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<H1>Mei</H1>
<a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a> — <i>
<a href="#History">History</a> —
<a href="#Dialects">Dialects</a> —
<a href="#influences">Language influences</a> </i><p>
<a href="#Phonology">Phonology</a> — <i>
<a href="#Consonants">Consonants</a> —
<a href="#Vowels">Vowels</a> —
<a href="#Stress">Stress</a> —
<a href="#Writing">Writing</a> </i><p>
<a href="#Morphology">Morphology</a> – <i>
<a href="#Clitic">Clitic prefixes</a> —
<a href="#VerbalM">Verbs</a> —
<a href="#NominalM">Nouns</a> —
<a href="#PronounM">Pronouns</a> —
<a href="#Numbers">Numbers</a> —
<a href="#Derivational">Derivational morphology</a> </i><p>
<a href="#Syntax">Syntax<a> — <i>
<a href="#Basic">Basic sentences</a> —
<a href="#Definite">Definiteness</a> —
<a href="#YesNo">Yes/no questions</a> —
<a href="#Interrog">Interrogatives</a> —
<a href="#Negatives">Negatives</a> —
<a href="#NPOrder">NP order</a> —
<a href="#bodily">Verbs of bodily action</a> —
<a href="#perception">Verbs of perception</a> —
<a href="#Copula">Copula</a> —
<a href="#Modals">Modals</a> —
<a href="#Possession">Possession</a> —
<a href="#Conjunctions">Conjunctions</a> —
<a href="#Prepositions">Prepositions</a> —
<a href="#Participles">Participles</a> —
<a href="#Adverbs">Adverbs</a> —
<a href="#Dative">Dative expressions</a> —
<a href="#Causatives">Causatives</a> —
<a href="#DoSo">‘Do so’</a> —
<a href="#Relative">Relative clauses</a> —
<a href="#CVerbs">Compound verbs</a> —
<a href="#Conditionals">Conditionals</a> —
<a href="#Comparatives">Comparatives</a> —
<a href="#Imperatives">Imperatives</a> —
<a href="#PlaceTime">Place and time expressions</a> </i> <p>
<a href="#Semantic">Semantic fields<a> — <i>
<a href="#Greetings">Greetings</a> —
<a href="#Names">Names</a> </i><p>
<a href="#Sample">Sample texts<a> — <i>
<a href="#Jippirasti">Jippirasti</a> —
<a href="#MeiMei">A Mei on the Mei</a> —
<a href="#Ajuruja">Ajuruja</a> </i><p>
<a href="#Lexicon">Lexicon<a>
<h2><a name="Introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<img src="illo/Shura-Mei.jpg" align="right" title="Mei and it neighbors">
Mei (native <b>meiñay</b>) is the language of the <b>Mei</b> people, who predominate in Sevisor and parts of Belšai. It is one of the three working languages of the Democratic Union (DU, <b>Waced nirez</b>), along with Tžuro and Lenani.
<p><i>(Illustration: Mei-speaking areas in purple; political boundaries as of 3480. Names are not in Mei.)</i>
<p>It is part of the Southern family, distantly related to Wede:i (and thus Cuolese) and Lenani-Littoral (and thus Old Skourene, Uṭandal, Tžuro, and Lenani). It closest relative is Fei, but even there the time separation is over 2000 years.
<p>Some of Mei’s features:
<ul>
<li> Polypersonal agreement
<li> A preference for one-argument sentences (topic-first)
<li> Ergativity but only for bodily movement, reflexives, and verbs of perception
<li> Nouns inflected for definiteness
<li> A double causative
<li> So damn much lexical borrowing
</ul>
<i>Almeological note: This grammatical sketch is written from the perspective of Z.E. 3678.
<br/>—Mark Rosenfelder, May 2023 </i>
<h3><a name="History">History</a></h3>
The <b>Mei</b> were the original inhabitants of Skouras. Indeed, Skourasb comes from Mei: it’s a derivation of <i>Skinor</i>, the Old Skourene name for the region’s main river, from Old Mei <i>*Šeginur</i> ‘drink-water’. The Mei adopted agriculture from the Wede:i around -1150. They claim to have invented rye beer (šancæn); its importance can be judged from the fact that the word simply means ‘drink’.
<p>The name <b>Mei</b> derives from <i>meyen-niren</i> ‘heart-people’, metaphorically the ‘real people’. The word was reanalyzed as *<i>Meye-niren</i> and then <i>Mei-niren</i>. It is cognate to <i>Fei</i> but not to Wede:i <i>de:i</i>— though the latter word is cognate to <b>niren</b> ‘people’.
<p>The region was conquered by the Skourenes, a nomadic Lenani-Littoral people, around -150. Though many Mei were absorbed by the Skourenes, significant numbers fled across the mountains east or west. The two groups remained out of contact for millennia and their languages diverged; the eastern group are now the Fei, the westerners the Mei.
<p>Around -50 the Mei organized the kingdom of <b>Newor</b> on the eastern shore of Lake Van (Eyra), though the bulk of the Mei lived outside this state. Its capital was Zawei (Wede:i ‘sandy place’).
<p>The kingdom formed part of the mixed Xurnese/Wede:i culture of Xengiman, and ultimately (750) was aborbed by its neighbor Van, and later by Axunai. It used the Wede:i and then the Axunašin writing system, but we have no texts and almost no inscriptions in Old Mei; when something had to be written down, scribes used Wede:i or Axunašin. The language in Newor (now Nior province) shifted to Axunašin.
<p>The Mei continued to occupy the mountainous zone between Xengiman and Skouras, with a spur southward into the Mnau peninsula. They organized the kingdom of <b>Mei Ros</b> around 1500, which persisted till it was conquered by the Kurundasti Tej (i.e. the Tžuro) in 1675.
<p>The state of <b>Sevisor</b> (‘the mountains’) emerged in the early 2100s. It was conquered in the 2600s by the nomadic Sainor, who were themselves fleeing the Gelyet. Sevisor re-emerged in the mid 2700s as the Sainor concentrated their energies on conquering Šura.
<p>The Cuolese made a bid for empire in the 3040s, which led to conflict with Sevisor and the emergence of the cantonal state of Belšai (3212). Belšai not only defended itself against Cuoli but broke the power of the Cuolese, which led to more peoples joining the federation, including some of the northern Mei.
Sevisor was a perennial target of the Xurnese in the 3500s, which led it to join with Cuoli, Belšai, Šura, and the elcari to form the Democratic Union (DU, <b>Waced nirez</b>) in 3591. Though government functions were distributed over all of DU territory, the capital and seat of the Union Senate (<b>Waniri sipæl</b>) was <b>Teland</b>, a mostly Mei-speaking city in southern Belšai.
<h3><a name="Dialects">Dialects</a></h3>
Mei is really a constellation of dialects— it’s said that each mountain valley has its own dialect which no one outside can understand, nor wants to.
<p>For most of the last millennium and a half, the most prestigious dialect was that of <b>Saɣow</b>, the capital of Sevisor. It was used for both administration and literature, notably <i>The epic of Cuoli</i> (<b>Najayar ni Culi</b>, 3360). A little grandly, this dialect is called <b>Sevisre</b>; linguists prefer <b>Saɣowis</b>.
<p>However, currently the standard dialect is <b>Telandi</b>, spoken in Teland, in Belšai; not only was it larger than Saɣow, but it is now the capital of the DU. Telandi Mei is one of the three working languages of the DU, alongside Šureni Tžuro and Lenani.
<p>This document describes Telandi, with some reference to differences in Sevisre. An important one is that /v/ is present only in Sevisor! In Teland you say <b>Sewisor, Sewisre</b>.
<p>On a practical level Telandi and Sevisre speakers can usually understand each other. But this was not necessarily the case a couple centuries back. It can be said that urbanization and universal education pulled most Mei dialects toward Sevisre in 3500s period, and toward Telandi thereafter.
<h3><a name="influences">Language influences</a></h3>
Naturally the Mei have been deeply influenced by the larger cultures around them: Wede:i, Axunai/Xurno, and Tžuro.
<p>As a general rule:
<ul>
<li> Terms relating to agriculture and early state-building are Wede:i.
<li> Axunašin and Xurnese contributed cultural and religious vocabulary.
<li> Tžuro provided religious and scientific words.
<li> Its neighbors Cuolese, Losainu, and Lenani provided a few random words.
</ul>
This is not a historical grammar of Mei, and I have left out words that are no longer used. Often Tžuro words replaced native or Axunaic ones; Xurnese words often replaced an earlier borrowing. This can make reading medieval sources challenging.
<p>In modern Sevisre, literati tried to replace Tžuro words with what they considered native roots (often themselves Wede:i or Axunaic borrowings)— e.g. <b>šæbru</b> ‘chapter’ for <b>ceuba</b> ‘book’, <b>wenis</b> ‘fort’ for <b>dakaš</b> ‘palace’, <b>ñicima</b> ‘go far’ for <b>ibiša</b> ‘travel’. This effort was largely ignored by ordinary speakers, but it did produce more Sevisre/Telandi differences.
<p>In the 3600s, Telandi borrowed even more Šureni words, e.g. <b>šankali</b> ‘workplace’, <b>pišma</b> ‘delegate’, <b>minanig</b> ‘foundational’. This in turn generated concern about <b>šæšura</b> ‘Šurenification’, and people pointed out that Mei already had <b>yeuželi, žaga, šaubris</b> for these concepts. The lexicon here represents the educated consensus, but be aware that bilinguals will readily import just about any Tžuro word, especially if it’s bureaucratic, scientific, or just hifalutin.
<h2><a name="Phonology">Phonology</a></h2>
<h3><a name="Consonants">Consonants</a></h3>
The consonantal system of Mei:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> </td> <td> labial</td> <td> lab-dent</td> <td> dental</td> <td> palatal</td> <td> velar</td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> stops</td> <td> <b> p</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> t</b> </td> <td> <b> c</b> </td> <td> <b> k</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> </td> <td> <b> b</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> d</b> </td> <td> <b> j</b> </td> <td> <b> g</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> fricatives</td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> s</b> </td> <td> <b> š </b> </td> <td> <b> ɣ </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> z</b> </td> <td> <b> ž </b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> nasals</td> <td> <b> m</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> n</b> </td> <td> <b> ñ</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> liquids</td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> l</b> </td> <td> <b> y</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> </td> <td> <b> w</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> r</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The dental series (<b>t d s</b> etc.) is dental, as in French, not post-alveolar as in English.
<p>The stops <b>p t k</b> are aspirated (pʰ tʰ kʰ) even in medial position. In Telandi <b>b d g</b> are voiced; in Sevisre merely non-aspirated. These were once allophonic variants of <b>p t k</b>, but borrowings, as well as retention of the aspirated stops in former consonant clusters, have made them phonemic.
<p>Classically, <b>c j</b> were palatal stops, IPA [c ɟ]. They still are in Sevisre, but in Telandi they are normally pronounced [tʃ dʒ], like Tžuro <i>č j</i>. Likewise Telandi <b>š</b> is [ʃ] but in Sevisre it’s alveolo-palatal [ɕ].
<p><b>ɣ</b> is a voiced velar fricative, the voiced equivalent of <i>kh</i> [x]. But many Telandi pronounce it as [x] or [h], except medially.
<p><b>ñ</b> is a palatalized nasal [nʲ] as in Spanish.
<p>Sevisre retains word-final <b>ŋ</b>, where Telandi has changed this to <b>n</b>.
<p>Sevisre has phonemes <b>f v</b>, originally from Proto-Southern *<i>pj</i>, e.g. <i>pjasta</i> > <b>fata</b> ‘year’, Telandi <b>yata</b>. It’s been reinforced by borrowings; e.g. Sevisre has <b>fetor</b> for standard <b>yetor</b> ‘stinky’ < Axunašin <i>veturi</i>, or <b>Vredor</b> for ‘Verduria’, Telandi <b>Bredor</b>.
<h3><a name="Vowels">Vowels</a></h3>
There are six vowels, which can be equated to their IPA values.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> </td> <td> front</td> <td> back</td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> high</td> <td> <b> i</b> </td> <td> <b> u</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> mid</td> <td> <b> e</b> </td> <td> <b> o</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> low</td> <td> <b> æ</b> </td> <td> <b> a</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The <b>a</b> is somewhat back, closer to [ɑ] than to cardinal [a]. In Sevisre it may be rounded to [ɒ].
<p>A diphthong can be formed either with <b>i u</b> or <b>y w</b>— e.g. <b>Mei</b> = [mej], <b>Saɣow</b> = [sa ɣow].
<p>Unstressed <b>i e u o</b>, not final and not part of a diphthong, are often laxed to [ɪ ɛ ʊ ɔ]. Thus <b>meyen</b> [mɛ 'yen], <b>menini</b> [mɛ 'ni ni], <b>todosa</b> [tɔ 'do sa], but <b>meiñay</b> [mej 'nʲaj]; <b>touzoi</b> [tow 'zoj].
<p>In Sevisre, the unlaxed vowels may turn into diphthongs: <b>e</b> = [ej], <b>o</b> = [ow]. At the same time, the combinations <b>ei</b> and <b>ou</b> are pronounced as two syllables: <b>Mei</b> = [me i].
<h3><a name="Stress">Stress</a></h3>
Stress is consistently just before the last consonant, excluding semivowels. E.g. <b>YAta, meYEN, meiÑAY, TAUže, SAɣow, seWISre, šaBÆN</b>.
<p>Exception: stress final -oi or ai: <b>touZOI, padROI, muƔAI</b>.
<br/>Exception: don’t stress the definite or plural suffix: <b>WÆdas, aMInor, seWIsor</b>.
<h3><a name="Writing">Writing</a></h3>
Mei has its own writing system, a syllabary devised around 2900. It’s based on the Xurnese writing system. Details will be provided later.
<h2><a name="Morphology">Morphology</a></h2>
<h3><a name="Clitic">Clitic prefixes</a></h3>
Any major head (verb, noun, pronoun) can take these prefixes:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> ka</b> </td> <td> conjunctive</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ne</b> </td> <td> contrastive</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ba</b> </td> <td> negative</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h3><a name="VerbalM">Verbs</a></h3>
Mei verbs are largely agglutinative, but have been complicated by sandhi effects. Usage notes will appear in the syntax section; here I will just decribe conjugation.
<p>The structure of a Mei verbal form:
<blockquote>
modal + root + tense/subject + object
</blockquote>
The modal prefixes:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> šæ</b> </td> <td> causative</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ce</b> </td> <td> obligative</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> me</b> </td> <td> abilitative</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ño</b> </td> <td> tentative</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣe</b> </td> <td> progressive</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> so</b> </td> <td> conditional</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
In Sevisre, <b>me</b>- is replaced by <b>ju</b>-.
<p>The tense/subject affixes:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> </td> <td> pres</td> <td> past</td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 1</td> <td> <b> iɣ </b> </td> <td> <b> aɣ </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 2</td> <td> <b> ir</b> </td> <td> <b> au</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 3</td> <td> <b> o</b> </td> <td> <b> a</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> ø</td> <td> <b> i</b> </td> <td> <b> a</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The object endings vary according to the previous consonant (and in some cases, the vowel before that):
<blockquote> <table>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> </td> <td> V+</td> <td> Vr+</td> <td> VC+</td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 1s</td> <td> <b> ño</b> </td> <td> <b> o</b> </td> <td> <b> no</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 1p</td> <td> <b> d</b> </td> <td> <b> t</b> </td> <td> <b> Vd</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 2s</td> <td> <b> g</b> </td> <td> <b> k</b> </td> <td> <b> Vg</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 2p</td> <td> <b> ye</b> </td> <td> <b> e</b> </td> <td> <b> e</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 3</td> <td> <b> w</b> </td> <td> <b> —</b> </td> <td> <b> u</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
As we’ll see, these suffixes are used in other contexts; the third column applies to any base form that ends in a consonant besides <b>r</b>.
<p>Here is the full conjugation of <b>ñaya</b> ‘speak to’. Like other Southern languages, Mei has polypersonal agreement: the verb agrees with both subject and object.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> Present</td> <td colspan="3"> subject</td> </tr>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> object ↓</td> <td> 1 </td> <td> 2 </td> <td> 3 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 1s</td> <td> <b> ñayiɣno</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayiro</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayoño</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 1p</td> <td> <b> ñayiɣid</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayirt</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayod</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 2s</td> <td> <b> ñayiɣig</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayirk</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayog</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 2p</td> <td> <b> ñayiɣe</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayire</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayoye</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 3</td> <td> <b> ñayiɣu</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayir</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayow</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> Past</td> <td colspan="3"> subject </td> </tr>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> object ↓</td> <td> 1 </td> <td> 2 </td> <td> 3 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 1s</td> <td> <b> ñayaɣno</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayauño</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayaño</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 1p</td> <td> <b> ñayaɣid</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayaud</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayad</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 2s</td> <td> <b> ñayaɣig</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayaug</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayag</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 2p</td> <td> <b> ñayaɣe</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayauye</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayaye</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 3</td> <td> <b> ñayaɣu</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayaur</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayaw</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Note the irregular 2>3 form <b>ñayaur</b> in place of the expected *<i>ñayauw</i>.
<p>There are a few non-finite forms:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> -a</b> </td> <td> <b> ñaya</b> </td> <td> infinitive/gerund</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣe-</b> </td> <td> <b> ɣeñay</b> </td> <td> active participle</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> -ac</b> </td> <td> <b> ñayac</b> </td> <td> passive participle</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> e-</b> </td> <td> <b> eñay</b> </td> <td> imperative (ey- before another e)</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The active participle can take the subject or object suffixes: <b>ɣeñayiɣ</b> ‘(with) me saying’, <b>ɣešaɣno</b> ‘(with them) beating me’
<p>The passive participle can take the object suffixes, but these refer to the subject. E.g <b>šaɣacno</b> ‘beaten by me’. (If it helps, think of this is a possessive: “my beating of it”.)
<p>The imperative can take the object suffixes; use the VC+ column. E.g. <b>eñayno</b> ‘speak to me’. The prefix is <b>a</b>- in Sevisre.
<h3><a name="NominalM">Nouns</a></h3>
The plural suffix is cognate to Wede:i -<i>ak</i>, but differs by environment:
<ul>
<li> after a vowel, -<b>s</b>
<li> after a voiced stop or fricative or -<b>t, -o</b>
<li> after <b>r/l, -g</b>
<li> otherwise -<b>k</b>
</ul>
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> wæda </b>sister </td> <td> <b>wædas </b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñezli </b>bird </td> <td> <b>ñezlis </b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sed </b> boundary </td> <td> <b>sedo </b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kor </b> sea </td> <td> <b>korg </b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> aron </b> colonel </td> <td> <b>aronk </b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pezaw </b> clan </td> <td> <b>pezawk </b></td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Nouns are made definite with the suffix -<b>or</b>; after a vowel, -<b>r</b>. (This is cognate to Old Skourene -<i>ul</i>.)
In the plural these are -<b>org</b> and -<b>z</b>7.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> </td> <td> s</td> <td> pl</td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <b>wæda</b> sister </td> <td> <b> wædar</b> </td> <td> <b> wædaz</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <b>ñezli</b> bird</td> <td> <b> ñezlir</b> </td> <td> <b> ñezliz</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <b>sed</b> boundary </td> <td> <b> sedor</b> </td> <td> <b> sedorg</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <b>kor</b> sea </td> <td> <b> koror</b> </td> <td> <b> kororg</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <b>aro</b>n colonel </td> <td> <b> aronor</b> </td> <td> <b> aronorg</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <b>pezaw</b> clan </td> <td> <b> pezawor</b> </td> <td> <b> pezaworg</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Finally you can add the object suffixes, which indicate possession:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> </td> <td> indef</td> <td> </td> <td> def</td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> </td> <td> s </td> <td> pl </td> <td> s </td> <td> pl </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> my sister </td> <td> <b> wædaño</b> </td> <td> <b> wædasno</b> </td> <td> <b> wædaro</b> </td> <td> <b> wædazno</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> my sea </td> <td> <b> koro</b> </td> <td> <b> korkoño</b> </td> <td> <b> kororo</b> </td> <td> <b> kororkno</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> my boundary </td> <td> <b> sedno</b> </td> <td> <b> sedoño</b> </td> <td> <b> sedoro</b> </td> <td> <b> sedorkno</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> my clan </td> <td> <b> pezawno</b> </td> <td> <b> pezawkno</b> </td> <td> <b> pezaworo</b> </td> <td> <b> pezaworgno</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> our sister </td> <td> <b> wædad</b> </td> <td> <b> wædasad</b> </td> <td> <b> wædarad</b> </td> <td> <b> wædazad</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> our sea </td> <td> <b> kort</b> </td> <td> <b> korkad</b> </td> <td> <b> kororod</b> </td> <td> <b> kororknod</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> our boundary </td> <td> <b> sedned</b> </td> <td> <b> sedod</b> </td> <td> <b> sedorod</b> </td> <td> <b> sedorknod</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> our clan </td> <td> <b> pezawad</b> </td> <td> <b> pezawkad</b> </td> <td> <b> pezaworod</b> </td> <td> <b> pezaworgnod</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> their sister </td> <td> <b> wædaw</b> </td> <td> <b> wædasu</b> </td> <td> <b> wædaru</b> </td> <td> <b> wædazu</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> their sea </td> <td> <b> koru</b> </td> <td> <b> korkow</b> </td> <td> <b> kororu</b> </td> <td> <b> kororku</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> their boundary </td> <td> <b> sedu</b> </td> <td> <b> sedow</b> </td> <td> <b> sedoru</b> </td> <td> <b> sedorku</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> their clan </td> <td> <b> pezawu</b> </td> <td> <b> pezawku</b> </td> <td> <b> pezaworu</b> </td> <td> <b> pezaworgu</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The 3rd person forms have -<b>u</b> instead of null after an -<b>r</b>.
<h3><a name="PronounM">Pronouns</a></h3>
<h4>Personal pronouns</h4>
There is rarely a need for personal pronouns, since person is marked on the verb. But they do appear in conjunctions and with prepositions. They are normally formed from nouns, using the person endings; in Telandi they are based on <b>ce</b> ‘body’. In Sevisre they’re based on <b>wa</b> ‘one’.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> ceño </b> </td> <td> I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ced</b> </td> <td> we</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceg</b> </td> <td> you (s.)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceye</b> </td> <td> you (pl.)</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Though <b>cew</b> ‘he, she, they’ can be found, normally for the third person you use the demonstratives instead.
<h4>Demonstratives</h4>
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> riu </b> </td> <td> this (adj)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ko</b> </td> <td> that (adj)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> roga</b> </td> <td> this (n)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koga</b> </td> <td> that (n)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riel</b> </td> <td> here</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koil</b> </td> <td> there</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> širor</b> </td> <td> now</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kocuz</b> </td> <td> then</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h4>Quantifiers</h4>
Note that quantifiers are used both for individual items and masses, where we often use different words.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> items</td> <td> masses</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šiu</b> </td> <td> no</td> <td> none of</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wa</b> </td> <td> one</td> <td> the whole</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cas</b> </td> <td> other</td> <td> —</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> paun</b> </td> <td> some</td> <td> some (of)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣoc</b> </td> <td> many</td> <td> much</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toi</b> </td> <td> every</td> <td> all of</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
These are the modifier forms, used with an NP. There are also standalone pronouns or constructions:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="2"> <i> person</i> </td> <td colspan="2"> <i>place</i></td> <td colspan="2"> <i>time</i></td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šiga</b> </td> <td> no one</td>
<td> <b>šiel</b></td> <td> nowhere</td>
<td> <b>šicuz</b></td> <td> never</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pauga</b> </td> <td> someone</td>
<td> <b>paugel</b></td> <td> somewhere</td>
<td> <b>wacuz</b></td> <td> sometime</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toiga</b> </td> <td> everyone</td>
<td> <b>toyel</b></td> <td> everywhere</td>
<td> <b>toicuz</b></td> <td> always</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The first column is used for both things and people (i.e. <b>šiga</b> is ‘no one’ or ‘nothing’).
<p>
You can combine the quantifiers with the demonstrative or personal pronouns: <b>šiu ced</b> ‘none of us’, <b>paun koga</b> ‘some of them’.
<h4>Interrogatives</h4>
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> pes</b> </td> <td> which </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waga</b> </td> <td> what</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> enga</b> </td> <td> why</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pegel</b> </td> <td> where</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peñoc</b> </td> <td> how much</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h3><a name="Numbers">Numbers</a></h3>
The Mei number was originally base 6 (like Wede:i), but changed to decimal under Axunaic influence; numbers 7–10 were borrowed from Cuolese.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td> </td> <td> n</td> <td> 10n</td> <td> nth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 1</td> <td> <b> wa</b> </td> <td> <b> dis</b> </td> <td> <b> is</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 2</td> <td> <b> ñas</b> </td> <td> <b> keuda</b> </td> <td> <b> yoko</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 3</td> <td> <b> šæc</b> </td> <td> <b> ezo</b> </td> <td> <b> šæl</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 4</td> <td> <b> tauže</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> taužel</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 5</td> <td> <b> piña</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> piñal</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 6</td> <td> <b> waɣ </b> </td> <td> <b> bodu</b> </td> <td> <b> waɣar</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 7</td> <td> <b> šis</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> šisan</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 8</td> <td> <b> iji</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> ijin</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 9</td> <td> <b> nei</b> </td> <td> <b> ɣoro</b> </td> <td> <b> nein</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> 10</td> <td> <b> dis</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> disi</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
In Classical Mei numbers were calqued on Wede:i, thus:
<ul>
<li> NS = N x S where S is a power of 6: <b>šæcwaɣ</b> 4-6 = 24.
<li> N M-<b>ka</b> = N + M: <b>waɣ waka</b> 6 1-and = 7, <b>šæcwaɣ taužeka</b> 24 4-and = 28.
<li> Multiples of 6 were borrowed from Wede:i: <b>taɣ</b> 36, <b>kete</b> 216, <b>ezo</b> 1296.
</ul>
In medieval times, under Tžuro rule, Mei switched to duodecimal, borrowing bima 11, mos 12, ged 144, and run 1728 from Tžuro. The combining rules were also borrowed:
<ul>
<li> TN = T x N where T is a power of 12: <b>mospiña</b> = 12 x 5 = 60, <b>gedšæc</b> = 144 * 3 = 432.
<li> TN <b>a</b>-M adds M: <b>mospiña a-waɣ</b> = 60 + 6 = 66; <b>gedšæc a-bima</b> = 432 + 11 = 443.
</ul>
Though this system still has specialized uses, the Mei have switched to base 10. The base 12 rules can be used, using powers of 10: <b>dispiña a-wa</b> = 10x5 + 1 = 51. In Telandi, it’s more common to simply enumerate the digits: <b>piña wa</b>. Sevisre speakers find this barbaric.
<p>The ordinals show a bewildering variety of derivational methods. Higher numbers normally use the Tžuro suffix -<b>i</b>, e.g. <b>bodui</b> ‘millionth’.
<h3><a name="Derivational">Derivational morphology</a></h3>
<h4>Nominalizers</h4>
<dt>The infinitive in -<b>a</b> is the nominalizer for basic actions, comparable to our gerund:</dt>
<dd>
<b>dima</b> make love > <b>dima</b> lovemaking <br/>
<b>ñouna</b> hunt > <b>ñouna</b> hunting
</dd>
<dt>Some very old words instead omit the final -<b>a</b>:</dt>
<dd>
<b>ñaya</b> speak > <b>ñay</b> speech <br/>
<b>ñita</b> walk > <b>ñit</b> path
</dd>
<dt>Associated noun: -<b>æn</b>, which often changes the final consonant; no longer productive.</dt>
<dd>
<b>ɣiro</b> flax > <b>ɣiñæn</b> linen <br/>
<b>ñæda</b> think > <b>ñæžæn</b> soul
</dd>
<dt>A state or quality is formed with -<b>ed</b>:</dt>
<dd>
<b>wac</b> united > <b>waced</b> unity <br/>
<b>ñaja</b> dance > <b>ñajed</b> dance (the art)
</dd>
<dt>One who does: -<b>oi</b> (in Sevisre, -<b>ai</b>)</dt>
<dd>
<b>ñouna</b> hunt > <b>ñounoi</b> hunter <br/>
<b>yeja</b> massage > <b>yejoi</b> masseur, masseuse
</dd>
<dt>Or Tžuro <b>a</b>-:</dt>
<dd>
<b>mina</b> serve > <b>amin</b> servant <br/>
<b>wayna</b> ship > <b>awayn</b> sailor
</dd>
<dt>The diminutive is -<b>ne</b>; with people, it’s a very informal ‘guy’:</dt>
<dd>
<b>ñousa</b> glass > <b>ñousane</b> small glass <br/>
<b>gabar</b> mess > <b>gabarne</b> fuckup <br/>
<b>šega</b> drink > <b>šegne</b> drunkard
</dd>
<dt>Place: -<b>ap</b></dt>
<dd>
<b>mur</b> sand > <b>Murap</b> sandy place <br/>
<b>waɣa</b> eat > <b>waɣap</b> restaurant
</dd>
<dt>Tool: <b>wa</b>- </dt>
<dd>
<b>teza</b> shave > <b>watez</b> razor <br/>
<b>cuɣa</b> grab > <b>wacuɣ</b> fork
</dd>
<dt>Modern inventions make use of <b>saj</b>, from <b>sajaš</b> ‘machine’:</dt>
<dd>
<b>rila</b> see > <b>rilsaj</b> camera
</dd>
<dt>Collective: -<b>to</b>:</dt>
<dd>
<b>aman</b> companion > <b>amanto</b> group
</dd>
<h4>Adjectivizers</h4>
<dt>The commonest adjectivizer is -<b>is</b>:</dt>
<dd>
<b>Cei</b> Čeiy > <b>ceis</b> Čeiyu <br/>
<b>teš</b> mange > <b>tešis</b> mangy
</dd>
<dt>Also -<b>e</b>, especially for geographical terms or material composition: </dt>
<dd>
<b>Sewisor</b> > <b>Sewisre</b> <br/>
<b>balar</b> silver > <b>balare</b> silvery
</dd>
<dt>Tžuro -<b>i</b> is often used, especially in learned vocabulary:</dt>
<dd>
<b>josod</b> monarchy > <b>josodi</b> monarchical <br/>
<b>Waced nirez</b> Democratic Union > <b>waniri</b> of the DU
</dd>
<dt>A quality or tendency may use –<b>(a)z</b>:</dt>
<dd>
<b>rena</b> care for > <b>renaz</b> careful
</dd>
<dt>Negative: <b>ba</b>- </dt>
<dd>
<b>wac</b> united > <b>bawac</b> disunited</dt>
</dd>
<dt>The tentative prefix <b>ño</b>- can be used to weaken an adjective:</dt>
<dd>
<b>nidran</b> beautiful > <b>ñonidran</b> not bad-looking <br/>
<b>šiza</b> small > <b>ñošiza</b> pretty small
</dd>
<h4>Verbalizers</h4>
<dt>Apply something: -<b>na</b></dt>
<dd>
<b>ruɣ</b> water > <b>runa</b> wash
</dd>
<dt>Undo or do the opposite: <b>ša</b>-</dt>
<dd>
<b>cuɣa</b> grab > <b>šacuɣa</b> remove
</dd>
<dt>Causative: <b>šæ</b>-</dt>
<dd>
<b>kirpa</b> fat > <b>šækirpa</b> fatten <br/>
<b>ñita</b> go > <b>šæñita</b> send
</dd>
<dt>Prepositions can narrow down a verb’s meaning:</dt>
<dd>
<b>jeñita</b> = with-go = get together with <br/>
<b>cañita</b> = in-go = enter
</dd>
<h4>Reduplication</h4>
<dt>Partial reduplication is sometimes used to impart a wishy-washy feeling, or an air of familiarity.</dt>
<dd>
<b>moi</b> girl > <b>momoi</b> girlfriend <br/>
<b>næda</b> think > <b>næñæda</b> ruminate on <br/>
<b>cæra</b> red > <b>cæcæra</b> reddish, kind of red
</dd>
<h4>Compounds</h4>
<dt>Compounds are normally OV:</dt>
<dd>
<b>mispawa</b> word + love = lexicographer <br/>
<b>pedarun</b> dish + wash = dishwasher
</dd>
<dt>or NA:</dt>
<dd>
<b>misporu</b> word + true = honest <br/>
<b>meyenceɣ</b> mind + rotten = insane
</dd>
<dt>Or QN:</dt>
<dd>
<b>Istou</b> first + city <br/>
<b>Toiros</b> all + nation = Ereláe
</dd>
<p>In modern times, there has been a fad for abbreviating long names by using only the first syllables:
<blockquote>
<b>Waced nirez</b> Democratic Union > <b>waniri</b> of the DU <br/>
<b>margac coyedi</b> personal computer > <b>marco</b>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="Syntax">Syntax<a></h2>
<h3><a name="Basic">Basic sentences</a></h3>
Basic word order is S<blu>V</blu>O.
<blockquote> <b> Aminor pawaw <blu>sarnoir</blu>.</b> <br/>
servant-def desire-past.3>3s cook-def<br/>
<i> The servant fell in love with the cook.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
As we’ll see, this sentence is correct but not typical; it’s been carefully chosen to showcase two arguments and polypersonal agreement.
<p>In glosses, 3>3s means “third person acting on third person singular.”
<p>If either argument is pronominal, the remaining argument is fronted:
<blockquote> <b> Sarnoir <blu>pawaɣu</blu>.</b> <br/>
cook-def desire-past.1s>3s<br/>
<i> I fell in love with the cook.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Aminor <blu>pawag</blu>.</b> <br/>
servant-def desire-past.3>2s<br/>
<i> The servant fell in love with you.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Object affixes are not used if the object is inanimate or indefinite:
<blockquote> <b> Aminor <blu>pawa</blu> šancæn.</b> <br/>
servant-def desire-past.3 rye.beer<br/>
<i> The servant wanted rye beer.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Aminor <blu>pawa</blu> sarnoi.</b> <br/>
servant-def desire-past.3 cook<br/>
<i> The servant fell in love with a cook.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
A single, indefinite NP can be backed; this highlights that it’s being introduced, and possibly is somewhat surprising.
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Pawaɣ</blu> ko sarnoi.</b> <br/>
desire-past.1s be.pres-3 cook<br/>
<i> I fell in love with, yes, a cook.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> <blu>Pawaño</blu> amin.</b> <br/>
desire-past.3>1s servant<br/>
<i> Someone fell in love with me: a servant.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The subject can be omitted, giving something of the effect of a passive. In this case the no-person (ø) suffixes are used:
<blockquote> <b> Sarnoir <blu>reniw</blu>.</b> <br/>
cook-def care.for.ø>3s<br/>
<i> The cook is cared for.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Definite">Definiteness</a></h3>
At a first approximation, use the definite suffixes when you’d use the in English. Definiteness is a pragmatic quality which picks a particular referent among all those possible: it amounts to saying “You know which one I mean.”
<p>So the difference between
<blockquote> <b> (A) Piobi ceniɣliɣ.</b> <br/>
paper must-have-pres.1<br/>
<i> I need a newspaper.</i> <p>
<b>(B) <blu>Piobir</blu> ceniɣliɣu. </b><br/>
paper-def must-have-pres.1>3s <br/>
<i>I need the newspaper.</i><br/>
</blockquote>
is that in (A) any old newpaper will do, while in (B) the speaker is thinking of a specific newspaper— probably the most recent one that was delivered to the house. Similarly, if you refer to <b>josoir</b> ‘the king’, with no other context, the presumption is that you’re referring to our king. (Or were, when Sevisor had a king.)
<p>If there’s only one of something, definiteness is a no-brainer, and can be interpreted as part of the name. Thus <b>Sewisor</b> ‘the (our) mountains’, <b>Sipælor</b> ‘the (our) senate’, <b>Munor</b> ‘God’, <b>Atenor</b> ‘Ënomai’, <b>Ɣacar</b> ‘the earth = Almea’. Note that <b>Jibir</b> (Jippir), <b>Kebir</b> (Kebri), and <b>Bredur</b> (Verduria) are interpreted as definite and force object marking.
<p>More loosely, any proper name can be definite: <b>Zunor</b> ‘the Xurno’, <b>Culir</b> ‘the Cuoli’, <b>Koir</b> ‘the Koi’, <b>Nodar</b> ‘the Noda’. With country names, this is outmoded in Telandi except for a few conventional ones (like <b>Sewisor</b> itself, and <b>Namor</b> ‘the Namal’). With personal names it’s very colloquial, an affirmation of a personal relationship.
<p>Romance speakers use the definite much more widely— <i>l’amour</i> ‘love’, <i>c’est la vie</i> ‘that’s life’, <i>j’aime le fromage</i> ‘I like cheese’. This is to be avoided in Mei, as are cases where English does the same— ‘the art of cheesemaking’, ‘the rule of law’.
<p>Complicating all this is the fact that definiteness is optional on later reference. E.g.:
<blockquote> <b> Jona kaimaɣ, ka-<blu>ɣagor</blu> ɣaɣow <blu>jonar</blu>. Ka-jona ɣaɣo ɣago.</b> <br/>
cat buy-past.1 / and-dog-def hate-pres.3>3s cat-def / and-cat hate-pres.3 dog<br/>
<i> I bought a cat, and the dog hates the cat. The cat hates the dog, too.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
English continues to use ‘the’ in the last sentence, but the -<b>r</b> has disappeared in Mei. It should be obvious that we’re not talking about a new cat and dog.
<p>(The cat is being introduced here, so it starts out as <b>jona</b> ‘a cat’ and becomes <b><blu>jonar</blu></b> ‘the cat’ on second reference. There is no previous reference to the dog, so we apply the pragmatic rule: the speaker expects us to know which dog we’re talking about. The only possibility is the speaker’s dog, whether they’ve referred to it before or not.)
<h3><a name="YesNo">Yes/no questions</a></h3>
The classical way of asking questions, attested in the time of Newor, was to postpend <b>poru</b> ‘true’.
<blockquote> <b> Niwer kaymiɣu <blu>poru</blu>?</b> <br/>
king-def devoted-pres.1>3s true<br/>
<i> Do we love the king?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The answer was <b>pori</b> ‘it’s true’ or <b>šat</b> ‘no’.
<p>This is sometimes used in the <i>Epic of Cuoli</i>, but there we also see another method, prefixing the verb with negative <b>ba</b>. To distinguish these from negative statements, they were fronted.
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Ba</blu>-tešiso riu ɣolorg?</b> <br/>
not-mangy-pres.3 this horse-def-pl <br/>
<i> Are these horses mangy?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The Sevisre upper class started to use the tentative prefix <b>ño</b>- to ask questions, and this became widespread.
<blockquote> <b> Wayma <blu>ño</blu>avataɣ?</b> <br/>
ship tentv-invent-past.1<br/>
<i> Did we invent the ship?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The genteel way was to respond with the verb: <b>avataɣ</b> ‘we invented’. To deny the statement you repeated the tentative: <b>ñoavataɣ</b>.
<p>The most recent method, and the most popular in Telandi, is to use the particle <b>bako</b> (from ‘is it not’):
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Bako</blu> riu waɣapor yeužo?</b> <br/>
Q this restaurant-def work-pres.3<br/>
<i> Is this restaurant open?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
You can now repond <b>riu</b> ‘this’ or <b>ko</b> ‘it’s (so)’ for ‘yes’, and <b>bako</b> or <b>šat</b> for ‘no’.
<p>A mixture of the last two methods produces cleft questions. You use <b>bako</b>, but back the questioned item and prepend <b>ño</b>:
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Bako</blu> avataɣ <blu>ño</blu>wayma?</b> <br/>
Q invent-past.1 tentv-ship<br/>
<i> Is it the ship we invented?</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> <blu>Bako</blu> kaymiɣu Munor <blu>ño</blu>-misporu?</b> <br/>
Q devoted-pres.1>3s god-def tentv-honest<br/>
<i> Is it the true God that we love?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Interrog">Interrogatives</a></h3>
The classic placement for interrogatives was wherever the item would normally go in the sentence:
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Waga</blu> šækudaw marcoño?</b> <br/>
who caus-break-past.3>3 computer-1<br/>
<i> Who broke my computer?</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Cauñoir keuma <blu>waga</blu>?</b> <br/>
reporter-def find-past.3 what<br/>
<i> What did the reporter find?</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> <blu>Pegel</blu> šæko Teland?</b> <br/>
where stand-pres.3 Teland<br/>
<i> Where is Teland?</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> <blu>Peñoc</blu> Mei mešagabaro jašnem?</b> <br/>
how.much Mei can-fix-3 light.bulb<br/>
<i> How many Mei do you need to change a lightbulb?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<b>Waga</b> ‘who/what’ is indefinite and thus never triggers object agreement.
<p>However, under Tžuro influence, it’s now common to place the interrogative last.
<blockquote> <b> Aminor pawa <blu>waga</blu>?</b> <br/>
servant-def desire-past.3 who<br/>
<i> Who did the servant fell in love with?</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Pawaw sarnoir <blu>waga</blu>?</b> <br/>
desire-past.ø>3s cook-def who<br/>
<i> Who fell in love with the cook?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Negatives">Negatives</a></h3>
In classical Mei, and often still in Sevisre, the negative is <b>ša</b>-:
<blockquote> <b> Niwai ni Akšuɣai <blu>ša</blu>miniɣ.</b> <br/>
emperor of Axunai not-serve-pres.1<br/>
<i> We do not serve the emperor of Axunai.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
In Telandi, the verb (or anything really) can be negated with the prefix <b>ba</b>-.
<blockquote> <b> Riu sunor <blu>ba</blu>-pirɣoño.</b> <br/>
this arrow-def not-hurt-pres.3>1s<br/>
<i> This arrow doesn’t hurt. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Tezoir tezow <blu>ba</blu>-pana ɣetezu.</b> <br/>
barber-def shave-pres.3>3s no-man active-shave->3s<br/>
<i> The barber shaves no man who shaves himself.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Riu soun <blu>ba</blu>nirez šiɣuiɣ.</b> <br/>
this law not-democratic denounce-pres.1<br/>
<i> We denounce this undemocratic law.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
You can form negative questions with any of the methods described above:
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Bako</blu> riu sunor <blu>ba</blu>-pirɣoño?</b> <br/>
Q this arrow-def not-hurt-pres.3>1s<br/>
<i> Does this arrow not hurt me?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The answer <b>bako/šat</b> ‘no’ will be taken as ‘correct, it doesn't hurt.’ You can’t answer <b>riu</b> ‘this, yes’; to assert that it does hurt you must repeat the verb: <b>pirɣog</b> ‘it hurts you’.
<p>You don’t use <b>ba</b>- with negative pronouns like <b>šicuz</b> ‘never’ or <b>šiga</b> ‘nobody’.
<h3><a name="NPOrder">NP order</a></h3>
Overall NP order:
<blockquote>
<i>determiner <blu>noun</blu> adjective prepositional.phrases relative.clauses</i>
</blockquote>
Examples:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> <blu>ceuba</blu></b> </td> <td> a book</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> <blu>ceubarno</blu></b> </td> <td> my book</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riu <blu>ceubar</blu> </b> </td> <td> this book</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> <blu>ceuba</blu> keli</b> </td> <td> a good book</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> keli <blu>ceubas</blu></b> </td> <td> books, which are good</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> <blu>ceubas</blu> keli</b> </td> <td> those books that are good</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tou <blu>ceuba</blu> keli</b> </td> <td> every good book</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñas <blu>ceubaz</blu></b> </td> <td> the two books</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> <blu>ceubar</blu> šæn caukar</b> </td> <td> the red book on the table</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> <blu>ceuba</blu> ɣeidriɣ</b> </td> <td> a book I’m reading</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Unlike English, the definite suffix is used normally even if a possessive or quantifier is present. (Cf. Italian <i>il mio libro</i>.)
<p>The determiner slot before the noun can only be filled one word: quantifier, demonstrative, numeral, or adjective. If you need more description, use a relative clause:
<blockquote> <b> <blu>ceubaz</blu> ɣešæk keli ka-padra</b> <br/>
book-def.pl prog-stand good and-old<br/>
<i> the books which are good and also old</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
A single adjective can be placed before the noun, and takes a restrictive meaning. That is, <b>keli <blu>ceubas</blu></b> and <b><blu>ceubas</blu> keli</b> both mean “good books”, but <b>keli <blu>ceubas</blu></b> is equivalent to “those books which are good” or “of all books, the good ones”; while <b><blu>ceubas</blu> keli</b> simply describes the referent— whatever books we’re talking about happen to be good.
<p>(This distinction seems to be borrowed from Tžuro. In Old Mei adjectives could appear before or after the noun, but not with the same distinction in meaning.)
<h3><a name="bodily">Verbs of bodily action</a></h3>
Of the Southern languages, the Wede:i family is nominative-accusative, while Lenani-Littoral is ergative-absolutive. Mei is also nominative, but with some exceptions that hint that it was once ergative.
<p>These exceptions are mainly intransitive verbs of bodily action (not movement), such as <i>sleep, rest, lie, sit, stand, cry, blink, shrug, breathe, sigh, smile, frown, sneeze, drool, yawn, cough, nod, gasp, piss, stumble, shiver, shudder, dance, sweat, stink, bow, be born, die</i>. These are marked <i>ve</i> (for verb/ergative) in the lexicon.
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Yaɣaño</blu> ka-<blu>rañaño</blu>.</b> <br/>
sit-past.ø>1s and-cry.past.ø>1s<br/>
<i> I sat down and cried.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
For a full explanation of ergativity see the Old Skourene or Tžuro grammars. The key point here is that for <i>ve</i> verbs:
<ul>
<li>The person is marked on the verb as an object, not a subject.
<li>As there is no real subject, we use the no-person (ø) suffixes -<b>a</b> and -<b>i</b>.
</ul>
Mei grammarians don’t talk about ergativity, but simply say that bodily actions are deemed to happen to us. You can think of it that way if it helps!
<p>If a bodily action <i>can</i> be transitive, it remains nominative-accusative even if no object is given.
<blockquote> <b> Ñosor šegaɣ. Šegaɣ.</b> <br/>
jar-def drink-past.1s / drink-past.1s<br/>
<i> I drank the pitcher. I drank.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Transitive bodily actions on another person are nominative-accusative; but if they’re done on oneself (i.e. they’re reflexive), they’re ergative.
<blockquote> <b> Koi tezaɣu. <blu>Tezaño</blu>.</b> <br/>
Koi shave-past.1>3s / shave-past.ø>1s<br/>
<i> I shaved Koi. I shaved (myself).</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
As one more complication, <b>ñeja</b> ‘lie, rest’, <b>šæka</b> ‘stand’, <b>yaɣa</b> ‘sit’, and <b>raña</b> ‘cry’ are ergative if they’re expressing a state, nominative if they refer to a change of state (i.e. ‘lie down, stand up, sit down, start crying’). Thus:
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Ñejoño</blu>.</b> <br/>
rest-pres.ø>1s<br/>
<i> I am resting.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ñejaɣ.</b> <br/>
rest-past.1<br/>
<i> I lay down.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Verbs of motion are not ergative: <b>ñitaɣ</b> ‘I walked’.
<h3><a name="perception">Verbs of perception</a></h3>
Verbs of perception have the opposite cases from English. These are marked <i>vp</i> in the lexicon.
<blockquote> <b> Moir <blu>rilog</blu> ka-<blu>pamog</blu> irega.</b> <br/>
girl-def see-3>2s and-hear-3>2s music<br/>
<i> You see the girl and hear music.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
That is, the case relation is that the girl, and the music, are doing something to you.
<p>This applies also to <b>saka</b> ‘like’:
<blockquote> <b> Yæla puras <blu>sakoño</blu> ka-ba-mekoñiɣ.</b> <br/>
big butt-pl like-pres.3>1s and-not-can-lie-pres.1<br/>
<i> I like big butts and I cannot lie.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
This may be easier for Spanish speakers: cf. <i>Me gustan las nalgas grandes.</i>
<h3><a name="Copula">Copula</a></h3>
The full copula is <b>šæka</b> ‘stand’. In this sense it is not ergative.
<blockquote> <b> Anak <blu>šæko</blu> saɣowis, ne-isor <blu>šæko</blu>.</b> <br/>
Anak stand.3 Saɣowan but-smart stand.3<br/>
<i> Anak is from Saɣow, but he’s smart.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Note the fronted predicate in the second half of the sentence; this is exactly the same behavior as any other transitive object when the subject is pronominal.
<p>However, attributive adjectives are more often simply used as verbs:
<blockquote> <b> Anak <blu>isora</blu>. Koi </blu>cina<blu>.</b> <br/>
Anak smart-past.3 / Koi dumb-past.3<br/>
<i> Anak was smart. Koi was stupid.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
In Telandi (but not Sevisre), the copula often becomes just <b>k</b>-: <b>Anak <blu>ko</blu> saɣowis</b> ‘Anak is from Saɣow.’ This should still be avoided in formal writing.
<p>Without a predicate, šæka indicates an existential:
<blockquote> <b> Munor ba-<blu>šæko</blu>, ne-<blu>šæko</blu> Muned.</b> <br/>
god-def not-stand-pres.3 / but-stand-pres.3 divinity<br/>
<i> God does not exist, but Divinity does.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ca cañitor <blu>šæka</blu> peudo.</b> <br/>
at door-def stand-past.3 elcar<br/>
<i> There was an elcar at the door.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Clefting is done with <b>ora</b> ‘come, happen’. If this leaves an object after the verb, it’s fronted.
<blockquote> <b> Šanum šæbaka riu ceuba.</b> <br/>
idiot write-past.3 this book<br/>
<i> An idiot wrote this book.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> > <blu>Ora šanum</blu>, riu ceuba šæbaka.</b> <br/>
come-past.3 idiot / this book write-past.3<br/>
<i> It was an idiot that wrote this book.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> > <blu>Ora riu ceuba</blu>, šanum šæbaka.</b> <br/>
come-past.3 this book / idiot write-past.3<br/>
<i> It was this book that was written by an idiot.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Modals">Modals</a></h3>
With all of the modal prefixes, <b>ba</b> negates the verb or even the sentence as a whole— there is no way to divide “I can’t swim” into ¬(can swim) and can(¬swim). For clarity I’ve indicated how the <b>ba</b>- alternative is interpreted.
<p>The ce- prefix implies obligation or necessity, our <i>should</i> and <i>must</i> together. Naturally <b>ba-ce</b>- describes what one shouldn’t or mustn’t do.
<blockquote> <b> Ɣoc jimalis <blu>ce</blu>šæyeužiɣ.</b> <br/>
many railroad-pl must-build-pres.1<br/>
<i> We must build more railroads.</i> <p>
<b> Karašor ba-<blu>ce</blu>šatiɣ riel, ekoga roga šæko ši.</b> <br/>
artillery-def not-must-place-pres.1 here / because this.one stay-pres.3 lake<br/>
<i> We should not put the artillery here, because that is a lake.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
With value judgments, the meaning is that one must agree:
<blockquote> <b> Munorg <blu>ce</blu>šæko meyenceɣ.</b> <br/>
god-def-pl must-stand-pres.3 insane<br/>
<i> The gods must be crazy.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The <b>me</b>- prefix implies ability; <b>ba-me</b>- then implies inability.
<blockquote> <b> Curoñay <blu>me</blu>ñayiɣ, ne-ba-<blu>me</blu>pamoño.</b> <br/>
Tžuro-speech can-speak-pres.1 / but-not-can-listen-pres.1>3<br/>
<i> I can speak Tžuro, but they can’t understand me.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The <b>ɣe</b>- prefix emphasizes that the action is in progress, very much like the English progressive. It usually suggests that the action was not completed.
<blockquote> <b> Riu kolig <blu>ɣe</blu>mezgiɣu, ne-ba-<blu>ɣe</blu>šæniɣ.</b> <br/>
this monster prog-fight-pres.1>3s / but-not-prog-win-pres.1<br/>
<i> We’re fighting this monster, but we’re not winning.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The negative, as in the sample sentence, indicates that the action is not in progress.
<p>It’s also used as a near future, especially for promises or fears. It’s like saying you’re so sure that something is going to happen, good or bad, that it’s happening already.
<blockquote> <b> Ko rijoño <blu>ɣe</blu>runiɣ!</b> <br/>
yes room-1 prog-clean-pres.1<br/>
<i> Yes, I’m cleaning my room!</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The <b>ño</b>- prefix has several uses, all expressing some form of doubt. It can be used when you’re unsure if something happened or not:
<blockquote> <b> Zunoiz <blu>ño</blu>bijad, casñit <blu>ño</blu>kokaw šeujar ni rilsaj.</b> <br/>
Xurnese-def-pl tentv-invade-past.3>1p / otherwise die-past.ø>3 storage-def of camera<br/>
<i> The Xurnese may have invaded, or else the camera battery died.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Or that it’s probable or possible, but not confirmed:
<blockquote> <b> Ñasnizioño <blu>ño</blu>šæko ca brusor, ɣešeg, casñit ca šæbakapu, ɣešeg.</b> <br/>
editor-1s tentv-stand-pres.3 in bar-def / active-drink / otherwise in office-3 / active-drink<br/>
<i> My editor is probably at the bar, drinking, or in his office, drinking.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
It’s also a genteel way of referring to other people’s actions, as if it’s impolite to say for sure that you know what someone else is doing or thinking.
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Ño</blu>ñædir koga, ɣolorg <blu>ño</blu>šæko ca locorno.</b> <br/>
tentv-know-pres.2s that.thing / horse-def-2s tentv-stand-pres.3 in garden-def-1s<br/>
<i> You may not know that your horse might be in my garden.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
With all of these uses <b>ba</b>- continues to indicate doubt, but leans toward the negative. E.g. <b>Zunoiz ba-<blu>ño</blu>bijad</b> is “The Xurnese may not have invaded”— we still don’t know, but it’s more likely that they didn’t.
<p>I will discuss the conditional below, but on its own (not part of an <i>if</i> clause), <b>so</b>- highlights a supposition. Pragmatically it’s usually contrary to fact.
<blockquote> <b> Breduroir <blu>so</blu>šæko misporu.</b> <br/>
Verdurian-pl tentv-stand-pres.3 honest<br/>
<i> Let’s suppose that the Verdurians are honest.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Using <b>ba-<blu>so</blu>šæko</b> turns this into <i>Let’s suppose that the Verdurians are not honest.</i>
<h3><a name="Possession">Possession</a></h3>
As noted, the object suffixes can be attached to nouns to indicate possession:
<blockquote> <b> Ɣag<blu>no</blu> žisa marma<blu>w</blu>.</b> <br/>
dog-1s lose-past>3 ball-3<br/>
<i> My dog lost his ball.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
More generally, you can say NP<sub>1</sub> ni NP<sub>2</sub>, where NP<sub>2</sub> is the possessor:
<blockquote> <b> Sipælor <blu>ni</blu> rosor </blu>ni<blu> Sewisor</b> <br/>
senate-def of nation-def of Sevisor<br/>
<i> the Senate of the nation of Sevisor</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
To assert possession, use the verb <b>niɣla</b> ‘have’ (related to ni):
<blockquote> <b> Kor <blu>niɣlaɣ</blu>, ne-ceisorg koɣow.</b> <br/>
ocean have-past.1 / but-Čeiyu-def-pl steal-past.3>3<br/>
<i> We had an ocean, but the Čeiyu stole it.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Conjunctions">Conjunctions</a></h3>
NPs and adjectives are usually just concatenated:
<blockquote> <b> Reiziosod šæko Zuno, Cei, Belšai, Šura, Namor.</b> <br/>
neighbor-pl-1p stand-pres.3 Xurno Čeiy Belšai Šura Namal-def<br/>
<i> Our neighbors are Xurno, Čeiy, Belšai, Šura, and the Namal.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Noda šæko nidran nimrow.</b> <br/>
Noda be-pres.3 beautiful inteligent<br/>
<i> Noda is beautiful and intelligent.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
This includes disjunctions; but you can disambiguate conjunctions with <b>toi</b> ‘all’ and disjunctions with <b>wa</b> ‘one’:
<blockquote> <b> Ñezli šaña <blu>toi</blu> sakoño.</b> <br/>
chicken fish all like-pres.3>1s<br/>
<i> I like chicken and fish both.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Kelio, mewaɣir ñezli šaña <blu>wa</blu>.</b> <br/>
sir / can-eat-pres.2 chicken fish one<br/>
<i> Sir, you can have chicken or fish.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
You can use <b>ka-</b> to join any constituents (<b>ñezli <blu>ka</blu>-šaña</b> ‘chicken and fish’, <b>ɣiro <blu>ka</blu>-ñajo</b> ‘sang and danced’, <b>roga <blu>ka</blu>-koga</b> ‘this one and that one’). Each constituent gets a <b>ka</b>-: <b>cike <blu>ka</blu>-jukso <blu>ka</blu>-suñæn</b> ‘sword and spear and bow’.
<p><b>Ne</b>- is used the same way, but suggests that the conjoint is contrastive or unexpected: <b>cirda ne-ba-peña</b> ‘angry but not afraid’. Sometimes it suggests an alternative, thus is close to ‘or’.
<p>In list of things, <b>ba</b>- names a missing item: <b>cairank ba-godaɣk</b> ‘iliu but not ktuvoks’.
<p>Other conjunctions, used mainly with entire sentences:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> casñit</b> </td> <td> or, otherwise</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ekoga</b> </td> <td> because</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> neko</b> </td> <td> though, however</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñat</b> </td> <td> therefore, so</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tiga</b> </td> <td> afterward, then</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h3><a name="Prepositions">Prepositions</a></h3>
Mei does not have a rich set of prepositions:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> ca</b> </td> <td> in, inside, at </td> <td> <b>ca dour</b> in the city, <b>ca šærcuz</b> at noon</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> en</b> </td> <td> for, because of, to, in order to</td> <td> <b>en ñasniziorno</b> for my editor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> je</b> </td> <td> with, and, accompanied by </td> <td> <b>je ñumior</b> with the boss</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ni</b> </td> <td> of, from, belonging to</td> <td> <b>ni moi</b> the girl’s</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñit</b> </td> <td> like</td> <td> <b>ñit orkiri</b> like an assassin</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæn</b> </td> <td> above, over, on</td> <td> <b>šæn nerun</b> on or over the bed</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šic</b> </td> <td> without, lacking, away from</td> <td> <b>šic kacar</b> without money</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ti</b> </td> <td> after </td> <td> <b>ti ñas širos</b> after two hours</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wæn</b> </td> <td> below, under </td> <td> <b>wæn piobir</b> under the newspaper</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wor</b> </td> <td> before </td> <td> <b>wor orcuz</b> before tomorrow</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Ablative meanings are conveyed with <b>šic</b>: <b>poka šic caukar</b> ‘fall off the table’; <b>ñita šic dour</b> ‘leave the city’.
<p>Body parts and directions: can be added to narrow down a location: <b>ca ñum caukar</b> ‘at the front of the table’, <b>ni run rosor</b> ‘from the north of the country’.
<p>Time is considered to rise; besides <b>wor</b> we see this in derivations like <b>wænis</b> ‘located below’ > ‘previous’ and <b>šænis</b> ‘located above’ > ‘later’.
<h3><a name="Participles">Participles</a></h3>
Participles are heavily used in Mei.
<p>First, they can be used as modifiers:
<blockquote> <b> moir <blu>ɣeñaj</blu></b> <br/>
girl-def active-dance<br/>
<i> the dancing girl</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> yær <blu>koɣac</blu></b> <br/>
gem-def steal-passive<br/>
<i> the stolen jewel</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The active participle can take object suffixes, which turns it into a relative clause:
<blockquote> <b> moir <blu>ɣepawno</blu></b> <br/>
girl-def active-love->1s<br/>
<i> the girl who loves me</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The passive participle can too, but these indicate the subject:
<blockquote> <b> yær <blu>koɣacu</blu></b> <br/>
gem-def steal-passive-3<br/>
<i> the jewel he/she/they stole</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Second, they are used for subordinating one action to another. The active participle indicates what was going on when something else happened:
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Ɣeidraɣ</blu> piobir, dogunk koɣa watezno.</b> <br/>
active-read-pres.1 newspaper.def / bandit-pl steal-past.3 razor-1s<br/>
<i> While I was reading the newspaper, bandits stole my razor.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The passive participle is used for a completed event that allows or triggers another event. (It’s used much like the Latin ablative absolute.)
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Depac</blu> Sipælor, meñejid.</b> <br/>
elect-passive senate-def / can-sleep-pres.ø>1p<br/>
<i> The Senate being elected, we can go back to sleep.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
In both case the participle comes first, underlining that it is used in a subordinating sense and not as a simple modifier.
<p>English speakers should avoid using the active participle as a progressive, like our present participle. You can’t say *<i>Koi šaeko ɣeidra</i> “Koi is reading”; the proper way to express this is <b>Koi ɣeidro</b> using the progressive aspect.
<p>Also, don’t use the participle as a gerund: *<i>Ɣeidra kelo</i> “Reading is good.” For this simply use the infinitive: <b>
Idra kelo.</b>
You can find sentences that look like our passive:
<blockquote> <b> Waɣapor šæko <blu>ñaujac</blu>.</b> <br/>
restaurant-def stand-pres.3 close-passive<br/>
<i> The restaurant is closed.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
But these are simply predicates, parallel to “the restaurant is good.” More intriguingly:
<blockquote> <b> Asiktor šæka <blu>šækokacno</blu>.</b> <br/>
villain-def stand-past.3 caus-die-passive-1<br/>
<i> The villain was killed by me.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
This can in fact be given an argument:
<blockquote> <b> Asiktor šæka <blu>šækokac</blu> agridor.</b> <br/>
villain-def stand-past.3 caus-die-passive policeman-def<br/>
<i> The villain was killed by the policeman.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
However, as we’ll see, <b>šækokac agridor</b> is headless relative clause. A closer translation in fact would be “The villain was the one killed by the policeman.” A more colloquial way to put focus on the victim is simply to front the NP, with an ordinary verb:
<blockquote> <b> Asiktor šækokaw.</b> <br/>
villain-def caus-die-past.ø>3<br/>
<i> The villain was killed. Or: someone killed the villain.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
If you want to give a non-pronominal argument, use the verb <b>ɣoja</b> ‘do so’:
<blockquote> <b> Asiktor šækokaw, agridor ɣojo.</b> <br/>
villain-def caus-die-past.ø>3 / policeman do.that-past.3<br/>
<i> The villain was killed by the policeman. Or: The villain was killed; the policeman did it.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Adverbs">Adverbs</a></h3>
The classical way of forming an adverbial was <b>ñit</b> <adjective>, e.g. <b>ñit keli</b> ‘in a good way’. This could appear after the verb, or at the end of the sentence.
<blockquote> <b> Pažwar culis ɣeñædo <blu>ñit šim</blu>.</b> <br/>
master-def Cuolese prog-think-past.3 path long<br/>
<i> The Cuolese king took thought for a long time.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The modern way is to use the adjective as an active participle: <b>misporu</b> ‘honest’ > <b>ɣemispor</b> ‘honestly’. It should go directly after the verb.
<blockquote> <b> Ñasnizioño šacuɣaw <blu>ɣerenaz</blu> toi kušænorg keli.</b> <br/>
editor-1s remove-past.3>3 prog-careful all part-def-pl good<br/>
<i> My editor carefully removed all the good parts.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<b>Ñit</b> is still used, but in the sense ‘like an X’:
<blockquote> <b> Dimir <blu>ñit badimac</blu>.</b> <br/>
make.love-pres.2 way virgin<br/>
<i> You make love like a virgin.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Dative">Dative expressions</a></h3>
For verbs of giving, Mei makes <blu>the person affected</blu> the direct object. It takes the object suffixes. If the giftee and the object given are both expressed, the giftee is placed closer to the verb.
<blockquote> <b> Noda cira<blu>w panaw</blu> ñosor ni šancæn.</b> <br/>
Noda give-past.3>3 husband-3 pitcher-def of rye.beer<br/>
<i> Noda gave her husband the pitcher of rye beer.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Šæñitau<blu>d</blu> ñousa ni bideš.</b> <br/>
send-past.2>1p glass of wine<br/>
<i> You gave us a glass of wine.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Verbs of speaking like <b>ñaya</b> ‘say’ or <b>cauña</b> ‘tell’ work this way as well. However, if there is no addressee, the thing said becomes the object, and takes object suffixes when definite:
<blockquote> <b> Anebor ɣecauñow regor.</b> <br/>
cleric-def prog-tell-pres.3>3 poem-def<br/>
<i> The cleric is reciting the poem.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<b>Suya</b> ‘name’ also works this way:
<blockquote> <b> Anaño suya<blu>w šizoir</blu> Šanum; ba-ñædiɣ enga.</b> <br/>
mother-1s name-past.3>3 child-def idiot / not-know-pres.1 why<br/>
<i> My mother named the child Idiot; I don’t know why.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Naming yourself is ergative (or, if you like, only the object— yourself— is expressed):
<blockquote> <b> Suyi<blu>ño</blu> Šanum.</b> <br/>
name-pres.ø>1s idiot<br/>
<i> My name is Idiot.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Causatives">Causatives</a></h3>
Causatives are formed with the prefix <b>šæ</b>-. With intransitive verbs, they are conceptually simple: the subject becomes the object, with the causer as the new subject:
<blockquote>
<table><tr>
<td><b> Ñitiɣ en Teland. </b> <br/>
go-pres.1 to Teland <br/>
<i> I’m going to Teland. </i>
</td><td width="50"></td>
</td><td>
<b> Anaño <blu>šæñitoño</blu> en Teland.</b> <br/>
mother-1s caus-go-pres.3>1s to Teland<br/>
<i> My mother is making me go to Teland.</i>
</td></tr></table>
</blockquote>
With ergative verbs (ve in the lexicon), the experiencer remains the object:
<blockquote>
<table><tr>
<td>
<b> Rañaño ñit tada. </b> <br/>
cry-past.ø>1s way baby <br/>
<i> I cried like a baby. </i>
</td><td width="50"></td>
</td><td>
<b> Cauñæn <blu>šærañaño</blu> ñit tada.</b> <br/>
story caus-cry-past.3>1s way baby<br/>
<i> The story made me cry like a baby.</i>
</td></tr></table>
</blockquote>
With transitive verbs, the subject is of course the causer, and the object is the previous subject:
<blockquote> <b> Šæbakor šacuɣaw šæbrur.</b> <br/>
writer-def remove-past.3>3 chapter-def<br/>
<i> The writer removed the chapter.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ñasnizior <blu>šæšacuɣaw</blu> šæbakor šæbrur.</b> <br/>
editor-def caus-remove-past.3>3 writer-def chapter-def<br/>
<i> The editor made the writer remove the chapter.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
When the original sentence has two animate arguments, the causative can agree with either of them, with a preference for first or second person arguments.
<blockquote> <b> Muñois ɣaɣiɣu.</b> <br/>
shaman-pl hate-pres.1>3<br/>
<i> <grn>I</grn> hate shamans.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Asutorg <blu>šæɣaɣa<blu><grn>ño<g/rn> muñois.</b> <br/>
chapter-def-pl caus-hate-pres.3>1s shaman-pl<br/>
<i> The scriptures made me hate shamans.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Anebo ɣaɣoye.</b> <br/>
cleric-pl hate-pres.3>2p<br/>
<i> Jippirasti clerics hate <grn>you</grn>.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Šegnede <blu>šæɣaɣo</blu><grn>ye</grn> anebo.</b> <br/>
drunkenness-2p caus-hate-pres.3>2p shaman-pl<br/>
<i> Your drunkenness makes the clerics hate you.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Many causatives are lexicalized, e.g. <b>ñita</b> ‘go’ > <b>šæñita</b> ‘send’, <b>yaɣa</b> ‘sit’ > <b>šæyaɣa</b> ‘put’, <b>koka</b> ‘die’ > <b>šækoka</b> ‘kill’.
<p>In Telandi, some speakers use Tžuro <b>ye</b>- in place of <b>šæ</b>-. This has produced an unusual construction, the double causative <b>yešæ</b>-. Thus:
<blockquote> <b> Tadar ñejaw.</b> <br/>
baby-def sleep-past.ø>3<br/>
<i> The baby slept.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Tadar <blu>šæ</blu>ñejaɣu.</b> <br/>
baby-def caus-sleep-past.1>3<br/>
<i> I put the baby to sleep.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ana <blu>yešæ</blu>ñejaño tadar.</b> <br/>
mother caus-caus-sleep-past.3>1 baby-def<br/>
<i> Mother made me put the baby to sleep.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="DoSo">‘Do so’</a></h3>
The verb <b>ɣoja</b> (related to <b>ɣojis</b> ‘same’) is used as a verbal anaphor, like our ‘do so’ or ‘do that’.
<blockquote> <b> Enga <blu>ɣojir</blu>?</b> <br/>
why do.that-pres.2<br/>
<i> Why did you do that?</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Noda koɣo paun yæs ka-Jona <blu>ɣojo</blu>.</b> <br/>
Noda steal-past.3 some jewel-pl and-Jona do.that-past.3<br/>
<i> Noda stole some jewels and Jona did too.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Colloquially, <b>ɣoja</b> can be used when a verb is repeated.
<blockquote> <b> Sarna neilemi pawiɣ. Ko <blu>yojiɣ</blu>.</b> <br/>
cuisine Nanese love-pres.1 / yes do.that-pres.1<br/>
<i> I love Nanese food. Oh do I love it. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
There is no <i>do</i>-support in Mei, so don’t use <b>ɣoja</b> for sentences like “I don’t understand” or “Do robots sleep?”
<blockquote> <b> Ba-mepamiɣ. Bako sajašoir meñejiw?</b> <br/>
not-can-hear-pres.1 / Q robot-pl can-sleep-pres.ø>3<br/>
<i> I don’t understand. Do robots sleep?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="CVerbs">Compound verbs</a></h3>
Sometimes the object of a verb is an entire sentence, or just a VP. This is clearest with verbs of belief or speech, which use the subordinator <b>koga</b>:
<blockquote> <b> Ñaediɣ koga, <blu>šæko Muned ne-ba-sakiɣu</blu>.</b> <br/>
know-pres.1 that.thing / stand-pres.3 divinity but-not-like-pres.1>3<br/>
<i> I believe that Divinity exists, but doesn’t like us.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<b>Ñaya</b> ‘say’ can be used the same way, but the convention in modern writing is to state the speaker’s name with no verb or subordinator, and indicate the reported speech typographically:
<blockquote> <b> Nujar, <blu>«Ceubaro šæko tisauñar en ceubaro, ka-ceniɣlow.»</blu></b> <br/>
Nujar / book-1 stand-pres.1 answer-def to book-1 / and-must-have-pres.3>3<br/>
<i> Nujar (says), “My book is the answer to my book, and it needs one.”</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The same construction is used for (say) <b>verbs of wanting</b>, if the subjects differ:
<blockquote> <b> Niɣliɣ koga, <blu>riezioño jiprasi ñaujo</blu>.</b> <br/>
want-pres.1 that.thing / neighbor-1 Jippirasti-adj close-pres.3<br/>
<i> I want my Jippirasti neighbor to shut up. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
If the subjects are the same, use the infinitive instead:
<blockquote> <b> Niɣliɣ <blu>niuga ca wænrijor</blu>.</b> <br/>
want-pres.1 hide-inf at basement-def<br/>
<i> I want to hide in the basement. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Relative">Relative clauses</a></h3>
Relative clauses use the participles.
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>
<b> Ñasnizioño pawiɣu. </b> <br/>
editor-1 love-pres.1>3 <br/>
<i> I love my editor. </i> <br/>
</td> <td width="30"></td> <td>></td> <td width="30"></td> <td>
<b> ñasnizior <blu>pawacno</blu></b> <br/>
editor-def love-passive-1<br/>
<i> the editor I love</i>
</td></tr><tr><td>
<b> Ñasnizioño ɣaɣoño. </b> <br/>
editor-1 love-pres.3>1s <br/>
<i> My editor hates me. </i>
</td> <td width="50"></td> <td>></td> <td width="30"></td> <td>
<b> ñasnizior <blu>ɣeɣaɣoño</blu></b> <br/>
editor-def active-love-pres.1>3<br/>
<i> the editor who hates me</i> <br/>
</td></tr></table>
<b> Codas šæko mei <blu>baɣešeg</blu> ka-culis <blu>baɣekon</blu> toi.</b> <br/>
stand-pres.3 brother-pl Mei not-active-drink and-Cuolese not-active-lie all <br/>
<i> A Mei who doesn’t drink and a Cuolese who doesn’t lie are brothers. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
An overt subject or object must follow the participle:
<blockquote> <b> Jeñitiɣu anel <blu>ɣeɣaɣo nelirg</blu>.</b> <br/>
know-pres.1>3 pilot active-hate-pres.3 airplane-pl<br/>
<i> I know a pilot who hates airplanes.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
You can have headless relative clauses:
<blockquote> <b> Ba-neñejiɣ <blu>ɣekaym anaw</blu>.</b> <br/>
not-hang.with-pres.1 active-worship mother-3<br/>
<i> I don’t date (men) who worship their mother.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Conditionals">Conditionals</a></h3>
A conditional is not marked by a particle like <i>if</i>; rather, the condition is marked with conditional <b>so</b>- and the consequence with tentative <b>ño</b>-.
<blockquote> <b> <blu>So</blu>šækir badporu, malac yæyæn <blu>ño</blu>ñowauw.</b> <br/>
cond-stand-2 badass / full bottle tentv-throw-past.2<br/>
<i> If you were hardcore, you’d have thrown a full bottle.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
English signals the irrealis nature of a conditional by changing tenses in a complicated way (past for the condition, past perfect for the consequence). Don’t do that in Mei: the modal prefixes do that work. Note that the condition here is in the present, as we’re talking about a present quality of the patron who threw an empty bottle.
<p>The consequence is past tense, because we’re talking about a past event, or more precisely how it would have happened if the patron was hardcore.
<p>For a future event:
<blockquote> <b> <blu>So</blu>ñoɣiɣ, <blu>ño</blu>mešasauño orcuz.</b> <br/>
cond-wrong-1 / tentv-can-slap-pres.2>1s tomorrow<br/>
<i> If I am wrong, you can slap me tomorrow.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
In English we use conditionals for deductions as well; this is better done in Mei with <b>ñat</b> ‘therefore’:
<blockquote> <b> Riu ɣan ni šoror šæko ñaje, <blu>ñat</blu> riu ñit šaɣo. Ne-runo.</b> <br/>
this side of tree-def be-pres.3 green / so this direction south-pres.3 / but-north-pres.3<br/>
<i> If this side of the tree is green, that is south. Or north.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Comparatives">Comparatives</a></h3>
Comparatives are formed simply by mentioning the comparison class, usually with the participial construction <b>rilac</b> X ‘seeing X’:
<blockquote> <b> Momiog <blu>rilac woranaño</blu> šæño.</b> <br/>
girlfriend-2s see-passive grandmother-1 pretty-pres.3<br/>
<i> Your girlfriend is prettier than my grandmother.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
There’s no way to say ‘less pretty’; instead just use ‘ugly’, or negate the sentence.
<p>To turn this into a superlative, just use a quantifier: <b>rilac toi macoi</b> ‘(prettier than) all women.’
<p>You can’t really have a comparative without giving the comparison class, but recall that an adjective before a noun acts like a relative clause. Thus:
<blockquote> <b> <blu>Ñoga moiz</blu> yeužo ajenk keli.</b> <br/>
strong girl-def.pl work-pres.3 archer-pl good<br/>
<i> The stronger girls make good archers.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
That is, <b>ñoga moiz</b> is equivalent to “the girls who are strong”, which is adequately close to “the stronger girls.” If the sentence had <b>moiz ñoga</b> instead, it would be describing all the girls as strong: “The girls, who are strong, make good archers.”
<p>A comparative of equality can be loosely expressed with <b>ñit</b> ‘way’:
<blockquote> <b> Aneb šæko pažman <blu>ñit atej</blu>.</b> <br/>
cleric stand-pres.3 tyrranical way emperor<br/>
<i> A Jippirasti cleric is as tyrannical as an emperor.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Of course this literally means “is tyrannical like an emperor.” To make it clear that equality is intended, you can say <b>ñit ɣojis atej</b>, literally “in the same way as the emperor.”
<p>A superlative without a comparison class can be expresssed with is ‘first’: <b>moir is ni ñoga</b> ‘the girl (who is) first in strongness’.
<h3><a name="Imperatives">Imperatives</a></h3>
The simplest imperative is <b>e</b>- plus the verb root: <b>eñit</b>! ‘go!’ <b>ecaun!</b> ‘tell!’ These are negated with <b>šat</b>: <b>šat eñit!</b> ’don't’ go!’
<p>It can take object suffixes, or objects: <b>ecaunno</b>! ‘tell me!’ <b>ešeg bidešor</b>! ‘drink the wine!’
<p>You can supply a subject before the verb, in which case it’s a jusssive.
<blockquote> <b> Ajenorg <blu>eñum</blu>.</b> <br/>
archer-def-pl imper-forward<br/>
<i> Let the archers advance.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="PlaceTime">Place and time expressions</a></h3>
Place and time expressions tend to be either fronted or backed; that is, they shouldn’t intervene between the verb and an argument.
<blockquote> <b> Konior ɣeidro ceubar ni Nujar <blu>orcuz</blu>.</b> <br/>
pundit-def prog-read-pres.3 book of Nujar tomorrow<br/>
<i> The pundit is reading Nujar’s book tomorrow.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> <blu>Ca atiba</blu> ko šizoi caga.</b> <br/>
in stable that child be.born-past.3<br/>
<i> That boy was born in a stable.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
A place/time demonstrative can have a sentence as an argument, and optionally a headword:
<blockquote> <b> (atibar) <blu>koil cagaɣ</blu></b> <br/>
stable-def there be.born-past.1<br/>
<i> (the stable) where I was born</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> (cuzor) <blu>kocuz kuda amanto</blu></b> <br/>
day-def then break-past.3 group<br/>
<i> (the day) when the band broke up</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="Semantic">Semantic fields<a></h2>
<h3><a name="Greetings">Greetings</a></h3>
There have been a wide range of greetings in Mei— it’s not much of an exaggeration to say that around 3400, the first words in a conversation would establish the speakers’ dialect, sex, numbers, religion, general attitude, and relative status.
<p>In Saɣow at that time, the most neutral greetings ran:
<blockquote> <b> A: Ɣanai, ašækeleg.</b> <br/>
friend / imper-bless-2s<br/>
<i> Blessings on you.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> B: Ɣanaiño, ka-wag.</b> <br/>
friend-1 / and-one-2s<br/>
<i> And on you.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
This could be varied in several ways:
<ul>
<li> Suggest who was to do the blessing, e.g. the gods, God (<b>Munor</b>), Divinity (<b>Muned</b>).
<li> Bless an attribute of the hearer: <b>nidranad</b> (beauty), <b>kušikad</b> (honor), <b>ñæžæn</b> (mind)
<li> Use a different verb— e.g. <b>kayma</b> ‘revere’ for superiors. The Jippirasti minority used <b>pandad</b> ‘(Jippir) blessed us’, a calque on Tžuro <i>Jippir pundim</i>.
<li> Use a title or kinship term in place of <b>ɣanai</b>. (Rarely a personal name.)
</ul>
Jocular variants like <b>ašækacaz</b> ‘enrich’ and <b>ašækud</b> ‘break’ go back a long time.
<p>As modern urban society developed, far more informal greetings appeared. E.g.:
<blockquote> <b> A: Abas, waga oro?</b> <br/>
Abas / what come-pres.3<br/>
<i> Abas, what’s up?</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> B: Šiga ñit toicuz.</b> <br/>
nothing way always<br/>
<i> Nothing, like always.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
In modern Telandi, it might go like this:
<blockquote> <b> A: Æi Abas!</b> <br/>
Abas / what come-pres.3<br/>
<i> Yo, Abas!</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> B: Ko Ɣanai!</b> <br/>
yes Ɣanai<br/>
<i> It’s Ɣanai!</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Modern Mei bristle at displays of status; the above exchange is equally suited to greeting a hobo on the street, your editor, or the Convener (<b>ñaɣojoi</b>) of the DU. Exceptions:
<ul>
<li> Relatives: use a diminutive form of the kinship term, e.g. <b>coco</b> ‘unk’.
<li> <b>padroi</b> ‘boss’, but this itself is a jocular term (literally ‘old person’)
<li> People whose name you don’t know: use <b>kelio</b> ‘sir’, <b>gema</b> ‘Mrs/Miss’, or <b>ne</b> ‘dude’
</ul>
There are infinite variations; a common one is <b>waga</b> ‘what’, short for <b>waga oro</b>. The vulgar <b>Ko badar?</b> ‘how’s the dick?’ has become so common that it’s unremarkable. (It’s normally used between men; but women use it among themselves too. It’s extremely familiar if used between the sexes.)
<h3><a name="Names">Names</a></h3>
Rather like English, Mei has accumulated names from all over, usually unanalyzed, and of course accommodated to Mei phonology. In order of popularity:
<ul>
<li> Mei itself, as discussed below.
<li> Tžuro
<li> Xurnese
<li> Cuolese
<li> In DU times, Kebreni or Dhekhnami
</ul>
Where do native Mei names come from? Basically, anything in the lexicon that sounds good. Natural objects, animals, gems, and nice qualities are always appropriate. Or bad qualities: an old Mei belief was that naming a child after something feared would disempower that thing, so you get names like <b>Tæred</b> ‘bad omen’ and <b>Kulat</b> ‘sickness’. The person derivation -<b>oi</b> is common in personal names, e.g. <b>Cæroi</b> ‘red one’, <b>Cusoi</b> ‘sharp one’. (It’s -<b>ai</b> in Sevisre, and you’ll see that in Telandi, but only in names.)
<p>The ancient Southern tradition— seen in Wede:i, Old Skourene, and Classical Tžuro— was to use entire sentences as names. You can use a verb this way in Mei— e.g. <b>Šækeloño</b> ‘he/she blesses us’. But they’ll probably be called <b>Šækela</b> ‘blessing’ anyway.
<p>In modern times (since about the 3200s) Mei have two names: family name, then personal name. Thus <b>Koi Ɣanai</b> belongs to the <b>Koi</b> family, and his given name is <b>Ɣanai</b>. However:
<ul>
<li> On second reference, you call him <b>Ɣanai</b>, not <b>Koi</b>.
<li> Tžuro family names come second.
</ul>
In the DU, this produced a situation where everyone calls the man Ɣanai: Mei because you use the given name for quick reference, non-Mei because they think it’s the family name. When computer systems came along, this created enormous confusion, till protocols were worked out (give up to three names, unlabeled; indicate which should be used for quick reference).
<p><b>Titles</b> follow the name, e.g. <b>Korud atej</b> ‘emperor Korund’, <b>Noda yokoi</b> ‘aunt Noda’.
<p>The Mei are very fond of nicknames. These are formed in any of these ways (which can be combined):
<ul>
<li> Puns: <b>Šanoi</b> ‘heated one’ > <b>Šanum</b> ‘idiot’, <b>Porud</b> ‘truth’ > <b>Purad</b> ‘assiness’, <b>Kor</b> ‘sea’ > <b>Kon</b> ‘mouth’
<li> Unrelated despective terms: <b>Kirpi</b> ‘fat’, <b>Gabar</b> ‘trouble’, <b>Peɣoi</b> ‘joker’
<li> Reduplication of the first syllable: <b>Noda > Nono</b>, <b>Ɣanai > Ɣaɣa</b>, <b>Keli > Keke</b>
<li> Using the stressed syllable only: <b>Porud > Rud, Meyen ‘heart’ > Yen, Noda > Nod</b>
<li> Adding the diminutive: </b>Noda > Nodne, Cæroi > Cæroine</b>
</ul>
And though the Mei like foreign names, the gods help you if you have one and they don’t like you. E.g. <i>cont</i> Scušana (the Verdurian leader during the Ereláe War) was commonly called <b>Sugošana</b> (‘hot nose’).
<h2><a name="Sample">Sample texts<a></h2>
<h3><a name="Jippirasti">Jippirasti</a></h3>
This text comes from a Šureni <b>aneb</b> or cleric, <b>Ajažril</b>, who was invited to give an introduction to his religion by a philosophical society in Teland in the 3470s. The entire text (in English) is available on Almeopedia.
<p>There has been a Jippirasti minority among the Mei for centuries, since the Kurundasti conquest; this tends to make <i>Jippirasutum</i> feel that the country is ripe for conversion. But the vast majority of the Mei have never been interested.
<p>Ajažril spoke passable Mei, but with some errors, which I’ve noted.
<blockquote> <b> Waga šæko riu Jibir? Roga ñošæko ñæžnoi jeñitace?</b> <br/>
who stand-pres.3 this Jippir / this.on tentv-stand-pres.3 mind-person know-passive-2<br/>
<i> Who is this Jippir? Perhaps this is a being that you know? </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ko šæko, ɣanoisno. Jibir šæko Munor.</b> <br/>
yes stand-pres.3 / friend-pl-1 / Jippir stand-pres.3 god-def<br/>
<i> Yes, my friends, it is. Jippir is God. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Rilir koga, Telandi mis jeɣojiɣ.</b> <br/>
see-2 that.one / Telandi word use-pres.1<br/>
<i> You see that I use the Telandi word. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Ajažril treated <b>rila</b> ‘see’ as an ordinary transitive. It should be rilid, as seeing is something that happens to you in Mei.
<blockquote> <b> Toi rosk, toi nirenk, niɣlo omoc ni Munor; ba-oro pauga avataɣacno ca teneli!</b> <br/>
all nation-pl / all people-pl / have-pres.3 idea of god-def / not-come-pres.3 something invent-passive-1 on steppe<br/>
<i> All nations, all people have the notion of God, this is not something that we have invented up on the steppe!</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Ajažril used the Tžuro word for ‘steppe’, forgetting <b>šænsaud</b>.
<blockquote> <b> Cas kelios, ɣešæril mejmeled, ñayo koga, Jibir šæko mun ni curo.</b> <br/>
some gentleman-pl / active-show courtesy / say-pres.3 that.one / Jippir stand-pres.3 god of Tžuro<br/>
<i> Some gentlemen, intending to be courteous, say that Jippir is the god of the Tžuro. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Roga ba-šæko porud. Jibir šæko munor ni Ɣacar.</b> <br/>
this.one not-stand-pres.3 truth / Jippir stand-pres.3 god-def of earth-def<br/>
<i> This is not truth. Jippir is the god of the world. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
More colloquial would be <b>Roga ba-poro</b>, i.e. using the adjective as a verb.
<blockquote> <b> Munor šæko ca toi eli. Ñaya ca ɣoc elis ka-ɣoc ñito.</b> <br/>
god-def stand-pres.3 in all place / speak-past.3 in many place-pl and-many way-pl<br/>
<i> He is present in every location. He has spoken in many places and in many ways. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ne-šæko ɣoc igalna. misk ni Munor ñašæcaw je misorg ni cois, ka-šiu ros jeñitaw Munor.</b> <br/>
but-stand-pres.3 many confusion / word-pl of god-def mix-past.3>3 with word-def-pl of human-pl / and-none nation know-past.3>3 god-def<br/>
<i> But there has been much confusion; God’s words have become mixed up with men’s, and no nation knew God correctly. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<i>Igalna</i> is the ordinary Tžuro word for ‘confusion’, which Mei borrowed as <b>igana</b>. However, Ajažril is using it in its theological sense— the chaos of belief of humans not in direct contact with Jippir; thus he uses the Tžuro word directly.
<blockquote> <b> Koga, enga Jibir ñayow Babur.</b> <br/>
that.one / why Jippir speak-past.3>3 Babur<br/>
<i> That is why Jippir spoke to Babur. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Out of familiarity, Ajažril uses Tžuro <i>Babur</i> (founder of Jippirasti) but in Mei he is <b>Bæbor</b>.
<blockquote> <b> Ñopawa olaca ɣewamis ka-ɣetoimalac, roga ka-ɣoja.</b> <br/>
tentv-want-past.3 explain-inf active-clear and-active-complete / this.one and-do.that-past.3<br/>
<i> He wished to explain himself clearly and thoroughly, and this he has done.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Mecariloye tuksas ni cois, ekoga coiz pawo menebame.</b> <br/>
can-perceive-pres.3>2p teaching-pl of human-pl / because human-def.pl love-pres.3 paradox<br/>
<i> You may recognize the teachings of man, because men love paradox. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Roga šæko ñit niuga Munor.</b> <br/>
this.one stand-pres.3 way hide-inf god-def<br/>
<i> This is a way of hiding God. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Coiz ñayo, «Munor šæko toyel ka-šiel», ñayo «Eñæd orañit wa ɣeñay ñæda šiga.»</b> <br/>
human-pl.def say-pres.3 / god-def stand-pres.3 everywhere and-nowhere / say-pres.3 / imper-believe only one active-say knowing nothing<br/>
<i> Men say, “God is everywhere and nowhere”, or “Believe only the one who says he knows nothing.” </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ko ñaynes ba-pamiɣ, bako ceye? Enga Munor sopawo igalnad?</b> <br/>
this saying-pl not-listen-pres.1 / Q you.pl / why god-def cond-want-pres.3 confusion-1p<br/>
<i> I do not understand such sayings, do you? Why would God want us to be confused? </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<b>Bako ceye</b> is not incorrect, but <b>ne-ceye</b> ‘but you?’ would be more colloquial.
<blockquote> <b> Jibir wamis ɣetisaun toi zenisas.</b> <br/>
Jippir clear active-answer all question-pl<br/>
<i> Jippir answers all questions clearly. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Ajažril has used the participle ‘answering’, because that’s what he’d say in Tžuro. Also, he’s incorrectly placed the bare adjective <b>wamis</b> ‘clear’ before the verb; it should be <b>ɣewamis</b>, after the verb.
<blockquote> <b> Munor šæko toyel; ne-ba-šiel.</b> <br/>
god-def stand-pres.3 everywhere / but-not-nowhere<br/>
<i> God is everywhere; he is not nowhere. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ɣoc ñædad šæko ɣoc ñædad; šanumad šæko šanumad.</b> <br/>
many knowledge stand-pres.3 many knowledge / foolishness stand-pres.3 foolishness<br/>
<i> Much knowledge is much knowledge; foolishness is foolishness. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Oro ñagazroda, šicyaɣa igalnar ni cois!</b> <br/>
come-pres.3 relief / dispose-inf confusion-def of human-pl<br/>
<i> It is a relief to put aside the confusion of men!</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="MeiMei">A Mei on the Mei</a></h3>
The Mei are known for pessimism and a self-deprecating sense of humor; both are on display in this excerpt from a 3500s Telandi writer, <b>Koi Ɣanai</b>.
<blockquote> <b> Cas Gucidane enwagaño wacuz, waga šæko jolac ni Meir?</b> <br/>
some Gurdago-guy ask-past.3>1s sometime / what stand-pres.1 fruit of Mei-def<br/>
<i> Some Gurdagor guy asked me once, what are the Mei known for? </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ka-bograño, ekoga mepamaɣu. Šagiɣ, waga cauñaw?</b> <br/>
and-stun-past.ø>1 / because can-hear-past.1>3 / mean-pres.1 / what tell-past.3>3<br/>
<i> And I was shocked, because he'd heard of us. I mean, who told him?</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ko šiga mepamiɣu. Poriko šænad, šañædod.</b> <br/>
yes nobody can-hear-pres.1>3 / even conquer-past.3>1p / forget-pres.3>1p<br/>
<i> It's true, no one's heard of us. Even when we're conquered, they forget us. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ñædir waga suyac Korud: «Šækiɣ josoir ni Tejor ka-šurisk ka-muɣašes, ka… æ tikeli… ko niren cas.</b> <br/>
know-2 what name-passive Kurund / stand-pres.1 king-def of Tej-def and-Šureni-pl and Munkhâshi-pl and / oh hell / that people other<br/>
<i> You know what Kurund called himself: “I am ruler of the Tej, the Skourenes, Munkhâsh, and... oh hell, those other people. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Eyenɣenno, Kutaj. Muwor? En tikeli.»</b> <br/>
imper-help-1s / Kutaj / Moo-def / to hell<br/>
<i> Help me out, Kutaj. The Moo? Hell with it.” </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Mei folklore usually confused Kurund and his son Attafei. It was Attafei who conquered Mei Ros. Kutaj was Attafei’s son.
<blockquote> <b> Toicuz šæko koga, oriɣ ti takri «ka» ca sudakašor ni atej.</b> <br/>
always stand-pres.3 that.one / come-pres.1 after last ‘and’ at title-def of emperor<br/>
<i> It's always like that, we appear after the last "and" in the emperor's title. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Paun roga ñædo ɣemeyez koga, suyid «kameir».</b> <br/>
some this.one think-past.3 active-actual that.one / call-pres.ø-1p and-Mei-def<br/>
<i> Some of them actually thought that's what we're called, “And-The-Mei”. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
In Mei “and-the-Mei” is one word, <b>ka-meir</b>. The joke is that the emperor is using it as an unanalyzed adjective.
<blockquote> <b> «Ecuɣno paun ajenk kameir ko riel.»</b> <br/>
imper-get->1s some archer-pl and-Mei-def yes here<br/>
<i> “Get me some of those And-the-Mei archers over here.” </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ɣepeɣiɣ wæñiziu. Šiga pawow ajenorgod. </b> <br/>
prog-play-pres.1 obvious / nobody want-pres.3>3 archer-def-pl-1p<br/>
<i> I'm joking, of course. No one wants our archers.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Neko najaya rosis niɣliɣ.</b> <br/>
though epic national have-pres.1<br/>
<i> We have a national epic, though. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ko šækiɣ bodu, najaya ɣoyiɣ.</b> <br/>
yes stand-pres.1 million / epic do.that-pres.1<br/>
<i> Yeah, we're heavy, we got an epic. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
The switch to <b>ɣoya</b> ‘do that’ is very colloquial.
<blockquote> <b> Waga šæko pabar? Šænaño ni Culi.</b> <br/>
what stand-pres.3 talk / conquest-1 of cuoli<br/>
<i> What's it about? Our defeat of Cuoli. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Peñoc mauda ko? Šænaɣ cas ros pamac šiga.</b> <br/>
how.much sad is / defeat-past.1 other country hear-passive nobody<br/>
<i> How lame is that? We beat up on another country nobody's heard of.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Toicuz sætid ɣetakri neko.</b> <br/>
always laugh-pres.ø->1p active-final though<br/>
<i> We always have the last laugh though. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ko mešænirt. Bako ne-mekeumir ñagaz elir?</b> <br/>
yes can-conquer-pres.2>1p / Q but-can-find-pres.2 again place-def<br/>
<i> Sure, you can conquer us. But can you find the place again? </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Bako ba-ñorilag koga, šænne?</b> <br/>
Q not-tentv-see-pres.ø-2s that.one / conquer-guy<br/>
<i> Didn't think of that, huh, conquer-guy?</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
This is a jocular coinage, of course. “Conqueror” is <b>šænoi</b>.
<blockquote> <b> Šancæn awataɣ neko.</b> <br/>
rye.beer invent-past.1 though<br/>
<i> We invented rye beer, though.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Cas šiga meɣojo.</b> <br/>
other nobody can-do.that-past.3<br/>
<i> Nobody else could do that. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Roga ekoga runa gabaru.</b> <br/>
this.one because clean-past.3 mess-3<br/>
<i> That's because they cleaned up after themselves. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Paun Meine ñitaw orañit tugar ɣeceɣ.</b> <br/>
some Mei-guy go-past.3>3 only rye-def active-rot <br/>
<i> Some Mei guy just left the rye to rot. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ceɣac toiga, ñažoiw, «Erun riu ñuš» ka-cew «Ko šænis.»</b> <br/>
rot-passive everything / wife-3 / imper-clean that shit / and-3 / yes later<br/>
<i> And once it was all rotten his wife said, “Clean that shit up,” and he was all “Yeah, later.” </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ka-ɣeñagazora, ko bako, ka-ba-šacuɣa, ñat teuda šega ko ɣuj.</b> <br/>
and-active-return-past.3 / is Q / and-not-remove-past.3 / therefore decide-past.3 drink that crap<br/>
<i> And then she was coming back, you know, and he hadn't thrown it out, so he decided to drink it. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Munkud, mešæko jadi yæniz, ne-ba-todosaw ti ños šæl.</b> <br/>
god-pl-1p / must-stand-pres.3 pot swampy / but-not-worry-past.ø>3 after pitcher third<br/>
<i> Gods, it must have been nasty stuff, but after the third pitcher he didn't care. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Tiga šæšegaw ñažoiw, ka-bograw sau. Orañit ñumur.</b> <br/>
then caus-drink-past.3>3 wife-3 / and-stun-past.3>3 flat / just unconscious<br/>
<i> Then he got his wife to drink it, and it knocked her flat. Just unconscious. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ner, «Ko cuskeliño. Ɣecæciɣ nerunor širor!»</b> <br/>
guy-def / is chance-1s / prog-push-pres.1 bed-def now<br/>
<i> “Now's my chance,” he said. “Gonna get some tonight!” </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Tiga ñeja.</b> <br/>
then sleep-past.3<br/>
<i> And then he fell asleep. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Roga ka-koga, šæji ñokeli šæka.</b> <br/>
this.one and-that.one / night tentv-good stand.past-3<br/>
<i> All in all it was a pretty good night.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ti koga, ko bako, takra niɣlaɣ.</b> <br/>
after that.one / is Q / end have-past.1<br/>
<i> So you know, after that, we were done. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Næñædaɣ awata šæbaka— ɣemispor ɣoyaɣ.</b> <br/>
ruminate-past.1 invent write / prog-true do.that-past.1<br/>
<i> We thought of inventing writing— we really did. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
Note the string of infinitives (<b>awata šæbaka</b>).
<blockquote> <b> Mešæbakaɣ awdegor ni šancæn.</b> <br/>
can-write-past.1 recipe-def of rye.beer<br/>
<i> We had the beer recipe to write down. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ñædaɣ, «Šat, ko wedois eɣoy, ɣeneñejiɣ.»</b> <br/>
think-past.1 / no / yes Wede:i-pl imper-do.that / prog-chill-pres.1<br/>
<i> But we thought, no, let the Wede:i do it, we're chilling. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Neko avataɣ wayma, bako ñædir?</b> <br/>
though invent-past.1 ship / Q know-2<br/>
<i> We invented the ship though, did you know that? </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
‘Ship’ is not a previous reference, so it’s not definite. Mei does not refer to abstract classes with the article.
<p>‘You’ is plural: Ɣanai is talking to an audience.
<blockquote> <b> Šæyeužaɣ waymaz is ni jijaped tegendi— ñojosaɣ kor.</b> <br/>
build-past.1 ship-def.pl first of quality pathless / tentv-dominate-past.1 ocean<br/>
<i> We built the best gods-damned ships— we were going to rock the ocean. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ne-koga, ɣeko, irširor riloye. Kor ba-niɣliɣ.</b> <br/>
but-that.one / OK / problem-def see-pres.3>2p / ocean not-have-pres.1<br/>
<i> But... OK, you see the problem. We don't have an ocean. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ko šiga ora koil.</b> <br/>
yes nothing come-past.3 there<br/>
<i> So nothing came of that.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ne-cauñiɣe, toicuz Meir šašækiɣ riel. Ba-mešacuɣod.</b> <br/>
but-tell-pres.1>2p / always Mei-def remain-pres.1 here / not-can-remove-pres.3>1p<br/>
<i> But I tell you, the Mei will always be here. They can't get rid of us.</i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ko ekoga ñæžænæn— mikarad en ros… šicuz ɣeliɣ purazad ka-koga.</b> <br/>
yes because spirit-1p / link-def-1p to country / never lift-1 ass-def.pl-1p and-that.one<br/>
<i> And that's because of our spirit— our connection to the land— we'll never get off our asses, is what it is. </i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Ajuruja">Ajuruja</a></h3>
This is the beginning of <b><i>Ajuruja</i></b>, or <i>Him purity</i>, published in 3608 by <b>Ɣen Nujar</b> in Sevisor.
<p>The novel can be taken in several ways: as a very incompetently written novel with the author’s notes included; as a self-aware novel which is terrified of not being read and seeks to retain the reader by increasingly desperate moves; as the defiant production of a poet who hates his readers and wishes them to suffer. Or all three of these, but the pages got mixed up at the publisher. Someone has written notes to guide the reader: marginal warnings to skip certain paragraphs, or to switch to certain pages in the manner of a choose-your-own adventure story. The book is full of puns and coinages in both Mei and Šureni, and at one point it’s suggested that only the first word of every paragraph should be read; if the reader complies, they find what seems to be a dull political speech, but which can also be taken as a description of a sex session. Sometimes the book itself suggests that things are getting too complicated, and to relax itself or the reader, there are several pages of what Nujar says are his vacation pictures.
<p>The title is itself a bilingual coinage. In Šureni <i>juru</i> is 'rotten, corrupt'; <i>juruja</i> is 'un-rotten', i.e. 'pure'. <i>Ajur</i> would be a corrupt person. You can't really combine these, so <i>ajuruja</i> is an oddity, something like 'un-rotten-person-ness'. <i>Him purity</i> is of course an attempt at a similar oddity in English. Note that it’s a palindrome, also close to an anagram of Nujar.
<p>In Mei <b>ruja</b> is ‘fucking’. <b>Juruja</b> is the Sevisre abilitative— ‘able to fuck’. <b>A</b>- is either the Sevisre imperative (thus, ‘be ready to fuck’) or an agentive (‘someone ready to fuck’).
<p>The original edition (which I’m quoting) is mostly Mei, with Šureni borrowings and asides, and even more bilingual puns.
<blockquote> <b> Kocuz idrau riu misk, ñošækiɣ kokac.</b> <br/>
when read-pres.2 this word-pl / tentv-stand-pres.1 dead<br/>
<i> When you read these words, I will be dead. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Oro agridedor ñasniziorno wa.</b> <br/>
come-pres.3 police-def editor-def-1 one<br/>
<i> It will either be the police, or my editor. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> [Ñas. Ɣen, niñayaɣ roga, ba-šæko jænis.]</b> <br/>
ed. / Ɣen / discuss-past.1 this.one / not-stand-pres.3 funny<br/>
<i> (Ed.: Ɣen, we’ve talked about this, it’s not funny.) </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> [Abas, egosot šat ešæceɣ širacor? Oro is šæbrune.]</b> <br/>
Abas / please not imper-spoil air-def / come-pres.3 first paragraph <br/>
<i> (Abas, can you please not spoil the mood? It’s the first paragraph.) </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Ko ño-kokac, ba-sooro awdegno, ka-sošækiɣ misporu, šicuz awdegoño yeužo.</b> <br/>
yes tentv-dead / not-if-come-pres.3 plan-1 / and-if-stand-pres.1 honest / never plan-pl-1 work-pres.3<br/>
<i> Dead, yes, if things do not go according to my plan, and if I’m honest, my plans have never worked out. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Sooro agridedor, ceño ñošæko ronjimac marmanes, tiga ñowac šic kanašæn. Tiga jesrudac.</b> <br/>
if-come-pres.3 police-def / body-1 tentv-stand-pres.3 cheese-passive bullet-pl / then throw-passive from parapet / then poison-passive<br/>
<i> If it’s the police my body will be riddled with bullets, then thrown off a parapet. Then poisoned. </i> <br/>
<br/>
<b> Sooro ñasnizi, ñošæko orkira ni ranoric.</b> <br/>
if-come-pres.3 editorial / tentv-stand-pres.3 killing of character<br/>
<i> If it’s editorial, it will be character assassination.</i> <br/>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="Lexicon">Lexicon<a></h2>
Parts of speech: n = noun, v = verb, ve = verb (ergative), vp = verb of perception, a = adjective, adv = adverb, pr = pronoun, pp = preposition, # = number, q = quantifier, cj = conjunction, intj = interjection.
<p>Etymologies: Ax. = Axunašin, X. = Xurnese, Tž = Tžuro, W. = Wede:i.
<p>Almost always the infinitive of a verb can be used as a noun too. I won’t add entries to the lexicon for this unless it’s non-obvious. In general, search for the verb form— ‘discover’ not ‘discovery’.
<p>1041 words
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> a-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> imperative prefix (Sevisre)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> abas</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cavalryman [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> abij</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> invader</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> acasas</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> stallion [Tž. ačasak]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> acir</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> prophet [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> adep</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> voter</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> aduk</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lieutenant [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> agrid</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> policeman [Tž. ‘guard’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> agrided</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the police</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ai</b> </td> <td> <i> intj</i> </td> <td> oy! hey! (expression to elicit attention or express surprise or pain)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ajen</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> archer, bowman [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Akšuɣai</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Axunai [Ax.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> aman</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> companion, partner [Tž. amand]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> amaned</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> companionship</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> amanto</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> group, band [collective of aman]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> amin</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> servant [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ana</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> mother [babytalk]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> anak</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> rascal, rogue [Tž. ‘con man’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> anaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> motherly, maternal</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> aneb</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Jippirasti cleric [Tž. ‘teacher’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> anebaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> overbearingly pious </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> anebazad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> religiosity</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> anel</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pilot </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> antudo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> nuclear fusion [X. ameatudo]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> apaba</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> babbler, mutterer</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> areg</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> poet [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Arkeli</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Arcél [Tž., confused with -eli]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> aron</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> colonel [Tž. aruŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> asev</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> geezer, old dude [Tž. ‘elder’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> asikt</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bastard, villain [Tž ‘tax collector’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> asikted</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> villainy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> asut</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> chapter of a religious book; (in pl.) scriptures [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> astir</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> prophet, seer [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ašok</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> tailor [Tž. ‘outfitter’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> atej</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> emperor [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Atafei</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Attafei, Tžuro atej and conqueror of Munkhâsh [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ateni</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> solar; (n) solar panel</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Atenor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the sun, Ënomai [Tž. ateŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> atiba</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> stable [Tž. ativa]
<br/><i>ca atiba caga</i> be hopelessly rustic or uncivilized [‘born in a stable’]</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> awat</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> inventor, discoverer [Tž. avat]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> awata</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> invent, discover [back-formation from awat]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> awayn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sailor [from wayna ‘ship’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> awdeg</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> recipe, formula; plan [Tž. audeg ‘how’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ažbar</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> innkeeper, tavernkeeper [Tž. ašembar]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ažbarap</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> tavern, inn</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ažnas</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wizard, magician [Tž. ažanak]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> æ</b> </td> <td> <i> intj</i> </td> <td> aw, oh (expression of exasperation, disgust, impatience)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> æi</b> </td> <td> <i> intj</i> </td> <td> hi, yo, hello</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> æmon</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> coward [Tž. amoŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Æmuneu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> northern Čeiy [Čeiyu Ämünel]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ænak</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> con man, trickster [Tž. anaŋk]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Ærnad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Érenat [Ver.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ærnadi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Érenati</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> æžran</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Trustee, leader of Šura [Tž. ažraŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ba-</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> negative [Lenani]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> badar</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> mast, beam (on a ship); (slang) cock, dick [Tž. fadar]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> badimac</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> virgin [‘not-sexed’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> badimed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> virginity</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> badporu</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> hardcore, badass [‘true dick’, cf. misporu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bako</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> question particle [‘is it not’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> balar</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> silver [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> balare</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> silvery, made of silver</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bamepam</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> deaf [‘can’t hear’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bameril</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> blind [‘can’t see’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bawac</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> disunited</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bawaced</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> disunity</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Bæbor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Babur [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Bægon</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the moon Iliažë [W. Begoŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Bei</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the Bé </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> beleš</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cloud; mist [Ax. ber]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> beleše</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> cloudy, misty</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Belešo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Belesao [Tž., confused with beleše]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> belešoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Bélé person</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Belšai</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Belšai [‘cloudy place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> belšaine</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Belšayin</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bežno</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> plastic [Tž. bežnu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bideš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wine [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> biga</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> coin [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bigaz</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> greedy, miserly [‘coin-loving’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bija</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> invade [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bima</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> eleven [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bodu</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> million; (slang) a big deal [X. bondu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bogra</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> stun, shock [imitative]
<br/><i>ɣebogor</i> stunning</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Brebi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the moon Iliacáš [W. Birbi:]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Bredur</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Verduria [Tž. Vredura]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bredure</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Verdurian</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bredurñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Verdurian language</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> breduroi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Verdurian person</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bruso</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bar [Ver. pruso]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ca</b> </td> <td> <i> pp</i> </td> <td> in, inside [*ca]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> insides, interior; (slang) vagina</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cada</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> seed [*cata]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cadcene</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> (formal) vagina [‘interior body’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> caga</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> be born; (n) birth [*cak-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cairan</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> iliu [Tž. čailan]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Cairaneli</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the iliu enclave north of Feináe</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cal</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sand [*calu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cale</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> sandy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> camoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> electron [Keb. camio, ending reinterpreted as ‘person’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cañit</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> door, portal [‘entrance’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cañita</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> enter; (n) entrance [‘go in’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> carag</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> stirrup [Tž. čarag]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> carila</b> </td> <td> <i> vp</i> </td> <td> recognize; perceive</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> carilaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> perceptive, observant, canny</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cardeš</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> compass [Tž. čardeše]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cas</b> </td> <td> <i> q</i> </td> <td> other, another [*kjok]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> casñit</b> </td> <td> <i> cj</i> </td> <td> or, otherwise [‘other way’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cauka</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> table [Ax. čalka]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cauña</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> tell, report, inform, recite [*kjalanj-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cauñæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> story, report </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cauñoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> reporter, storyteller</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cæba</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> bow to, submit to [*kjep-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cæbac</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> submitted, submissive, servile; (leftism) proletarian</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cæca</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> push [*cjec-]
<br/><i>cæca nerunor</i> (slang) have sex, get some</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cæcoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> penis [‘pusher’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> forest, woods [*cjeŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cæne</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> woodsy, foresty</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cæra</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> red</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ce</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> body [Ax. kie]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ce-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> must, should </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Cei</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Čeiy [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ced</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> we</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceg</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> you (s.)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Čeiyu</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceiz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> bodily, physical, material</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceized</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> physicality, materiality</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cej</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> storm</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> be stormy, blow [*cekj-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cejæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> hive, wax [Ax. čeijan]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cejis</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> rifle [X. cejijis]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cek</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> cold [*cekt]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceked</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> coldness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceksaj</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> refrigerator [‘cold machine’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cene</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bodily organ [dim. ‘body’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceuba</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> book [Tž. čelepa]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceubaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> bookish, literary </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceño </b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> I [‘my body’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceñoaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> egostistical, selfish</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ces</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> rapier [Tž. česk]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Cetæs</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Ṭetäs, capital of Čeiy [Čeiyu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cew</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> he, she, it, they</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceye</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> you (pl.)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> rot, ferment [*ceɣ-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ceɣac</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pickled vegetables</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Cibor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Cibri, a city in Belšai</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cike</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sword [Ax. čenke]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cikoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> swordsman; soldier, private</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cin</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> stupid, dumb [Cuolese ‘frog’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cined</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> stupidity</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cira</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> give [Cuole cüru]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cirac</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> gift, present</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cirda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> be angry; anger [*cenet-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ciz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> light (not heavy) [from cized, reanalyzed as ciz + ed]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cized</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lightness [*cisit-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ciziu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> egg [*cisil]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> coda</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> brother [*cota]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> coi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> person, individual; human [‘body person’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> coisaj</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> robot, android [‘human-machine’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cona</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> uncle [*cosna]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Coraw</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Curau, city in Xurno [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> coyed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> individuality; customization</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> coyedi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> individual, personal, private; customized</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cu</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> east [*kju]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Culi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Cuoli [Cuolese]</td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> culis</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Cuolese</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> curo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Tžuro [Ax. Čurou]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> curoñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Tžuro or Šureni language </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cus</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> sharp; (colloq.) smart [*cuk]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cused</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sharpness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cuskeli</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> chance, opportunity [‘good time’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cuskelis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> opportune, by chance, felicitious</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cuskudo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> nuclear fission [X. čuzikudo]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cuyoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> easterner, esp. Tžuro/Šureni</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cuz</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> day, daytime; time [*calcusu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cuzi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> daily</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> cuɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> take, grab, get [*culiɣ-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Dahnand</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Dhekhnam [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dahnandi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Dhekhnami</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dahnañay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Dhekhnami language</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dakaš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> palace, court (of a ruler) [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dakaši</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> courtly; official; governmental</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dam</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Xurnese System unit of area (0.58 ha) [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dawdeg</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> park, public garden [Tž. ‘garden’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dega</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> robe, long dress [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> degyeužoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dressmaker</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> deim</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> deym, Xurnese System measure of time (720 Almean seconds) [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> depa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> elect, vote for [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dima</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> make love, have sex [Tž. dimi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dimoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lover, sex partner</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dis</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> ten [Cuolese]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> disi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> tenth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dogun</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bandit, gangster [Cuolese dṍgum ‘horseman’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> doguned</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> banditry, gangsterism</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dragoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> major general [Tž. draggei]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dou</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> city [W. dau]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> douz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> urban</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> e</b> </td> <td> <i> intj</i> </td> <td> oh, uh (expression of confusion, or just a placeholder while one thinks)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> e-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> imperative prefix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> egosot</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> please [‘pardon!’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ekoga</b> </td> <td> <i> cj</i> </td> <td> because [‘for that’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> eli</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> place, location [*ali]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> en</b> </td> <td> <i> pp</i> </td> <td> for, because of, in order to, to</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> encæba</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> communist [‘for the abased’, calque on X. biacu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> encæbed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> communism</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> enga</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> why [‘for what’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> enwaga</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> ask, request [‘what to’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> enɣena</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> help, assist [‘to the side’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> enɣenoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> helper, assistant</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Eyra</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lake Van [Ax. Evonanu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ezo</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> (classical) 1296, (modern) 1000 [W. ezer]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ezoi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> thousandth </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gabar</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> mess, trouble, shenanigans [Tž. ‘cow manure’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gabarac</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> messed up, fucked up</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gabarne</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> shlemiel, fuckup </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> galun</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> perverse, heretical [Tž. ‘unorthodox’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> garad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> die, game piece [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> garadoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> gambler</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ged</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> 144, a gross [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gema</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> noblewoman, lady; Mrs., Miss [X. geyma]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gis</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> gix, Xurnese System measurement of mass (.38 kg) [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> godaɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> ktuvok [Munkhâshi gotalh]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> goka</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> defend (in court or opinion) [back-formation from gokoi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gokoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> defendant [Tž. gokkir]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gosota</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> pardon, forgive [Tž. gosoti ‘expiate’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gowtu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> duck [Ax. guetu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Gucida</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Gurdago [Tž. Gučidak]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ii</b> </td> <td> <i> intj</i> </td> <td> ah! (expression of understanding or dismissal)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ibiša</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> travel [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ibišoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> traveler</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Icip</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Inčip river of Feináe [Tž. Inčip]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> idra</b> </td> <td> <i> vp</i> </td> <td> read [Ax. ituri]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> idroi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> reader</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> igana</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> alienation, confusion [Tž. igalna]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> iganaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> alienated</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> iji</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> eight [Cuolese]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ijin</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> eighth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ir</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> bad, awful [Cuolese ür]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ired</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> badness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> iroi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> villain</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> irega</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> music [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> iregaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> musical; melodious</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> iregoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> musician</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> irširo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> trouble, problem [‘bad hour’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> is</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> first [earlier *wis]
<br/><i>is ni X</i> the most X</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> isapa</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> orthodoxy, fundamentalism [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> isapaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> orthodox, fundamentalist</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Istou</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> a city in Sevisor; site of the DU Air Academy [‘first city’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jadi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pot, bowl; stuff, batch [Ax.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jadine</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> small pot, a dash (of something)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jahaš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> electricity [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jahaši</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> electric</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jašnem</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> light bulb [Tž. jahašnem]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> salt [Tž. jan]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jænis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> salty; funny, humorous</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jænised</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> humor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Jæšim</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Jaešim, Jaeš [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> je</b> </td> <td> <i> pp</i> </td> <td> with, and, accompanied by </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jeko</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> steel [Tž. jekuku]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jejok</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> rocket [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jeñai</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Jippirasti shrine or holy spot [Tž. jeŋali]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jeñita</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> hang out with, get together with; know (someone) [‘go with’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jeñitoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> acquaintance</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jeɣoja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> use, make use of [‘do that with’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jeɣojoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> user, operator</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Jewor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Jeor [Ax.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Jibir</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Jippir [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jijapa</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> fine, good quality [Tž. jinjapa ‘fine horse’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jijaped</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> quality, fineness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jimali</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> railroad [Tž. jimali si hamam]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jimaloi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> conductor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Jipras</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Jippirasti [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jiprasi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Jippirasti</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Jiprim</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Jippirim, capital of Šura [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jolac</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> fruit; specialty, what one is known for [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jona</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cat [W. jo:na]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> josa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> rule (esp. at the top), dominate [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> josod</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> monarchy, kinghood</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> josodi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> monarchical</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> josoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> king, monarch, ruler</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ju-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> can, could (Sevisre; cf. me-)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jui</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dzuy, Xurnese System measure of volume (.44 l) [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jukso</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> spear [Ax. juxou]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> juksoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> spearman</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jurma</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> advise, counsel [Ax. jurumik]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> jurmoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> advisor, counsellor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ka-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> and </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kacar</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> gold; money, wealth [Tž. kačar]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kacaroi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> rich person</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kacaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> rich, wealthy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kaima</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> buy, purchase [Ax. kaymi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kaimoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> buyer, purchaser</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kanas</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wall [Tž. kanak]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kanašæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> parapet [‘high wall’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> karaš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cannon, artillery [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> karašoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cannoneer, artilleryman</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kayma</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> be devoted to, revere, love (kings etc.); worship [W. kayo:mo ‘marvel’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kaymoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> worshipper</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kaɣon</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Kahon division of Jippirasti; the Qarau lands [Tž. Kahon]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kaɣoni</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Qarau, Carhinnian</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kæza</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> sell [Ax. kaynesi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kæzoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> seller, vendor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Kebir</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Kebri [Tž. Kevvir]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kebiri</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Kebreni</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> keli</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> good [*skal-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kelyed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> goodness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kelio</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> gentleman, noble; sir, mister [earlier kelioi ‘good person’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kepram</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> parley, meeting to settle differences [Tž. gepram]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kete</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> 216 (a gross and a half) [Ax.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ketoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> (military) major [Tž. geddei] </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> keuda</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> hundred [*keleta]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> keudai</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> hundredth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> keuma</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> capture; find [*kelim-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> keumoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> tracker, bounty hunter</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> keɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> knee, elbow [*keɣ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kica</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wax [Tž. gitla]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kig</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> barbarian [W. ge:ŋgu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiged</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> barbarism</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kike</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> shoe [Ax. kenke]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kikoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> shoemaker, cobbler</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiri</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lemon [Ax. kirti]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiriz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> lemony; sour, acidic</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kirmin</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> tannin [W. kenurmiŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kirpi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> fat [*skirp]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kirped</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> fatness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiryed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sourness, acidity</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sky [Ax. kiul]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiuce</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> moon [‘sky body’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiuceis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> lunar, of the moons</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiucenim</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lunar colony [‘moon’ + ‘space station’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiuñit</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> ecliptic; Almea’s galaxy [‘sky path’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiuz</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> heaven [‘the skies’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiwes</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> non-binary; gay or lesbian [Ax. giwez ‘young third-sexer’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiwesoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> non-binary person, homosexual</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiweded</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> non-binariness; homosexuality</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiwibišoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> planet [‘sky traveler’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kiwis</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> celestial, heavenly, of the sky</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ko</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> that [*ko]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ko</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> it’s; yes, really [šæko ‘it is’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kocuz</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> then, at that time [‘that day’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Kodaš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Kutaj, son of Attafei [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Kodreu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Gotanel [Ax. Gotanneli]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koga</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> that one [‘that thing’]
<br/><i>ka-koga</i> that’s it, that’s what it is</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Koi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> a family name [‘sea person’, with kor reanalyzed as ‘sea-def’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koil</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> there [‘that place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kojla</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bone [*kocala]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kogru</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> zombie, undead [W. goŋŋerul]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koka</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> die; (n) death [*kosk-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kokac</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> dead</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Kolig</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Kulig, enemy of Jippir; any monster [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koligi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> monstrous, evil</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kon</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> mouth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> konio</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pundit, critic [‘mouth person’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koña</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> lie, deceive [W. goŋe ‘false’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koñio</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> liar, deceiver</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sea, ocean, esp. the Xurnese Sea [W. go:rtu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koroi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> seaman, sailor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Korud</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Kurund, founder of Tžuro empire [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> steal, rob [back-formation from koɣas]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> koɣas</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> thief [Ax. gonas]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> krolit</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pistol, revolver [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kron</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> hoof [Tž. kruŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Kšigi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Xengi river [Ax. Xengi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kuda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> break, fall apart [*kut-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kuja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> host, harbor [*kuluc-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kulat</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sickness, illness; (a) sick [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kulatoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sick person, patient</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kušæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> piece, part [*kutjan ‘broken-off piece’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kušæne</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> in pieces, broken</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kušik</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> honorable, worthy [Ax. gušik]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kušikad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> honor, respect</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> lejem</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> radio [Tž. ledjem]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> loc </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> park, garden [Tž. ‘oasis’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> locaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> park-like; romantic, idyllic</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Low</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Lo, the Losainu component state in the DU</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> lowñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the Losainu language</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> loz</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> moose, elk [Ax. losu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> luj</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> money [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> lujoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> tycoon, big businessman</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> macoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> woman [‘female person’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> majan</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wheel; disk [Tž. majam]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> majañay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> phonograph; record, CD [‘talk-wheel’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mala</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> fill [*mal-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> malac</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> full</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> malaced</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> fullness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mæñi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> star [*manjiŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mæñis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> stellar</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mapal</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the Šureni senate [Tž. mafali] </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mapaloi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> senator</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mar</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> warp (of loom) [Ax.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> marco</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> personal computer [margac coyedi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> marcoñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> computer language</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> margac</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> computer [nativized from Tž. margluj]
<br/><i>margac coyedi</i> personal computer</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> marma</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> ball, circle [*marama]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> marmane</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> little ball; bullet</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mauda</b> </td> <td> <i> vp</i> </td> <td> be sad; (slang) be lame</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mazic</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> female [*masac]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> me-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> can, could, able to</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mefajoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> gatekeeper, secretary [Tž. ‘gatekeeper angel’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Mei</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Mei [‘heart people’ or ‘real people’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mein</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> mayn, Xurnese System unit of length (7.608 cm) [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> meiñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the Mei language</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mejmel</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> courteous, polite [X. medzimel]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mejmeled</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> courtesy, politeness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menebame</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> paradox [mešæko ne-bamešæko ‘can and can’t be’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Menin</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> a city in Belšai, Sevisre Meniŋ [poss. ‘Mei’ + niŋ, Sevisre ‘hill’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menini</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> of or from Meniŋ </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> meyen</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> heart; reality, validity [*meljeŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> meyenceɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> insane, crazy; (n) insanity [‘rotten heart’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> meyez</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> authentic, real, actual, core (more emotive than misporu)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mezga</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> fight [*mesak-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mezgap</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> arena</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mezgoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> fighter</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mic</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> worm [*mic]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> miga</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pine [*mila]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mijiku</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> photograph [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mika</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> tie, connect, link [W. miku]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mikoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> in-between, negotiator; marriage arranger</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mikšes</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> kohl, antimony; eye makeup [W. miksek]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> min</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> grass [*misni]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mina</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> serve, work as a servant [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mine</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> grassy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> minæm</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> foundation, basis [Tž. minan]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mis</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> word [Ax. mi, gen. misiš]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> misceuba</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dictionary [‘word book’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> miskoña</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dishonest; inauthentic, fake [‘lie word’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mispawa</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lexicographer [‘loves words’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> misporu</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> honest; authentic, real [‘true word’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> misporud</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> honesty</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mlan</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> great, grand [*melaŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mlaned</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> greatness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mlanoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> great person</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> moga</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> ear [*moŋka]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> moi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> girl, maiden, young woman [‘young one’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mojro</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> vizier, minister [W. moganopaźiwa]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> momoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> girlfriend, beloved [redup. of ‘girl’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mona</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> dream [*mosn-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> monoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dreamer</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mos</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> twelve [Tž. mog]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mou</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> young [*molu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> moud</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> youth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mow</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> saddle [Losainu muol]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> moyaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> girlish, maidenly</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> muca</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> turn, rotate [*muc-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mun</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> god [*muŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> muned</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> divinity, godhead</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Munor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> God, in monotheistic religions [‘the god’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> muñaya</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> pray [calque on W. na:nyonu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> muñoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> shaman, priest of Mei religion [‘pray-er’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mur</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sand</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> murac</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> plane (of being); the spiritual world [Ax. mureč]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Murap</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> a city on Lake Lenan [‘sandy place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mure</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> sandy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> murus</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> grammar [Ax. muruvax]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> murusi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> grammatical; proper, according to the rules</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> muw</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> moo, the sound of a cow</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Muɣaš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Munkhâsh [Munkhâshi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> muɣaše</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Munkhâshi</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> muɣai</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> temple [W. muna:i]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nadizoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> neutron [Tž. nadizio]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Nakman</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Lebiscuri [Tž. Nakmana]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Namor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the Namal, calqued as definite [Tž. Namau]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> najaya</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> epic, legend [W. nanuŋ ja:ia]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> najayani</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> legendary; (n) hero </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> naraj</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bullet train [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> narge</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> orange [Ax. narange]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> næcun</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> iron [Ax. neičun]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> næcune</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> of iron</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> næñæda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> ruminate on, think over [redup. of ‘think’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> næñæded</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> philosophy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> næñædoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> philosopher</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> næraj</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> eagle, falcon [Tž. naraj]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ne</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> (colloq.) guy, dude</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ne-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> but</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nebnoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> proton [Tž. nevnio]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Neilem</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Nan [Nanese]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nein</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> ninth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> neko</b> </td> <td> <i> cj</i> </td> <td> though, however</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nela</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> fly (a plane), pilot [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nelir</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> airplane [Tž. nellir]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> neloi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pilot</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> neñeja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> hang out, chill; date (casually) [redup. of ‘rest’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nepaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> busy, in a hurry [Tž. nep + -az]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nepazed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> hurry, busyness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nerun</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bed [W. neruwen]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Newor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> ancient kingdom [dialectal ‘west Mei’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> newori</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> of Newor or the ancient Mei</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ni</b> </td> <td> <i> pp</i> </td> <td> of, from, belonging to [from niɣla]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nibloji</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> taxes [Ax. nivelouji]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niblojoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> tax collector</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nidran</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> beautiful, lovely [Tž. nidiram]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nidranad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> beauty</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niñaya</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> discuss, talk about [‘talk of’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niñe</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> hilly</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niño</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> hill [*niŋe]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nimroud</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> intellligence</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nimrow</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> intelligent, smart [Tž. nimeraf]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niren</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> people [*nenanj]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nirez</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> popular; democratic</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nirezed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> democracy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niuga</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> hide [*nilig-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niwai</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> emperor (of Xurno or Axunai) [Ax. niweï]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niwais</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> imperial</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niwe</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> title of kings of Newor and Mei Ros; cf. josoi [Ax.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niɣla</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> have, possess; (with ce-) need [*niɣul-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> niɣloi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> possessor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> noda</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> strawberry [W. no:ta:]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> noji</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> redcane (a common reed) [Ax. nobiči]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Nuimo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> a name [variant of ñumio ‘boss’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nusag</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> doctor, physician, healer [W. nu:lsagu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nusaga</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> heal, cure</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nusagad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> healing; medicine</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nusane</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pill; drug, drugs [dim. of ‘medicine’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñagaz</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> again, once more</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñagazora</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> return, go back [‘again come’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñagazroda</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> be relieved, calm down, chill; (n) relief [‘calm again’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñagažoja</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> repeat, do again [‘again do.that’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñaja</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> leaf [*njaca]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñaja</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> dance [*njoc-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñaje</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> green [‘leafy’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñajed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dance as an art</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñajoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dancer</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñaka</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> hemp [*ŋaska]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñas</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> two [*njok]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñasnizia</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> edit, review [calque on Tž. ŋokješi from ‘two eyes’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñasnizio</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> editor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñašæca</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> mix, intermingle [‘two-three’, i.e. several things]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñat</b> </td> <td> <i> cj</i> </td> <td> so, therefore [poss. related to ‘know’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñauja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> close, shut; (without object) shut up [*ŋalj-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> speech, language </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñaya</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> speak, say [*njoŋ-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñayne</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> saying, proverb [dim. ‘speaking’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñayoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> speaker</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñaža</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> soft [*njatja]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñaɣoja</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> agree, consent [‘say same’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñaɣojoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Convener (head of the DU government) [calque on Tž. ašap]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñažed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> softness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñažoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wife [‘soft one’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñæda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> think, know (something); maintain, believe [*njet-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñædad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> science, scholarship, knowledge</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñædoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> scholar, scientist</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñæu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> river [*njel]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñæžæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> spirit, soul; mind [from ‘think’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñæžæne</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> spiritual; mental, of the mind</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñæžnoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> rational being, Thinking Kind</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñæɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> move [*njeɣ-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñeja</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> lie, rest, sleep; (v) lie down [*ŋec-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñejaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> sleepy; lazy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñeuɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> beard [*ŋeleɣ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñezli</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bird, esp. the chicken [*nesali]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñicim</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> far, distant [‘long path’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñicuz</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> yesterday [‘going day’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñin</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> field, farm [*ŋinj]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñinita</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> wander [redup. of ‘walk’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñinitoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wanderer, vagrant</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñinoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> farmer</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñit</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> path, way; direction</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñita</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> walk, go; leave [*ŋent-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñitoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> walker</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñiziu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> eye [*njisil]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ño-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> tentative mood</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñoga</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> strong </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñogad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> strength</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ños</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> jar, pitcher [W. ñok]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñosne</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> small jar, vial</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñouna</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> hunt [*ŋolusn-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñounoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> hunter</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñousa</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> glass [W. ŋolsau]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñousane</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> small glass</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñouse</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> glassy, made of glass</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñowa</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> throw, cast [imitative]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñoɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> wrong, incorrect [*ñoɣe]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñoɣad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wrongness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñum</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> head; front (side) [*njum-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñuma</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> father [from ‘head’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñuma</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> advance, move forward, march [from ‘head’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñumaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> fatherly, paternal</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñumio</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> boss, chief; sergeant</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñumur</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> unconscious, out of it [‘sand head’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñumarad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> unconsciousness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñuš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> shit, crap </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ñuše</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> shitty, crappy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> očæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> an Uṭandal [Tž. Učand]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> očæni</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Uṭandal</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> olaca</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> explain, define [X. auliac]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> omoc</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> idea, notion [X. ómuc]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> omudec </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> puzzle, riddle [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ora</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> come, arrive; appear; happen, proceed</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> oracuz</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> tomorrow [‘coming day’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> orañit</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> just, only [‘it happened’ + adverbial ending]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> orkira</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> assassinate, murder </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> orkiri</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> assassin, killer [Ax. orkirti]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> paba</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> babble, mutter; (slang) talk about [imitative]
<br/><i>Waga šæko pabar?</i> What’s the deal? </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pabitoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pagan (Jippirasti term) [Tž. papit]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> padra</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> old</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> padrad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> age, oldness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> padroi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> old person; (colloq.) boss</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> palat</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> civilization, culture [Tž. ‘politesse’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> palati</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> civilized, cultured</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pama</b> </td> <td> <i> vp</i> </td> <td> hear, listen; understand; (with me-) hear of [*pam-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pamoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> listener, (pl) audience</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pana</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> man (male only); husband[*pasnima]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Panak</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Fananak [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> panakis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Fananaki</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Paneli</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Feináe, Feidal [‘Fei place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> panda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> bless (in Jippirasti contexts) [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> panoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Fei person [Tž. Fan]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pauga</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> someone, somebody, something</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> paugel</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> somewhere [pauga + ‘place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> paun</b> </td> <td> <i> q</i> </td> <td> some [*paluŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pawa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> desire, want, love, be in love with; (with tentv) wish, hope for</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pawaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> desirable, lovable</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pawkas</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> eccentric, weird; (n) weirdo [Tž. pabakas ‘wild horse’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pažman</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> despotic, tyrannical [Tž. pašmandi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pažmanoi</b> </td> <td> <i> m</i> </td> <td> despot, tyrant</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pažwa</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lord, master; (medieval, or in context of Cuoli) king [W. paźiwa ‘king’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pažwad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lordliness, dominance; arrogance</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> oats [W. ba:n]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peda</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dish, plate [Ax. beida]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pedane</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> small dish; saucer</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pedarun</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dishwasher [‘dish-wash’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peja</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> steam [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pejwayna</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> steamship </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pegel</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> where [‘what place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peña</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> fear, be afraid</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peñoc</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> how much [*pek-ɣoc ‘which much’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Pereli</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Flora [‘flaid place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peri</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> flaid [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pes</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> which one [*pek]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peudo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> elcar; dwarf [Ax. beivito]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peudois</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> elcarin</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peudoñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Elkarîl (esp. the dialect spoken in the DU)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pezaw</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> clan (esp. a Tžuro one) [Tž. fsava]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> play, have fun; joke [*peɣ-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> peɣoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> player; joker, jester</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pidi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> grape [Ax. bidi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pima</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> harp [W. pirma]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> piña</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> five [*piŋa]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> piñal</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> fifth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> piobi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> paper; newspaper [W. piluvi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pioboi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> journalist, reporter</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pirda</b> </td> <td> <i> vp</i> </td> <td> wonder, marvel [*penut-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pirɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> hurt, harm [*peneɣ-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pirɣoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> predator</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pita</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> a division of Jippirasti [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> poka</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> fall, drop [imitative]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> poñit</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bicycle [Keb. pocnitnu, nativized]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> poriko</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> even, even though [‘true-it’s’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> porñæda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> know for sure, have proved [‘true-know’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> poru</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> true, correct [Ax. burun]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pori yes</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> porud</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> truth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> poyos</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> price, cost, value [Ax. boyok]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> poyosi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> pricey, costly, expensive</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> poɣ</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dust [*poɣ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> poɣe</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> dusty</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pula</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> hair, fur [*pulo]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pulaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> hairy, furry</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pulši</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> animated cartoon [Ismaîn pulṣi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> puno</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wood [*puɣno]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pune</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> wooden</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pura</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> butt, ass
<br/><i>ɣela puraz</i> get up [‘lift the buttocks’] </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> puroi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> (slang) mark, victim</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rabos</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cloth [W. ra:boak ‘bolt of cloth’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> raga</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> harvest [W. raka]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ranoric</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> nature, character [X. ranauric]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ranorice</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> typical, characteristic</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> raña</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> cry [imitative]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> raz</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> shell [*lasu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ræzdo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> magic [X. ransudo]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ræzdoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> magician, wizard, witch</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ræzdois</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> magical</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> reg</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> poem [Tž. ‘song, poem’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> regad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> poetry</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rena</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> care for, watch over, tend [*lesn-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> renaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> careful</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> renoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> caretaker, watcher</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Ræna</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lake Lenan [poss. Lenani]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rænoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Lenani</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> reiros</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> revolution [X. reyros]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> reirosi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> revolutionary</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riel</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> here [‘this place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riez</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> near, close by [‘here-ish’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riezad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> nearness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riezio</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> neighbor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riezyad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> neighborliness, friendliness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rijo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> room, cell [Ax. rijou]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rima</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> weave [Tž. rimi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Rima</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> a city in Sevisor [‘weaving’, its medieval specialty]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rimoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> weaver</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rila</b> </td> <td> <i> vp</i> </td> <td> see, observe; (colloq.) think of, notice [*lir-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rilac</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> observer</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rilsaj</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> camera [‘see machine’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riri</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> light, brightness [*lenali]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ririz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> bright</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riu</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> this [*lil]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> riusirk</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> advisor, consigliere [W. rilsirgu ‘eunuch’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rodu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> peace, calm [*lotan]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> roduz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> peaceful</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> roga</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> this one [‘this thing’]
<br/><i>roga ka-koga</i> with all that, all in all, all that said</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ronjim</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cheese [Tž. romajim]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ronjima</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> make cheese; (slang) make holes in</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ros</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> nation, country, state [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> rosis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> national; (DU) at the member level, not federal</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ruja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> poke; fuck [imitative]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> run</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> north [*luŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> run</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> 1728 [Tž. ruŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> runa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> wash, clean [‘apply water’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> runoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cleaner</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> runsaj</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dishwasher [‘wash machine’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ruwin</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> loom [W. ruwen]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ruɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> water [*lunu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ruɣe</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> watery, liquid</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sacas</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> clock [Tž. sačaš]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sacasoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> clockmaker</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sahut</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> movie, film [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sajaš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> machine [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sajašoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> robot, android [‘machine person’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> saka</b> </td> <td> <i> vp</i> </td> <td> like, please [Tž. saki ‘enjoy’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sakac</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> pleasing, nice</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> saloi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> general, commander [W. sela:i]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sarna</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> cook, fix food; cuisine [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sarnoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cook, chef</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sau</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> flat [*sal]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> saud</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> flatness; plain</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Saɣow</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> capital of Sevisor [poss. W. Saidau ‘center city’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> saɣowis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> of or from Saɣow</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sæcut</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Sačutu (Šureni) division of Jippirasti [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sæta</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> smile, laugh [*sant-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> border, boundary [Ax. zetu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sedoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> provincial, rustic</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sega (j)</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> (have a) smell, stink [*sik-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sewis</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> mountain range, mountains [Tž. sava plus Mei -is]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Sewisor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the Mei country; in Sevisre, Sevisor [‘the mountains’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sewisre</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> Sevisre, of Sevisor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sidu</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> weak [*kitil-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sidud</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> weakness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sima</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> bite, chew [*kim-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sipæl</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> senate [Ṭeôši simäpäl]
<br/><i>Rosis sipæl</i> the Sevisre senate</b>
<br/><i>Waniri sipæl</i> the Union Senate</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sipæloi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> senator</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> so-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> conditional mood</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sokloɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> drunkard, alcoholic [Tž. sukluj]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sokloɣad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> alcoholism</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> soñin</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> jade [W. soŋmiŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> soun</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> law, order [W. sa:un]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> soune</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> lawful, legal</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> soža</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> house, dwelling [*sosja]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> su</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> name [Cuolese]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sudakaš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> title [‘court name’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sugo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> nose; (slang) informant, stool pigeon [*suko]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sun</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> arrow [Ax. zunu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> suñæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bow [‘arrow thing’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> suɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bug, insect [*suɣ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> suya</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> name, call oneself [cf. su]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ša-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> not [*sja-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šabæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> oatmeal [W. śoba:n]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šabar</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> beer (from barley) [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šacuɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> remove, take out; throw out [‘un-grab’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šaga</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> finger [*tjaka]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šaga</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> point to, indicate; mean; use a finger on [‘finger’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šagabara</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> repair, fix [‘un-mess’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šaji</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> scales [W. ja:tuji]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šan</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> heat [*tjoŋu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šane</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> hot</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šancæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> liquor; rye beer [‘a drink’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šanum</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> fool, idiot, moron [‘no head’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šanumad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> idiocy, foolishness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šaña</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> fish [*sjakaŋa]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šañæda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> forget [‘not know’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šañoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> fisherman</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šarap</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cycle; eon, epoch, cosmic cycle [Ax. šarus]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šasa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> slap, spank [a softening of ‘hit’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šašæka</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> remain, stay (a long time) [redup. of ‘stand, be’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šat</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> no [from ša-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šaubri</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bottom [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šaubris</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> basic, fundamental</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šaɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> south [*sjaɣ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šaɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> hit, beat [*sjoɣ-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Šaɣuci</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Šiji or Ṣiḍḍi island [‘south island’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæ-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> causative prefix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæbak</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> scribe, writer [W. śebargu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæbaka</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> write [from ‘scribe’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæbakap</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> office [‘writing room’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæbawa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> disunite, break up [‘make disunited’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæbru</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> chapter, text [W. śebarul ‘scroll’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæbrune</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> paragraph [‘little text’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæc</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> three [*tjec]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæcæra</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> redden</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæceka</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> make cold; freeze</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæceya</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> embody, incarnate</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæceɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> ferment or spoil (something) [‘make rot’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæcina</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> stupefy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæciza</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> lighten (in weight or density)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæcusa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> sharpen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæji</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> night [*sjeki]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæka</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> stand; (v) stand up; be</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šækacaza</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> enrich</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šækela</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> bless; improve [‘make good’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šækirpa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> fatten</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šækoka</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> kill [‘cause to die’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šækuda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> break something</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šækulata</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> sicken, make ill</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæl</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> spine; keel [*tjel]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šælne</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pin, needle [‘little spine’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæl</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> third </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæmlana</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> make great, glorify</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæmowa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> rejuvenate, reform</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæn</b> </td> <td> <i> pp</i> </td> <td> above, over, on</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæna</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> get on top; master, win; conquer, defeat</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šænidrana</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> beautify</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šænis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> superior, located above; high, tall; next, later</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šænoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> winner, conqueror</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šænsaud</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> steppe, plateau [‘high plain’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæña</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> pretty, beautiful [*tjanja]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæñaža</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> soften</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæñeja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> put to sleep; be boring</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæñita</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> send (someone); make someone go [‘make go’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæñoga</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> strengthen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæñoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pretty girl</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæñoɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> get wrong; lead astray</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæpadra</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> age, make older</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šærcuz</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> noon, midday</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæri</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> middle, center [*sjani]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šærieza</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> bring closer</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šærila</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> show, point out, express [‘make see’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæririza</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> brighten</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæriz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> central, middle</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæroduza</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> pacify, bring peace</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šærsa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> govern, rule (esp. at a lower level) [*tanuk-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šærsoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> governor </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæruɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> melt (something)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæsawa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> flatten</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæsida</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> weaken</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæšana</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> heat up</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæršej</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> midnight</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæšima</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> lengthen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæšiza</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> reduce, make small</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæšura</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Šurenification, making things too Tžuro</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæwaca</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> unite, bring together</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæyaɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> put, place, set down [‘make sit’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæyæla</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> enlarge</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæyeuža</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> build, erect, make, construct [‘make work’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæyira</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> worsen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæyora</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> summon, send for [‘make come’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæyoɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> assimilate, make the same</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šega</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> drink [*tjaŋk-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šegne</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> drunkard</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šegned</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> drunkenness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Šegruɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Šinour river [Old Mei *Šeginur ‘drink-water’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šeuja</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> keep, treasure; barrel [*tjelj-]
<br/><i>šeuja ni jahaš</i> electric battery</b>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ši</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lake [*tji]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šic</b> </td> <td> <i> pp</i> </td> <td> without, lacking, off [*sjic, related to *sja- ‘not’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šicuz</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> never [‘no day’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šicwa</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> bare, naked [‘without one (item of clothing)’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šicyaɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> dispose of, get rid of, put away [‘away-sit’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šiel</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> nowhere [‘no place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šiga</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> no one, nobody, nothing [‘no thing’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šim</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> long [*tjim]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šimad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> length</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šimñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> telephone [‘long-speak’, calque on Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šimril</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> television [‘long see’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> širac</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> air, gas; mood [X. širc]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> širace</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> airy, gaseous</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> širaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> fast, quick [‘like wind/air?’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> širazed</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> quickness, speed</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Širazne</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the moon Naunai [dim. ‘fast’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> širo</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> hour [W. jiro]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> širois</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> hourly</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> širor</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> now; today [‘the hour’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šis</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> seven [Cuolese]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šisan</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> seventh</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šiu</b> </td> <td> <i> q</i> </td> <td> no (things), not any, none [cf. ša- ‘not’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šiwæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> string, cord, wire [‘long’ + -æn]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šiza</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> small, little [*tjisa]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šizad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> smallness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šizoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> child; boy, young girl [‘small one’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šiɣua</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> reject; denounce, protest [‘spit out’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> tree [*tjol]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šudoad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> middlingness, mediocrity</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šudoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> mediocre person, loser [Tž. šundo ‘middling horse’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šuka</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> have sex with [*sjusk-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Šura</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Skouras, Šura [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Šurakor</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the Skourene Sea</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šuris</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Skourene or Šureni</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šus</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> stone [*tjuk]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šuse</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> stony</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šusne</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pebble</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tada</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> baby [babytalk]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> takra</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> end, finish</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> takri</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> last, final [X. tagri]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tarat</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> magic spell [Tž. ‘Skourene syllabary’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> taratoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> stage or fake magician</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tauže</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> four [*talusje]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> taužel</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> fourth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> taɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> 36 [*taŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tæred</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bad omen, jinx [Tž. terad ‘omen’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tæredis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> ominous</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tæsu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> gelding [Tž. tensu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tætir</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Jippirasti syllabary [Tž. tettir]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tec </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Xurnese System measure of temperature (.44 °C) [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tegendi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> damned, cursed [X. ‘pathless’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tegruna</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> outer space [Tž. teŋkruna]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tegrunim</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> space moon [Tž. teŋkrunim]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tegrunoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> astronaut</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Tei</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the Tei people</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> teiñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> the Tei language</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tej</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> a Jippirasti empire [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Tejori</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Jecuor island [Ax. Deijubori]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Teland</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> city in Belšai, capital of DU [prob. OS teḷand ‘craftsman’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> telandi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> of or from Teland</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> teš </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> mange [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tešis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> mangy</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> teu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> weft (of loom) [Ax. tel]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> teuda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> judge, decide [*telet-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> teudoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> judge</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> teza</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> shave, cut (hair) [Tž. tezi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tezoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> barber</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ti</b> </td> <td> <i> pp</i> </td> <td> after [*ti]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tiblas</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> army [Ax. tibelax]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tiblasi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> military</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tiga</b> </td> <td> <i> cj</i> </td> <td> afterward, then [‘after that’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tikeli</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> hell [Tž. itikali, partially nativized]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tin</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dawn, morning [*tiŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tird</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> face; front [*tiratu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tireu</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> male, masculine [*tenel]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tireud</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> masculinity</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tisauña</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> respond, answer [‘after-say’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tizja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> flow, run (water) [*tisic-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> todosa</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> shudder, shiver; worry; care about [imitative]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tok</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> blue [*tosk]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toi</b> </td> <td> <i> q</i> </td> <td> all, every, each; both [*tol]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toicuz</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> always, at all times [‘all day’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toiga</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> everyone, everybody, everything [‘all thing’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toimalac</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> complete, thorough [‘all full’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toimalaced</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> completeness, thoroughness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Toiros</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> (classical) the world; (modern) Ereláe [‘all lands’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> totok</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> click, tap; telegraph</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> totoka</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> click, tap</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> touga</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> whale [Ax. douga]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tour</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> season (of year) [W. taur]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> touzi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> court of law [Ax. douzi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> touzoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> clerk (of a court)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toyel</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> everywhere [‘all place’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Trelas </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Tyellakh [Munkhâshi Trêlag]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tuga</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> rye [W. tuka]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tuksa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> teach, instruct [Ax. duxi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tuksoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> teacher, professor</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tulis</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> genitals (genteel term) [Ax. dulis]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tuma</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> bend; wrap [*tulum-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> turba</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> rub, caress; massage [*turab-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tuwa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> cross [*tulu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tuzu</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> slave [W. duzul]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Udan</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Uytai [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wa</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> one; (as mass quantifier) whole [*mjo]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wacuz</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> sometime; once</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waga</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> what [*mjoka ‘thing’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waji</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> island [*mjoci]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wac</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> united, at one</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waced</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> unity, union
<br/> <i> Waced nirez</i> Democratic Union (DU)</b>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wacuɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> fork [‘grabber’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wad</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> we, us (Sevisre)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wag</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> you (s.) (Sevisre)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wamisi</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> simple, clear [‘one word’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wamuc</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> shaft, axle [‘turner’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waniri</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> of or from the DU; federal [Waced nirez]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waño</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> I, me (Sevisre)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> watez</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> razor, shaver </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> watum</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> wrapper; skirt, loincloth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waye</b> </td> <td> <i> pr</i> </td> <td> you (pl.) (Sevisre)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wayma</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> ship [W. wa:ima]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waɣ</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> six [*baŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> eat [*mjaɣ-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waɣap</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> restaurant [‘eatery’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> waɣar</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> sixth</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wæda</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> sister [*mjeta]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wæm</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> lip [*mjeme]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wæn</b> </td> <td> <i> pp</i> </td> <td> below, under [*mjeŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wænis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> inferior, located below; previous</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wæñiziu</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> obvious; (adv) of course, naturally [‘under one’s eyes’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wænrij</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> basement, cellar [‘under-room’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wedoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> a Wede:i person [nativization of W. wede:i]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Weires</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Inex, capital of Xurno [Ax. Weinex]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wenis</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> fort, castle [W. we:niz]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wor</b> </td> <td> <i> pp</i> </td> <td> before [*mjur]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> worana</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> grandmother [‘before-mother’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> worñuma</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> grandfather [‘before-father’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wuga</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> deer [*mjuka]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yac</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> west [*pjoc]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yacoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> westerner, esp. Xurnese</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yas</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> flea [*pjok]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yata</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> year [*pjasta]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yaɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> sit, (v) sit down [*pjaɣ-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yæ</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> jewel, gem [Cuolese yé]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yædaɣ </b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> awake [*pjetaɣ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yædaɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> wake</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yæla</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> big, large; (adv) very [*pjele]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yæni</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> swamp, marsh [W. yeni:]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yæniz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> swampy; nasty, horrible</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yæp</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> cup, glass [Elkarîl lyêp]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yæri</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> boat [*pjenali]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yæyæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bottle, glass jar [‘glass’ + æn]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ye-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> causative, alternative to šæ- [Tž.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yetor</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> stinky, terrible smelling [Ax. veturi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yeuža</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> work, craft; be functioning or on; (workplaces) be open; serve as [*pjeletj-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yeuželi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> workshop; workplace</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yeužoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> worker, craftsman</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Yior</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Yuor, capital of Cuoli [W. Yewor]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yoko</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> second [W.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yokoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> aunt [‘second (parent)’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yokrin</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> vinegar [W. yokriŋ]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> zenisa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> ask, question [X. zenise]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> zenisaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> interrogative; curious, full of questions; perplexed</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> Zuno</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Xurno [X.]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> zunoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Xurnese person</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> zunoñay</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> Xurnese language</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> žaga</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> trust, delegate [Tž. žraŋi]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> žisa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> miss (e.g. an arrow); lose, misplace [imitative]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣaca</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> earth; (esp. with definite) Almea [*ɣacala]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣacañit</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> subway [‘earth way’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣag</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> dog [*ɣark, or perhaps imitative]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣan</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> side, flank</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣanoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> companion, friend</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣapal</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> unwise; uneducated [Tž. hafal ‘fool’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣaɣa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> hate [*ɣaɣap- ‘vomit’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣæru</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> tongue [*ɣanu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣe-</b> </td> <td> <i> pfx</i> </td> <td> progressive mood</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yeja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> massage [Tž. yedaji]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣega</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> flower [*ɣeka]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣegaz</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> flowery</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣeja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> live, reside [*ɣec-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣejoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> resident, inhabitant</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣeko</b> </td> <td> <i> adv</i> </td> <td> OK, that’s good [prog. prefix + ko]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣela</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> rise, lift up [*ɣel-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣen</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> brave</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣenad</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> bravery</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣeñag(ažoj)</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> machine gun [‘repeating’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣezda</b> </td> <td> <i> ve</i> </td> <td> sweat [*ɣenja-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣiñæn</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> linen [*ɣenjan]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣira</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> sing [*ɣin-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣiro</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> flax [*ɣeno]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣiroi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> singer</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣoc</b> </td> <td> <i> q</i> </td> <td> much, many [*ɣoc]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣoced</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> amount, size, quantity [‘muchness’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣol</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> horse [Tž. hol]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣoloi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> rider</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣoja</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> do that, do so [*ɣoc-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣojis</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> same; (with adjectives) just as</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣordi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> plant [*ɣorati]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣoro</b> </td> <td> <i> #</i> </td> <td> billion (1012) [Xurnese System for-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣowa</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> burn [*ɣol-]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣozda</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> pursue, chase [*ɣosotu]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣozdoi</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> pursuer</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣua</b> </td> <td> <i> v</i> </td> <td> spit [imitative]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣuj</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> crap, snot, pus [Tž. huj ‘phlegm’]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣuje</b> </td> <td> <i> a</i> </td> <td> crappy, snotty</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ɣuzma</b> </td> <td> <i> n</i> </td> <td> mountain [*ɣusuma]</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
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