blockquote>
</i>The question is <b><i><font color="#008000">answered</b></i></font> with appropriate forms of the auxiliary: <b>Wothôl</b> ‘Yes, B is going’; <b>Potôrul</b> ‘No, D isn’t going.’
<br>There are two ways of asking a <b><i><font color="#008000">negative question</b></i></font>; compare
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Pol piko ja<font color="#0000ff">ru</font>chum?
<br></b>do.D this.one.D cry.not-intensive
<br><i>Do you not cry a lot? (i.e. “you don’t cry” is true?)
<p></i><b>Po<font color="#0000ff">ru</font>l piko jachum?
<br></b>do.not.D this.one.D cry-intensive
<br><i>Don’t you cry a lot? (i.e. “you cry” isn’t true?)
</blockquote>
</i>or if you really want to be confusing:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Po<font color="#0000ff">ru</font>l piko ja<font color="#0000ff">ru</font>chum?
<br></b>do.not.D this.one.D cry.not-intensive
<br><i>Don’t you not cry a lot? (i.e. “you don’t cry” isn’t true?)
</blockquote>
</i>Your answer relates to the auxiliary alone.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td><i>question</td>
<td></i><i>answer</td>
<td></i><i>meaning</td>
<td></i><i>so you cry?</td>
<td></i></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Pol piko ja</b><b><font color="#0000ff">ru</b></font><b>chum?</td>
<td></b><b>Pol.</td>
<td></b>Right, “I don’t cry” is true</td>
<td>don’t cry</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b></td>
<td></b><b>Porul.</td>
<td></b>Wrong, “I don’t cry” is false</td>
<td>cry</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Po</b><b><font color="#0000ff">ru</b></font><b>l piko jachum?</td>
<td></b><b>Pol.</td>
<td></b>Wrong, “I cry” is true</td>
<td>cry</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b></td>
<td></b><b>Porul.</td>
<td></b>Right, “I cry” isn’t true</td>
<td>don’t cry</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Po</b><b><font color="#0000ff">ru</b></font><b>l piko ja</b><b><font color="#0000ff">ru</b></font><b>chum?</td>
<td></b><b>Pol.</td>
<td></b>Wrong, “I don’t cry” is true</td>
<td>don’t cry</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b></td>
<td></b><b>Porul.</td>
<td></b>Right, “I don’t cry” is false</td>
<td>cry</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
To put it another way, if you repeat your interrogator’s auxiliary you are agreeing with the implied statement.
<h4><a name="Interrogatives">Interrogatives</a></h4>
The general interrogative is <b>lhach</b>, which replaces any NP. If it queries the subject, it’s fronted:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b><font color="#0000ff">Lhach</font> wet pudagno?
<br></b>who talk.C Caďinorian
<br><i>Who is talking to the Caďinorian?
</blockquote>
</i>Since the identity of the person is unknown, their rank is too. You try to use one that’s not presently in use— often C, as shown. You can guess, however— e.g. using <b>bet</b> (talk.E) for the verb suggests that the talker is low-status, <b>wreth </b>(talk.A) that they’re high-status.
<p>If the subject is not animate, always use E:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b><font color="#0000ff">Lhach</font> dzat omala lit bôtochil?
<br></b>who block.E tube for entrance
<br><i>What’s blocking the intake pipe?
</blockquote>
</i>Non-subjects are left in their original syntactic location:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Krit<font color="#0000ff"> lhach</font>?
<br></b>want.D who
<br><i>What do you want?
<p></i><b>Gat <font color="#0000ff">lit lhach</font> gnêmmu mim?
<br></b>be.E for who command this
<br><i>Who is this order for?
<p></i><b>Bôdlhabatâ lilikchanil <font color="#0000ff">trêl lhach</font>?
<br></b>invade.past.E-pl barbarians south who
<br><i>We were invaded by barbarians from the south of <u>what</u>?
</blockquote>
</i>Places are queried with <b>ruju</b>, times with <b>zhan</b>, also fronted:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b><font color="#0000ff">Ruju</font> dobat gêgilgan?
<br></b>where go.past.E fuck-ing-pej
<br><i>Where did that little fucker go?
<br></i><b><font color="#0000ff">Zhan</font> tôpach kthe?
<br></b>when perceive.past.D hole
<br><i>When did you learn about the hole?</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Negatives">Negatives</a></h3>
Simple negatives are formed by negating the verb:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Mrepa<font color="#0000ff">ru</font>tâ gshê.
<br></b>start.past.neg.D-pl fire
<br><i>We didn’t start the fire.
</blockquote>
</i>The negative pronouns require negative verbs; after all, the event didn’t happen. As the subject is null it automatically gets the lowest rank, E.
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Mreba<font color="#0000ff">ru</font>t <font color="#0000ff">prashino</font> gshê.
<br></b>start.past.neg.E nobody fire
<br><i>Nobody started the fire.
</blockquote>
</i>A mixed subject is an exception, but the rule for the verb is still simple: it gets -<b>ru</b>- iff the event didn’t happen.
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Kniwakh shasharnôlno dhak zh têtrêlagno kach zh tôtmôtno <font color="#0000ff">prashi</font>.
<br></b>kill.past.B pl.Sarnáe-man two and pl.Tyellakh-man three and pl.Demoshi-man none
<br><i>The mayor executed two Sarnáeans, three Tyellakhi, and no Demoshi.</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Coordination">Coordination</a></h3>
The basic conjunctions:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>and</td>
<td><b>zh</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td>or</td>
<td><b>wa</td>
<td></b><b></td></tr>
</b>
</table></blockquote>
These can be used to tie together any constituents of the same type within a sentence:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>jêtsêt zh dedretda
<br></b><i>shoes and hats
<br></i><b>Engel knâkil zh pninil
<br></b><i>a foolish and stinking Englishman
<br></i><b>pthun zh kmoth
<br></b><i>B listened and mocked
</blockquote>
</i>But entire clauses must be connected by one of these:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>moreover</td>
<td><b>zhmen</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td>or</td>
<td><b>wamen</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td>then</td>
<td><b>mêgmin</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td>however</td>
<td><b>ôlmen</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td>therefore</td>
<td><b>râj</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td>because</td>
<td><b>tnish</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td>likewise</td>
<td><b>tlochmen</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<b>Tliwath khulno dzankho jan shkhima <font color="#0000ff">mêgmin</font> mechapal Engel.
<br></b>cut.past.B sorcerer throat of pig then incep-be.D.past Englishman
<br><i>The sorceror cut the pig’s throat and then the Englishman appeared.
</blockquote>
</i>A <b><i><font color="#008000">conditional</b></i></font> is formed using the dubitative and <b>râj</b> ‘therefore’. (Note that the dubitative can coexist with tense infixes.)
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Pru<font color="#0000ff">ri</font>k tsanno <font color="#0000ff">râj</font> twen.
<br></b>find.D.dubit handsome-man therefore be.fortunate.D
<br><i>If you find a handsome man, you are fortunate.</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Subordination">Subordination</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Sentential">Sentential objects</a></h4>
If the object of a verb is a complete clause, it simply appears in object position:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Wosh <font color="#0000ff">jits</font>.
<br></b>think.B crazy.D
<br><i>I think <font color="#0000ff">you’re crazy</font>.
<p></i><b>Krêwam ulmekha <font color="#0000ff">tote; nek êrêt kakzhakno</font>.
<br></b>order.A.past lord-branch go.D-pl across river pl-soldier
<br><i>The commander ordered <font color="#0000ff">the soldiers to cross the river</font>.
</blockquote>
</i>The clause can be fronted, if <b>niko</b> is left in its place:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b><font color="#0000ff">Tote nek tnurla kakzhakno,</font> krêwam ulmekha niko.
<br></b>go.D-pl across road pl-soldier order.A.past lord-branch that.idea
<br><i><font color="#0000ff">The soldiers should cross the road</font>, the commander ordered.
</blockquote>
</i>Same thing if the clause serves as a subject and there is no object. Note that E forms are used for the main verb.
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Gdurur <font color="#0000ff">tseko drun tetlednadzu</font>.
<br></b>expect.E.not fight.D-pl back pl-mole-big
<br><i>It’s unusual for <font color="#0000ff">the icëlani to fight back</font>.
<p></i><b><font color="#0000ff">Pshakâ shêtsu pupudagno</font> dwen niko.
<br></b>dead.D-pl entirely pl-Caďinorian lucky.E that.idea
<br><i>The Caďinorians being all dead, that’s fortunate.
</blockquote>
</i>The <b>niko</b> transformation is required if the clause serves as subject and there is also an object; but the subclause may be either fronted or backed:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b><font color="#0000ff">Kruth gotalh</font>, ngêpat niko ultsar.
<br></b>come.A ktuvok annoy.E.past that.idea mayor<i>
<p></i><b>Ngêpat niko ultsar <font color="#0000ff">kruth gotalh.</font>
<br></b>annoy.E.past that.idea mayor come.A ktuvok
<br><i>It annoyed the mayor that the ktuvok was coming.</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Relative">Relative clauses</a></h4>
The participles are used to form relative clauses. Compare:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Pmôth chukno inwi.
<br></b>heal.B physician child
<br><i>The physician heals the child </i>
<p><b>→ chukno pmôtil (inwi)
<br></b>physician heal-act.part (child)
<br><i>the physician who healed (the child)</i>
<p><b>→ inwi pmôtug (chukno)
<br></b>child heal-pass.part (physician)
<br><i>the child who was healed (by the physician)
</blockquote>
</i>The choice of participle tells you the case role of the head noun. E.g. here the -<b>il</b> ending tells you that it’s the physician who’s doing the healing:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Chôpam chukno pmôtil (inwi).
<br></b>hug.past.D physician heal-act.part (child)
<br><i>I hugged the physician who healed (the child).
</blockquote>
</i>The participle can be marked for tense, negative, iterative, direction, or with any of the usual affixes; the only thing not allowed is the consonant mutation for rank. These are all optional, though, and should be left out if they’re easily recoverable from context.
<blockquote><b>pmôpatil</b> who healed previously<br><b>pmôrutug</b> who wasn’t healed<br><b>popochil</b> who kept thinking<br><b>bôtotil</b> who was entering<br><b>wipmôtil</b> who healed a little bit<br><b>shuntotil</b> who went where it was forbidden<br><b>mepmôpatug</b> who began to be healed<br><b>gippmôtug </b>who was badly healed </blockquote>
Rank <i>can</i> be indicated, but using the possessive markers, not consonant mutation:
<blockquote>
<b>pmôpilkhol </b>A’s healing<br><b>pmôpilthe </b>B’s healing<br><b>pmôpugnan</b> C’s being healed<br><b>pmôpugdin </b> D’s being healed<br><b>worpmôtôpilwên</b> E’s carefully being healed in the future </blockquote>
These words are good reminders of the stress pattern: always on the root syllable, <b>pmô(t)</b>- or <b>to(t)</b>- in the examples above.
<h4><a name="Causatives">Causatives</a></h4>
The prefix <b>ôth</b>- makes a verb into a causative. The full transformation is:
<blockquote><font color="#0000ff">C causes</font> [V S O] → <b><font color="#0000ff">ôth</b></font>V <font color="#0000ff">C</font> S <b><font color="#0000ff">ruch</b></font> O </blockquote>
Thus:
<blockquote>
<b>Klupam mrimno pnakildin.
<br></b>drop.D.past peasant pitchfork.D
<br><i>The peasant dropped his pitchfork. </i>
<p><b>→<font color="#0000ff"> Ôth</font>kluwam<font color="#0000ff"> kzhakno</font> mrimno <font color="#0000ff">ruch</font> pnakildin.</b>
<br>cause-drop.B.past soldier peasant against pitchfork.D
<br><i>The soldier made the peasant drop his pitchfork. </i>
<p><b>Rik inwino.
<br></b>sleep.D boy
<br><i>The boy is sleeping. </i>
<p><b>→<font color="#0000ff"> Ôth</font>rikh<font color="#0000ff"> litndekno</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font>inwino.</b>
<br>cause-sleep.B priest boy
<br><i>The priest puts the boy to sleep.</i>
</blockquote>
Note the change in rank on the verb; the verb takes the rank of the causer.
<h3><a name="Adverbials">Adverbials</a></h3>
Adverbials modify the meaning of the sentence. They’re normally placed just after the verb. There are several types:
<ul>
<li>single-word adverbs, e.g. <b>nashrê</b> ‘always’, <b>shêk</b> ‘too much’, <b>lhôt</b> ‘at least’
<li>active participles, which function like our -<i>ly</i> adverbs: <b>gnâtil</b> ‘quickly’, <b>gshumil</b> ‘noisily’
<li>prepositional phrases: <b>bô lâchmât</b><b><font color="#ff0000"> </b></font>‘in summer’, <b>shêb ultlar</b> ‘by order of the mayor’
<li>clauses, discussed below
<br>
</ul>
They can be fronted for emphasis, or moved to the end of the sentence if they’re imporant new information.
<p><b><i><font color="#008000">Datives</b></i></font> fall under this category; they use the preposition <b>kir</b> ‘to’:
<blockquote>
<b>Ndhepak <font color="#0000ff">kir ulkhakshe</font> kwêtno wachala.
<br></b>give.C.past to captain merchant tablet
<br><i>The merchant gave the clay tablet to the captain. </i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Time">Time clauses</a></h4>
A time clause is a normal sentence with the verb prefixed with <b>ga</b>-. It's normally placed at the end of the sentence (unless it’s just a word or two).
<blockquote>
<b>Kluwam ruch nampa gotalh.
<br></b>fall.A.past on head ktuvok
<br><i>The ktuvok fell on his head.
<p></i><b>Kmopat Shikhar <font color="#0000ff">ga-kluwam ruch nampa gotalh</font>.
<br></b>laugh.D.past Shikhar sub-fall.A.past on head ktuvok
<br><i>Shikhar laughed <font color="#0000ff">when the ktuvok fell on his head.</font>
<p></i><b>Threwap <font color="#0000ff">ga-kmopat</font> gotalh Shikhar.
<br></b>eat.A.past sub-laugh.D.past ktuvok Shikhar
<br><i>The ktuvok ate Shikhar <font color="#0000ff">when he laughed</font>.
</blockquote>
</i>A time clause can also modify an NP referring to time:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>bô lâchmât <font color="#0000ff">ga-mekruwath pnurat</font>
<br></b>in early.summer sub-begin-come.past.A young.ktuvok
<br><i>during the summer when the young ktuvok arrived</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="calendar">The calendar</a></h4>
While we’re discussing time, days (<b>tetnelet</b>) are grouped by eights (<b>tneledzu</b> ‘eightday’, comparable to a week) and sixty-fours (<b>dlhek</b>, simply the word for 64). A year consists of five <b>dedlhek</b>, beginning in the spring:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>name</i></td>
<td><i>season</i></td>
<td><i>Verdurian</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">1 </td>
<td><b>jupmu</td>
<td></b>spring</td>
<td><i>1 olašu to 10 cuéndimar</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">2</td>
<td><b>lâchmât</td>
<td></b>early summer</td>
<td><i>11 cuéndimar to 18 calo</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">3</td>
<td><b>ircho</td>
<td></b>late summer</td>
<td><i>19 calo to 1 želea</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">4</td>
<td><b>zhgatmu</td>
<td></b>fall</td>
<td><i>2 želea to 10 šoru</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">5</td>
<td><b>zhmat</td>
<td></b>winter<b> </b></td>
<td><i>11 šoru to 20 bešana</i></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
That makes 320 days, leaving one monthless <b>tneledzu</b> at the end of the year, known as the <b>tneledzu pelkho</b> ‘eightday without (a month)’, dedicated to religious holidays and spring cleaning.
<p>The Almean year (<b>dshan</b>) is about 328.2 days; this was not taken in to account by the Munkhâshi calendar, so it would drift through the astronomical year at a rate of 20 days in a century. When this became inconvenient for agriculture, extra <b>tetnelet pelkho</b> would be declared— enough days to bring <b>jupmu</b> back in line with the beginning of the planting season.
<h4><a name="Place">Place clauses</a></h4>
Place clauses work like time clauses. The subordinator is <b>dwun</b>-:
<blockquote>
<b>Dhgibak zhêkwe kennog.
<br></b>outsmart.E.past rabbit hunter-dim
<br><i>The rabbit outsmarted the little hunter.
<p></i><b>→ Kthuthi mônge <font color="#0000ff">dwun-dhgibak zhêkwe kennog.</font>
<br></b>come.B-pl forest where-outsmart.E.past rabbit hunter-dim
<br><i>We’ve arrived at the forest <font color="#0000ff">where the rabbit outsmarted the little hunter</font>.</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Reason">Reason clauses</a></h4>
The subordinator <b>bin</b>- means ‘because’:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Mrôpak <font color="#0000ff">bin-gwôpach</font> kinno.
<br></b>lose.D.past because-weak.D.past hunter
<br><i>The hunter lost because he was weak.
</blockquote>
</i>If it’s in the dubitative or the future it’s ‘in order to’.
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Kin piko <font color="#0000ff">bin-ôthchatôl dretda.</font>
<br></b>hunt this.one because-make-exist.D.fut hat
<br><i>He’s hunting in order to make a hat.</i>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="Examples">Examples</a></h2>
<h3><a name="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></h3>
This is about as close as we have to a Munkhâshi text. We have Dhekhnami versions of Gelalhist rituals (see the Dhekhnami grammar for the current version of this text), and these are very close to Caďinorian reports, so it’s clear that this portion of the liturgy is very ancient.
<p>Throughout the passage rank assignments are simple: the priest and other humans are D, the ktuvoks B, and the gods A.
<p>The gods form a microcosm of Munkhâshi society: Gelálh represents the ktuvoks, Tsôkálh represents women, Ulgâsh the army, Korkâsh the metallurgists, while Kumnatnâk and Chakprashi represent both the natural world and those who directly work with it (farmers, herdsmen, fishermen, sailors, as well as the ktuvoks whose food is largely marine).
<p>The names of the Six Gods became demons to the Caďinorians, e.g. Tsôkálh became Zukde the wife of the demon Kezul; Ulgâsh became <i>ulgaš </i>‘chaos’. The implied estimation of the Six Gods’ character is perhaps not entirely mistaken: Munkhâshi religion teaches that the Six Gods are the source of disasters, and that they would be malevolent towards humanity if it were not for the intercession (<b>jukmu</b>) of the ktuvoks as well as frequent sacrifice.
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Ktuti bikoshil bin-jôtôt piko rurumálh plhek.
<br></b>come.D-pl this.place because-worship.D.fut this.one.D pl-god six
<br><i>We come here to worship the Six Gods.
<p></i><b>Ndhewakho gogotálh jajaklakhol, zhmen shushukhi lit jôjôtil.
<br></b>give.B.past-pl pl-ktuvok pl-name-poss.A and iter-intercede.B-pl for pl-human
<br><i>The Masters taught us their names and constantly intercede for humans.
<p></i><b>Khathâ gogotálh rurumálhdin, tlochmen khrathâ rurumálh plhek rurumálhthe.
<br></b>be.B-pl pl-ktuvok pl-god-poss.D / likewise be.A-pl pl-god six pl-god-poss.B
<br><i>The Masters are our gods; the Six Gods likewise are gods to the Masters.
<p></i><b>Shral kwar shêla Gelálh munil; dmarip jôtil shoj râj jajadôrul.
<br></b>exist.A above everything Gelálh mighty.act.part / see.E.dubit human that.far.one.A therefore live.E.fut.not
<br><i>Above all is Gelálh the mighty; a human who sees him will not live.
<p></i><b>Shoj shneshral Tsôkálh ôthtsôpakil pôch tlhe rurumálh lhim.
<br></b>that.far.one.A next.to-exist.A Tsôkálh bear.A.past-act.part below sea pl-god other
<br><i>At his side is Tsôkálh who bore the other gods under the sea.
<p></i><b>Khrath Ulgâsh rumálh jan gdirmu zh dzômmu, zhmen ôthshral shkitil Korkâsh.
<br></b>be.A Ulgâsh lord of war and destruction / and create.A be.cunning-act.part Korkâsh
<br><i>Ulgâsh is the lord of war and destruction, Korkâsh the crafty creator.
<p></i><b>Nrith Kumnatnâk rapne ôththepil zh nrith Chakprashi tlhekâsh tmôtil.
<br></b>own.A Kumnatnâk soil make-eat-act.part / own.A Chakprashi sea ancient-act.part
<br><i>The fertile soil belongs to Kumnatnâk, the primeval sea to Chakprashi.
<p></i><b>Ôthshtinen lilitndekmu shithe; ôthshtinen jujukmu jan gogotálh shithe.
<br></b>make-favorable.D-request pl-sacrifice-poss.D that.one.A / make-favorable.D-request pl-intercession of pl-ktuvok that.one.A
<br><i>May our sacrifices please them; may the prayers of the Masters please them.
<p></i><b>Ôthprothen piko zh tsrôrumen; ôthshrothen gmikmukhol.
<br></b>protect.A-request this.one.D and destroy.D.not-request / make-less.A-request anger-poss.A
<br><i>May they protect us and not destroy us; may their anger abate.
<p></i><b>Bobwote bin-katâ kakatsuk gwôchil.
<br></b>iter-stray.D-pl because-be.D-pl pl-hair weak-act.part
<br><i>We are prone to sin, being weak animals.
<p></i><b>Orjôtê piko gogotálh bin-trathôwâ prênat dhnala rurumálh piko.
<br></b>order-serve.D-pl this.one.D pl-ktuvok because-see.A.fut-pl using mercy pl-god this.one.D
<br><i>May we be fitting servants of the Masters so the gods look kindly on us.</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="munlife">A Munkhâshi life</a></h3>
This is simply an adaptation of part of <a href="shikhar.html">my sketch of the life of Shikhar</a>, a typical Demoshi peasant of about Z.E. 1400.
<p><b>Shikhar</b> means ‘rock’; <b>Thkikil</b> ‘outsmarting’. Munkhâshi <b><i><font color="#008000">names</b></i></font> are generally natural objects or admired qualities.
<p>As there are only two agents in the passage, they’re assigned ranks B and D. Note the reversal at the end when their respective ranks change.
<blockquote>
<b>Ktêpak bô tnelet alh Shikhar Thkikil kawatil inwino jan dadshan tlochil bin-shthithômô.
<br></b>challenge-past.D in day Shikhar Thkikil be.past-act.part boy of years same-act.part because-wrestle.B.fut-dual
<br>“Wrestle” is in the dual, as there are two participants, but it agrees in rank with the most superior.
<br><i>One day Shikhar challenged Thkikil, a boy his own age, to a wrestling match.
<p></i><b>Mêt gdêpmu kwar mambatmu jan pôpôchno; râj ôthroto wikho pwatno.
<br></b>be.serious.E challenge / above pl-push of pl-inferior-man / therefore make-near.B-dual this.one.B many-man
<br><i>A challenge is a serious thing, much more than a routine beatdown of an inferior; so they attracted a crowd.
<br></i>
<p><b>Ktiparum Shikhar; shnektupat tlatsa ôthtlêparup inwino lhim zhmen mrupach tlatsa khin dzotmuthe.
<br></b>fight-past.D-intensive Shikhar / near-come.past.D sometimes make-move.D.past.not boy other / moreover wriggle.D.past sometimes away capture-poss.B
<br><i>Shikhar fought furiously— several times he felt close to immobilizing the other boy, and several times he wriggled away from a hold himself. </i>
<p><b>Mrôpak pshotil, ôlmen plêwash Thkikil.
<br></b>lost-past.D end-act.part / however be.gracious-past.B Thkikil
<br><i>He lost, finally, but Thkikil was gracious about it.
<p></i><b>Klhêwath, “Ktipar metsil, Bekhar.”
<br></b>say-past.B / fight-past.D good-act.part goat
<br><i>He said, “You did good, Goat.”
<p></i><b>“Gpuk tlêp; ôlmen shtêruk dhman munmudin.”
<br></b>can.D move.D / however be.enough.D.not merely strength-poss.D
<br><i>“You got the moves; you’re just not strong enough.”
<p></i><b>Klhêwath ‘Bekhar’ bin-widloch glhêtla ‘Shikhar’.
<br></b>say.B.past goat because-similar.E.past word Shikhar
<br><i>Goat was his nickname, because it sounded like Shikhar. </i>
<p><b>Chipam kir dedlhek lhôr gtêkmu wôkil zhmen kmâpat.
<br></b>ask.B.past after pl-64 some challenge second-act.part moreover win.D.past<br>Rank doesn’t change within a sentence, so ‘win’ still uses the D form.
<br><i>Several months later he got a rematch and won it.
<p></i><b>Wikwarthowath bô gmêchmu jan ininwino; klowap kâshno.
<br></b>dim-above-rise.B.past in hierarchy of pl-boy / feel.B.past great-man
<br><i>He had advanced a rank in the boys’ hierarchy; he felt like a hero.
<p></i><b>Plêwarush kmâpil wikho nêch Thkikil.
<br></b>be.gracious.past.B.not win-act.part this.one.B like Thkikil
<br><i>He was not as gracious in victory as Thkikil had been.
<p></i><b>Pwâwakh shêk thewewath kir kmêpachno zh ôthklhêwath piko ruch jakla chalil.
<br></b>enjoy.B.past too.much B-speak.B.past to rank.past-man and make-speak.B.past that.one.D against name exist-act.part
<br><i>It was too much of a pleasure to use the higher-rank forms of speech to his former superior, and make him call him by his right name. </i>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></h2>
To save space, only the D form of verbs is indexed. If you’re looking up a verb beginning with a fricative or voiced consonant, remember the consonant mutations.
<p><i>Word count: 853</i>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td><i>Munkhâshii</i></td>
<td><i>Dhekhnami</i></td>
<td><i>Cat</i></td>
<td><i>Gloss</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">akme</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôkwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>falcon, hawk</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">alh</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>at</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>a, an, one; (as nominalizer for gods/ktuvoks) supreme </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Alka</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Awka</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>male name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">althak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">awthak</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>fox</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ankna</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">aŋŋa</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>hand</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ap</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">af</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>horde, mass</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">apktsem</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">awksim</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>army [‘spear-horde’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">badno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">badhno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>father </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">badnomu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">badhnomo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>parenthood; family</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">baj</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>bazh</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>eight</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bajat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bajath</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>sixteen [dual of ‘eight’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">barkh</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>barkh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ford</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Barkhran</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>Baykhan</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a city on a tributary of the Tmekh [‘ox ford’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bât</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>snow</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bâtla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">badla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>snow</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bdêtmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">brêtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>connection</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bdhotmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bedhôtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>shame; nakedness, nudity</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bêche</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">beje</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>skin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bêdha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bedha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>skirt</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bekhar</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">beçar</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>goat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bgenla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">beginla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>door </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">biko</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bigo</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>this one (E)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bikoshil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bigoshiw</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>here</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bin-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>because of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bingmêchmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>privilege</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bilhe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bitle</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>louse</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bitsmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bitsmo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>flight; freedom</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">blawechil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">blawejiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>dung heap</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">blawet</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">blawth</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>shit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">blêchmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">blêchwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>politeness, graciousness; condescension</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">blhikla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bligra</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>dream</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">blutla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bludla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>mill</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">blutmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">blutwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>milling; assimilation (of conquered peoples)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bmêkla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bemêgla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>platform, stage</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bmêkmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bemêkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>flatness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bnakla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benôgla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>cape (of land); extrusion, point [nom. of ‘thrust into’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bnichmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benichwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>smell, odor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bnim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benim</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>stink</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bnitmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benitwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>acquisition; goods from another <i>trêm</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bnutmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benutwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>service</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bô</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bo</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>in, inside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bômron</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bômwon</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>penetrate [‘grow inside’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Bômrondo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Bômwôndo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a city on the Orum [‘(city for) reaching the interior’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bôtlhat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bôtlath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>invade [‘attack inside’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">botmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bôtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>security, safety</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bôtochil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bodojiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>entrance</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bôtot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bodoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>enter [‘go inside’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">brêkmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwêkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>architecture, construction</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">brêkna</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwêçna</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>face</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">britmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwitwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>administration, governance</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bunmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bônwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>heat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bwâkmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwôkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>enjoyment</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bwênmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwenwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>cleanliness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bwotmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwôtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wandering; sin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">bzhapmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gzhapwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>shudder, shiver</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Chakprashi</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Tsakhwashi</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a goddess, associated with the sea [‘no-name’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chal</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsaw</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be (existential), exist; there is/are<br><i>chachal </i>live [‘keep existing’] </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chalil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsaliw</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>true, real [‘existing’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">charulil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsaruliw</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>false, incorrect [‘not-existing’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">châm</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsêm</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ass, buttocks</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chama</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsama</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>night</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chamashê</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsamashe</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>nightly; nocturnal</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chatme</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsatwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ash, ashes</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">cheket</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsegeth</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rapids</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chekno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsêçno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>brother</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">cheksho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsêkso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sister</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chên</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsen</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>place, location</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chênalh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsenat</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>temple [‘place’ + divine/ktuvok nominalizer]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chidha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsidha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>tooth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chika</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsiga</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sand</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">-tsim</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>ask for, request</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chip</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsif</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>shoot or fire (projectiles)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chir</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsir</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be light</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chite</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tside</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>that one (proximal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chôm</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsôm</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>hug, fondle</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chôn</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsôn</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be dark</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be small, little; short</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chotno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsôthno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>shorty, dwarf</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsukh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>pray for, intercede; care for (medically)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chukno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsukhno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>shaman, physician</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chun</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tson</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>pull, tug</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chup</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsuf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>sow</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chur</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsor</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be slow</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">chut</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsuth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>help, assist</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dakh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>west</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Dakêsh</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>Dagêsh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Dagêsh mountains west of Demóshimor [‘westerly’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Dakêshlim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the region between the Dagêsh and the western ktuvok swamps— modern Visecra</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dapmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dapwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>seizure</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">darat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">darath</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>island</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ddhata</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhada</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>dust</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dgunno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhghôno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rower, oarsman</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dgunla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhghônla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>oar</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhak</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>dhakh</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>two</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhakla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhôgla</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>a pair of things</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhakno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhakhno</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>a couple, a pair (men)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhaksho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhôkso</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>a couple, a pair (women)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dharach</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dharash</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>silver</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dheç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be pure</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhekálh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhegat</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>chief priest in a town or <i>trêm</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhekmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhêkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>purity</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Dheknam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Dhêçnam</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Dhekhnam [‘pure land’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhepmu</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>dhêpwo</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>eating</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhewush</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>dhwosh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>flax</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhlêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhlêç</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>flock, herd</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhman</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhman</td>
<td></font>adv</td>
<td>only, merely</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhmeki</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhmeçi</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>lake</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhmel</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>dhmew</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>rain</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhmella</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhmêwla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rain</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhnala</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhnala</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>mercy, compassion, blessing</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhnêsh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhnêsh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>pattern; tattoo</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhôch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhôsh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>robe, wrapped upper garment</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dhnuda</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhnora</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>mold (for making things), model</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">din</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>D possessive affix</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ditna</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhithna</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>seed</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dlachmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dlachwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>education, apprenticeship</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dlhek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dleç</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>2</sup></font> = 64; two-month period (eight eightdays)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dlhukmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dlôkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>honor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dlatmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dlatwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bow; submission</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dlêpmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dlêpwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>movement, action</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dlochmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dlôchwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sameness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dnakla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denagla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>setting (of an astronomical body); sunset</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dnakmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denakwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>oldness, age</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dnatmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denatwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>heaviness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">drabma</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">jyabwa</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>horseradish</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">drêchmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">jyêchwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>alliance, coalition </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">drinmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">jyinwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>strangeness, weirdness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">drun</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">jyon</td>
<td></font>adv</td>
<td>back, in revenge or opposition</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dretda</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">jyêthda</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>hat, headgear</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">drôchmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">jyôchwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>need, lack</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dshan</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>jan</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>year</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dshanshê</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">janshe</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>yearly, annual</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dshodo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">joro</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sky</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dshugwa</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>jôgwa</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>seagull</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Dshugwashil</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>Jôgwashiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>an island off the coast of Visecra [‘seagull place’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dwêkmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dwêkwo</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>saving, rescuing</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dwidha</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>dwidha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wing</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dwun-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>place subordinator</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzankho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zankho</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>throat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzêjshil</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>zêjiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>mine</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzênmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zênwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>usage</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzêpwe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zêpwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>edge, border</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzerag</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>zeragh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>shirt, blouse [‘tight’ + dim.]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ziw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>clothes, clothing</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzipmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zipwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>song, singing</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzoj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zozh</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>that one (E distal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzojil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zojiw</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>there (distal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzôkmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zôkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>birth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzômmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zômwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>destruction, ruin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzôpto</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zôfto</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>fish; also includes iliu and šipomi</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzotmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zôtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>capture; (wrestling) hold</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzun</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zon</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>back to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzunbetmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zombetwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>response, answer</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">dzunpet</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zombeth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>respond, answer [‘speak back’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">empaj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">impazh</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>32 [‘four-eight’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Engel</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>iŋgew</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Englishman</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ênle</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">enle</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>remote relative (farther than first cousin)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ênleno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">enleno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Eynleyni (i.e. a people related to the Demoshi)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">enki</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>inçi</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>four</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">eral</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">eraw</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>now</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">êrêt</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>erêth</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>river</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">etgat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">êgath</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>both, a couple, a pair (male and female)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">etgat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">êgath</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>pair, couple</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">etme</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">êtwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wetlands, swamp</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">etmekâsh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">êtwegash</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ktuvok habitat [‘great wetlands]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Etmekâshdak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Êtwegashdakh</td>
<td></font></td>
<td>the western ktuvok habitat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Etmekâshlim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Êtwegashlim</td>
<td></font></td>
<td>the eastern ktuvok habitat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ga-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>time subordinator</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gâka</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gaga</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>cliff</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gân</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gên</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>pejorative suffix</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gankri</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gaŋkhyi</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>heart</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gdêkmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">(rushkêkwo)</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>challenge, provocation</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gdirmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gzhimu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>war</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gditmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gzhitwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>desire</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gêg</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gêgh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>fuck</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gêgil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">geghiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>fucker, bastard</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gel</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gew</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be holy, numinous, frightening</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Gelalh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Gelat</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the chief god of Munkhâshi paganism </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gedha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gedha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>raven</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gip-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>foolishly, clumsily</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">glaja</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">glaja</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>spring (of water)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">glhêtla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">glêdla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>word, sentence</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">glêtu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gleshu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ankle, wrist</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">glipla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">glibla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>breath, air</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">glishmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">glizmu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>quiet, calm</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">glochmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">glôchwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>fear</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">glopmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">glôpwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>feeling</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gmâtmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwatwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>victory</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gmêchmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwêshmu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rank, hierarchy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gmôr</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>to the left of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gmikmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwikwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>anger</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gnêshmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gnêshmu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>badness, evil</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gnâtmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gnatwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>quickness, speed</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gnêchil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gnejiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wilderness [‘empty place’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gnêt</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>gnêth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be white; empty; wan; poor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gnêtno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ŋêthno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>poor person; wretch (general insult)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gnêmmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gnêmwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>order, command</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gnikmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gnikwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>killing</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gnokmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gnôkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>size</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">go</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>go</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>outside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gonamil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gonamiw</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>foreign </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gonamno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gonavno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>foreigner</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gono</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>foreigner (more disrespectful)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gopan</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">goban</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>send out, launch (e.g. an invasion) [‘go out’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Gopando</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>Gobando</td>
<td></font></td>
<td>Govanro, a city at the mouth of the Shkónoro [‘launching’, i.e. place where invasions are launched]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">got</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">goth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>rule, dominate, master (used of gods or ktuvoks)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gotalh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">godat</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ktuvok [‘master’ with divine/ktuvok ending]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gotilno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">goshiwno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>(human male) master, member of the elite</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gotilsho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">goshiwso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>(human female) mistress, member of the elite</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gotmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gôtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>divine rule, mastery</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gotochil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">godojiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>exit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gotot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">godoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>exit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">grêpla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ghyêbla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>drink</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gpuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gepukh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>can, is able to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gshê</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">je</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>fire</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gshum</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gom</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be noisy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Gshumag</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Gshomagh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a tributary of the Shkónoro [‘little noisy’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gwêtmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwêtwi</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>delivery; goods for export outside the <i>trêm</i> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gwôch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwôsh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be weak, wimpy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">gwôchno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwôshno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wimp</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ichto</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ishto</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>feather</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ingo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">iŋgo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wine [Meṫ.]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Ingonam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Íŋgonam</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Kebri [‘wine place’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">inwi</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">iwni</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>child</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">inwikat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">iwnigath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be childish</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">inwino</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">iwnino</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>boy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">inwisho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">iwniso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>girl</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ircho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">iycho</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>late summer (third <i>dlhek</i> of the year)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jach</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>dzash</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>cry</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jadh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzadh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>dog</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jalmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzawmu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>life, existence</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jakla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzôgla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jan</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzan</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>of, belonging to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jêts</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>dzêts</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>shoe, boot</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jimla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">-jimla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>request </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jinkwe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzinkwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>neck</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jipla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzibla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>projectile [‘shoot’ + nom.]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jirmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dziymo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>lightness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jite</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzide</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>that one (E proximal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jiteshil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzideshiw</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>there (proximal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jits</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzits</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be crazy, mad</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jôkre</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzôghye</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>1/4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jômro</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzômwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>leg</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jônmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzônwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>darkness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jôt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzôth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>worship, serve (ktuvoks or gods)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jôtil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzoshiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>human </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jôtmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzôtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>worship</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jotsu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzotsu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>viper (a poisonous snake)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jukmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzôkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>medicine; intercession</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jupmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzupwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sowing; spring</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">jutmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dzutwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>help, assistance</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kach</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>kash</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>three</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kadhin</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kadhin</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>Cađinorian (after the conquest)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Kadhinash</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Kadhinash</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Cađinas (after the conquest)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kakha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kakha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>eye</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kapaj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kabazh</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>24 [‘three-eight’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kâsh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kash</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be great or proud</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kâshno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kashno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>great man, hero</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kat</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>kath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be (predicative)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">katsuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">katsukh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>hair, fur; rabble, commoners </td>
<td><font color="#0000ff"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">katsukdo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">katsukhdo</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>furry, hairy; (metaphorically) ragged, poorly done</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">katsukil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">katsugiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>mammal (must have fur, thus does not include ktuvoks, iliu); insulting term for humans [‘fur’ + adj.]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kdhakle</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gzhôgle</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>morning</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kdhagne</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gzhaghne</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>4</sup></font> = 4096</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kembe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kimbe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ear</td>
<td><font color="#0000ff"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ken</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kin</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>hunt</td>
<td><font color="#0000ff"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kenno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kinno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>hunter</td>
<td><font color="#0000ff"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Kenshil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Kinshiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a city along the Tmêkh [‘hunting place’]</td>
<td><font color="#0000ff"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kêttra</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>kêchya</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>village</td>
<td><font color="#0000ff"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Khachal</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Khajaw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>male name</td>
<td><font color="#0000ff"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khakshe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khôkshe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>boat</td>
<td><font color="#0000ff"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khâsh</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>khash</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be rich, prosperous<font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font><font color="#0000ff"></td></tr>
</font><tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khâshil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rich person</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khekke</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">çêçke</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>savanna, scrubland</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khet</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>çeth</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>farm</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khin</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">çin</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>away from</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khinkat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">çiŋkath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be far away</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Khmâth</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Çemath</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a river in Demóshimor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khnik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">çeniç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>snore</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khol</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khow</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>A possessive affix</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khul</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khuw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>magic, arcane power</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khulno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khono</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>magician, sorceror</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">khulsho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khoso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>female magician, sorceress</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kich</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">çish</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>know (things), know how </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kir</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">çir</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>to, toward</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Kirlimla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Çiylimla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a city on the eastern Demoshi coast [‘eastward thing’] </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klal</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klaw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>lion</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klhab</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klav</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>pine</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klhêt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klêth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>say, state (object is speech act)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klip</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klif</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>breathe</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klish</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klish</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be quiet</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kloch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klosh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>fear</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klol</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klol(ash)</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>shout, yell</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klop</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klof</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>feel</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klukâ</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kluga</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>grass</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klukâdo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klugaro</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>grassy; name of an island in the Forbidden Sea</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">klum</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">klom</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>fall, drop</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmano</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemano</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>grandfather</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmap</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemaf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>learn</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmapno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemafno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>student</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmasho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemaso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>grandmother</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmât</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>defeat, beat, win</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmêba</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemeba</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>smoke</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmêch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemêsh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>outrank, be superior to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmêchno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemêshno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>superior, someone higher in rank</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemêç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>break; destroy by accident, torture to death</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemiç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be angry, mad</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmits</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemits</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>scratch</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>laugh; mock</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kmur</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gemor</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>place, put, set down</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">knâk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">genakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be foolish or stupid</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">knâkno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">genakhno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>fool, idiot</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">knât</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">genath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be fast, quick</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">knêm</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">genem</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>order, command</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">knêsh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">genêsh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be bad or evil</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">knik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">geniç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>kill, execute</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">knir</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">genir</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>gold</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">knok</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">genokh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>be big, large,tall</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">knuksha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">genôksha</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>1/3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">koch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kosh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>rest, stay, camp</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kochshil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kôchiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>camp</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kor</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kor</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>spider (a favored animal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Korkâsh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Koykash</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a god; a city on the Shkónoro [‘proud spider’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">koto</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kodo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>center, middle</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kótodo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Kodoro</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>central; name of a Demoshi city </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kotochama</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kodojama</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>midnight [‘center night’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kpat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kwath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>burn, be on fire</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">krâk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khyakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>rasp, grate </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kri</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>khyi</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>five</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kribaj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khyibazh</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>forty [‘five-eight’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">krit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khyith</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>want, desire</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">krêp</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khyêf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>drink</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">krok</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khyokh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>forage, live by hunting and gathering</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">krokil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khyoçiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the Monkhayu [‘foragers’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kshama</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>kshama</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>waterfall </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Kthalogh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Kshalogh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Naunai, the smallest moon</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kthe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kthe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>hole</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ktech</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshesh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be dry</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ktêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">(rushkêç</font>)<font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>challenge, provoke</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ktir</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshir</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>fight, go to war</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ktsem</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tsim</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>spear</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ktur</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshor</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be expected, normal</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kturur</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khsowor</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be unexpected; ambush</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ktut</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshuth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>come</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khukh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>work, labor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kukla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khôgla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>clan-like division of a <i>trêm</i>; team, work unit, group, squad</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kuklag</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>age cohort within a <i>kukla</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kukno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khukhno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>worker, team member; private (non-officer) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kumna</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">khuvna</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>snake</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Kumnag</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Khuvnagh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a city on the Shkónoro [‘little snake’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Kumnatnâk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Khuvnakh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>name of a god associated with the earth [‘old snake’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kwar</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gway</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>above</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Kwarálh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Gwarat</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Ënomai, the sun [‘above’ + divine nominalizer]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kwarkoch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwaykosh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>noon [‘rest above’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kwartot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwaytoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>climb, rise</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kwêchil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwejiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>quay, unloading dock</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kwêt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwêth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>deliver, send (to another <i>trêm</i> or to a city)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kwôk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">gwôth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>hit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kzhak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhakh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sword</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">kzhakno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhakhno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>swordsman, soldier</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">labne</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lavne</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>type, kind, class</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lâchmât</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lachwath</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>early summer (second <i>dlhek</i> of the year)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lajwar</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>lajwar</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>lapis lazuli</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lakte</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>lakhte</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>back </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lachna</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lashna</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>people, population</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">latwe</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>latwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>hill</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Látwenam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the old name of Mrátnonam [‘hill country’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Lênân</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Lenên</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Lake Lenan [Lenani]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">letni</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lêthni</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>fruit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhach</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlash</td>
<td></font>pr</td>
<td>who, what</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhât</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlath</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>with (accompanying)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Lhekher</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>Tleçer</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a tributary of the Shkónoro (V. <i>Lëbo</i>)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Lheja</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Tleja</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>female name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhekta</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>tlêçta</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>reed</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhektakath</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlêkath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be rude or impertinent [‘be reedy’, i.e. tall and weak]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">llepna</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlêfna</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>snail</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhikna</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>tliçna</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>animal</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlim</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>other, another</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhôb</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlôv</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>enemy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhôk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlôkh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be easy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhôkmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ease</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhôr</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlôr</td>
<td></font>q</td>
<td>some</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhôrla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlôyla</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>some things</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhôrno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlôyno</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>some men</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhôrshil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlôyshiw</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>some places</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tloth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be yellow</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhôt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlôth</td>
<td></font>adv</td>
<td>at least</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhu-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlu-</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>showing, sign of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhuba</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tluba</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>path, trail, way</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlukh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>die</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhukmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlôkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>death</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lhutrêm</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>tluchyêm</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>collar [‘showing the <i>chrem</i>’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">likcha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">liçcha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>saddle</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">likchanil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">liçchaniw</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>barbarian</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">likchano</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">liçchano</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>barbarian, nomad, esp. Coruo and Sainor (non-Jippirasti) [‘saddleman’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lim</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>east</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lith</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>for, for the purpose of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">litndek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lithdeç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>sacrifice [‘give-for’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">litndekno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lithdêçno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>priest [‘sacrifice-man’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">litndekmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lithdêkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sacrifice</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lok</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lokh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>tongue; speech, language<br><i>lok Munkhâsh </i>Munkhâshi language</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">lonka</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">lônka</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wall</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">madhe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">madhe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>oak</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">makma</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">môkwa</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>shell</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Mantu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Manshu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>male name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">marin</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>marin</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>corn (maize)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">math</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>swim</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mbat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mebath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>push; haze, pick on inferiors</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mbatmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mebatwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>pushing; hazing</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mbits</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mebits</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be dirty</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mbitsla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mebitla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>dirt, dirtiness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">me-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>inceptive</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mechal</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mejaw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>appear; come to be, come into existence [inc. + ‘be’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">megle</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mêgle</td>
<td></font>adv</td>
<td>at that time, later</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">megmen</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>cj</td>
<td>then, subsequently</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mekha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">meça</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>branch; legion, corps— the military arm of a <i>trêm</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mekna</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>mêçna</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>belly, stomach</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">melho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mêtlo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>scale</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">melhodo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mêtloro</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>any scaly animal: reptiles, amphibians, ktuvoks</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>scaly; (metaphorically) elegant, smooth, well done</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mêt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mêth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be serious, grave, important</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mêtmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mêtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>importance, seriousness, gravity</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mets</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mets</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be good</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">metsmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mêtswo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>goodness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mewek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mewêç</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>root</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mim</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>this</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Minedh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Minedh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a river in eastern Dhekhnam</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Minedhil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Minedhiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a city on the Minedh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">misho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">miso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>mother</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mônge</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">môŋge</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>forest, woods</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mor</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>mor</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>home; homeland</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Morrinwe</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>Môyinwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>river passing through the Sarcainor marshes [‘home-source’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mots</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mots</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be green</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mrach</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwash</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be at high tide</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mrachmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwachwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>tide</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mrap</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwaf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>stab, pierce</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mrat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>steal</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mratmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwatwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>theft</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mratno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwathno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>thief</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Mrátnonam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Mwádhonam</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>name of NW Demóshimor [‘thief-land’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mrima</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwima</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>field</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mrimno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwivno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>peasant</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mret</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mweth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>start, begin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mrik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwiç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>buzz, be noisy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mrôk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwôkh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>lose, be defeated</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mron</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwon</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>grow; reach</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mrôt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwôth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be fat, thick</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mruch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwosh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>wriggle, wiggle</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mruja</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mwoja</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>maize beer</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mun</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mon</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be strong, be mighty</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Munkhâsh</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>Mônkhash</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Munkhâsh [‘strong-rich’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">munmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">mônwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>strength, might</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">mutre</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">muchye</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>coyote </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nadh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nadh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>trousers</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">najêt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">najêth</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>5</sup></font> = 32768</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nâk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nakh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>mouth; delta</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nam</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>land, country</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nampa</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nappa</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>head</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nampálh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nappat</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the ktuvok who owns a <i>trêm</i> [‘head’ + <i>-álh</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nampapshim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nappashim</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Axunemi [‘piss-head’, i.e. blond]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Nampapshimnam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Xengiman; Axunai (when it was a major empire)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nan</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>C possessive affix</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nar</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nar</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be red</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nashrê</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nashye</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>always</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>live, reside, inhabit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">natmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">natwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>place of residence</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ndap</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nedaf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>hold, contain</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ndapla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nedabla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>container</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ndek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nadeç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>give, offer; instruct, teach</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ndekmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nadêkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>gift, offer; instruction</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ndit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nzhith</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>own, possess</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nditmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nzhitwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ownership, possession</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ngêt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">aŋgêth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>annoy, bother, be annoying</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ngit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">aŋgith</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be brave, bold</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ngitmo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">aŋgitwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bravery, courage, valor; boldness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nêch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nêsh</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>like, as</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nêç</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>across</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nêkla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nêgla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bridge [‘crosser’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nernêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nêynêç</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sheep</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">niko</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nigo</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>that (refers to clauses only)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nrak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nyakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>hide</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nrakla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nyagla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>hiding place; lair, den</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nrin</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nyin</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>dance</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nrinmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nyinwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>dance</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nrip</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nyif</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>toss, fling</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nrocha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nyoja</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>pumpkin, gourd ; (mil.) target</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">nrukta</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nyukhta</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>slime, crud</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">num</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nom</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>that (proximal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôkpa</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôkhpa</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>never</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôlmen</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôwmin</td>
<td></font>cj</td>
<td>however</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">oma</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">oma</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>through</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">omala</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">omala</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>pipe, tube</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">or-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>imperative</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Orum</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Orom</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the major river in Demoshimor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Orumnâk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Ornakh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the capital of Dhekhnam [‘Orum mouth’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôsh-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôsh-</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>fraction</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôshbaj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôshbazh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>1/8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôshkri</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôshkhyi</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>1/5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôshplhek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôshweç</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>1/6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôshpnat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôshnath</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>1/7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôth-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôs-</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>causative</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthchal</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôstsaw</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>make, create [‘cause to be’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthchot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôstsoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>lessen, reduce, abate [‘make small’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthdhak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôzdhakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>divide [‘make two’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthjalmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôzdzawmu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>creation, crafting</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthkpat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôskwath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>burn, set on fire</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthmun</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôzmon</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>strengthen; fortify, build up [‘make strong’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthmunla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôzmônla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>fort, castle </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthpoch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôspôsh</td>
<td></font>v </td>
<td>convince, persuade [‘make think’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthpot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôspoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>protect, guard [‘make safe’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthpwên</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôspwen</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>clean, wash</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthrak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôzrakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be initiated as an adult, come of age [‘make young’, i.e. become a <i>rakno </i>or <i>rakso</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthrakmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôzrakwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>initiation</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthrot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôthyoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>bring near, attract [‘make near’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthshkêp</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôshkêf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>tear [‘make torn’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthshtin</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôsshin</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>please, assuage, mollify [‘make favorable’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôththep</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôthef</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>feed [‘make eat’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ôthtsôk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôstsôk</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>bear, give birth </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pakdhe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pâdhe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>barrier; the Ctelm mountains</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Pakdhedak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Pâdherakh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the Ctelm to the west of Sarnáe</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Pakdhetrêl</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Pâdhechyow</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the Ctelm to the south of Sarnáe and Tyellakh </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pakwe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pôkwe</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>then, earlier</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pan</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pan</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>throw, launch </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pashino</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pashino</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>no man, no one</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pdhot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bedhoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be shamed or shameful; be naked</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pdhotno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bedhôthno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Qarau [‘naked man’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pdhótnonam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Bedhódnam</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Qaraumia</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pecha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">peja</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>blood</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">peç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>marry, mate</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pekno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pêçno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>husband</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">peksho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pêkso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wife</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pelh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pet</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>tree </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pelkho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pêwkho</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>without</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pet</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">peth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>talk to, speak to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">piko</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pigo</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>this one</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Pipra</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Pibwa</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>female name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pits</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pits</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>fly; be free</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pken</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pekin</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>open</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">plakne</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">plakhne</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bark (of tree); hide (of animals)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">plâtru</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">plachyu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wood</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">plêch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">plêsh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be gracious or polite; be condescending</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">plhek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">plêç</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>six</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">plhepaj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">plebazh</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>48 [‘six-eight’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">plhik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">(bo)pliç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>dream</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">plhul</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pluw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>worm</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">plik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pliç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be bitter</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">plut</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pluth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>mill, grind; assimilate (conquered peoples)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pmêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bemêç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be flat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pmôt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bemôth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>heal; solve, fix</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Pnacha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Benaja</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>female name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>extend, thrust into</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnakil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benaçiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>pitchfork</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnân</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benên</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>mountain</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnapaj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bembazh</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>56 [‘seven-eight’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benath</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>seven</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pne-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bene-</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>wrongly, badly</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnich</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benish</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>smell </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benith</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>acquire, procure</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnôk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benôkh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>follow </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benukh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>bite</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnurat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benorath</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>immature ktuvok</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnut</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benuth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>serve, work for</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pnutno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">benuthno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>servant</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">poch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">posh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>think</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pôch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pôsh</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>below</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pôchno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pôshno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>inferior, someone lower in rank [‘below-man’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pol</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pow</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>do </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">poth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be safe, secure</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">prashi</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwashi</td>
<td></font>q</td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">prashil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwashiw</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>nowhere</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">prashila</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwashila</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>nothing</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">prêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwêç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>build, construct, erect</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">prêkla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwêgla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>building</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">prênat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">penath</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>using</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">prêp</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwêf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be prone, be lying down; (incep.) lie down</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">prit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwith</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>administer, govern (on behalf of the ktuvoks) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pritno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwithno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>(human male) master, member of the elite</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pritsho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwicho</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>(human female) mistress, member of the elite</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pruk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pwokh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>find</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pshak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be dead</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pshap</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshaf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>shudder, shiver</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pshêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshêç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>touch</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pshim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshim</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>piss, urinate</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pshimla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshimla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>piss</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pshot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshoth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>stop, halt</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pshuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">kshukh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>vomit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ptêt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pshêth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>lead to, connect</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ptik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pshiç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>esteem, value</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ptun</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pshon</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>listen, hear</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pudag</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">poragh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>pigeon, dove</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pudagil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">poraghno</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>Cađinorian</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Pudagnam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Poraghnam</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Cađinas</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pudagno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">poraghno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Cađinorian [from their unorganized fighting, like scared pigeons]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pudagsho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">porôkso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Cađinorian woman</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pun</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">pon</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be hot</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pwachil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwajiw</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>many places</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pwâk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>enjoy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pwat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwath</td>
<td></font>q</td>
<td>many</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pwatla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwadla</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>many things</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pwatno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwathno</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>many men</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pwên</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwen</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be clean</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pwot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>wander, stray; sin (seen as a lack of direction)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">pwuch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">bwosh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>fart</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be new or young</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rakla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ragla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rising (of an astronomical body); sunrise, dawn</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rakmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rôkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>newness, youth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Raknam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Sarnáe (before Cađ. conquest) [‘new land’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rakno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rakhno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>young man</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">raksho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rôkso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>young woman, maiden</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">râj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">razh</td>
<td></font>cj</td>
<td>therefore</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ran</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ran</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>cow, bull, ox</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rapne</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>rafne</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ground, soil, earth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">redna</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rêdhna</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>foot; (insulting) guy, bloke</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rêg</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rêgh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>house</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rêkshe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rêkshe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>fog</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rêl</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rôw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>cousin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rêlno</b></td>
<td></font><font color="#0000ff">rôwno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>male cousin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rêlsho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rôwso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>female cousin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rêm</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rêm</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>1/2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">riç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>sleep</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rikla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rigla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bed</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rinwe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rinwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>source</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rish</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rish</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>home</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">roch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rosh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be dull, blunt</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rochmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rôchwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>dullness, bluntness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rôgne</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rôghne</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>turnip</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rokam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rogam</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>breast</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rojam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rojam</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>cotton</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rokni</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rôkhni</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>guts, intestines; seat of lower emotions</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rot</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>roth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be near</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rotmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rôtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>nearness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ruch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">rush</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>against; marker of original object in causatives</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ruchsheno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ruchino</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bandit, gangster [‘against everything’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">rumálh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">romat</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>god<br><i>Rurumálh plhek</i> the Six Gods, the Munkhâshi pantheon</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ruju</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ruju</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>where</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>tie</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shaklha</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>shôkla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>desert</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shaklhanil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shôklaniw</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>Tžuro</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shaklhano</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shôklano</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a Tžuro or Lenani [‘desert person’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Shalha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Shatla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>female name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Sharnôl</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>Shaynow</font></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Sarnáe (after Cađ. colonization) [Sarroc <i>Sarnaw</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Sharnôlno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shaynôwno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Sarnáean</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shê</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">she</td>
<td></font>q</td>
<td>all, every</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shêb</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shêv</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>by order of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shech</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shêsh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>peak, summit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shêgtha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shêksha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>tail</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shêç</td>
<td></font>adv</td>
<td>too much</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shêla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shela</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>everything</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shêno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sheno</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>every man, everyone</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shêshil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sheshiw</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>everywhere</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shêtsu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shetsu</td>
<td></font>adv</td>
<td>all of them, entirely, to a man</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shich</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shish</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>leaf</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shikhar</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shiçar</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rock, stone</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shikhardo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shiçaydo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rocky</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">-shil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>place </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shit(h)e</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shide</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>that one (AB/C proximal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shkat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shkath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>harvest, reap</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shkêp</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shkêf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be torn, be ragged</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shkhima</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">çima</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>pig [imitative of squeal]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shkit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">çith</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be cunning, clever</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shkono</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shkono</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>earth magic</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Shkónodo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Shkónoro</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the main river of Sarnáe [‘earth.magic’ + adj.]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shmal</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shmaw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>north</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shmats</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shmats</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>smear</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shmet</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shmeth</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>poncho, tunic</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shne</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shne</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>in front of, next to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shnechal</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shnejaw</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>accompany, be a helpmeet [‘be next to’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shnektut</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shnegzhuth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>approach, (as auxiliary) almost do [‘come near’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shoj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shozh</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>that one (ABC distal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shora</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shora</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>wheat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shpât</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shwath</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>be sitting; (incep.) sit down</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shpêm</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shwêm</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>zero</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shpôt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shwôth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be solid</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shtêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shtêç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be enough, sufficient</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shtêt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shtêth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>shange, vary</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shtim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">(rushim)</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>wrestle</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shtin</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shin</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be favorable, tranquil, well-disposed<i></td>
<td></i></td></tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shtôt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chôth</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td><i>x</i><i><font size=1><sup>8 = </i></sup></font>2,097,152 </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">shul-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sho-</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>forbidden</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Shultlhe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Shôtle</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the Forbidden sea </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tabmi</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tabwi</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>valley</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Tabmishil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Tabwishiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a city on the Khmath [‘valley place’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Tabmit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Tabwith</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Carhinnia (ancient name) [‘pair of valleys’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tachi</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">taji</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>deer</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tâk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">takh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>lead (a team), manage, boss</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">taklhi</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tôkli</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>afternoon </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tâkno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">takhno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>(male) boss</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tân</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tên</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>water</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tândo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">têndo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>watery</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tap</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">taf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>seize, take</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tath</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>one</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tatha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tadha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bay, gulf</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tdhi</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dhi</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>containing, including</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">têç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be black; be full or rich </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">telgra</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">têwgha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>nose</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tênka</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tênka</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ice</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tênkano</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tênkano</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>elcar [‘ice man’, seen as living in high mountains]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">têts</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">têts</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be cold</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tezhat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">jath</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>around, surrounding</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Thagma</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Thôgwa</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>male name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">the</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">the</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>B possessive affix</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">thep</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">thef</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>eat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">thom</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">thôm</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>to the right of</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">thkik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">çiç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>outsmart, outdo</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tik</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shikh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be thin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tim</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shim</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>march; travel for work (e.g. trading)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">timno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shivno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>companion, mate (originally ‘fellow soldier/trader’)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tits</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shits</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be sharp</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tkun</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shkhôn</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>row</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlach</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chash</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>raise (crops or children), grow, educate</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlachil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chajiw</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>school</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlachno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chashno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>teacher</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlap</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chaf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be standing; (incep.) stand</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlar</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">char</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>city, town</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlarnampa</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chaynappa</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>capital [‘head town’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>bow down, submit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlatsa</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chadza</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>sometimes<br><i>çir tlatsa</i> eventually, after some time</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tleche</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">cheje</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ktuvok’s head frill; (metaphorically) reach, glory</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlechedo</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chejero</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>frilled; glorious, important</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tledna</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chêdhna</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>mole</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlednadzu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chêdhnadzu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>icëlan [‘big mole’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlekmi</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chêkwi</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>horse</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlekmino</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chêkwino</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>horseman, rider</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlekmisho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chêkwiso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>horsewoman, female rider</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlhat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>attack</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlhe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tle</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sea, ocean</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Tlhekâsh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Tlegash</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the Mišicama ocean [‘great sea’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlhuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tlukh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>honor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tleno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chino</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>beer</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlêp</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chêf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>move</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chith</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>cut </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tloch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chosh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be the same<br><i>witloch </i>be similar</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlochmen</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chôchwin</td>
<td></font>cj</td>
<td>likewise, in the same way</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tlor</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chor</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>that (distal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tluk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chukh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>remove</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tmap</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">demaf</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>see, watch</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Tmêkh</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>Demêç</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the Tmekh river in central Dhekhnam</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tmêt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">demêth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>must</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tmilho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">demitlo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>plateau</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tmôt</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">demôth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be first or ancient; an ethnonym (be Demoshi)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tmôtil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">demôshiw</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>ancient, primal; first; Demoshi; a city in Demoshimor </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Tmôtimor</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Demóshimor</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a region of Dhekhnam [‘Demoshi-home’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tmôtno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">demôthno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a male Demoshi</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tmôtsho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">demotso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a female Demoshi</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnâk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denakh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be old</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be heavy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">deneç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be blue</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnelechê</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">neleje</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>daily; during the daytime</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnelet</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">neleth</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>day</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tneledzu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">nelêdzu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>eightday (‘week’) [‘big day’]<br><i>tneldezu pelkho </i>‘monthless week’ at the year’s end </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnetna</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denetha</font><i><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></i></font>n</td>
<td>one of the two brighter moons</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Tnetnanum</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Denêthnom</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Iliažë, the brightest moon</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Tnetnatlor</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Denêtlor</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Iliacáš, the second-brightest moon</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnip</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denif</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>count</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnipno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denifno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>accountant, record-keeper</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnish</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denish</td>
<td></font>cj</td>
<td>because</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnur</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denor</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>between</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tnurla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">denôyla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>road [‘betweener’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tôch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tôsh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>perceive, notice; learn about</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">toth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>go</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">totmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">tôtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>departure</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">trêch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chyêsh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>ally with</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">trêl</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chyow</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>south</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Trêlag</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Chyelagh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Tyellakh (the Almeological spelling is the local pronunciation) [‘little south’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">trêlagno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chyelaghno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Tyellakhi</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">trêlkrit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chêkhyith</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>magnet [‘want north’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">trêm</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chyem</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>the estate or territory of a single ktuvok</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">trin</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chyin</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be strange, weird, eerie</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">trôch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">chyôsh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>need, lack</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsach</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sash</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>march </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sakh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bone</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsan</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">san</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be beautiful</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsanno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sanno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>handsome man</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsansho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sanso</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>beautiful woman</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsaple</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sable</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>jewel, gem</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sath</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>block, obstruct</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tseb</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sev</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>3</sup></font> = 512</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsêj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sêzh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>mine</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsek</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">seç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>fight</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsên</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sên</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>use</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tser</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ser</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be tight</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsêta</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">seda</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>egg</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsiklho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">siklo</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>6</sup></font> = 262144</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsin</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sin</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>walk</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsip</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sif</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>sing</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsipla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sibla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bird [‘sing-thing’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsit</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sith</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be variegated in pattern, like a snake’s skin </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsoj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sozh</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>that one (distal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsôk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sôkh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be born</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Tsôkálh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Sogat</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a goddess, wife of Gelálh [‘great bearer’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsôm</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sôm</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>destroy, ruin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsor</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sor</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>harness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sôth</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>capture; (wrestling) hold</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsuch</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sush</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>rot, spoil</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">sukh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>know (persons), be acquainted with</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tsum</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">som</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be loud</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tuj</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shuzh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>paddle, splash around</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tujêsh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shujêsh</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>Cuzeian [‘iliu-ish’, i.e. iliu wannabes]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Tujêshnam</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Shujêshnam</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Cuzei</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tujêshno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shuzhno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>Cuzeian </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tujno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shuzhno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>iliu [‘paddler’, as they were considered inferior swimmers to the ktuvoks]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">tujsho</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">shuzho</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ilisea, iliu female</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">twachak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dwajakh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>stream, brook</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">twasha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dwasha</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>tip, end, butt</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">twêk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">twêç</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>save, rescue</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">twen</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dwin</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be lucky, be fortunate</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">twerun</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dweron</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be unlucky, be unfortunate</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">twenmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">dwinwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>luck</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">twipla</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>dwibla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>cloud</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ukki</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">uççi</td>
<td></font>prep</td>
<td>in back of, behind</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ul</b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td>uw</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>lord</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ulalh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>anyone (god, ktuvok)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">uletgat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>a couple, a pair (god, ktuvok)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Ulgâsh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ogash</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>name of a god, associated with war [‘proud lord’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ulkêttra</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">okêchya</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>village chief</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ulkhakshe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">okhôkshe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>ship or boat captain </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ulkuk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">okukh</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>sergeant (lowest-level officer)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ullhor</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>some gods/ktuvoks</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ulmekha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">omeça</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>commander of a <i>mekha </i>(corps or legion)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ultlar</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôtlar</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>mayor [‘city lord’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ultnipno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">onifno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>chief acountant</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">ultrêm</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ochyêm</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>governor; chief human administrator of a trêm </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">umno</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">uvno</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>iron</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">Umnorinwe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">Uvnorinwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>a river in western Demóshimor [‘iron source’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">urjô</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">ôyjo</td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>8</sup></font> = 16,777,216</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">uta</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">uda</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>star</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">utadzu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">udadzu</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>planet [augm. of ‘star’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wa</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wa</td>
<td></font>cj</td>
<td>or</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wacha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">waja</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>clay</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wachala</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>clay tablet used for accounting purposes</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wamen</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wamin</td>
<td></font>cj</td>
<td>or (for clauses)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">welha</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wêtla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>stake, pole</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wên</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>E possessive affix</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">werga</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wêyga</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>bread</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wetla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wêdla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>lizard</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wi-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wi-</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>diminutive (weakens meanings of verbs) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wiko</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wigo</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>this one (C)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wikwartot</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>rise one step [dim. of ‘rise’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wôkil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">woçiw</td>
<td></font>a</td>
<td>second; again</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wôk</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wôkh</td>
<td></font>v</td>
<td>be second</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wor-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wor-</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>carefully</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">wum-</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">wôm-</td>
<td></font>+</td>
<td>extreme pejorative prefix</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zh</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zh</td>
<td></font>cj</td>
<td>and</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhan</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhan</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>when</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhdak</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>ten [‘and two’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhdat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff"></td>
<td></font>#</td>
<td>nine [‘and one’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhdêtmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhdêtwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>change, variation</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhgatmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhgatwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>harvest; fall, autumn</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhêchil</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhejiw</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>anywhere, somewhere</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhakla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhôgla</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rope</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhakmu</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhôkwo</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>knot, fastening</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhêkwe</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhêgwe</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>rabbit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhêtla</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhêdla</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>anything, something</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhêtno </td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhêthno</td>
<td></font>pron</td>
<td>anyone, someone (m.)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhikne</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhiçne</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>arrow</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhmat</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhmath</td>
<td></font>n</td>
<td>winter </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><font color="#0000ff">zhmen</td>
<td></b></font><font color="#0000ff">zhmin</td>
<td></font>cj</td>
<td>and, moreover (for clauses)</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
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