|
Server : Apache/2.4.62 System : FreeBSD fbsdweb2.web.rcn.net 14.1-RELEASE FreeBSD 14.1-RELEASE releng/14.1-n267679-10e31f0946d8 GENERIC amd64 User : www ( 80) PHP Version : 8.3.8 Disable Function : NONE Directory : /domains/markrose/mars/ |
Upload File : |
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text-html; charset=utf-8">
<TITLE>Modern Hanying</TITLE>
<style>
body
{margin-left: 40px;
margin-right: 40px;
font-family:"Calibri";}
h2
{margin-top: 15px;
margin-bottom: 15px;
margin-left: 40px;
color:#FFFF00;}
h3
{color:#9C8900;}
h4
{color:#9C8900;}
h5
{color:#9C8900;}
h6
{color:#9C8900;}
c-o
{color:#A09000;}
c-mhc
{color:#006000;
font-weight:bold;}
c-lh
{color:#003800;
font-weight:bold;}
u
{color:#B00000;
text-decoration:none;}
tt
{font-family:"Calibri";
color:Green;
font-weight:bold;}
</style>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#F2EED1">
<h1>Modern Hanying • <img src="hy-haeyeng.png" align="absmiddle"></h1>
<center><img src="Hanying_modern.jpg">
<br/><a href="#Introduction"><b>Introduction</b></a> - <i>
<a href="#History">History</a> -
<a href="#improved">Mars, improved</a> -
<a href="#diversity">Language diversity</a> -
<a href="#apaf">APAF</a> </i>
<br/><a href="#Phonology"><b>Phonology</b></a> -<i>
<a href="#Stress">Stress</a> -
<a href="#Writing">Writing system</a></i>
<br/><a href="#Morphology"><b>Morphology</b></a> -<i>
<a href="#Verbs">Verbs</a> -
<a href="#Pronouns">Pronouns</a> -
<a href="#Nouns">Nouns</a> -
<a href="#Numbers">Numbers</a> -
<a href="#Adpositions">Adpositions</a> -
<a href="#Derivational">Derivations</a> -
<a href="#Gender">Gender</a></i>
<br/><a href="#Syntax"><b>Syntax</b></a> - <i>
<a href="#Arguments">Arguments</a> -
<a href="#Yes">Questions</a> -
<a href="#Interrogatives">Interrogatives</a> -
<a href="#Negatives">Negatives</a> -
<a href="#NP">NP order</a> -
<a href="#copula">Copula</a> -
<a href="#Possession">Possession</a> -
<a href="#Conjunctions">Conjunctions</a> -
<a href="#Double">Double verbs</a> -
<a href="#Subordination">Subordination</a> -
<a href="#passive">Passive</a> -
<a href="#Datives">Datives</a> -
<a href="#naming">Naming</a> -
<a href="#Relative">Relativization</a> -
<a href="#Time">Time and place</a> -
<a href="#Comparatives">Comparatives</a> -
<a href="#if">Conditionals </a> -
<a href="#Implants">Interjections</a> </i>
<br/><a href="#Sample"><b>Sample texts</b></a> - <i>
<a href="#Diamond">Diamond Sutra</a> -
<a href="#Earth">About Earth</a> -
<a href="#geka">Mars Exchange</a> </i>
<br/><a href="#Lexicon"><b>Lexicon</b></a>
</center>
<blockquote><i><b>Note</b>: The map above shows the major cities of Mars as of 4901. The map shows elevation, which is relevant to terraforming status. Cities are color-coded by language: white = Hanying, yellow = Portunhol, blue = Mars Swahili, light green = Marindi.</i>
<p><i>—Mark Rosenfelder, Jan. 2019</i></blockquote>
<table width="100%" border=0 cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr bgcolor="#862900"><td><h2><a name="Introduction">Introduction</a></h2></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" height="30"></td></tr>
</table>
Modern Hanying (MH, <b>Hæyeŋ</b>) is the descendant of <a href="hanying.html">Hanying Creole</a> (HC), and the native language of more than half of Mars. By AD 4901, when <a href="../apaf.html"><i>Against Peace and Freedom</i></a> opens, it has 2.5 billion native speakers, more than any Douane language besides Bèwà, the language of northern China.
<p>It is the language of Areopolis (<b>Ugéheni</b>), the capital and largest city on Mars. Areopolis is also the seat of the <a href="../incatena.html">Incatena</a>, whose official languages are Hanying and Sihorian Franca. Both facts give MH a huge number of second language speakers, at least a billion more.
<p>In this document, ancestral HC words are written in <tt>green</tt>, MH words in <b>black</b>.
<h3><a name="History">History</a></h3>
See <a href="hanying.html">Hanying Creole</a> for the origins of Hanying as an English-Chinese pidgin by 2100, and its development as a creole over the next century.
<p>In the 22C the largest influx of settlers was Brazilian, and they relexified (most of) Hanying. The linguistic question of the day was whether decreolization would proceed, perhaps leading to replacement by standard Portuguese. But Brazilians, though powerful, were a minority, and there was solid resistance to using Portuguese. Instead Hanying itself was standardized, and was more and more taken as the ‘language of Mars’. Over the centuries it even took over in the cities that once spoke Martian Mandarin (<b>ugéheŋ</b>).
<p>(One reason for this may be the striking loss of phonetic distinctions in <b>ugéheŋ</b>: tones and distinctions between fricatives were lost, and as Chinese characters were no longer used, this resulted in extreme levels of ambiguity. Though this was alleviated by compounding, it was easier to just use Hanying instead.)
<p>A simple sentence will show the dramatic evolution of Hanying:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>Old Hanying </td><td><b><span style="color:CornflowerBlue;">Olayu fainkam bai Hwokoni!</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Hanying Creole </td><td><tt>Bẽvĩdu bai Wokoni!</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td>Later Hanying </td><td><c-lh>Bevĩru bəi Uwehöni lenye!</c-lh></td></tr>
<tr><td>Modern Hanying </td><td><b>Beiru Ugéheni leye!</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>Welcome to Areopolis!</i></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
Let’s trace the evolution of two words in more detail. The word for ‘Areopolis’ originates from Mandarin <i>Huǒxīng</i> ‘Mars’ + English <i>colony</i>.
<blockquote><table>
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> ‘Areopolis’</td> <td> ‘city’ </td> <td> sound change </td> <td> period </td> <td> date </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b><span style="color:CornflowerBlue;">Hwokoni</span></b></td> <td> <b><span style="color:CornflowerBlue;">koni</span></b> </td> <td></td> <td> Old Hanying </td> <td> 2100 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <tt>Wokoni</tt></td> <td></td> <td> hw → w </td> <td> Hanying Creole</td> <td>2200 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <c-mhc>Woköni</c-mhc></td> <td><c-mhc>köni</c-mhc> </td> <td> o → ö / _Ci </td> <td>Mature Hanying Creole </td> <td> 2500</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> <c-mhc>kwöni</c-mhc> </td> <td> ö → wö /k_ </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <c-mhc>Wohöni</c-mhc></td> <td> </td> <td> k → h / V_V</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <c-lh>Uwéhöni</lh></td> <td> </td> <td>o → we / #C_ </td> <td> Later Hanying </td> <td> 2700</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> <c-lh>pöni</c-lh> </td> <td> kw → p </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <c-lh>Ugéhöni</lh></td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> w → g / V_V </td> <td> Early Modern Hanying </td> <td> 3000 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b>Ugéheni</b></td> <td> <b> peni</b> </td> <td> ö → e </td> <td>Modern Hanying </td> <td> 4500 </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The history of MH extends over 2700 years; but the most dramatic changes all occurred in the first 700 years, before 3000. The reason is simple: the extension of human lifetimes. By 3000, lifetimes were over 250 years; by 4900 they approach a thousand years. Where there were once three generations per century, there are now three per millennium, and the young people who drive change are a tiny fraction of the population. Sound change has therefore slowed down significantly.
<p>The period names are of course those used by linguists; the language has always been called by its speakers something cognate to <i>Hanying</i>.
<p>The major changes from HC can be summarized:
<ul>
<li>Weakening of consonants intervocalically
<li>Umlaut of <b>o/u</b> before <b>i</b>
<li>Rearrangement of the vowel system in stressed syllables. The high vowels lowered, the mid vowels broke (cf. <b>ö → wö</b> above), and a fronted to <b>æ</b>.
<li>Fortition of several fricatives intervocalically— above, <b>w → g</b>.
<li>Intolerance of consonant clusters in the Later Hanying period (<tt>gosta</tt> → <b>ɣosat</b>)
<li>Loss of <b>l</b> and <b>v</b> between vowels
<li>Loss of final -<b>a</b> and weakening of final -<b>e</b> to -<b>ə</b>, among other vowel lenitions
<li>Extensive consonantal changes, e.g. initial <b>d → l</b>, final <b>k</b> → <b>ʔ</b>
<li>Derounding of the umlauted vowels
</ul>
These changes particularly affected the verb complex, which was treated as a single phonological word and acquired quite a bit of inflectional complexity. It’s also seen with nouns, however— compare the path of <tt>koni</tt> in the two words above.
<p>Note that these sound changes are no longer productive, so (for instance) consonant clusters have re-arisen, and newer borrowings like <b>Okurə</b> don’t have the <b>k → h</b> change.
<h3><a name="improved">Mars, improved</a></h3>
The population of Mars grew slowly, through settlement and internal growth, while Earth recovered from the Collapse. It joined the Douane (<b>Loyæn</b>) in the 2500s, before most of the nations of Eurasia. Mars received a boost from the exploitation of asteroid, gas giant, and cometary resources, since it was the nearest habitable world, and from its cheap energy: with its large empty spaces, it was far easier to install mega-sized solar panels than on Earth.
<p>When the Incatena (<b>Ikazen</b>) was founded, in the early 2700s, Novorossiya and Euko insisted that it not be based on Earth. Luna was not a Douane member, so that left Mars. This was not at first greatly consequential, but as the Incatena grew, it was a major factor in Mars’s growth. Mars became the financial and legal center of the Incatena, and the Mars Exchange (<b>Nægeh</b>) the premier trading venue in the solar system.
<p>From the 2800s, terraforming (<b>mehveži</b>)— pioneered on Earth to reverse the effects of global warming— was applied on large scale to Mars. The long-term project was to greatly increase the atmosphere and restore the planet’s magnetosphere. The technologies used were, for the most part, not predictable by 21C science. It can be said that early modern science relied on the mastery of electomagnetism, while Incatena science relied on the mastery of gravity and dark matter.
<p>At the same time, the introduction of the Tajima energy screen (<b>tæžim</b>) allowed construction of domes (<b>umeyušu</b>) directly on the surface, as opposed to the largely underground building of previous centuries. Erecting and maintaining the Tajima superstructure was expensive, but less so than excavation. The domes protected against radiation and dust storms, and allowed more personal space as well as the first large-scale experiments in growing plants directly in Martian soil.
<p>Early terraforming was devoted to the main impediments to settlement: the extreme cold and punishing radiation at the surface. It was not at first a goal to make the atmosphere breathable, and in fact during this stage it was highly toxic, as its composition was chosen for rapid warming.
<p>The next stage could begin by 3200: making the atmosphere suitable for plants. This was as much a matter of botany as physics: the plants were modified to fit the atmosphere; the atmosphere was modified to fit the plants. By about 3500 lowlands such as the Valles Marineris, Isidis Planitia, and Hellas Planitia could be used as cropland, and Mars experienced a huge population boom.
<p>Tajima screen technology also improved— screens could now extend over a kilometer. However, heating all that space was impractical; the main effect was to create a breathable but wintry ‘outside’ (<b>wəimei</b>) within Martian cities. This could be used for gardens, agriculture, industry, sports, or storage, but not directly for living or working space.
<p>By 4900, as it was commonly said, Mars was able to uncomfortably support a population of four billion. You still couldn’t walk in the ‘real outside’ without an oxygen tank and special protection, even in the lowest areas of Mars. On the other hand, the protections needed were minimal compared to Luna, or Antarctica, or outer space. The atmosphere was about a tenth of Earth’s density, and no longer corrosive. In the lowlands, there were now forests, lakes, and animals, and they were dignified with the name <b>ogəi</b> ‘ecosphere’, as opposed to the forbidding highlands (<b>wəiheni</b>).
<p>Politically, Mars retained the political progressiveness of the post-Collapse era long after Earth became more divided and difficult. An Earth state can regress into plutocracy or war, because its failure state is depression and chaos, but people can still scramble for a living and not harm the rich too much. The failure state of a space colony, even after Mars’s level of terraforming, is habitat collapse and genocide.
<p>Nonetheless, as it’s grown more populous and wealthy, it became more ‘human-normal’. There is an actual market sector; there are rich people and poor people; there were some epochs of colossal corruption or stupidity. Still, modern socionomics (<b>weninomi</b>) ensures that things don’t regress too far.
<p>It’s hard to be more specific about ideology, because packages of policies are a thing of the past, a relic of voters electing a single person to represent them. The populace is now consulted more often and more directly, and each issue is decided separately. At the same time, socionomic experience and AI modeling raise the bar for novelties. “Politician” is a word like “alchemist”, someone who takes their sociological fantasies as realities. Under socionomics, it’s very hard to invent a new system; you simply choose from the solutions that have been worked out over the last two millennia.
<h3><a name="diversity">Language diversity in the Incatena</a></h3>
In our international society, the major standard languages spread and spread, endangering even languages with millions of speakers. This does not (always) happen in the Incatena, for several reasons.
<p>One is technology: machine translation is so good that you can readily communicate, in speech or writing, with speakers of other languages. You can even have the translator in your neurimplant (<b>nəumo</b>), so it’s always available.
<p>There are still a few drawbacks— delays, problems with puns or poetry, a worry that nuances are being left out. You get the best results if you wait for a sentence to be completed; as this is psychologically difficult, most people turn on the partial results option, which in effect produces a medium-level gloss as someone speaks, followed by a full or partial edit as the sentence is completed.
<p>The next level is to get a language-specific implant. This in effect gives you an entire dictionary and inflecting app in your brain. With a little training— not so much learning the language as learning the neurimplant— you can both speak and understand without delays. The implant will even helpfully point out puns and wordplay.
<p>Or, you know, you can just learn the language. When lifetimes approach a thousand years, you have plenty of time. Plus, during that time, you’re likely to live in different countries (or habitats or planets), for work, study, or fun.
<p>On the other hand, language encroachment is something that socionomics has studied over millennia, and knows how to address if people want it addressed. As a typical instance, the Martian cities that speak Marindi (<b>Ogirušo</b>, native <i>Lohiddi</i>) wish to preserve their language, and take steps such as these:
<ul>
<li>instruction in MH is not given till university, and even undergraduate instruction (outside of language classes) is in Marindi
<li>certain professionals (e.g. judges, doctors, teachers) must actually speak Marindi, rather than (e.g.) speaking MH and letting their hearers use neurimplants to understand
<li>public signage is almost entirely in Marindi
<li>government and business must be conducted in Marindi: you must be able to pursue any government or commercial transaction in Marindi, with no neurimplants installed
<li>there is extensive government support for artistic production in Marindi
<li>there is extensive scholarly investigation of the language, so that machine translation is as accurate as possible and quickly reflects language change
</ul>
None of this prevents MH speakers from visiting or working in the Marindi cities, or Marindi speakers from learning and using MH. But it provides just enough friction to prevent MH from taking over.
<p>All these measures, by the way, have robust public support. A characteristic of Incatena society is a fierce but friendly attachment to local or chosen identities (<b>šunso</b>). The ideal is not a melting pot where everyone lives the same way and speaks the same language and listens to the same music. It’s a riot of diversity where people can embrace local fashion— or a non-local fashion that appeals to them more— without fighting with everyone else about it.
<h3><a name="apaf">The language of APAF</a></h3>
<i>Against Peace and Freedom</i> is not a translation from a particular text; it’s a story set in the 50C written in 21C English. Nonetheless Morgan’s native language is Modern Hanying, and the story as we have it is largely based on Morgan’s notes and memoirs. The language of these sources is mostly MH, but there is quite a bit in Okurinese and New Bharati.
<p>It will be evident, to those who read both this grammar and the novel, that almost none of the terms are direct representations of MH, or even HC. This is intentional: the intention was to emphasize the continuity of human civilization and not exoticize aspects of its core in the solar system. It would be jarring to refer to <b>Ugéheni</b> rather than <i>Areopolis</i>, or <b>šeɣoš</b> rather than <i>volant</i>. Or for that matter <b>Weragən</b> rather than <i>Morgan</i>.
<p>Thus most cultural and technological terms are based on what is to us the next few centuries— to Morgan, the far past. For example:
<ul>
<li><i>Incatena</i> is based on Portuguese <i>Incátena</i>, itself a 27C pseudo-Latin coinage. The MH is <b>Ikazen</b>.
<li>The <i>Douane</i> began as a customs union in 22C Africa, and its name is the French word for ‘customs’. This was calqued into HC as <tt>Dwana</tt>, which is <b>Loyæn</b> in MH.
<li>One of the few MH words in the book is <b>kæf</b> ‘coffee’, anglicized as <i>caf</i>.
<li>The Vee is an anglicization of HC <tt>vi</tt>. MH has incorporated the article: <b>Naə</b>.
<li><i>Sihor</i> was the Egyptian name for Sirius. Old and alternative names for stellar bodies were often repurposed, and the name was applied to the main planet of ε Indi. The MH is <b>Seʔor</b>.
<li><i>Quickship</i> is a calque on <b>mezutəin</b>.
<li><i>Neurimplant</i> is a calque on <b>nəumo</b>, partly for the sound. (‘Brain mod’ would be a more literal calque. <b>Nəu</b> is not from 'neural' but from Mandarin <i>nǎo</i>.)
<li><i>Socionomics</i> represents <b>weninomi</b>, which is indeed ‘society’ + ‘-nomy’, but the first root comes from <b>wenis</b> ‘Armonista’, ultimately from Portuguese <i> harmonia</i>.
<li><i>Skweeoo</i> represents several 29C words, such as Later Hanying <c-lh>skwiu</c-lh>; the regular MH derivation, showing the kw → p sound change, is <b>səpíu</b>.
<li>The Dzebyet, encountered in the 34C, have two sets of vocal cords, so most human languages had to pick and choose between the two sets to interpret their autonym. <c-lh>Dzebyet</c-lh> was the representation in Later Hanying. This became <b>Šəyégit</b> in MH.
<li>A few words (<i>vek, mec, gloopy, holo, volant</i>) are simply carried over from my previous (and unpublished) novel set in the same timeline, <i>The Fire Shall Try</i>. They represent the intercultural stew of the late 21C and generally have direct HC equivalents.
</ul>
<p>For Okurinese words, I’ve made some attempt to represent future sound changes— e.g. <i>Haikoa</i> derives from <i>Hayakawa</i>, and <i>sainara</i> ‘goodbye’ from <i>sayonara, ewa</i> ‘peace’ from <i>heiwa, shome</i> ‘neighborhood’ from <i>chomei</i>. Some words directly reflect Okurinese: <i>Okura, Kumari, o-san, oji</i>. But quite a few names or terms are just 21C Japanese (e.g. <i>Goro, Yukio, Atami, Tarō</i>).
<p>Similarly, 20C Mandarin is used for Chinese-derived words: <i>Zhou, Ba, pigu</i>. The planet Qeng is a later form of <i>qīng</i> ‘green’. The name <i>Shr</i> represents Mandarin <i>shì</i> ‘strength’, altered to better suggest the pronunciation and make puns with ‘sure’. The 50C word is actually <i>Rr</i>, that is, a vocalic [r:], and the pun is on Okurinese <i>(ə)r</i> ‘huh?’ from Japanese are.
<p>New Bharati derives from Hindī, but is as much changed as MH is from HC; for approachability, names are either Hindī or approximated to it.
<table width="100%" border=0 cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr><td colspan="5" height="30"></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#862900"><td><h2><a name="Phonology">Phonology</a></h2></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>Consonants</h4>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#C0C080"><td><i></i></td><td><i>Labial</i></td> <td><i>Dental</i></td><td><i>Alveolar</i></td><td><i>Velar</i></td><td><i>Glottal</i></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#C0C080"><i>Plosive</i></td><td><b>p b </b></td><td><b>t d </b></td><td><b></b></td><td><b>k g </b></td><td><b>ʔ </b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#C0C080"><i>Fricative</i></td><td><b>f v </b></td><td><b>s z </b></td><td><b>š ž </b></td><td><b>ɣ </b></td><td><b>h </b></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#C0C080"><i>Nasals</i></td><td><b>m </b></td><td><b>n </b></td><td><b></b></td><td><b>ŋ </b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#C0C080"><i>Liquids</i></td><td><b></b></td><td><b>l </b></td><td><b>r </b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#C0C080"><i>Semivowels</i></td><td><b>w </b></td><td><b></b></td><td><b>y </b></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4>Vowels</h4>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#C0C080"><td><i></i></td><td><i>Front</i></td><td><i>Central</i></td><td><i>Back</i></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#C0C080"><i>High</i></td><td><b>i </b></td><td><b></b></td><td><b>u </b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#C0C080"><i>Close</i></td><td><b>e </b></td><td><b>ə </b></td><td><b>o </b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#C0C080"><i>Low</i></td><td><b>æ </b></td><td><b></b></td><td><b>a </b></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
New sounds <b>ɣ ʔ æ ə</b> have developed, and <tt>č j ñ</tt> have disappeared. But quite a few sound changes have simply rearranged the phonology. E.g. initial <tt>d</tt> changed to <b>l</b>, but a new initial <b>d</b> developed from <tt>j</tt>. Nasalization has been lost, but it protected vowels from the dramatic changes that affected the other vowels.
<p>HC’s <tt>x</tt> is here written <b>š</b>. HC was written in an alphabet we would find readable, so continuity was a virtue. MH’s alphabet is different enough that we’re dealing with a romanization, and <b>š</b> is clearer.
<h3><a name="Stress">Stress</a></h3>
Stress is predictable in MH, though difficult. It’s not actually indicated in the writing system, but I’ve indicated stress (with acute accents) for clarity.
<p>With verbs, stress follows the pattern found below, which is mostly predictable from the idea that the root is stressed—unless there are two non-personal prefixes, in which case one of those is stressed, usually the second one.
<p>In nominal morphology, the prefix never takes stress, so whatever syllable is stressed in the citation form stays stressed.
<p>Other than that, the first syllable of a root is stressed— unless it was added by sound change. So <b>Ugéheni</b> < <tt>Wokoni</tt> ‘Areopolis’, <b>Təyéh</b> < <tt>Texa</tt> ‘Earth’.
<h3><a name="Writing">Writing system</a></h3>
The Hanying alphabet, in the same format as the phonological tables:
<center><img src="hy-phono.png"></center>
For more information <a href="hanying-alphabet.html">see this page</a>.
<p>The Hanying alphabet is about a thousand years out of date. That is, it was reformed in the 39C, and that was after a two-century-long debate. In terms of the words above, we’re talking about people who said <c-lh>Ugéhöni</c-lh> and spelled it <Wohöni>, and considered any change barbaric. The problem with making any change in a long-lived society is that the vast majority of people are old, and if you wait a century the same people are in charge and haven’t changed their minds. Fortunately most don’t stay in their jobs more than <i>two</i> centuries, so eventually reform was accepted. But it was such a hassle that it hasn’t been tried again.
<p>In practical terms this means:
<ul>
<li>Umlauts are still represented: <b>Ugéheni</b> is still spelled <Ugehöni>.
<li>Intervocalic v is still written: <b>meyir</b> ‘I live’ is <mevir>.
<li>We still write <b>ñ</b> in certain words, e.g. <b>veyu</b> ‘wine’ is <veñu>
<li>Final <b>ə</b> is written <a>, e.g. <Okura>
<li>Word-final <b>ʔ</b> is written <k>, e.g. <b>yeʔ</b> ‘mec’ is <yek>.
</ul>
The <b>ʔ</b> issue is actually a failure of the 39C reform: people said <b>yeʔ</b> but insisted they didn’t, partly because there was a highly stigmatized pronunciation <b>ye</b> as well. The reformers capitulated, reasoning that final <b>k</b> was not used anyway.
<p>This grammar ‘corrects’ the above issues to reflect actual pronunciation, which is well documented.
<table width="100%" border=0 cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr><td colspan="5" height="30"></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#862900"><td><h2><a name="Morphology">Morphology</a></h2></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" height="30"></td></tr>
</table>
MH has developed a strong morphology, relying almost entirely on prefixing.
<h3><a name="Verbs">Verbs</a></h3>
A fairly complex verb has developed from the late HC verbal complex, as independent words have been reinterpreted as prefixes.
<p>The general order is:
<blockquote>
person + negative + tense + irrealis + root
</blockquote>
<p>In addition there are special forms (progressive and imperative) that don’t match this model.
<p>The stress accent is movable, but always follows the same patterns.
<p>This section will concentrate on morphology rather than usage, to serve better as a reference for word-building.
<h4>Lexical forms</h4>
The lexicon lists the main root of the verb— e.g. <b>han</b> ‘see’. This is the form used as a basis for most verb-building.
<p>However the lexicon will give 2 or 3 other forms. These are:
<ul>
<li>The infinitive, used in double-verb constructions— e.g. <b>kæn</b>
<li>The progressive root, used to form the progressive— e.g. <b>haiye</b>
<li>The imperative, e.g <b>kæl</b>
</ul>
These are largely predictable from the HC form, but of course MH speakers don’t learn HC! So the lexicon will give two of these forms, and the imperative if it’s irregular.
<h4>Personal prefixes</h4>
The prefixes derive from the HC pronouns.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> s</td> <td> pl</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 1</td> <td> <b> me</b> </td> <td> <b> we</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 2</td> <td> <b> sə</b> </td> <td> <b> sə</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3</td> <td> <b> lə</b> </td> <td> <b> lə</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Note that number is distinguished only in the first person.
<p>So the basic conjugation of e.g. <b>han</b> ‘see’ is
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> mehán</b> </td> <td> I see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wehán</b> </td> <td> we see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> səhán</b> </td> <td> you see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ləhán</b> </td> <td> he/she/it sees, they see</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h4>Tense</h4>
The past tense prefix is <b>ze</b>:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> mezehán</b> </td> <td> I saw</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wezehán</b> </td> <td> we saw</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> səzehán</b> </td> <td> you saw</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ləzehán</b> </td> <td> he/she/it/they saw</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The future tense prefix is <b>u</b> for 1st person, <b>yo</b> for the others:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> meuhán</b> </td> <td> I will see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> weuhán</b> </td> <td> we will see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> səyohán</b> </td> <td> you will see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ləyohán</b> </td> <td> he/she/it/they will see</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h4>Negative</h4>
The negative prefix is <b>n</b> when it precedes the root, but <b>ná</b> when other prefixes occur after it.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> menhán</b> </td> <td> I don’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wenhan</b> </td> <td> we don’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sənhán</b> </td> <td> you don’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> lənhán</b> </td> <td> he/she/it doesn’t see, they don’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menázehan</b> </td> <td> I didn’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wenázehan</b> </td> <td> we didn’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sənázehan</b> </td> <td> you didn’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> lənázehan</b> </td> <td> he/she/it/they didn’t see</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h4>Passive</h4>
The passive prefix is <b>gəi</b>, which is stressed if it precedes the root, and becomes <b>gə</b> after a stressed <b>ná</b>.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> megəihán</b> </td> <td> I am seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wegəihan</b> </td> <td> we are seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> səgəihán</b> </td> <td> you are seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ləgəihán</b> </td> <td> he/she/it/they are seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mezegə́ihan</b> </td> <td> I was seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wezegə́ihan</b> </td> <td> we were seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> səzegə́ihan</b> </td> <td> you were seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ləzegə́ihan</b> </td> <td> he/she/it/they were seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menágəhan</b> </td> <td> I am not seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wenágəhan</b> </td> <td> we aren’t seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sənágəhan</b> </td> <td> you aren’t seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> lənágəhan</b> </td> <td> he/she/it/they aren’t seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menázegəhan</b> </td> <td> I was not seen…</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h4>Progressive</h4>
The progressive alters the root. This always involves adding -<b>iye</b> (from <tt>limyẽ</tt> ‘inside’), but the root changes in various ways. The progressive root is listed in the lexicon.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> meháiye</b> </td> <td> I am seeing</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mezeháiye</b> </td> <td> I was seeing</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> meuháiye</b> </td> <td> I will be seeing</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menháiye</b> </td> <td> I am not seeing</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menázehaiye</b> </td> <td> I was not seeing</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> megəiháiye</b> </td> <td> I am being seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mezegə́ihaiye</b> </td> <td> I was being seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menágəhaiye</b> </td> <td> I am not being seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menázegəhaiye</b> </td> <td> I was not being seen</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h4>Irrealis</h4>
The irrealis is formed by adding <b>me</b> before the root. Other prefixes are somewhat simplified in the irrealis.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> meméhan</b> </td> <td> I see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mezméhan</b> </td> <td> I saw</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> meuméhan</b> </td> <td> I will have seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menámehan</b> </td> <td> I don’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menázmehan</b> </td> <td> I didn’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menáumehan</b> </td> <td> I won’t see</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> megəiméhan</b> </td> <td> I am seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> mezegə́imehan</b> </td> <td> I was seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menágmehan</b> </td> <td> I am not seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> menázgəmehan</b> </td> <td> I was not seen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> meméhaiye</b> </td> <td> I am seeing</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h4>Imperative</h4>
The simple imperative is formed from the infinitive plus -<b>al</b>. However, if the infinitive ends in a vowel, just add -<b>l</b>; and if it ends in -<b>n</b> or <b>ŋ</b>, change that consonant to <b>l</b>.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> əi</b> </td> <td> <b>əil</b></td> <td> love!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> aš </b> </td> <td> <b>ašal</b></td> <td> think!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šəyéɣo</b> </td> <td> <b>šəyéɣol</b></td> <td> drive!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šef</b> </td> <td> <b>šefal</b></td> <td> eat!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> lo</b> </td> <td> <b>ləgél</b></td> <td> clean!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gær</b> </td> <td> <b>gæaral</b></td> <td> keep!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> gen</b> </td> <td> <b>genal</b></td> <td> give</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dai</b> </td> <td> <b>dail</b></td> <td> stand!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kæʔ</b> </td> <td> <b>kægal</b></td> <td> stop!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kæn</b> </td> <td> <b>kæl</b></td> <td> see!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pehə</b> </td> <td> <b>pehəl</b></td> <td> go!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ləyen</b> </td> <td> <b>ləyel</b></td> <td> study!</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yoŋ </b> </td> <td> <b>yol</b></td> <td> use!</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
There are a few irregular imperatives, such as <b>ləgél</b> above; these are indicated in the lexicon.
<p>
Use <b>nagan</b> to tell someone not to do something (<b>nagan pehəl!</b> ‘don’t go!’), or <b>wemo</b> to tell them to stop doing it (<b>wemo šəyéɣol</b> ‘stop driving!’). The negatives can be used on their own if the idea is clear (<b>nagan!</b> ‘don’t!’; <b>wemo!</b> ‘stop!’).
<p>To make first- or third-person imperatives, just add a pronoun or NP: <b>wem pehəl!</b> ‘we should go!’; <b>pez šefal</b>! ‘father should eat!’
<h3><a name="Pronouns">Pronouns</a></h3>
<h4>Personal</h4>
HC’s personal pronouns have become MH’s personal prefixes. New emphatic pronouns were formed, most of them using <tt>memu</tt> ‘self’.
<p>In these tables, where a plural form is not given, use the singular.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> s</td> <td> pl</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 1</td> <td> <b> yem</b> </td> <td> <b> wem</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 2</td> <td> <b> sem</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3</td> <td> <b> ləyém</b> </td> <td> <b> urə</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3 ob</td> <td> <b> leór</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3 m</td> <td> <b> légəl</b> </td> <td> <b> urégəl</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3 f</td> <td> <b> légi</b> </td> <td> <b> urégi</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
These are used with adpositions, or when the gender and number of a third person subject is needed, or for emphasis (“I talked to the alien”).
<p><a href="#Gender">Gender</a> should be used sparingly. If you’re mostly talking about one person, or if a person’s gender is unknown or uncertain, just use <b>ləyém</b>.
<p>If you’re talking about a male and a female, you can use <b>légəl</b> and <b>légi</b>. This can be useful since the verb doesn’t indicate gender. It’s so useful, in fact, that an obviative form was innovated to allow two different pronouns even if the referents’ gender is the same or unknown: <b>ləyém</b> and <b>leór</b>.
<p>The possessive forms, though based on the same roots, have significantly diverged:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> s</td> <td> pl</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 1</td> <td> <b> læmi</b> </td> <td> <b> lægi</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 2</td> <td> <b> læsə</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3</td> <td> <b> lærə</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3 ob</td> <td> <b> læór</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3 m</td> <td> <b> lærég</b> </td> <td> <b> ləúrəgəl</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3 f</td> <td> <b> lærégi</b> </td> <td> <b> ləúrəgi</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The first four forms are stressed on the <b>læ</b> prefix. This is unusual for MH, but regular: the <tt>da-</tt> prefix in HC <tt>dami</tt> etc. was stressed, while the <tt>da</tt> preposition was not.
<h4>Demonstratives and quantifiers</h4>
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> this</td> <td> <b>lesəd</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> that</td> <td> <b> nær</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> none</td> <td> <b> nagəl</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> some</td> <td> <b> wegəl</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> many</td> <td> <b> wezu</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> all</td> <td> <b> oagəl</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Almost all of these derive from compounds, as many simple forms were co-opted for other purposes, e.g. <tt>na</tt> ‘that’ for the definite pronoun, <tt>ũ</tt> ‘some’ for the plural.
<h4>Indefinite pronouns</h4>
These can be extended into a table of correlatives:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> person</td> <td> thing</td> <td> place</td> <td> time</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> this</td> <td> <b> lesəgəl</b> </td> <td> <b> lešit</b> </td> <td> <b> lesəi</b> </td> <td> <b> lestai</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> that</td> <td> <b> nægəl</b> </td> <td> <b> næšit</b> </td> <td> <b> næi</b> </td> <td> <b> næzai</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> none</td> <td> <b> nagəl</b> </td> <td> <b> našit</b> </td> <td> <b> nai</b> </td> <td> <b> nazai</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> some</td> <td> <b> wegəl</b> </td> <td> <b> wešit</b> </td> <td> <b> wei</b> </td> <td> <b> wezai</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> all</td> <td> <b> oagəl</b> </td> <td> <b> owašit</b> </td> <td> <b> owai</b> </td> <td> <b> owazai</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> question</td> <td> <b> he</b> </td> <td> <b> wæt</b> </td> <td> <b> oži</b> </td> <td> <b> wi</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
As in English, the adjective and person forms (e.g. <b>nagəl</b>) often coincide.
<p>Be sure to pronounce the negative <b>na-</b> distinctly from demonstrative <b>næ-</b>!
<h3><a name="Nouns">Nouns</a></h3>
Nouns inflect by definiteness and number, using prefixes.
<p>The base form is the indefinite singular. The oblique forms generally modify the root; this again is predictable from the HC but not regular, so it is indicated in the lexicon.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> péni</b> </td> <td> a city</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> uhéni</b> </td> <td> cities</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> næhéni</b> </td> <td> the city</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nəuhéni</b> </td> <td> the cities</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> læhéni</b> </td> <td> the city’s, the cities’</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The accent is shown here for clarity, but since it never varies, I will not indicate it below.
<p>Proper names, in general, cannot have plurals, and are inherently definite, so the only allowed prefix is <b>læ</b>-. They are marked <b>ndef</b> in the lexicon. Note that some of them have lexically incorporated the article, e.g. <b>Nau</b> ‘the moon’, <b>Naə</b> ‘the Vee’. The word <b>næa</b> ‘law’ is notable not only for including two definite articles (MH <b>næ</b> and Portuguese <i>a</i>), but for losing the original root (<i>le</i>).
<h3><a name="Numbers">Numbers</a></h3>
The numbers from 0 to 10:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> x</td> <td> 10x</td> <td> xth</td> <td> 10<sup>x</sup></td> <td> x/10</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 0</td> <td> <b> seru</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> waʔ</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 1</td> <td> <b> waʔ</b> </td> <td> <b> ləyé</b> </td> <td> <b> wakad</b> </td> <td> <b> ləyé</b> </td> <td> <b> pugáʔ</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 2</td> <td> <b> toʔ</b> </td> <td> <b> toye</b> </td> <td> <b> tokad</b> </td> <td> <b> wenər</b> </td> <td> <b> puzú?</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 3</td> <td> <b> təré</b> </td> <td> <b> šyéye</b> </td> <td> <b> tərér</b> </td> <td> <b> heo</b> </td> <td> <b> putəré</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 4</td> <td> <b> fəgér</b> </td> <td> <b> fəgéle</b> </td> <td> <b> fəgérəd</b> </td> <td> <b> wæn</b> </td> <td> <b> pufór</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 5</td> <td> <b> fəiʔ</b> </td> <td> <b> fəiye</b> </td> <td> <b> fəikad</b> </td> <td> <b> læʔ</b> </td> <td> <b> pufə́iʔ</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 6</td> <td> <b> seʔ</b> </td> <td> <b> seye</b> </td> <td> <b> sekad</b> </td> <td> <b> yeɣ </b> </td> <td> <b> pusíʔ</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 7</td> <td> <b> səyéʔ</b> </td> <td> <b> səyéye</b> </td> <td> <b> səyéger</b> </td> <td> <b> rəgér</b> </td> <td> <b> puség</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 8</td> <td> <b> ešiʔ</b> </td> <td> <b> ešiye</b> </td> <td> <b> ešikad</b> </td> <td> <b> ig</b> </td> <td> <b> puéšiʔ</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 9</td> <td> <b> naiʔ</b> </td> <td> <b> naiye</b> </td> <td> <b> naikad</b> </td> <td> <b> geɣ</b> </td> <td> <b> punáiʔ</b> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> 10</td> <td> <b> ləyé</b> </td> <td> <b> </b> </td> <td> <b> ləyésəd</b> </td> <td> <b> læg</b> </td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The <b>ordinals</b> were regular in HC, but sound change has rendered them unpredictable. It also merged them with the tens, which acquired reanalyzed but shortened forms based on <b>ləyé</b> ‘ten’.
<p>Other <b>multiples of ten</b> have been regularized, but the -<b>ʔ</b> found in many numbers is lost: <b>towenər</b> ‘200’.
<p>
Numbers below 100 could be formed by concatenation: <b>toye seʔ</b> ‘26’. And round numbers were formed by giving a power of ten and a multiplier: <b>fəiʔ yeɣ</b> ‘5 million’. But in general you just named the digits: 4901 = <b>fəgér naiʔ zeru waʔ</b>.
<p>The decimal point is a <b>puzu</b>, but note the special terms for .1, .2, .3 etc. So 2.6 is pronounced <b>toʔ pusíʔ</b>. There is no word for .0, so 5.07 is <b>fəiʔ puzu seru səyéʔ</b>. Rather than use percentages, you use the x/10 terms, with optional extra digits: 40% = <b>pufór</b>; 42% = <b>pufór toʔ</b>. (These terms, the deciles, are called <b>upunomə</b>— ‘<b>pu</b> numbers’.)
<p>Basic arithmetic is almost unchanged from HC.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> jirə toʔ</b> </td> <td> -2</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> fəyén tri</b> </td> <td> 1/3 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toʔ fəyén təré</b> </td> <td> 2/3 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> pəi pəu toʔ</b> </td> <td> π<sup>2</sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> lot toʔ</b> </td> <td> √2</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tuk yə təré ləméh fəiʔ</b> </td> <td> 2 + 3 = 5</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> fəiʔ jirə təré ləméh toʔ</b> </td> <td> 5 – 3 = 2</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> tuk bəi təré ləméh sik</b> </td> <td> 2 × 3 = 6</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ləyé fəyén fəiʔ ləméh toʔ</b> </td> <td> 10 ÷ 5 = 2</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toʔ pəu təré ləméh ešiʔ</b> </td> <td> 2<sup>3</sup> = 8</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> trida lot ešiʔ ləméh toʔ</b> </td> <td> ∛8 = 2</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> toʔ yə toʔ lənméh fəiʔ</b> </td> <td> 2 + 2 ≠ 5</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h3><a name="Adpositions">Adpositions</a></h3>
In HC, locative expressions were normally <tt>bai + NP</tt>, with an increasing tendency to add precision with an adverb: <tt>bai meza xamẽ</tt> ‘under the table’. In MH, the adverb has become a required postposition, and <tt>bai</tt> was omitted. Thus ‘under the table’ is <b>næmez šæme</b>.
<p>At the same time, a set of coverbs developed, which are now best analyzed as prepositions: <b>yuŋ mænu</b> ‘by hand’, etmologically ‘use hand’. So MH has a mixture of prepositions and postpostions.
<p>The generic locative is now formed with <b>næi</b> ‘there’: <b>næi næhéni</b> ‘in the city’, <b>næi igərežə</b> ‘at church’. Still, there are some ancient idioms that retain <b>bəi</b>, e.g. <b>bəi dweži</b> ‘at home’.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> bəi </b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> at (archaic)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> bəume </b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> on, on top of, over, above</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> doʔ</b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> to, for, toward</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> fəuz</b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> without, lacking</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> həgé</b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> in back of </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> deye</b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> in front of</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> dome</b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> amid, among, in the middle of, between</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> leye </b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> in, inside </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> ləun </b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> down </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> našo</b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> except, excluding</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæ </b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> less than</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šæme </b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> under, below, underneath </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šo</b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> about, on the subject of</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> sugé </b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> left of </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> suyəgé</b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> next to </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> te</b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> since, after</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> vwe</b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> until, before, ago</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wəi</b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> than (comparatives)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wəigé</b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> out of, outside, away from </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> wi</b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> at (time), while</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yə</b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> with (comitative), as well as</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yəgé </b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> to the right of </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yuŋ </b> </td> <td> + NP</td> <td> with (instrumental), using </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> žezu</b> </td> <td> NP +</td> <td> like, as</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h3><a name="Derivational">Derivational morphology</a></h3>
Some common derivations:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> -ɣ, -go</b> </td> <td> country</td> <td> <b>Ayeɣ</b> Germany, <b>Hægo</b> China</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> -gal, -gi, fəl</b> </td> <td> person</td> <td> <b>augal</b> Luna resident, <b>gogi</b> worker</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> læ-, -šo</b> </td> <td> language</td> <td> <b>Læyáyeɣ</b> German, <b>Ógirušo</b> Marindi</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> -r, -d</b> </td> <td> adjectivizer</td> <td> <b>penir</b> urban, <b>mæšid</b> mechanical</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> -ži</b> </td> <td> -ology</td> <td> <b>ameži</b> biology</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> -š </b> </td> <td> object</td> <td> <b>šeɣoš</b> volant</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> na-</b> </td> <td> not, un-</td> <td> <b>nawemor</b> non-human</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> -d</b> </td> <td> action, state</td> <td> <b>fəežəd</b> happiness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> -so</b> </td> <td> abstract N-izer</td> <td> <b>faiso</b> goodness</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> šə-</b> </td> <td> diminutive</td> <td> <b>šəmau</b> kitty</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> we(z)-</b> </td> <td> augmentative</td> <td> <b>wenaʔ</b> big-money = expensive</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> -mo</b> </td> <td> mod, implant</td> <td> <b>yenmo</b> eye-mod = camera</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> -(h)əž</b> </td> <td> place</td> <td> <b>yeʔež</b> mec room</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Inherited compounds are often distorted by sound change. In general the second word uses the plural root: e.g. <b>nofə</b> ‘barefoot’, which echoes <b>ufə</b> ‘feet’ not <b>pə</b> ‘foot’. On the other hand <b>təréəru</b> ‘triangle’ does not match <b>læru/uaru</b> ‘side(s)’, and the second morpheme is unrecognizable in <b>fəgéru</b> ‘square’.
<p>When new compounds are made, they tend to imitate this and use the plural root:
<ul>
<li><b>wəihoš</b> ‘off-planet’, cf. <b>həgéš/uhoš</b> ‘rock(s)’
<li><b>tedoji</b> ‘afternoon’, cf. <b>joji /uduji</b> ‘noon(s)’
<li><b>fehomo</b> ‘skin mod’, cf. <b>pemo/uhomo</b> ‘mod(s)’
</ul>
On the other hand, <b>pævəsen</b> ‘word-scene = dictionary’ uses the singular <b>sen</b>.
<h3><a name="Gender">Gender in the Incatena</a></h3>
I’ve noted the use of male/female pronouns <b>légəl</b> and <b>légi</b>, and proximative/obviative forms <b>ləyém</b> and <b>leór</b>. This may suggest an incorrect picture of Incatena social mores, so it’s worth considering gender and sex in more detail.
<p>Person nominalizations use -<b>gal</b> (including variants like - <b>fəl</b>) or -<b>gi</b>; these derive from HC wala/wali, but are gender-free. There are no titles or professional names which give gender, even if the etymological form did (e.g. <b>hə</b> ‘king, queen’, ultimately from Pt <i>rei</i>).
<p>This even goes for most kinship terms: <b>bai</b> ‘sibling’, <b>nær</b> ‘grandparent’, <b>fai</b> ‘child’. There are still terms <b>pez</b> ‘father, <b>mæz</b> ‘mother’, but <b>mæ</b> ‘parent’ is more common. In fact, on the analogy of <b>leór</b>, a term <b>mæor</b> or <b>mor</b> ‘other parent’ has been innovated.
<p><b>Mæz</b> is conventionally used for the person who carried you in her womb— but she generally only did so for three months, letting a mechawomb (<b>yehætəri</b>) take over at that point. Note that there’s no guarantee that that same person provided the egg, or had a vagina, or was called a woman.
<p>The reason for all this is simple: your sex can be easily changed by genofixing, a process that takes about a month, is covered by your universal health care, fully modifies your DNA, and doesn’t even require surgery. (If you’re in a hurry, you can graft on lab-grown genitals and get it done in a week.) So, whatever sex a person or family member has, it may be different in a year, and is almost certain to be different in a few centuries. (When people can live a thousand years, you need to change things up periodically: change professions, loosen up your neurons, change sex.)
<p>MH speakers almost all conceptualize the process as sex change (<b>rəužeru</b>). To those of us in the 21C, this may sound like a step backwards— we insist that e.g. trans women are women and always have been, that gender is not sex. But these attitudes are due to the difficulty of the process, and the fierce opposition to it— things that disappeared long ago in the Incatena. You want to be one sex or the other? You <i>go do it</i>; it’s a lot less stressful than remodeling your kitchen, and no one will bat an eye, except for a few people living on retrohabitats that you’ll never meet. There’s no need to insist that you are “really X” when you can <i>be X</i> with a minimum of effort.
<p>Does this mean people have binary conceptions of gender? No, not in a world where you can invent new sexes, mixing and matching from our biological heritage— including nonhumans. Your <b>žeru</b>, your sexual identity— who you think you are and who you want to sleep with— is more complicated than ever.
<table width="100%" border=0 cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr><td colspan="5" height="30"></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#862900"><td><h2><a name="Syntax">Syntax</a></h2></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="Arguments">Arguments and topics</a></h3>
The simplest MH sentences consist of a verb alone. As can be seen in the Verbal Morphology section, quite a lot can be communicated with one word.
<blockquote><b>Mezehér.
</b><br/>1s-past-fall
<br/><i>I fell. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Lənáyohoʔ.
</b><br/>3-not-fut-go
<br/><i>He won’t go.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Sənágmehan.
</b><br/>2-not-passive-irr-see
<br/><i>I may not be seen.</i></blockquote>
If there is a <b>single argument</b>, subject or verb, its unmarked order is <b>before</b> the verb:
<blockquote><b><u>Mæri</u> ləzehán.
</b><br/>Mary 3-past-see
<br/><i>Mary read.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>Mæri</u> mezehán.
</b><br/>Mary 1s-past-see
<br/><i>I saw Mary.</i></blockquote>
Mary is the subject in the first example, the object in the second. There is no trouble in understanding, because the subject ‘I’ is given by the verb. Compare:
<blockquote><b><u>Sen</u> mezehán.
</b><br/>book 1s-past-see
<br/><i>I read the book.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>Sen</u> ləzehán.
</b><br/>book 3-past-see
<br/><i>She read the book.</i></blockquote>
As books don’t read themselves, the <b>lə</b>- in the second sentence must refer to a person, presumably obvious from the context.
<p>If there are <b>two NPs</b>, the object normally follows the verb:
<blockquote><b>Mæri ləzehán <u>Yæme</u>.
</b><br/>Mary 3-past-see Yanmei
<br/><i>Mary saw Yanmei.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Nænuy ləyén <u>šweži</u>.
</b><br/>def-woman 3-study linguistics
<br/><i>The woman studies linguistics.</i></blockquote>
There is a convention that newly introduced referents (<b>comments</b>) follow the verb:
<blockquote><b>Ləzehán <u>Mæri</u>.
</b><br/>3-past-see Mary
<br/><i>She saw Mary.</i></blockquote>
This sentence would be used when Mary was not previously referenced.
<p>Now, more precisely, this sentence is ambiguous— Mary could be the subject or object:
<blockquote><b>Mæri ləzehán.
</b><br/>Mary 3-past-see
<br/><i>Mary read / She saw Mary</i></blockquote>
From the comment rule, the reading <i>She saw Mary</i> can only occur if Mary has already been referred to. If it’s clear in context– e.g. we’ve been focussing on Yanmei and what she was doing— you can leave it at that. Otherwise, this would be a good use of a pronoun:
<blockquote><b><u>Ləyém</u> ləzehán Mæri.
</b><br/>3 3-past-see Mary
<br/><i>She saw Mary.</i></blockquote>
A <b>topic</b> may be given even if it isn’t the precise subject or object of the verb:
<blockquote><b><u>Tæži</u> weunáš.
</b><br/>evening 1p-fut-dance
<br/><i>In the evening, we’ll dance.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Næsin mešeu.
</b><br/>def-scene 1s-tire
<br/><i>The book, I’m tired of it.</i></blockquote>
If there’s a topic and subject, following the 2-NP rule, the subject <i>follows</i> the verb:
<blockquote><b>Næsin mešeu <u>Mæri</u>.
</b><br/>def-scene 1s-tire Mary
<br/><i>The book, Mary is tired of it.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Tæži ləyonáš <u>nəumai</u>.
</b><br/>evening 3-fut-dance def-pl-girl
3In the evening, the girls will dance.</i></blockquote>
Note that the placement rules are only for whole NPs, not PPs. Normally a PP occurs after all arguments.
<h3><a name="Yes">Yes/no questions</a></h3>
Questions are formed using the irrealis:
<blockquote><b>Mæri ləzméhan?
</b><br/>Mary 3-past-irr-see
<br/><i>Did she see Mary?</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Tæži weuménaš?
</b><br/>evening 1p-fut-irr-dance
<br/><i>In the evening, will we dance?</i></blockquote>
The answer is <b>sil</b> ‘yes’ or <b>nal</b> ‘no’.
<p>In formal language, negative questions use the negative irrealis; but colloquially, just the negative:
<blockquote><b>Mæri lənázmehan?
</b><br/>Mary 3-not-past-irr-see
<br/><i>Didn’t she see Mary? [formal]</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Mæri lənázehan?
</b><br/>Mary 3-not-past-see
<br/><i>Did she see Mary? [colloquial]</i></blockquote>
These have different answers. <b>Sin</b> agrees with the negative—correct, she didn’t see Mary. <b>Segat</b> disagrees— on the contrary, she <i>did</i> see Mary.
<p>A colloquial alternative is to state something (in the realis), then add the tag question <b>Ləfíh?</b>
<blockquote><b>Mæri ləzehán, <u>ləfíh</u>?
</b><br/>Mary 3-past-irr-see, 3-be
<br/><i>She saw Mary, didn’t she?</i></blockquote>
Answers are unchanged: <b>sil/nal</b> for positive statements, <b>sin/segat</b> for negative ones.
<p>You can question a specific element by fronting it and adding <b>wæt</b>:
<blockquote><b><u>Nætæži wæt</u> ləyoménaš nəumai?
</b><br/>def-evening what 3-fut-dance def-pl-girl
<br/><i>Is it In the evening, the girls will dance?</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>Nəumai wæt</u> ləyoménaš nætæži?
</b><br/>def-pl-girl what 3-fut-dance evening
<br/><i>Is it the girls who will dance in the evening?</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Interrogatives">Interrogatives</a></h3>
Interrogatives, as new information, are placed as far right as possible within the clause. They aren’t placed in the irrealis, unless the event is considered to be unlikely or hypothetical.
<blockquote><b>Mezeɣán <u>he</u>?
</b><br/>1-past-kiss who
<br/><i>Who did I kiss?</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Næzeléšar ləzešó <u>wæt</u>?
</b><br/>def-AI 3-past-say what
<br/><i>What did the AI say?</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Næyorogi ləzegə́iyagəi <u>oži</u>?
</b><br/>def-alien 3-past-find-pass-find where
<br/><i>Where was the alien found?</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Ayeš ləzeméyez Eroheni <u>wi</u>?
</b><br/>Ayesha 3-past-irr-reach Euko when
<br/><i>When might Aisha have reached Euko?</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Næhubag ləgəigə́ufor yuŋ arehə sæyas <u>wægat</u>?
</b><br/>def-boss 3-pass-cover with herring dip why
<br/><i>Why is the boss covered in herring dip?</i></blockquote>
If a sentence is ambiguous, perhaps because there’s a single or no argument, use the passive to make it clear what you’re asking:
<blockquote><b>Ləzeɣán <u>he</u>?
</b><br/>3-past-kiss who
<br/><i>Who did he/she kiss?</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Ləzegə́iɣan <u>he</u>?
</b><br/>3-past-pass-kiss who
<br/><i>Who kissed him/her?</i></blockquote>
The interrogative <b>pəu</b> ‘which’ must precede its object, but that must move to the right:
<blockquote><b>Ləzeháʔ izaf <u>pəu sen</u>?
</b><br/>3-past-end show which scene
<br/><i>Which scene stopped showing?</i></blockquote>
It’s barely possible to leave an interrogative in its logical spot in the sentence, but it sounds like you’re trying to reproduce ancient speech. In that case you might as well go all the way and leave out the personal endings, which MH speakers do to sound archaic, much as we throw in -<i>eth</i> whether it’s correct or not:
<blockquote><b><u>Hə</u> zehán næʔə?
</b><br/>who past-see def-king
<br/><i>Who saw-eth the king?</i></blockquote>
You can subordinate time or place expressions with the interrogatives <b>wi/oži</b> respectively, but you can’t use <b>he/wæt</b> this way; see Relative Clauses.
<h3><a name="Negatives">Negatives</a></h3>
Negation is marked on the verb. Note that it may change the stress.
<blockquote><b>Mæri me<u>ná</u>zehan.
</b><br/>Mary 1s-not-past-see
<br/><i>I didn’t see Mary.</i></blockquote>
If there’s another negative NP in the sentence, you still negate the verb:
<blockquote><b><u>Našit</u> me<u>ná</u>zehan.
</b><br/>nothing 1s-not-past-see
<br/><i>I didn’t see anything.</i></blockquote>
You can negate an argument with <b>nagəl</b> ‘none’; now you <i>don’t</i> negate the verb.
<blockquote><b><u>Nagəl</u> yeʔ mezehán.
</b><br/>none robot 1s-past-see
<br/><i>I saw no robot.</i></blockquote>
This includes adverbs and adpositional phrases:
<blockquote><b>Ləžái uʔiu, læn <u>nagəl</u> bəi Ugéše.
</b><br/>3-stand pl-river / but none at Mars
<br/><i>There are rivers, but not on Mars.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="NP">NP order</a></h3>
The noun appears at the end of its NP. Note that the definite article always affixes directly to the noun.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> toʔ fai</b> </td> <td> two children</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> nær fai</b> </td> <td> that child</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yei fai</b> </td> <td> a beautiful child</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> yei næfai</b> </td> <td> the beautiful child</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> lærégi fai</b> </td> <td> her child</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> læmæri fai</b> </td> <td> Mary’s child</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
Naturally, modifiers for the possessor or the possessee precede them:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> læmeri <u>yei fai</u></b> </td> <td> Mary’s beautiful child</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> <u>yei læmæri</u> fai</b> </td> <td> beautiful Mary’s child</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
The order is straightforward in a complex NP, but different from English:
<blockquote><b><u>nobagə owair lærəuso</u> sazu næsətát.
</b><br/>most widespread gen-religion holy def-origin
<br/><i>the sacred origin <u>of humanity’s most widespread religions</u></i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="copula">The copula </a></h3>
The copula is <b>fih</b>:
<blockquote><b>Næmau <u>ləfíh</u> mæšin.
</b><br/>def-cat 3-be machine
<br/><i>The cat is a machine.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Mæri <u>ləzefíh</u> yei.
</b><br/>Mary 3-past-be beautiful
<br/><i>Mary was beautiful.</i></blockquote>
As with any other verbs, if there’s no subject (because it’s expressed on the verb), you place the other argument before the verb.
<blockquote><b>Mæšin <u>səfíh</u>.
</b><br/>machine 2-be
<br/><i>You are a machine.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Yei <u>ləzefíh</u>.
</b><br/>beautiful 3-past-be
<br/><i>She was beautiful.</i></blockquote>
<b>Adjectives</b> do not behave like verbs, as they could in HC. A remnant of that practice, however, is that in the present tense only, <b>ləfíh</b> ‘is’ can be omitted:
<blockquote><b>Yænme <u>yei</u>.
</b><br/>Yanmei beautiful
<br/><i>Yanmei is beautiful.</i></blockquote>
To introduce tense or the irrealis, you’ll have to include a form of <b>fih</b>. But you can negate the sentence with <b>nagəl</b> ‘none’:
<blockquote><b>Pæram <u>nagəl</u> yei.
</b><br/>Padma none beautiful
<br/><i>Padma isn’t beautiful.</i></blockquote>
The ancient copula <b>gi</b> has now specialized to the meaning ‘exist’:
<blockquote><b>Fogo air <u>ləgí</u>.
</b><br/>soccer still 3-exist
<br/><i>Soccer still exists.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Possession">Possession</a></h3>
The verb <b>zə</b> indicates possession:
<blockquote><b>Yænme <u>ləzə́</u> fai nəumo.
</b><br/>Yanmei 3-hve good neurimplant
<br/><i>Yanmei has a good neurimplant.</i></blockquote>
As with all verbs, if there’s a single argument it goes before the verb.
<blockquote><b>Təin <u>menzə́</u>.
</b><br/>spaceship 1s-not-have
<br/><i>I don’t have a spaceship.</i></blockquote>
But as with other verbs, new information goes at the end. So you could also say:
<blockquote><b><u>Menzə́</u> təin.
</b><br/>1s-not-have spaceship
<br/><i>I don’t have a spaceship.</i></blockquote>
If there was a previous discussion of spaceships, use the first sentence; if you’re introducing the idea, use the second.
<p><b>Existentials</b> use <b>žai</b> (also the word for ‘stand’) rather than <b>zə</b>. As these by definition introduce a topic, the argument goes to the right:
<blockquote><b><u>Ləžai</u> təin nækərǽz leye.
</b><br/>3-stand spaceship def-crater in
<br/><i>There’s a spaceship inside the crater.</i></blockquote>
Possessive NPs use the læ prefix, and precede the head noun:
<blockquote><b><u>læ</u>heni næzəin
</b><br/>poss-city def-spaceship
<br/><i>the city’s spaceship</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>læ</u>mai nəuyen
</b><br/>poss-girl def-pl-eye
<br/><i>the girl’s eyes</i></blockquote>
Note that definiteness and plurality can be indicated on the head noun, but not the possessor. However, possessors can be modified:
<blockquote><b><u>ləu lænuy</u> uyen
</b><br/>old poss-woman pl-eye
<br/><i>the old woman’s eyes</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Conjunctions">Conjunctions</a></h3>
Conjunctions normally come after the conjoints:
<blockquote><b>Mæri Yæme <u>kæš</u>
</b><br/>Mary Yanmei and
<br/><i>Mary or Yanmei</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Ugéheni Vaeš <u>wegəl</u>
</b><br/>Areopolis Valles or
<br/><i>Areopolis or Valles</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>Iliš Hæšo kæš</u> mešo.
</b><br/>English Chinese and 1s-speak
<br/><i>I speak English and Chinese.</i></blockquote>
If the conjoints are long (e.g. entire sentences), you use <b>X yə Y kæš</b> or <b>X o Y wegəl</b>:
<blockquote><b>Səmǽt yei mai <u>yə</u> pəgéʔ ləu pwæl <u>kæš</u> ləmóh næšar leye.
</b><br/>smart beautiful girl and ugly old man and 3-live def-house in
<br/><i>A smart, beautiful girl and an ugly old man live in the house.</i></blockquote>
If you’re conjoining entire sentences, one of these connectors is preferred:
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> <b> yə</b> </td> <td> and, moreover</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> o</b> </td> <td> or</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> eto</b> </td> <td> therefore</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> læn</b> </td> <td> but, however</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> kædu</b> </td> <td> then (after an if statement)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> faina</b> </td> <td> although</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b> hæzau</b> </td> <td> because</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
<h3><a name="Double">Double verbs</a></h3>
There are quite a few two-verb sequences in MH. These require a special verb form, the <b>infinitive</b>.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> Completive</td> <td> <b>meháʔ kæn</b></td> <td> I finished reading</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Inceptive</td> <td> <b>mesətát kæn</b></td> <td> I started reading</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Desiderative</td> <td> <b>megán kæn</b></td> <td> I want to read</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Obligative</td> <td> <b>megíšur kæn</b></td> <td> I must read, I should read</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Abilitative</td> <td> <b>mežéru kæn</b></td> <td> I can read</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Volitive</td> <td> <b>memín kæn</b></td> <td> I intend to read</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Continuative</td> <td> <b>mefíh kæn</b></td> <td> I still read, I continue to read</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Permissive</td> <td> <b>meyén kæn</b></td> <td> I am allowed to read</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
These can be combined, but rarely more than two at a time.
<blockquote><b><u>Megán žəyeru</u> kæn.
</b><br/>1s-want can-inf see-inf
<br/><i>I want to be able to read.</i></blockquote>
A peculiarity of these expressions is that the object, if any, comes before the infinitive:
<blockquote><b>Mæri ləžéru <u>Hæšo</u> kæn.
</b><br/>Mary 3-can Chinese see-inf
<br/><i>Mary can read Chinese.</i></blockquote>
The ‘may’ of uncertainty is not expressed with a separate verb, but with the irrealis. This can of course be combined with infinitives:
<blockquote><b>Lənámežeru kæn.
</b><br/>3-not-irr-can see
<br/><i>She may not be able to read.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Subordination">Subordination</a></h3>
Pivot constructions are no longer possible in MH— you must use a <b>subordinate phrase</b> instead.
<blockquote><b>Ləgán <u>nə meuhóʔ doʔ Okurə</u>.
</b><br/>3-want sub 1s-fut-go to Okura
<br/><i>They want me to go to Okura.</i></blockquote>
The subordinator is <b>nə</b>, etymologically the demonstrative ‘that’. In Later Hanying, in effect you’d say “They want that: me going to Okura.”
<p>The same construction is used for <b>verbs of thought</b> or belief:
<blockquote><b>Næhubag ləyáš <u>nə megíšur pehə doʔ Okurə</u>.
</b><br/>def-boss 3-think sub 1s-must go-inf to Okura
<br/><i>The boss thinks I should go to Okura.</i></blockquote>
<b>Indirect speech</b> works the same way:
<blockquote><b>Næhubag ləzešó <u>nə megíšur pehə doʔ Okurə</u>.
</b><br/>def-boss 3-past-say sub 1s-must go-inf to Okura
<br/><i>The boss said I should go to Okura.</i></blockquote>
But <b>direct speech</b> leaves out the subordinator:
<blockquote><b>Næhubag ləzešó, “Səgíšur pehə doʔ Okurə.”
</b><br/>def-boss 3-past-say / 2-must go-inf to Okura
<br/><i>The boss said, “You should go to Okura.”</i></blockquote>
The “X said” part can be backed, but the order should be retained. That is, don’t change it to “said X”.
<blockquote><b>“Səgíšur pehə doʔ Okurə,” næhubag ləzešó.
</b><br/>2-must go-inf to Okura / def-boss 3-past-say
<br/><i>“You should go to Okura,” the boss said.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="passive">The passive</a></h3>
Before covering the passive, it’s worth repeating that it’s often not needed. E.g.:
<blockquote><b>Mæri mezehán.
</b><br/>Mary 1s-past-see
<br/><i>I saw Mary.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Næsin səzméhan?
</b><br/>def-book 2-pst-irr-see
<br/><i>Did you read the book?</i></blockquote>
The object comes first, which effectively topicalizes it. You could translate these as <i>Mary was seen by me</i> and <i>Was the book read by you?,</i> though that makes the MH sentences sound far more cumbersome than they are.
<p>Note the true passive forms of these sentences:
<blockquote><b>Mæri ləze<u>gə́i</u>han.
</b><br/>Mary 3-past-pass-see
<br/><i>Mary was seen.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Næsin ləze<u>gə́i</u>mehan?
</b><br/>def-book 3-past-pass-irr-see
<br/><i>Was the book read?</i></blockquote>
Note that the verb now agrees with ‘Mary’ and ‘the book’, and there is no reference to the underlying subject. If you want to include the agent, use the preposition <b>yuŋ</b> ‘using’:
<blockquote><b>Mæri ləzegə́ihan <u>yuŋ yem</u>.
</b><br/>Mary 3-past-pass-see with 1s
<br/><i>Mary was seen by me.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Datives">Datives</a></h3>
Datives and benefactives use the coverb <b>doʔ</b>:
<blockquote><b>Mæri ləzeɣén næsin <u>doʔ Yæme</u>.
</b><br/>Mary 3-past-give def-book to Yanmei
<br/><i>Mary gave the book to Yanmei.</i></blockquote>
However, if either of the other two arguments is missing (because it’s indicated on the verb, or because of passivization), the indirect object can be treated as an argument:
<blockquote><b>Næsin ləzeɣén <u>Yæme</u>.
</b><br/>def-book 3-past-give Yanmei
<br/><i>She gave the book to Yanmei.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Næsin ləzegə́iɣen <u>Yæme</u>.
</b><br/>def-book 3-past-pass-give Yanmei
<br/><i>The book was given to Yanmei.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>Yæme</u> ləzegə́iɣen.
</b><br/>Yanmei def-book 3-past-pass-give
<br/><i>It was given to Yanmei.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="naming">Verbs of naming</a></h3>
Verbs of naming are true ditransitives, with two objects.
<blockquote><b>Uma ləzešám fai Šəumə.
</b><br/>pl-parent 3-past-name child Xiaomei
<br/><i>Her parents called the child Xiaomei.</i></blockquote>
The usual rules apply if one or more arguments is left out:
<blockquote><b>Uma ləzešám Šəumə.
</b><br/>pl-parent 3-past-name Xiaomei
<br/><i>Her parents called her Xiaomei.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Šəumə ləzešám.
</b><br/>Xiaomei 3-past-name
<br/><i>She was called Xiaomei.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Fai ləzegə́išam Šəumə.
</b><br/>child 3-past-pass-name Xiaomei
<br/><i>The child was called Xiaomei.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Relative">Relative clauses</a></h3>
The simplest way to form a relative clause is to add -<b>ar</b> to the tensed verb, or -<b>r</b> after a vowel. This forms an adjective which occurs, like all adjectives, before the noun:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td>
<b>Næsin mezehán.
</b><br/>def-book 1s-past-see
<br/><i>I read the book.</i>
</td><td>
<b>→ <u>mezehánar</u> næsin</b>
<br/>1s-past-see-adj def-book
<br/><i>the book I read</i>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p><b>Pwæl səyə́i.
</b><br/>man 2-love
<br/><i>You love a man. </i>
</td><td>
<b>→ <u>səyə́ir</u> pwæl</b>
<br/>2-love man
<br/><i>a man you love</i>
</td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
If the relative clause is third-person, use the passive to be clear whether the head noun did something, or had something done to it:
<blockquote><b><u>səyə́ir</u> næyug
</b><br/>3-love-adj def-dog
<br/><i>the dog who loves </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>səgəiyə́ir</u> næyug
</b><br/>3-pass-love-adj def-dog
<br/><i>the dog who is loved </i></blockquote>
A relative clause can have a single argument, which precedes it:
<blockquote><b><u>nəumai səyə́ir</u> næyug
</b><br/>def-girl 3-love-adj def-dog
<br/><i>the dog who loves the girl</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>nəumai səgəiyə́ir</u> næyug
</b><br/>def-girl 3-pass-love-adj def-dog
<br/><i>the dog who is loved by the girl</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>šweži ləyénar</u> nænuy
</b><br/>linguistics 3-study-adj def-woman
<br/><i>the woman who studies linguistics</i></blockquote>
(Theoretically this could be the woman who is studied by linguistics; but pragmatically this is unlikely, so we wouldn’t bother to use the passive.)
<p>Remove the person prefix and optionally add the passive, and you have in effect a <b>participle</b>, e.g. <b>zegəyə́ir</b> ‘loved’.
<p>A relative clause can be headless:
<blockquote><b>Mæri sənyébar <u>səzehánar</u>.
</b><br/>Mary 3-not-remember 3-past-read-adj
<br/><i>Mary doesn’t remember <u>what she read</u>.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>Səgəižérur</u> næraš.
</b><br/>3-pass-know-adj def-dog
<br/><i><u>What is known</u> is not important.</i></blockquote>
This construction becomes cumbersome with long relative clauses; besides, it doesn’t allow multiple embedding. There is an <b>alternative construction</b>: subordination with <b>nə</b>. These are placed after their NP.
<blockquote><b>Vežay so ləɣosat nəumai <u>nə ləzefíh žəyéru te bæšiso</u>.
</b><br/>Vijay only 3-like def-pl-girl sub 3-past-be know-inf since childhood
<br/><i>Vijay only likes the girls that he has known since childhood.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Time">Time and place</a></h3>
Time and place expressions normally occur at the end of the sentence, but can be fronted.
<blockquote><b>Nækərǽz wezehán <u>wi fəiži</u>.
</b><br/>def-crater 1p-past-see when Thursday
<br/><i>We saw the crater on Thursday. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>Wi fəiži</u> nækərǽz wezehán.
</b><br/>when Thursday def-crater 1p-past-see
<br/><i>On Thursday we saw the crater. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Žæn ləzeyágəi næyašo <u>Nægibəi leye</u>.
</b><br/>John 3-past-find def-idea bible in
<br/><i>John found the idea in the Bible. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>Nægibəi leye</u> Žæn ləzeyágəi næyašo.
</b><br/>bible in John 3-past-find def-idea
<br/><i>In the Bible John found the idea. </i></blockquote>
A time or place expession can be used as a topic, without an adposition. In this case it can only be fronted, and counts as a verb argument, forcing the subject (if any) after the verb. A singular expression is read “at this time/place”; a plural one, “every time/place”.
<blockquote><b><u>Tæži</u> ləzenáš Mæri Yæme kæš.
</b><br/>evening 3-past-dance Mary Yanmei and
<br/><i>In the evening, Mary and Yanmei danced.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b><u>Uzaži</u> ləzenáš Mæri Yæme kæš.
</b><br/>pl-evening 3-past-dance Mary Yanmei and
<br/><i>Every evening, Mary and Yanmei danced.</i></blockquote>
A sentence can be subordinated as a place expression with <b>oži nə</b>, and as a time expression with <b>wi nə</b>:
<blockquote><b>Earo ləfíh <u>oži nə læmi pəyéyu ləmóh</u>.
</b><br/>Helladópolis 3-be where sub gen-1s friend 3-live
<br/><i>Helladópolis is where my friend lives.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Læmi nəu ləzéŋ <u>wi nə šærə mədoɣ</u>.
</b><br/>gen-1s brain 3-hurt when sub chess 1s-play
<br/><i>My brain hurts when I play chess.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Comparatives">Comparatives</a></h3>
The formula for comparatives is X <adjective> wəi Y:
<blockquote><b>Mæri yei <u>wəi Yæme</u>.
</b><br/>Mary beautiful than Yanmei
<br/><i>Mary is more beautiful than Yanmei.</i></blockquote>
A ‘less than’ comparative is no longer simply the negative of this, but uses the preposition <b>šæ</b>:
<blockquote><b>Hoš nənə́isu <u>šæ Weiresi</u>.
</b><br/>Russia interesting less.than Novorossiya
<br/><i>Russia is less interesting than Novorossiya.</i></blockquote>
To say “as X as Y” you use <b>žezu</b>:
<blockquote><b>Ormat lænak <u>žezu bəyé</u>.
</b><br/>Ormant rich like devil
<br/><i>Ormant is as rich as Satan.</i></blockquote>
Superlatives use the adverb <b>nobagə</b>. The comparison class does not use the preposition <b>wəi</b>, but the postposition <b>dome</b> ‘among’:
<blockquote><b>Mæri <u>nobagə yei</u> (nəumai dome).
</b><br/>Mary most beautiful (def-pl-girl among)
<br/><i>Mary is the most beautiful (of the girls).</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="if">Conditionals</a></h3>
Conditional (if-then) statements take the form <b>S kædu S</b>. Both clauses should be irrealis.
<blockquote><b>Næhubag ləméhagəi, <u>kædu</u> səmégišur nahad.
</b><br/>boss 3-irr-come / then 2-irr-must hide-inf
<br/><i>If the boss is coming, you must hide.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Næšəuyoro səzméšif, <u>kædu</u> səyomézeŋ.
</b><br/>def-veal 2-past-irr-eat / then 2-fut-irr-hurt
<br/><i>If you ate the veal, you will suffer.</i></blockquote>
Don’t imitate the tense usage of English— e.g. if you’re referring to the boss arriving in the future, we might say <i>If the boss came</i>, but in MH you must use <b>lezméhagəi</b> (future irrealis).
<h3><a name="Implants">Implants and Interjections</a></h3>
<p>In the Incatena era, the Vee (<b>Naə</b>)— the photonic world— is where most of life takes place, and most of the economy. It’s so basic that everyone has the neurimplants (<b>nəumo</b>) to access it.
<p>Moreover, physical objects all have a photonic interface (<b>izaf</b>), and are controlled not by buttons or keyboards but by UI gestures (<b>uɣoso</b>) sent directly from the brain. These gestures are not vague or difficult; they’re quite specific, like typing a particular word.
<p>You can in fact hold a conversation entirely using <b>uɣoso</b>. It’s not much different from texting, and far easier, since it’s word-based. But despite centuries of improvements, it’s not as nuanced or as personal as talking, and privacy settings are a morass, so most people prefer to talk in the ordinary way with people in the same room.
<p>Nonetheless, when a <b>goso</b> is literally as easy as thought, it permeates conversation. You use them to share pictures or Vee scenes, to give instructions, to give contact information. Scientists use them to talk about equations, coders to talk about code. They’re directly used to control machines. The emoji <b>uɣoso</b> are ubiquitous.
<p>There are four classes of <b>uɣoso</b>:
<ul>
<li>A set of about a hundred commands intended for devices, including <c-o>on, off, undo, yes, no, fire, alt, next, previous, delete</c-o>, and many more.
<li>The commands needed to express words in the user’s language. These are tied directly to words, not to the writing system. (A device will receive a written word, but a human will have the corresponding spot in their mental lexicon frobbed.)
<li>Emoji (<b>uyemeži</b>) and other primarily non-verbal symbols.
<li>Movement commands, analogous to using a mouse. You can control many devices with the direction of your gaze, but often you don’t want that: if you’re driving a vehicle, you don’t want the thing to swerve when you look around.
</ul>
So an actual conversation all too often looks something like this (<b>ugoso</b> in orange):
<blockquote><b>Hožab ləgád ❤️❤️! səméžeru Nel? <c-o>url</c-o> Sem ləyém kæš səyə́i 🐱😊😊! Wem feɣol doʔ šefəž, nagan pəyérəl— 🏢<c-o>url</c-o> 😛
</b><br/>hello darling <c-o>•</c-o> / 2-irr-know Neil <c-o>•</c-o>/ 2 3 and 2-love <c-o>••</c-o> / 1p walk-imper to restaurant / neg.imper lose-imper <c-o>•••</c-o>
<br/><i>Hello darling <c-o>hearts</c-o>! Have you met Neil <c-o>contact info</c-o>? You both love <c-o>cat-picture LOL</c-o>! Let’s walk to the restaurant, don’t get lost <c-o>directions</c-o> 😛 </i></blockquote>
There is a whole grammar of <b>uɣoso</b>, which I won’t get into. Some of it is obvious— you use the <c-o>LOL</c-o> gesture exactly as you’d expect— while some relates to details of future technology that only make sense to its users. Plus there is enormous variation across social contexts, cultures, and time.
<p>It should be noted that <b>uɣoso</b>, unlike chat emoticons, can be transmitted while you’re speaking. The speaker above is probably emoting the hearts simultaneously with the words <b>Hožab ləgád</b>.
<p>Uɣoso are mostly language-independent— you do the same thing in your brain to send <c-o>LOL</c-o> whether you speak Hanying or Marindi or English or Bèwà. But of course you name it differently, and usage may be different. Plus, uɣoso often originate in language. E.g. there’s a goso named <c-o>la</c-o> which derives from the HC solidarity particle <tt>la</tt>.
<p>In general you can say the name of a <b>goso</b> as an interjection— e.g. <c-o>LOL</c-o> is pronounced <b>kəyéh</b>, while <c-o>heart</c-o> is <b>šen</b>. There’s a delicate pragmatics to this, too: sometimes it means the same, sometimes it adds intensity or irony, sometimes it’s awkward or clunky; sometimes it’s done to avoid triggering a nearby device. E.g. a breathy whispered <b>šen</b> may be a very moving way of expressing love; but in a casual conversation an interjected <b>šen</b> sounds kind of dumb.
<p>(You can entirely communicate in <b>uɣoso</b>, since they include words. The range of available emoji is far wider than ours. But it’s never been a goal of the system to eliminate language— why bother, when you have machine translation? The time when people were most fascinated with emoji is our own.)
<h4>Spoken interjections</h4>
<p>The most longstanding swear words are <b>byegət</b> ‘fuck, damn’, <b>byemer</b> ‘shit’, and <b>degažig</b> ‘fuckup’, <b>šešum</b> ‘shithole’. You’ll also find <b>byegi</b> ‘fucker’ and <b>degəl</b> ‘asshole’. Only <b>byemer</b> is used literally. These are strong words but won’t blow the roof off the joint— for real invective you want the slang of the moment, usually borrowed from other languages.
<p>(There are no <b>uɣoso</b> for profanity. It’s been tried, but it’s like dipping the word in a vat of irony: it inevitably becomes cute and loses all rhetorical force.)
<p><b>Ugoso</b> have largely displaced spoken interjections, but note <b>əi</b> ‘hey! ow!’, <b>ao</b> ‘yo!’, <b>hožab</b> ‘hello’, <b>terzai</b> ‘goodbye’, <b>wæ</b> ‘well’, <b>kəyéh</b> ‘LOL’, and <b>ə</b> ‘um’.
<table width="100%" border=0 cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr><td colspan="5" height="30"></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#862900"><td><h2><a name="Sample">Sample texts</a></h2></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="Diamond">Diamond Sutra</a></h3>
This is the same passage from the Diamond Sutra shown <a href="hanying.html#sutra">in the Hanying Creole document</a>. It does not have any great cultural resonance in the 50C, but I’ve translated it so all three versions of Hanying can be compared.
<blockquote><b>Læšuge Næsutar • Sekad læfəi
</b><br/>gen-diamond def-sutra / sixth def-part
<br/><i>The Diamond Sutra • Part 6</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Subuti ləzešó soʔ Boz, “Orad, ləyoméžai uyeʔ lesəd šeso ləyozíŋar derə ləyokrér kæš?
</b><br/>Subhūti 3-past-say to Buddha / honored / 3-fut-irr-exist pl-person this teaching 3-fut-hear-sub true 3-fut-believe-sub and
<br/><i>Subhūti said to the Buddha, “Lord, will there be people who, hearing these teachings, have real faith in them?”</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Boz ləzešó, “Wemo šol næžezu.
</b><br/>Buddha say / stop speak-imper thus
<br/><i>The Buddha said, “Don’t talk that way. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Te læmi ləyetso fəiʔ wenər uyen, ləyožái uyeʔ lesəd ufav ləyozíŋar ləyokrér kæš.
</b><br/>after gen-1s death five hundred pl-year / 3-fut-exist pl-person this pl-word 3-fut-hear-sub true 3-fut-believe-sub and
<br/><i>Five hundred years after my death, there will be those who observe the rules, who hear these words and have faith in them. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Lesəd uyeʔ ləfór uduš, nagəl waʔ Boz deye, o toʔ Uguz, o təré fəgér fəiʔ wegəl, læn nanumər Uguz deye.
</b><br/>this pl-person 3-put pl-seed / none one Buddha in.front / or two pl-Buddha / or 3 4 5 or / but countless pl-Buddha in.front
<br/><i>These people have sown seeds not before one Buddha, or two, or three, four, five; but before countless Buddhas.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Wegəl faiɣet ləméɣemem lesəd ufav, so waʔ mezu, kædu ləyoméyež næmirəd fəežəd.”
</b><br/>some clear 3-irr-trust this pl-word / only one moment / then 3-fut-irr-get unmeasured happiness
<br/><i>Anyone who gives clear confidence to these words, even for a moment, they will attain immeasurable happiness.”</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Earth">About Earth</a></h3>
This is the description of 50C Earth from my <a href="planets.hmtl">Incatena Planets page</a>.
<blockquote><b>Təyéh ləyozə́ dešizu daiso, hæzau omoso ləzesətát næi, yə Təyéh ləzeɣén læfadər næyašo doʔ omoso; bəi kædu ræraži, per, ko, ite, wæš kæš.
</b><br/>earth 3-fut-have special status / because humanity 3-past-originate there / and Earth 3-past-give gen-standard def-idea to humanity / pl-example gravity color temperature weather danger and
<br/><i>Earth will always have a special status, because humanity originated there, and Earth has given humanity its very definition of normality (e.g. in gravity, color, temperature, weather, even levels of danger). </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Faina wešeu (læg uyeʔ) zegə́ibætyuŋ ləfíh, air yei nasipeš sif kæš læšiŋ ləfihəiye.
</b><br/>though crowded 1010 person abused and 3-be / still beautiful diverse pleasant and planet 3-be-prog
<br/><i>Though crowded (10 billion) and abused, it is still a beautiful, diverse, and hospitable planet. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Oagəl wəizaygi ləsóy næi vyæžə waʔ de.
</b><br/>every outsystem-person 3-dream there visit-inf one day
<br/><i>Every colonial dreams of one day visiting it.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Ləyém uyeʔ nasipeš soyə lorugir.
</b><br/>gen-3 def-people complex and even arrogant
<br/><i>Its people are sophisticated, indeed arrogant. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>So šəyeyu meháʔ wəihoš pehə našo wəizay.
</b><br/>only minority 3-finish offworld go-inf no-say outsystem
<br/><i>Only a minority have been offworld, much less outsystem. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Tomat ganləu ləfíh, wəihoš uyašo lənɣémem, yə owašit nə ləu heo uyen šæme.
</b><br/>very conservative 3-be / offworld pl-idea 3-not-trust, also everything sub old 1000 pl-year below
<br/><i>They are highly conservative, distrusting not only offworlder ideas but anything less than a thousand years old. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Wezu ləur, hæzau Təyéh ləfíh nobagə owair lærəuso næsətát našo toʔ.
</b><br/>many religious / because Earth 3-be most ubiquitous gen-religion def-origin except two
<br/><i>Many are religious, since Earth is the seat of all but two of humanity’s most widespread religions. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Sopəresar punomə ləfíh uweiwehgi wer urašiŋ wəigé.
</b><br/>surprising decile 3-be pl-migrant other pl-planet away
<br/><i>A surprising percentage are immigrants from other planets.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Faina ləyém næwezite lestai yemufih, yə ləyém læyeyən ləyénso yoŋso kæš ləfíh læyaš ehemir fəyén, Təyéh ləzə́ doʔ uyogəi tohemeži.
</b><br/>although gen-3 def-climate now 3-stable / and gen-3 gen-genome study usage 3-be important economic sector / Earth 3-have nature to ambivalent
<br/><i>Though its climate has been stabilized, and study and exploitation of its genome is an important economic sector, Earth still has an ambivalent attitude toward nature. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Weyeyu ləyém uyeʔ ləmóh wegəra wešeu uiteheni leye nə zelæɣuŋar ləfíh žezu ložiši agiza.
</b><br/>gen-3 most people 3-reside huge dense pl-arcology in sub artificial 3-be like distant-star habitat
<br/><i>Much of the population lives in immense ultra-dense arcologies that are as artificial an environment as a deep-space colony.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Təyéh ləfíh lædágən užeŋ, læn lənágəžeru šæm nobagə lænak swesi wegəl læwomoso nælæšiŋ.
</b><br/>earth 3-be gen-Douane def-capital / however 3-not-pass-can call-inf most rich progressive or gen-humanity def-planet
<br/><i>Earth is the seat of administration of the Douane; however, it cannot be called humankind’s richest or most progressive planet. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Ehemi leye Təyéh ləlǽɣuŋ læyaši lægiši læyeməd kæš wegəra yəməhso.
</b><br/>economy in Earth 3-produce gen-art gen-data gen-luxury and huge addition
<br/><i>Economically Earth produces massive amounts of art, data, and luxury goods. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Lænso leye ləzə́ fəiʔ wenər bəume læmed unaso.
</b><br/>government in 3-has five hundred above autonomous pl-country
<br/><i>Politically it counts over 500 sovereign states.</i></blockquote>
<h3><a name="geka">Morgan at the Mars Exchange</a></h3>
This is a portion of my <a href="http://www.zompist.com/mars/">interactive exploration of AD 4901 Areopolis</a>.
<p>It features part of a conversation between Morgan, the Incatena Agent (<b>ažesigi</b>) who’s the hero of my novel Against Peace and Freedom, and an old friend, financial analyst Antonia Chang-Nkruda. Morgan’s native language, of course, is MH.
<p>I’ve included emoji here, as a conversation would seem incomplete without them. They should be taken as only rough equivalents of the Incatena <b>uɣoso</b>. As the whole intent here is to show off the language, I haven’t made use of possibilities such as the greeting and thanks being expressed entirely with emoji.
<p>Compare it to the <a href="hanying.html#geka">same passage translated, anachronistically, into HC</a>.
<blockquote><b>Səsít næi læyazoy næmez.
</b><br/>2-sit there gen-Antonia def-table
<br/><i>You sit down at Antonia’s table. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Šarfaɣ næʔ səzə́, eto səgén šəyéd ugeŋmašəi.
</b><br/>firm-pay money 2-have / therefore 2-ask Qengese slap-fish
<br/><i>You’re on an expense account, so you order the Qengese slamfish. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Ləyém lænak, eto ləgén yuŋ diži zəgəyə́ir næšəuyoro.
</b><br/>3 rich / therefore 2-ask with antimatter past-pass-cook-adj def-veal
<br/><i>She’s rich, so she orders the antimatter-cooked veal. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Nægazi ləyúŋ šəu ižidiži ubeguso nə ko kərés; nagəl fai wəi mekor, læn asokur lænak.
</b><br/>oven 3-use small matter-antimatter pl-explosion sub heat produce / none good than microwave / but disgustingly rich
<br/><i>The oven uses little matter/antimatter explosions to generate heat; it’s no better than microwaving but it’s frightfully expensive.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Azoy ləseʔi sem. “Hožab, Weragən. ❤️ Səyizafəiye ləgád owazai žetu.”
</b><br/>Antonia smile 2 / hello Morgan / 2s-interface-progr darling always way
<br/><i>Antonia smiles at you. “Hello, Morgan. You’re looking as darling as ever.”</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>“Yoɣo, Zoy. 😘 Wæt səžéru šo Žul Ormat?”
</b><br/>thanks Toña / what 2-know about Jules Ormant
<br/><i>“Thank you, Toña. What do you know about Jules Ormant?”</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Ləšəúmuh. “Našit səfih mæhet wəigé. ☹️ Yə wæ légəl.
</b><br/>she 3-pout / nothing 2-be business outside / also well 3.m
<br/><i>She pouts. “You’re all business. And, well, so is he. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Monəu giso ləfíh næi Nægeh, læneibarət putəré ləzə́, yə wežu Læyokurə Pæšufaši ləowadoɣ.
</b><br/>huge presences 3-be there Exchange / of-New-Bharat point-3 3-have / and somehow of-Okura peace-party 3-mess.with
<br/><i>He’s a huge presence on the Exchange, he owns a third of New Bharat, and he’s carrying on somehow with the Okura Peace Party.”</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Lešit wei. “Næi Okurə ləfíh? ‼️Næšit yogat? Ləméfih fonəʔgi wæt wegəl?
</b><br/>this.thing new / there Okura tag.Q/ how that.thing / 3-irr-be investor what or
<br/><i>This is news. "With Okura? How so? Is he an investor or something?”</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>“Wegəl unaʔ ləzə́ næi, læn gərá wəi næšit. 👀
</b><br/>some pl-credit 3-have there / but big than that.thing
<br/><i>“He has some credits there, but it’s more than that. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Okurə ləzezógal Pæšufaši kærvəu vwe toʔ uyen, yə orad yažegi ləzefíh.
</b><br/>Okura 3-past-run peace-party festival before two pl-year / and honored visitor 3-past-be
<br/><i>Okura organized a Peace Party festival here a couple years back, and he was the guest of honor.”</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>“Læn urə ləfíh wakasir… ləmékrer oagəl næšit?”
</b><br/>but they 3-be totalitarian-person PT / 3-irr-believe all that.thing
<br/><i> “But they’re totalitarians... does he believe that stuff?”</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>“Pæšur ləfor pešihud lesəi, našo wegəl lækumari šəu faišo. 😐
</b><br/>quiet 3-put politics here / except some gen-Kumari small praise
<br/><i> “They downplay the politics here, beyond a little praise of Kumari. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Lələuso bəráži ləyizaf.
</b><br/>gen-religion kind 3-present
<br/><i>They present it as a kind of spirituality. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Lesəd ləžái bəi əum, hæzau nagəl lənšó nær pæv šo Ormat. So ræsi ləžéru.
</b><br/>that 3-stand at soul / because none 3-not-say that word about Ormant / only power 3-know
<br/><i>It stuck in my mind because nobody ever associates that word with Ormant. He’s all about power. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>Næšit ləméfih derə næšaŋire urə dome.”
</b><br/>that-thing 3-irr-be real def-connection 3p amid
<br/><i>Maybe that’s the real link between them.”</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>“Yoɣo, Zoy, 😘 nær nənə́isu.”
</b><br/>thanks / Toña PT / that interesting
<br/><i> “Thank you, Toña, that’s interesting.”</i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>“Meyésapə na yem sənázeyaže boʔ ugiši šo nær toʔ ulorugi,” ləšo, wi mænu ləforəiye læsə bəume yuŋ menso.
</b><br/>1s-hope sub 1s 2-not-past-visit pump pl-data about that two pl-rogue / 3-say / when hand 3-put-progr your on with meaning
<br/><i> “I hope you didn’t come by just to pump me for data on those two rogues," she says, putting her hand on yours meaningfully. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote><b>“Lesəd tedoji vyæžəl bəi dweži… ❤️ səyonákrerar wegəl gebəpo mezə́, yə meréš læmi wei fehomo izaf.”
</b><br/>visit sub-1s home this afternoon OK / 2-fut-not-believe-sub some Ngembe-dust 1s-have / and 1s-die gen-1s new skin-body-mod present-inf
<br/><i>"Come back to my place this afternoon... I have some Ngembe dust that you won’t believe, and I would adore to show off my new skin implants.”</i></blockquote>
<table width="100%" border=0 cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr><td colspan="5" height="30"></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#862900"><td><h2><a name="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></h2></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" height="30"></td></tr>
</table>
The second column gives parts of speech: <b>n</b> noun, <b>ndef</b> definite noun (no plural), <b>v</b> verb, <b>a</b> adjective, <b>adv</b> adverb, <b>post</b> postposition, <b>prep</b> preposition, <b>pron</b> pronoun, <b>conj</b> conjunction, <b>intj</b> interjection, <b>#</b> number.
<p>For <b>nouns</b>, the third column gives the plural, or if there is no plural, the genitive. In either case the prefix is unstressed, so stress is not explicitly indicated.
<p>For <b>verbs</b>, the third column gives the infinitive and progressive forms, plus the imperative if it’s irregular. If no infinitive is given, it’s the same as the verbal root.
<p>Roots often change when <b>prefixed</b>. When looking up words, note the following common patterns. The citation form of verbs is prefixed; that of nouns is non-prefixed.
<blockquote> <table>
<tr> <td> non-prefixed</td> <td> prefixed</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> b</td> <td> g</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> d</td> <td> ž </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> g</td> <td> ɣ </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> k</td> <td> h</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> h</td> <td> ʔ</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> l</td> <td> r, y</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> p</td> <td> f</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> t</td> <td> z</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> v</td> <td> y, -</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> w</td> <td> g</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> y</td> <td> m</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> ž </td> <td> d</td> </tr>
</table> </blockquote>
I sort <b>æ</b> after <b>a</b>, <b>ə</b> after <b>e</b>, <b>ɣ</b> after <b>g</b>.
<p>The <b>etymology</b> is HC unless otherwise noted. If it’s just glosses, the compound is post-HC.
<p>1167 words
<table>
<tr><td>a</td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter A [a]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Afih </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>Africa [Afika]</td></tr>
<tr><td>agiza</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>neighborhood; space habitat [abitasõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>aguɣe </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>sandwich [ãbuge ‘hamburger’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>aɣuh </td> <td>v</td> <td>aɣuhiye</td> <td>fall in love, be enamored with [ãguka ‘fall for’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ai </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>bird [avi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>aimə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>chart, display [anime ‘animation’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>aimi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>aluminum [Pt alumínio]</td></tr>
<tr><td>air </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>still, until now [aĩda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Alah </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Allah [Arabic]</td></tr>
<tr><td>amefəl </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>American [amekwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ameh </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læmeh</td> <td>America [Ameka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ameži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>biology [ãmožia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>amo </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>animal [ãmo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ao</td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>hi! yo! [Pt alô]</td></tr>
<tr><td>aragə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>Arab [arabe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Aragi </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>Arabia [Pt]</td></tr>
<tr><td>aram </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy- </td> <td>weapon [arma ‘gun’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>aranso </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>relaxation [aransõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>arehə</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>herring [arẽke]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Arəsi</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>Arsia [Arsia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>aromoy</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>society, community [armoña]</td></tr>
<tr><td>as </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>wing [asa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>aši </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>art [ači]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ašigi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>artist [ačiwali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ašo</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>thought, idea</td></tr>
<tr><td>asoku</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>disagreeable or disgusting thing; mess, crap [asku]</td></tr>
<tr><td>asokur</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>disgusting, crappy; exceedingly</td></tr>
<tr><td>asu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>blue [asu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>augal </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>resident of Luna [aluwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ayeɣ </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>Germany [Alengo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Azeni</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>Amazonia (city on Mars)</td></tr>
<tr><td>azomu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>atom [atomu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Až </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læyaž </td> <td>Asia [Aža]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ažesi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>agency, bureau [ažẽsia]<br/>
<i>Læyikazen Ažesi</i> the Incatena’s special ops bureau</td></tr>
<tr><td>ažesigi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>agent</td></tr>
<tr><td>ažimir </td> <td>v</td> <td>ažimirəiye</td> <td>wonder, marvel [ajimira]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ažimirso </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>wonderment, astonishment [ajimirasõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>æ</td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter Æ</td></tr>
<tr><td>bagu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugagu</td> <td>bamboo [bãbu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bai </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəi</td> <td>brother, sister, sibling [bãi ‘brother’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bair </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>fraternal, brotherly [bãida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bægi</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugagi</td> <td>bad guy, villain [baŋwali ‘bandit’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bæŋ </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugaŋ </td> <td>faction, clique [baŋ ‘band’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bærazi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugarazi</td> <td>Hindī [early autonym Bharati]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bæši </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugaši</td> <td>heir; offspring; (legal) minor; prince, princess [bači ‘child’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bæšiso</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugašiso</td> <td>childhood; (legal) minority</td></tr>
<tr><td>bæstat </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>paltry, mediocre [bastãč ‘enough’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bæsu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugasu</td> <td>arm [basu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bæt </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>bad [bač]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bætyuŋ </td> <td>v</td> <td>batyoŋ batyuiye batyol</td> <td>abuse, mis-use [‘bad use’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bæzi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugazi</td> <td>oven [bati]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bæʔ </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugaʔ</td> <td>bug, insect [bag]</td></tr>
<tr><td>be </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugi</td> <td>Martian beer— made from grain but not barley [bia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>beguso</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>explosion [gobũ + sõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>beiru </td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>welcome [bẽvĩdu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>beru </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>démodé, past its prime, out of style [godu ‘fat’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>beši</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugiši</td> <td>data, information [biči ‘byte’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bešihi</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugišihi </td> <td>datanode, computer [‘data-node’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>beso </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugoso</td> <td>movement; transportation [gosõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bežənə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugežənə</td> <td>scam, trick [bijne ‘business’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bə </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter B [be]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəgés</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugos</td> <td>head [bosa ‘lump’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəi </td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>times; (in fossilized expressions) at, by [bai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəiɣ </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəiɣ </td> <td>stomach [baiga ‘belly’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəir </td> <td>n</td> <td>uəir</td> <td>life support [bauvida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəis </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>white [baise]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəisin </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəisin</td> <td>column, analysis; opinion [bausina ‘news site’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəišu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>low, short [baixu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəiyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəiyu</td> <td>baby, infant [short for baixiñu ‘kid’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəráži</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>type, kind [brãji ‘brand’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Bərázu </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>lægərázu</td> <td>Brazil [Brazu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəréɣru </td> <td>n</td> <td>ubreɣru</td> <td>gratitude [brigadu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəriɣ </td> <td>v</td> <td>beriɣaiye</td> <td>fight [briga]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəugəl </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəugəl</td> <td>pundit, columnist [bauwala ‘journalist’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəuhan </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəuhan</td> <td>petty tyrant, soup nazi [baukan ‘life support inspector’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəume </td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>on, on top of, over, above [byaumẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəumeš </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugeumeš </td> <td>surface, exterior [‘surface thing’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəyé</td> <td>n</td> <td>uge</td> <td>devil, Satan [gwe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəyér </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>devilish [gweda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bəyéri </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugeri</td> <td>berry [beri]</td></tr>
<tr><td>boro</td> <td>n</td> <td>uguro</td> <td>board, council, assembly [buro]</td></tr>
<tr><td>borogi</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugurogi</td> <td>board member, councillor</td></tr>
<tr><td>Boz</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læguz</td> <td>Buddha [Buta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>bur </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>buttocks, posterior [bũda ‘butt’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>burəš </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>panties, underwear [‘butt thing’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Buzarəu </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læguzarəu</td> <td>Buddhism [Butadau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>byegət</td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>fuck! dammit! [gwe wat ‘wtf’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>byegi</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugyegi</td> <td>shithead, fuckhead [gwewali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>byemer</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugyemer</td> <td>shit [gwe + Portunhol meda ‘shit’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>byəi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugyəi</td> <td>uninhabitable surfaces, e.g. Luna’s [byauli ‘surface’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>da </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter D</td></tr>
<tr><td>daiso</td> <td>n</td> <td>užaiso</td> <td>situation, status; stay, standing</td></tr>
<tr><td>de </td> <td>n</td> <td>uži</td> <td>(Martian) day [jia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>degai </td> <td>n</td> <td>užigai</td> <td>corrupt, shameless person [jiwali ‘whore’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>degažig </td> <td>n</td> <td>užegažig</td> <td>fuckup, shitstorm, cockup [jibajiba ‘cock-cock’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>degəl</td> <td>n</td> <td>užegəl</td> <td>bastard, shithead, asshole</td></tr>
<tr><td>deŋ </td> <td>n</td> <td>užeŋ </td> <td>capital, metropolis [jiŋ ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>derə </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>true, correct, real [jẽde]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dešizu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>different, distinct, special [jičĩtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>deye</td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>in front of, before [jẽmyẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dəyézu </td> <td>n</td> <td>užetu</td> <td>right, privilege [jetu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dirə </td> <td>oper</td> <td></td> <td>negative; minus [jĩde]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dirməhso</td> <td>n</td> <td>užirməhso</td> <td>subtraction</td></tr>
<tr><td>dite</td> <td>n</td> <td>užite</td> <td>today [jĩtyẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>diži </td> <td>n</td> <td>užiži</td> <td>antimatter [jĩuji]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dofah </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>fragile, breakable [žuŋfaka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doɣ </td> <td>v</td> <td>žəgéɣ doɣaiye</td> <td>play (games); game [žoga]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doji </td> <td>n</td> <td>uduji</td> <td>noon [juŋjia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dom </td> <td>n</td> <td>udum</td> <td>Islamic Friday [juma]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dome</td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>amid, among, in the middle of [juŋmẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doŋ </td> <td>n</td> <td>uduŋ </td> <td>middle, center, central; neutral [juŋ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doreu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>Jewish [žudeu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doro </td> <td>n</td> <td>uduro</td> <td>pork [juro]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doso</td> <td>n</td> <td>uduso</td> <td>neutrality [juŋsõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dosotə </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>fair, just, rightful [žustu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dosotər </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>fairess, justice </td></tr>
<tr><td>došə </td> <td>n</td> <td>udušə</td> <td>seed; neutron [juŋče]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doyeʔ </td> <td>n</td> <td>uduyeʔ</td> <td>midnight [juŋyewã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doz </td> <td>n</td> <td>uduz</td> <td>shoe, boot [juta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doʔ</td> <td>v</td> <td>doʔ dokaiye</td> <td>tap, hit, thump [imitative]</td></tr>
<tr><td>doʔ</td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>to, for, toward</td></tr>
<tr><td>dut</td> <td>v</td> <td>dəgét dutəiye </td> <td>lie, deceive [jut]</td></tr>
<tr><td>duzu </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>together [žũtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>duzuso</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>corporation, firm [‘togetherness’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>dweži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uweži</td> <td>home; house[jojiña]<br/>
<i>bəi dweži</i> at home</td></tr>
<tr><td>Earo </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Helladópolis [Elado]</td></tr>
<tr><td>efə </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter F [efe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>egiz </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>shuttle (low-space vessel) [obita]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ehar </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>charming, alluring [ẽkãda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ehazu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>charm, allure [ẽkãtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ehemi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>economy [ekomia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ehemir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>economic</td></tr>
<tr><td>ehemiži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>economics (e.g. old wrong ideas) [ekomižia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Eišir </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Elisiograd [Elixu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>emeži</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>mood, feeling; emoji [emoži ‘emoji’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>eneži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>energy [enežia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>eŋ </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter Ŋ [eŋ ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>er </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter R [er]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Erof </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Europe [Eropa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Eroheni</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Euko [Erokoni ‘Europe colony’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Esapəy </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>Spain [España]</td></tr>
<tr><td>esə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>silicon [ese]</td></tr>
<tr><td>esəfər</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>sphere, ball [esfera]</td></tr>
<tr><td>esi </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter S [esi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>eša</td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter Š [exi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>eši </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>western [oči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ešiɣ </td> <td>n</td> <td>uwošiɣ </td> <td>west</td></tr>
<tr><td>ešikad</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>eighth</td></tr>
<tr><td>ešiye</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>eighty</td></tr>
<tr><td>ešiʔ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>eight [ečik]</td></tr>
<tr><td>esu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>nitrogen [ẽsu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>eto </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>thus, therefore, so [entõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>eyə </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter Ñ [eñe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ə </td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>uh, um… </td></tr>
<tr><td>ə</td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter Ə</td></tr>
<tr><td>əi </td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>hey! oh! ow! [ai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>əigi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>lover [aiwali ‘spouse’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>əm </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter M [em]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ən </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter N [en]</td></tr>
<tr><td>əum </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>mind; soul, spirit [auma]
bəi əum in one’s mind</td></tr>
<tr><td>Əurun</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>Aureum (city on Mars)</td></tr>
<tr><td>əyén </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyen</td> <td>sodium [ena]</td></tr>
<tr><td>əyéš </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyéš</td> <td>hydrogen [eče]</td></tr>
<tr><td>əyéši </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyeši</td> <td>helium [eči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>əyéši</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>eastern [eči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>əyéšiɣ </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyešiɣ </td> <td>east</td></tr>
<tr><td>fæhe </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>bad, wrong [fakẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Færəɣ </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læfarəɣo</td> <td>France [Farãgo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fæsi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufasi</td> <td>idiot, madman [fasi ‘reactionary’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fæšu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>easy [fasiu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faɣ </td> <td>v</td> <td>pæɣ faɣaiye</td> <td>pay [paga]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fah</td> <td>v</td> <td>pæh fahəiye</td> <td>cook [paka]</td> <td></td></tr>
<tr><td>fai </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>good [fãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fai</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>son, daughter, child [filya, made to match bai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faiɣet </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>clear, obvious [fãigeč ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faina</td> <td>conj</td> <td></td> <td>though, although; even [‘good that’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faišed </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>healthy; relating to health [fãixenda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faišen </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>health [fãixen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faišif </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>edible [fãičifã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faiso </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>goodness; virtue [fãisõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faišo </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>praise [fãixo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faizeŋ </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>audible [fãitiŋ ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fas </td> <td>v</td> <td>pæs fasəiye</td> <td>pass; spend time [pasa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fasəruži</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>history, archeology [‘past study’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>faʔ</td> <td>v</td> <td>fæh fahəiye</td> <td>mess up, get into trouble [faka ‘break’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fegəu </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>storm; radiation peak [fẽbau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>feɣo </td> <td>v</td> <td>pəyéɣo feɣeiye</td> <td>walk [pego]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fehomo</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>skin mod (esp. for changing color) [‘skin-body-mod’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>feməh</td> <td>v</td> <td>fəyéməh feməhəiye</td> <td>divide [fenmeka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ferə</td> <td>v</td> <td>pəyérə fereiye</td> <td>lose, be lost [pede]</td></tr>
<tr><td>feyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufiyu</td> <td>wire [fiyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fezikad </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>physical [fizikda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>feziʔ </td> <td>n</td> <td>læfiziʔ</td> <td>physics [fizik]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fezu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufizu</td> <td>filter [fitu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəéž </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>happy [fliž ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəežəd</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>happiness [fližde]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəgéɣu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufoɣu</td> <td>fire [fogu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəgéle</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>forty</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəgér </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>four [for]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəgéres </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>forest, woods [floresa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəgérəd</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>fourth [forda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəgéru </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufóreu</td> <td>square, rectangle [forladu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəges </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufos</td> <td>force [fosa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəgéy </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufoy</td> <td>leaf [folya]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəgéži </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Wednesday [forjia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəifai </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>lovely, pretty [redup. form of fãiai ‘cute’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəikad</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>fifth</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəiye</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>fifty</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəiži </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Thursday [faijia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəiʔ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>five [faik]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fərǽk</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>creole, lingua franca, esp. that of Sihor </td></tr>
<tr><td>fərǽsi </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>sentence, phrase [frasi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəreu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>cold [friu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəu</td> <td>v</td> <td>pəu fēiye</td> <td>stun, shock</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəuz</td> <td>v</td> <td>fəuz fəuzaiye</td> <td>lack, go without [falta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəuz</td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>without, lacking</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəuzəteso</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>painless [‘without pain’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəuznaʔ</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>poor [‘without money’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəyéčə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufečə</td> <td>molecule [fenče]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəyehu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufehu</td> <td>iron [fehu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəyén </td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>divided by [fen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fəyén</td> <td>n</td> <td>ufen</td> <td>fraction; portion, sector</td></tr>
<tr><td>fih</td> <td>v</td> <td>feh fihəiye</td> <td>be; (with another verb) keep doing X [fika ‘stay’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fogo </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufugo</td> <td>soccer [fubo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fogogi </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>soccer player [fubowali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fomu </td> <td>n</td> <td>læfumu</td> <td>smoke [fumu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fonəʔ </td> <td>v</td> <td>pəgénəʔ fonəhəiye</td> <td>invest [pornak]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fonəʔgi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uponəʔgi</td> <td>investor [pornakwali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>for</td> <td>v</td> <td>pəger forəiye</td> <td>place, set, put; sow [por]</td></tr>
<tr><td>forol </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>young man, young male [frudu ‘dude’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>foroz </td> <td>n</td> <td>uforuz</td> <td>fruit [fruta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fošə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufušə</td> <td>radiation [fuxe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fozuru </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>the future [futuru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>fweši </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>strong [foči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gæd </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>sexual [ganda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gæm </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugam</td> <td>gram [gama]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gærahəž </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugarahəž</td> <td>storage, warehouse [gadakaža]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gæran </td> <td>n</td> <td>uɣaran</td> <td>neck [gadan]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gæri </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugari</td> <td>style (of art), fashion [garia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gærso</td> <td>n</td> <td>uɣarso</td> <td>keeping, storage</td></tr>
<tr><td>gafal</td> <td>v</td> <td>wafal gafaliye</td> <td>judge, decide [wãkwala ‘a judge’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gajəgə </td> <td>v</td> <td>wajəgə gajegeiye</td> <td>found, establish [wãjwe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gan</td> <td>v</td> <td>wæn gaiye wæl</td> <td>want [wan]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ganləu</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>conservative, old-fashioned [‘want-old’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gayo</td> <td>v</td> <td>wæyo gayeiye</td> <td>send for (someone), invoke [waño ‘order’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Gebə</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>Ngembe </td></tr>
<tr><td>gebəpo</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Ngembe dust, an intoxicant, very expensive because it’s actually shipped in from δ Pavonis</td></tr>
<tr><td>gebər</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>Ngembean, from Ngembe</td></tr>
<tr><td>geɣ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>billion [giga]</td></tr>
<tr><td>geɣu </td> <td></td> <td>begu geɣiye</td> <td>explode [gobũ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>geh</td> <td>v</td> <td>wəyéh gehəiye</td> <td>wake, awaken [weka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gen </td> <td>v</td> <td>wəyen geiye wəyel</td> <td>ask; order [wen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>géŋ </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugoŋ </td> <td>pound, slap [boŋ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gəime</td> <td>v</td> <td>wəime gəimeiye</td> <td>exit, leave, depart [waimẽ used as a verb]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gəiməh</td> <td>v</td> <td>bəiməh gəiməhəiye</td> <td>multiply [baimeka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gərá</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>big, large; (of people) fat [grã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gəu </td> <td>v</td> <td>bəu gəiye</td> <td>support, maintain [bau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gəufor</td> <td>v</td> <td>bəufor gəuforiye</td> <td>cover; immerse [byaupor]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gəyefəi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugefəi</td> <td>prize, reward [gefãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gəyéh </td> <td>n</td> <td>uɣeh</td> <td>war [geha]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gəyér </td> <td>a, n</td> <td>uɣer</td> <td>gay, lesbian, homosexual [geda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gəyetso</td> <td>m</td> <td>uɣetso</td> <td>understanding [gečsõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gi</td> <td>v</td> <td>be giye</td> <td>exist, be present [bi ‘be’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>giso</td> <td>v</td> <td>ubiso</td> <td>existence; presence</td></tr>
<tr><td>gišur </td> <td>v</td> <td>bešur gišurəiye</td> <td>must, have to; should, ought to [bixur]</td></tr>
<tr><td>god </td> <td>n</td> <td>uɣud</td> <td>thug, hooligan [gunda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gogi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uɣugai</td> <td>worker [guŋwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gokəž </td> <td>n</td> <td>uɣukəž </td> <td>office, workplace [guŋkaža]</td></tr>
<tr><td>goŋ </td> <td>n</td> <td>uɣuŋ </td> <td>work</td></tr>
<tr><td>goso</td> <td>n</td> <td>uɣoso</td> <td>action; user interface gesture [from ‘act’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>gozu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uɣuzu</td> <td>bone [gutu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>goʔ </td> <td>v</td> <td>boʔ gogəiye</td> <td>pump [bõba]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣan</td> <td>v</td> <td>gæn ɣaiye genal</td> <td>kiss, make out [gan ‘have sex’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣar</td> <td>v</td> <td>gær ɣaraiye</td> <td>store, keep [gada]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣeɣ </td> <td>v</td> <td>gəyéɣ ɣeɣaiye</td> <td>exchange, trade [gega]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣemem</td> <td>v</td> <td>gemem ɣememiye</td> <td>trust, give confidence to [‘give self’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣen</td> <td>v</td> <td>gen ɣeiye</td> <td>give [gẽna]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣet </td> <td>v</td> <td>gəyet ɣečəiye</td> <td>understand, comprehend, grasp [geč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣə</td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter Ɣ </td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣo </td> <td>v</td> <td>go ɣeiye</td> <td>act, do; send a user interface gesture [go ‘go’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣogəi</td> <td>v</td> <td>begəi ɣogəiye</td> <td>buy [gobai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣosat</td> <td>v</td> <td>besat ɣosatiye</td> <td>like, enjoy, appreciate [Portunhol gosta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ɣuŋ </td> <td>v</td> <td>goŋ ɣuiye gol</td> <td>work, work on; make [guŋ ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hagal </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Chinese person [Haŋwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hagəi </td> <td>v</td> <td>kagəi hagəiye</td> <td>come, arrive [kãbai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>han</td> <td>v</td> <td>kæn haiye kæl</td> <td>read, look, see [kan]</td></tr>
<tr><td>has</td> <td>v</td> <td>kæs kasiye</td> <td>hunt, seek out [kasa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hav</td> <td>v</td> <td>kæv haiye </td> <td>dig [kava]</td></tr>
<tr><td>haz</td> <td>v</td> <td>kaz kaziye</td> <td>sing [kãta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>haʔ </td> <td>v</td> <td>kæʔ hagiye kægal</td> <td>end, finish, stop [kaba]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hædəyo </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhadəyo</td> <td>radio [hadyo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hæfiru </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>fast [hapidu] </td></tr>
<tr><td>Hægo </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læhago</td> <td>China [Haŋgo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hægu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhagu</td> <td>tail [habu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hæšo </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læhašo</td> <td>Chinese language [Haŋxo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hæyeŋ </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhayeŋ </td> <td>Hanying [Hañiŋ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hæzau</td> <td>conj</td> <td></td> <td>because; in order to [hazãu ‘reason’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hæzi </td> <td>n</td> <td>hazi</td> <td>Hanzi, Chinese characters [Haŋči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>he </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>who [kẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>heɣam </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhiɣam</td> <td>kilogram [kigama]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hehu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>tacky, ostentatious [hiku ‘rich’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hemir </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhimir</td> <td>kilometer [kimida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>heo </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>thousand [kilo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hep</td> <td>v</td> <td>həyép hepəiye</td> <td>help, assist [hep]</td></tr>
<tr><td>her </td> <td>v</td> <td>kəyér herəiye</td> <td>fall; drop [keda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>heši </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>hot [kẽči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>heu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uʔiu</td> <td>river [hiu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>heži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhiži</td> <td>chemistry [kinžia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hežir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>chemical </td></tr>
<tr><td>hə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uʔə</td> <td>king, queen [he]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Həgæn</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læʔen</td> <td>Homeland (planet of 61 Cygni)</td></tr>
<tr><td>həgé </td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>in back of [homẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həgef </td> <td>n</td> <td>uʔof</td> <td>pressure suit, space suit [hopa ‘uniform’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həgér </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhor</td> <td>wheel [hoda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həgéš </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhoš </td> <td>stone, rock; (colloq.) world, planet [hoxa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həi</td> <td>v</td> <td>kəi həiye</td> <td>open [kai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həiš </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>root (of plant) [haix]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həkasi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uʔəkasi</td> <td>monarchy, kingdom [hekrasi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həyégəd</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>legal, permitted [hegrada]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həyegəl </td> <td>n</td> <td>uʔegəl</td> <td>inspector, regulator [hegwala ‘guard’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həyégər </td> <td>n</td> <td>uʔegər</td> <td>rule, regulation [hegra]</td></tr>
<tr><td>həyézu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>straight, right-angled [hetu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hidu </td> <td>v</td> <td>hidu hižiye</td> <td>kill, murder [kižu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hiši </td> <td>v</td> <td>hišiye</td> <td>breathe [huxi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hiži</td> <td>n</td> <td>uʔiži</td> <td>display; screen, monitor [huji ‘HUD’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hoš </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læhuš </td> <td>Russia [Huxa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hožab</td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>hello [Sw. hujambo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hoʔ</td> <td>v</td> <td>pehə hoʔiye</td> <td>go, move [kohe ‘run’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>husə </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>red [hũse]</td></tr>
<tr><td>huyen </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>jealous [hũyen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>hwehi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uʔohi</td> <td>classical (pre-Collapse) music [hoki ‘rock’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>iay </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyay</td> <td>island [ilya]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ig </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>100 million [iwã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>igərežə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>church [igreže]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Igo </td> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td>England [Iŋgo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ikazen</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>the Incatena [Pt pseudo-Latin Incátena]</td></tr>
<tr><td>iliš </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>English language [from ‘English’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>imiɣo </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>enemy, villain [imigo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>irəu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>vagina [ĩdau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Iru</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>India, Indian [ĩdu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Irurəu </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Hinduism [Ĩdudau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Isan </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>ləisan</td> <td>Islam [Islan]</td></tr>
<tr><td>isangi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>Muslim [Islanwali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>išə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>chair, seat [iče]</td></tr>
<tr><td>isoku </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>school [isku]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ite </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>sky; weather [tyẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>iteheni</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>arcology, massive city complex [‘sky city’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>iter </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>celestial [tyẽd]</td></tr>
<tr><td>itəres </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>interesting [ĩtresa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>iwal </td> <td>n</td> <td>uigal</td> <td>English speaker; English person [Iŋwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>iyə</td> <td>v</td> <td>leyə yeiye</td> <td>enter, go inside; marry, begin a long relationship [‘inside’ used as a verb]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Iyo </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læyazo</td> <td>Iyos [Iyos]</td></tr>
<tr><td>izaf</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>user interface; looks, style, presentation [ĩtafas]</td></tr>
<tr><td>iži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>matter, mass [uji]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ižir </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>physical, made of matter [ujida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ižiš </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>proton [ujiče]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kædu</td> <td>n</td> <td>uhadu</td> <td>example, instance [kažu]<br/>
<i>bəi kædu<i> for example</td></tr>
<tr><td>kædu </td> <td>conj</td> <td></td> <td>then; marks consequence [kažu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæf </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhaf</td> <td>coffee [kafe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæfizo </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhafizo</td> <td>captain [kapitõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kægar </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>final; last (in a series) [kabada]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kægi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uhagi</td> <td>reader, watcher [kanwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæhu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhahu</td> <td>rover, car, surface vehicle [kahu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæm </td> <td>n</td> <td>uham</td> <td>bed [kama]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæmiš </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhamiš </td> <td>shirt, blouse, top [kamisa + -š]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæpə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhapə</td> <td>clothing, clothes [kaple]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kær </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhar</td> <td>face [kara]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kærvəu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uharvəu</td> <td>festival, celebration [karvau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæš </td> <td>conj</td> <td></td> <td>and [kaj]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæsi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhasi</td> <td>diaper [kasiña ‘panties’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæši </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhaši</td> <td>card, note [kači]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæyau </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhayau</td> <td>horse [kavalu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kæž </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhaž</td> <td>place, building [kaža ‘house’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kafu</td> <td>n</td> <td>uhafu</td> <td>(physics) field</td></tr>
<tr><td>kain </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>somewhat, a little [kãina]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kaži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhaži</td> <td>sugar [kãji ‘candy’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kəiš </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhəiš</td> <td>box, crate [kaixa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kəlæru </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>bright, shiny [klaru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kəresə</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>Chryse [Krise]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kəus </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhəus</td> <td>pants, trousers [kausa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kəyéh</td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>haha, LOL [Japanese etc. keke]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kəyeši</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læhəyeči</td> <td>Quente, a city on Mars [after Monisa founder]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ko </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>heat, temperature [klo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ko </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter Q [ku]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kobag</td> <td>n</td> <td>uhubag</td> <td>boss, chief [Swahili kubwa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>koseyu</td> <td>n</td> <td>uhoseyu</td> <td>workers’ senate, faculty [kõseyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kosi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhosi</td> <td>condensed carbon [kõsisu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kov</td> <td>n</td> <td>uhuv</td> <td>breast [kuva ‘curve’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>koz </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhoz</td> <td>count, account [kõta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>koz </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhuz</td> <td>coat, jacket [kuta ‘shirt’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>kozagal </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhozagal</td> <td>accountant [kõtawal]</td></tr>
<tr><td>krér</td> <td>v</td> <td>rəyér kreriye</td> <td>believe [krer]</td></tr>
<tr><td>krés </td> <td>v</td> <td>res kréseiye</td> <td>grow; produce, generate [krese]</td></tr>
<tr><td>la </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter L [eli]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lai </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>homely, comfortable [dãuli ‘safe inside’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lauzai </td> <td>n</td> <td>urauzai</td> <td>recession, depression [dãutãi ‘bummer’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læfárəɣo</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>French language [da Farãgo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læg </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>10 billion [dawã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lægərázu</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Brazilian Portuguese [da Brazu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lægi</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>our, ours [dawi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lægo </td> <td>n</td> <td>uago</td> <td>laboratory [labo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læɣoŋ</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyæɣoŋ </td> <td>manufacturing, industry</td></tr>
<tr><td>læɣu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>wide [lagu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læɣuŋ </td> <td>v</td> <td>læɣuiye læɣol</td> <td>manufacture, produce, process [‘big make’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læhúš</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Russian language [da Huxa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læmed </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>self-governing, autonomous [lan-mem-da]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læmi</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>my, mine [dami]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læn </td> <td>conj</td> <td></td> <td>but, however [dan]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lænak</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>rich; expensive [danak ‘big money’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>længi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyangi</td> <td>governor, leader [lanwala ‘manager’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lænso</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyanso</td> <td>government, administration</td></tr>
<tr><td>lænwerə</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>Martian Portunhol [da Novere]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læór</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>his, her, its (obviative) [formed by analogy]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lærég</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>his [da dewala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lærégi</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>her [da dewali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lærə</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>his, her, its, their [dade]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læru </td> <td>n</td> <td>uaru</td> <td>side [ladu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læsə</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>your, yours [dase]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læsə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyasə</td> <td>laser [lase]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læšid </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>planetary, global [daxiŋda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læšiŋ </td> <td>n</td> <td>urašiŋ </td> <td>planet [daxiŋ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læt </td> <td>n</td> <td>urat</td> <td>point; decimal point; music dot [dač]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læyageɣ </td> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td>German language [da Alenxo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Læyáragə </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>Arabic language [da arabe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læyaš </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>important, significant [daaxa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læyeišir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>weird, strange [‘from Elisiograd’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læyen </td> <td>n</td> <td>urayen</td> <td>age, epoch, times [dañen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læyésapəy</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Spanish language [da España]</td></tr>
<tr><td>læʔ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>100,000 [lak]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lehi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyihi</td> <td>link, mode, tie [liki]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lemo</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyimo</td> <td>lemon; yellow [limõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>leor </td> <td>n</td> <td>urior</td> <td>Earth hour [diora]</td></tr>
<tr><td>leór</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>obviative 3rd person form [de oda ‘other he/she’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lesəd</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>this [dis + da]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lesəgəl </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>this person, this one [diswala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lesəi </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>here [disli]</td></tr>
<tr><td>leši </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyeši</td> <td>tooth [dẽči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>leši </td> <td>n</td> <td>uriši</td> <td>sun (of the system we’re in) [dixĩ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lešit </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>this thing, this one [dixič]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lestai </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>now [distãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lešu </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>here [diču]</td></tr>
<tr><td>letor</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyitor</td> <td>liter [litru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>leu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uliu</td> <td>present, gift [liu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ley </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyiy</td> <td>line; message (through neurimplant) [liña]</td></tr>
<tr><td>leye </td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>in, inside [limyẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>leyen </td> <td>n</td> <td>uriyen</td> <td>Earth year [diñen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>leyəgi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyəgi</td> <td>spouse, partner, husband, wife</td></tr>
<tr><td>leyən</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyeyən</td> <td>DNA, genome [de-en-a ‘DNA’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lezai </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læyezai</td> <td>Earth time [ditãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>leži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uriži</td> <td>Earth day [dijia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lezu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>slow [lẽtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləfíh</td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>isn’t that so? (tag question) [‘it is’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləgád</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>darling, adorbs [‘LOL’ + -da]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləgéfu </td> <td>n</td> <td>urofu</td> <td>tofu [dofu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ləgégo </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læogo</td> <td>Lowell [Lowo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləgéy</td> <td>n</td> <td>uroy</td> <td>hair; sprouts [Mandarin ‘bean sprouts’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləgeyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uroyu</td> <td>bean [doñu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləikso </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyəikso</td> <td>fun, good times; party [laiksõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lənæi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyinæi</td> <td>place, location [li + ‘there’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləšeu</td> <td>v</td> <td>ləyéšeu ləšeiye</td> <td>complete, fill</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>old [lau]
ləu toʔ uyen two years old</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləun </td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>down [daun]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləur </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>religious, spiritual [dauda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləúrəgəl</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>their (m) [da ũ dewala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləúrəgi</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>their (f) [da ũ dewali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləuso </td> <td>n</td> <td>urəuso</td> <td>religion, spirituality [dausõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləušu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyəušu</td> <td>mouse (animal) [lauxu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləuz </td> <td>n</td> <td>urəuz</td> <td>change; (math) delta [deuta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyé</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>ten [des]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyégi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyégi</td> <td>student [lenwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyéɣəu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>shady, suspicious [legau ‘cool’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ləyékeni</td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>Deng City (on Mars)</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyénso</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyenso</td> <td>learning, study</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyéru </td> <td>n</td> <td>ureru</td> <td>finger [dedu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyéšeu</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>complete; abundant [le xeu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyésəd</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>tenth</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyét</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>dead [deč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyétso</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>death </td></tr>
<tr><td>ləyéz </td> <td>n</td> <td>urez</td> <td>database, data store, repository [deta ‘data’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lig </td> <td>n</td> <td>uig</td> <td>tongue [lĩgwa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>livu</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyu</td> <td>novel, story [livu ‘book’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lo </td> <td>n</td> <td>uwo</td> <td>road, street [lu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>loite </td> <td>n</td> <td>uruite</td> <td>winter [duntyẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lom </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyum</td> <td>room [lum]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lon </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>notable, significant [luna ‘huge’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>loru </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>hard, rigid [duru]<br/> <i>loru še</i> letter Č or C</td></tr>
<tr><td>lorugi</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>rascal, rogue [‘hard one’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lorugir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>mean, bullying; arrogant [‘roguish’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lot </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyut</td> <td>root (of a number) [luč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Loyæn </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>lædágən</td> <td>the Douane [dwana]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lož </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyuž </td> <td>light; lamp [luž]</td></tr>
<tr><td>loži </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>distant, far [lõži]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ložiši</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>deep space [‘distant star’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lwesi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uresi</td> <td>candy, sweets [dosi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lye </td> <td>n</td> <td>udye</td> <td>electricity [dyẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lyer </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>electric, electrical [dyẽda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>lyešə </td> <td>n</td> <td>udyešə</td> <td>electron [dyẽče]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæ</td> <td>n</td> <td>uma</td> <td>parent (ordinary term) </td></tr>
<tr><td>mæfiz </td> <td>n</td> <td>umafiz</td> <td>parent (legal or formal term) [mapita]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mægor</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>thin [magru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæhet </td> <td>n</td> <td>umahet</td> <td>the market; business, commerce [maket]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mænu </td> <td>n</td> <td>umanu</td> <td>hand [manu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæor</td> <td>n</td> <td>umaor</td> <td>other parent (co-parent with mæ) </td></tr>
<tr><td>mær </td> <td>n</td> <td>umar</td> <td>sea, lake [mar]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mærer </td> <td>n</td> <td>umarer</td> <td>wood [madera]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mærəi</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læmarəi</td> <td>Maraille</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæšəi </td> <td>n</td> <td>umašəi</td> <td>fish [mačli]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæšid </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>mechanical, automatic [maxinda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæšin </td> <td>n</td> <td>umašin</td> <td>machine [maxin]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæy </td> <td>n</td> <td>umay</td> <td>morning [maña]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæyo</td> <td>n</td> <td>umayo</td> <td>leotard, catsuit, body suit, swimsuit [Pt maiô]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæz </td> <td>n</td> <td>umaz</td> <td>mother [mata]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæzar </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>motherly, maternal [matada]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæži </td> <td>n</td> <td>umaži</td> <td>magic [mažia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mæžid </td> <td>n</td> <td>umažid</td> <td>mosque [mažid]</td></tr>
<tr><td>maɣ </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>comics [mãga]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mai</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>girl, young woman [mãuña ‘kitty’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mau </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>cat [mãu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>meh </td> <td>v</td> <td>yeh maheiye</td> <td>do, become, act; (math) equals [meka ‘make’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mehveži</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyehveži</td> <td>terraforming </td></tr>
<tr><td>mei</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>milli, 1/1000 [mili]</td></tr>
<tr><td>meimir</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>millimeter</td></tr>
<tr><td>meiš </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>a bit, a tiny amount [‘milli-thing’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mekor </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>micro, 1/million [mikro]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mekor </td> <td>n</td> <td>umikor</td> <td>microwave [mikrõda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>menso</td> <td>n</td> <td>uminso</td> <td>meaning, intent</td></tr>
<tr><td>meóyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>umióyu</td> <td>corn (maize) [milyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mer </td> <td>n</td> <td>umir</td> <td>meter, gauge; measure; record [mida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>meši </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>sentience, consciousness [mẽči ‘mind’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>met </td> <td>n</td> <td>umit</td> <td>pepper [mič ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mez </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>table [meza]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mež </td> <td>n</td> <td>umiž </td> <td>academia, science [mija ‘media’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mežar</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>academic, scientific</td></tr>
<tr><td>méžerur</td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>please [irrealis participle of žeru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mezu </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>moment [mẽtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mezur</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>quick, fast [‘momentary’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mezutəin</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>quickship (near-C starship) [‘quick ship’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>min</td> <td>v</td> <td>men miye mil</td> <td>mean, intend, aim to [min]</td></tr>
<tr><td>misifəl </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>musician [musikwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>misih </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>music [musika]</td></tr>
<tr><td>misihi</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>music node [‘music-node’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>misotu</td> <td>v</td> <td>mesotu misotiye</td> <td>mix [mistu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>misotur</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>mixture; fuel [mistuda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mite </td> <td>n</td> <td>umite</td> <td>tomorrow [mĩtyẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mo </td> <td>n</td> <td>umu</td> <td>tree [mu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>moh </td> <td>v</td> <td>weh mohəiye</td> <td>live, reside [moha]</td></tr>
<tr><td>moh </td> <td>n</td> <td>umuh</td> <td>mouth [muh]</td></tr>
<tr><td>monəu </td> <td>n</td> <td>umunəu</td> <td>(slang) huge, intense, a fuck of a [munau ‘idiotic’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>mor</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>other parent (short form of mæor)</td></tr>
<tr><td>morəgə </td> <td>n</td> <td>umúrəgə</td> <td>chicken [murge]</td></tr>
<tr><td>moru </td> <td></td> <td>numuru</td> <td>outer wall, load-bearing wall [muru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muʔaməd </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>Muħammad [Muhamad]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næd </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>male, masculine [nanda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nægeh</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læɣeh</td> <td>Mars Exchange [Geka < Gegakaža ‘exchange house’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nægəl </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>that person, that one [nawala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nægibəi </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>lægibəi</td> <td>Bible [biblia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Næhə</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>lænahə</td> <td>Nánhé, a planet of Procyon</td></tr>
<tr><td>Næhuən </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læhuən</td> <td>Qurʾān [Kuran]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næi</td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>at (general locative) [‘there’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næi </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>there [nali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næihan</td> <td>v</td> <td>næikæn næihaiye næikæl</td> <td>attend, watch (in person) [‘there see’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næihangi</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>audience member, attendee</td></tr>
<tr><td>næmirəd </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>immeasurable [nã-mida-da]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nænəi </td> <td>n</td> <td>unanəi</td> <td>noob, beginner, novice [nanai ‘boy’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nær</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>that (demonstrative) [na + da]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nær</td> <td>n</td> <td>unar</td> <td>grandparent [da-na from paternal/maternal terms]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næraš </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>unimportant</td></tr>
<tr><td>næriž </td> <td>n</td> <td>unariž</td> <td>nose; smell [nariž]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næšagi </td> <td>n</td> <td>unašagi</td> <td>dancer [načawala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næšər</td> <td>n</td> <td>unašər</td> <td>dance [nača]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næšit </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>that thing, that one [naxič]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næso </td> <td>n</td> <td>unaso</td> <td>nation, country [nasõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næsogi</td> <td>n</td> <td>unasogi</td> <td>citizen, national, resident</td></tr>
<tr><td>næya</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>law [na ale]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næyagi</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>lawyer </td></tr>
<tr><td>næyar </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>legal, legislative [aleda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>unayu</td> <td>boat, (sea) ship [navu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næyur </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>naval [navuda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næzai </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>then, at that time [natãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næžezu</td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>that way, thus [‘that way’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>næʔ </td> <td>n</td> <td>unaʔ </td> <td>money, credits [nak]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Naə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ui</td> <td>the Vee, the photonic world [vi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>naər</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>on the Vee, photonic</td></tr>
<tr><td>nagan</td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>don’t do X! [nã wan]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nagəl </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>none; no one, nobody [nãwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nahaši </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>free (of charge) [nãkači]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nahəd</td> <td>v</td> <td>nahad nahədaiye</td> <td>hide [nokanda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nahišir </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>unbreathable [‘no-breathe-adj’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nai </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>nowhere [nãli]</td></tr>
<tr><td>naikad</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>ninth</td></tr>
<tr><td>naiye</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>ninety</td></tr>
<tr><td>naiʔ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>nine [nãik]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nal</td> <td>ij</td> <td></td> <td>no [na la]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nanesu</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>clever, cunning [nãnesu ‘not stupid’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nanumər </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>countless, infinite [nã-nume-da]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Naræfah </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>the Collapse [Dafaka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>naš </td> <td>v</td> <td>næš našiye</td> <td>dance [nača]</td></tr>
<tr><td>našap </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>dull, blunt [nãxap]</td></tr>
<tr><td>našež </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>dance studio</td></tr>
<tr><td>našifər </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>inedible [‘no-eat-adj’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nasipeš </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>complex, complicated; diverse, sophisticated [‘not simple’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>našit </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>nothing [nãxič]</td></tr>
<tr><td>našo</td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>much less, to say nothing of [‘not say’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>našo </td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>except, excluding [nãxo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nau</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læyu</td> <td>Luna, Earth’s moon [Alua]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nawemor</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>inhuman, non-human (not used of actual aliens)</td></tr>
<tr><td>nazai </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>never [nãtãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nazed </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>safety [nãteŋda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nazeŋ </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>safe, secure [nãteŋ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nažiŋi </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>difficult [‘not easy’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>neʔogo</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Japanese language [autonym Nihongo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nə</td> <td>conj</td> <td></td> <td>that (subordinator)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nəiho </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>Naya Kolkata [Naiko]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nəisu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>enough, sufficient [naisu ‘good job’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nənə́isu</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>interesting [redup. of naisu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nəu </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>brain [nau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nəumo</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>neurimplant [‘brain mod’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nimudo</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Nymundo (a planet of τ Ceti)</td></tr>
<tr><td>no </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>naked, nude [nu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nobagə </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>most, the most; best [nubwan]</td></tr>
<tr><td>noe </td> <td>n</td> <td>unue</td> <td>cloud [nuvẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>noer </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>cloudy [nuvẽda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nofə </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>barefoot [nupe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nohænə </td> <td>n</td> <td>unuhænə</td> <td>nuclear energy [nukaene]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nomeži </td> <td>n</td> <td>unumeži</td> <td>mathematics [numežia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəu nomeži arithmetic</td></tr>
<tr><td>nomə </td> <td>n</td> <td>unumə</td> <td>number, amount [nume]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nomər </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>numeric [numeda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nomo</td> <td>v</td> <td>wemo nomeiye</td> <td>break, collapse, fall apart [nomo ‘stop’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nošazi </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>macho, by brute force [nučati ‘bare-chest’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>noseyu</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>topless, bare-chested [nuseyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>noso </td> <td>n</td> <td>unuso</td> <td>nakedness, nudity [nusõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>noy </td> <td>n</td> <td>unuy</td> <td>woman [nuña ‘girl’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>noyar </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>female, feminine [nuñada]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nuh </td> <td>v</td> <td>noh nuhəiye</td> <td>nuke; destroy completely [nuka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>nuhar</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>nuclear</td></tr>
<tr><td>o </td> <td>conj</td> <td></td> <td>or [o]</td></tr>
<tr><td>o </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter O [o]</td></tr>
<tr><td>oagəl </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>every; everyone, everybody; we [olawala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ogəi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>the outdoors; ecosphere; environment, world; (Mars) the lowlands, the most terraformed regions [olawai ‘exterior’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ogəir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>ecological, environmental</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ogiru </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>the regions where Marindi is spoken [woĩdu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ogirušo </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>lægirušo</td> <td>Marindi language [woĩduxo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>oɣuzu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>skeleton [olagutu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Okurə</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Okura [Okurinese]</td></tr>
<tr><td>omoso </td> <td>n</td> <td>uw-</td> <td>humanity [omosõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>or </td> <td>b</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>wave [õda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>or </td> <td>n</td> <td>uw-</td> <td>Martian hour [ora]</td></tr>
<tr><td>or </td> <td>n</td> <td>uw-</td> <td>honor [õra]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ora </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>again [odatãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>orad</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>honorable, honored; general term of respect</td></tr>
<tr><td>oragæši</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>reinfancy— loosening of mind to allow life change [‘again child’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>oraɣo </td> <td>v</td> <td>oraɣeiye</td> <td>return, go back [odago]</td></tr>
<tr><td>oraɣuŋ </td> <td>v</td> <td>oraɣuiye oragol</td> <td>repair, fix [‘rework’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>oraɣuŋgi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>repair person, fixer</td></tr>
<tr><td>orayaš </td> <td>v</td> <td>orayašiye</td> <td>consider, ruminate; rethink [‘re-think’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Orižai</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Orindzai, sister planet to Okura</td></tr>
<tr><td>orogəir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>alien, from a different ecosphere [‘other world’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>orogi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>alien (non-human sentient) [orogəigi ‘different ecology person’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ou </td> <td>n</td> <td>uwou</td> <td>egg [ovu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>owadoɣ </td> <td>v</td> <td>(see doɣ)</td> <td>mess with, hang out with, play with</td></tr>
<tr><td>owai </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>everywhere [olali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>owair</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ubiquitous, widespread [‘everywhere-ish’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>owašit </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>everything [olaxič ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>owazai </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>always [olatãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>oži </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>where [õji]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ozu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uw-</td> <td>oxygen, air [otu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>oʔə</td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter ʔ </td></tr>
<tr><td>oʔu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uwoʔu</td> <td>gold [ohu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pazu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufazu</td> <td>quantum [kwãtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pædər</td> <td>n</td> <td>ufadər</td> <td>norm, standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>pædər</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>standard [padrõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæfə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufafə</td> <td>paper [pape]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæhgi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufahgi</td> <td>cook, chef (person) [pakawali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæhi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufahi</td> <td>quark [kwaki]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæmezu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufamezu</td> <td>parliament, legislature [Palamẽtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæmezugi</td> <td>n</td> <td>ufamezugi</td> <td>member of parliament, legislator</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæn </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufan</td> <td>solar panel [pana]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pærəš </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufarəš </td> <td>partition, non-load-bearing interior wall [parej]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæsəru </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufasəru</td> <td>the past [pasadu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæši </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufaši</td> <td>party [pači]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæšu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufašu</td> <td>peace [paxu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæšur</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>peaceful; quiet</td></tr>
<tr><td>pæv </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufav</td> <td>word [pava]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pævəsen</td> <td>n</td> <td>ufavəsen</td> <td>dictionary [‘word scene’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pebar </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhobar</td> <td>snake, serpent [kobra]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pefu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhofu</td> <td>body [kopu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>peh </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzoh</td> <td>leg [toka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pei </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhei</td> <td>kale, cabbage [kovi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Peiman</td> <td>n</td> <td>Uzeiman</td> <td>α Centauri [Toliman]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pemo </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhomo</td> <td>body mod [komo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pemu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>common; communal [komũ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pemurə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhomurə</td> <td>community [komũde]</td></tr>
<tr><td>peni </td> <td>n</td> <td>uheni</td> <td>city [koni]</td></tr>
<tr><td>penir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>urban, of the city [konida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>peŋ </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzoŋ </td> <td>tank, bottle [toŋ ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>per </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhor</td> <td>instructions; algorithm [koda ‘program’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>per </td> <td>n</td> <td>uhor</td> <td>color [kor]</td></tr>
<tr><td>peraz </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufiraz</td> <td>pirate, gangster [pirata]</td></tr>
<tr><td>peš </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufiš </td> <td>pizza [piča]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pešihu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>political [pličiku]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pešihud</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>politics (a bad thing, pre-socionomics) [pličikde]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pez </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufiz</td> <td>father [pita]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pezar </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>fatherly, paternal [pitada]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufə</td> <td>foot [pe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pə </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter P [pe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəgébə </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>undeveloped, backwards [pobre ‘poor’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəgédəri </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>rotten, moldy, spoiled [podri]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəgéš </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufeš</td> <td>message, text [posči ‘post’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəgešnau </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>maybe [poxnãu ‘sure’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəgézu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufozu</td> <td>spaceport, port [portu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəgéʔ </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>ugly [plok ‘awful’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəi </td> <td>n</td> <td>læfəi</td> <td>piece, part [kwai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufəi</td> <td>pi [pai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəišifəl </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>politician, political crank [pličikwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pərǽz </td> <td>n</td> <td>uparəz</td> <td>silver [prata]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td></tr>
<tr><td>pəréɣə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufeɣə </td> <td>project [prože]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pərǽzu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufəræzu</td> <td>plate, dish [pratu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəu </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>which [kwau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəu </td> <td>oper</td> <td></td> <td>to the power of; exponential [pau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufəu</td> <td>sonic exploder, shocker (non-destructive police weapon) [pau ‘rod’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəugi</td> <td>n</td> <td>ufəugi</td> <td>police, guard [‘stun’ + -wali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəur </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufəur</td> <td>plant [pauda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəurago </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufəurago</td> <td>greenhouse, growing area [paudalabo ‘hydroponics lab’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəurəži </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufəurəži</td> <td>hydroponics [paudažia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyeə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufeə</td> <td>skin [pele]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyefəd </td> <td>n</td> <td>uprefəd</td> <td>preparation; plan [prepade]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyégə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufegə</td> <td>lead (metal) [pebe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyén </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufen</td> <td>feather [pena]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyéru </td> <td>n</td> <td>uferu</td> <td>toe [pededu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyés </td> <td>v</td> <td>pəyéseiye</td> <td>seem, appear [prese]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyeto</td> <td>n</td> <td>ufəyeto</td> <td>oil, petrol; gasoline [petro]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyeu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufeu</td> <td>fur [pelu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyéyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufeyu</td> <td>friend [peñu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyéyur</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>friendly [peŋuda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyézu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>near [petu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pəyézu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>black [pretu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>po </td> <td>n</td> <td>ufo</td> <td>dust, powder [po]</td></tr>
<tr><td>porar </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>computational, algorithmic [pudada]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pref</td> <td>v</td> <td>pəyef prefəiye</td> <td>prepare; plan, design [prepa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pres </td> <td>v</td> <td>pərés presəiye</td> <td>push, press [prẽsa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>punomə</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>decile (.1, .2, etc.) [‘pu- number’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>puzu</td> <td>n</td> <td>ufuzu</td> <td>decimal point [Portunhol pũtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>pwæl </td> <td>n</td> <td>upágəl</td> <td>man (male) [pwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>rasoʔ</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugrasoʔ</td> <td>university, college [grãsku]</td></tr>
<tr><td>rau </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugrau</td> <td>grain [grãu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ræm</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugárəm</td> <td>grass, greenery [grama]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ræraži </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>gravity [Pt gravidade]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ræš </td> <td>n</td> <td>ukraš</td> <td>fail, crash [krax]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ræsi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ukrasi</td> <td>power [krasi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ræzer</td> <td>n</td> <td>ukərǽz</td> <td>crater [kratera]</td></tr>
<tr><td>reš</td> <td>v</td> <td>ləyeš rešəiye</td> <td>die; urgently want [deč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>resəži</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>agriculture [‘growth study’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>režih</td> <td>v</td> <td>ləyéžih režihəiye</td> <td>dedicate [dejika]</td></tr>
<tr><td>rəgér </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>10 million [kror]</td></tr>
<tr><td>rəgéz </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugrez</td> <td>person, individual [grotu ‘guy’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>rəuz</td> <td>v</td> <td>ləuz rəuzaiye</td> <td>change, become [deuta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>rəužeru</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>sex change</td></tr>
<tr><td>rəyéd </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>belief, believing [krede]</td></tr>
<tr><td>rohu </td> <td>v</td> <td>dohu rohiye</td> <td>join, participate [žuku ‘enter’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ruéniʔ </td> <td>n</td> <td>ukroniʔ</td> <td>story; film, holo [kronik]</td></tr>
<tr><td>rurət</td> <td>v</td> <td>lorat rurəšiye</td> <td>obey; follow (procedures) [dudač ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>saɣi </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>blood [sãgi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sazu</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>holy, sacred [sãtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sægaru </td> <td>n</td> <td>usagaru</td> <td>sabbath [sabadu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sæl </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>rotten, nasty [sala ‘bastard’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sæy </td> <td>n</td> <td>usay</td> <td>robe, formal outfit [saya ‘dress’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sæyas</td> <td>n</td> <td>usayas</td> <td>sauce, dip, salsa [Portuhol]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sedo </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>neighbor [sẽjo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>segat</td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>no, on the contrary (answers negative question) [si wat]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sekad</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>sixth</td></tr>
<tr><td>sekou </td> <td>n</td> <td>usikou</td> <td>circle, disk [siklu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sekour</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>circular, round</td></tr>
<tr><td>sem</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>you (s. or pl.) [se memu ‘yourself (s.)’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sen </td> <td>n</td> <td>usin</td> <td>Vee scene; book, source [sina]</td></tr>
<tr><td>seraži </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>archaic, outmoded [sidaji ‘chic’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>seru </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>zero [siru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sesagəl </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>scientist [siẽswala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>seši </td> <td>v</td> <td>sešiye</td> <td>feel, sense, perceive [sẽči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sešiso </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>sensation, feeling [sẽčisõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sesu </td> <td>n</td> <td>usisu</td> <td>carbon [sisu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>seumo </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>bug, recording device [‘phone mod’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>seye</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>sixty</td></tr>
<tr><td>seyes </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>science [siẽsa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>seyesar </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>scientific [siẽsada]</td></tr>
<tr><td>seži </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Friday [sikjia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>seʔ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>six [sik]</td></tr>
<tr><td>seʔi</td> <td>v</td> <td>sweʔi seʔiye</td> <td>smile [sohi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Seʔor</td> <td>n</td> <td>usiʔor</td> <td>Sihor (large human planet in ε Indi system) </td></tr>
<tr><td>sezem </td> <td>n</td> <td>usizem</td> <td>system, organization; a stellar system [sitema]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səgéo </td> <td>n</td> <td>uso</td> <td>hero, protagonist [solo ‘rogue’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səmǽn </td> <td>n</td> <td>usamæn</td> <td>week [smana]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səmæt </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>smart, intelligent [smat]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səpédar </td> <td>n</td> <td>uspedar</td> <td>choice [skolyede]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səpíu</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Skweeoo (alien species) [skwiu] </td></tr>
<tr><td>sətát</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>start, beginning, origin</td></tr>
<tr><td>sətát</td> <td>v</td> <td>sətát sətášiye</td> <td>start, begin, originate [stač]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sətézu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>narrow [stetu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səu </td> <td>v</td> <td>səu səiye</td> <td>make love, have sex [sau ‘fuck’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səgét </td> <td>n</td> <td>usoyet</td> <td>ice cream; (slang) cool, awesome [soveč ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səgéyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>usoyu</td> <td>dream; sleep [sonyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səyéger</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>seventh</td></tr>
<tr><td>səyéɣo </td> <td>n</td> <td>useɣo</td> <td>second (of time) [segõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səyéhu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>dry [seku]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səyéu </td> <td>n</td> <td>useu</td> <td>(medical) breast [seyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sif </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>pleasant [sĩpa ‘nice’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səyéuš </td> <td>n</td> <td>useus</td> <td>bra</td></tr>
<tr><td>səyéži </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Saturday [sebejia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səyéʔ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>seven [sebe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səʔés</td> <td>v</td> <td>səʔésəiye</td> <td>forget [skese]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səyéye</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>seventy</td></tr>
<tr><td>siɣu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>abnormal, eccentric [sĩgulau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sil</td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>yes [sĩ la ‘OK’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sin</td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>yes, correct (answers negative question) [sĩ na]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sini </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>Sunnī [suni]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sipeš </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>simple [sĩplex]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sis </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>ash; gray [sĩsa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>siši </td> <td>n</td> <td>usuši</td> <td>sushi [suxi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sit </td> <td>v</td> <td>set sišəiye</td> <td>sit [sič ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>so </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>only, solely [so]</td></tr>
<tr><td>so </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>southern [su]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Soameh</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>South America</td></tr>
<tr><td>sobar </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>shadow, shade [sõbra]</td></tr>
<tr><td>soɣo</td> <td>n</td> <td>usuɣo</td> <td>south</td></tr>
<tr><td>sokoru </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>dark [skuru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>solyəu </td> <td>n</td> <td>usulyəu</td> <td>plastic [sulyau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Soʔəyel</td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>South Hellas</td></tr>
<tr><td>suyəgé</td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>next to [‘right or left’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>swæi </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>smooth, soft [swavi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>swesi </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>progressive, humanistic [sosi ‘socialist’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sopəres</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>surprise</td></tr>
<tr><td>sopəresar</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>surprising</td></tr>
<tr><td>sotar </td> <td>n</td> <td>usutar</td> <td>sutra [Sanskrit]</td></tr>
<tr><td>soyə </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>even [‘only also’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>soyu</td> <td>v</td> <td>səgéyu soyuiye</td> <td>dream; sleep [sonyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Soyunor</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Soñonorte (city on Mars)</td></tr>
<tr><td>spey</td> <td>v</td> <td>səpéy speyiye</td> <td>choose [skolye]</td></tr>
<tr><td>sugé </td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>left of [swomẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šam </td> <td>v</td> <td>šæm šaməiye</td> <td>call, name [xama]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šaŋəi </td> <td>v</td> <td>šæŋəi šaŋəiye</td> <td>connect, relate to; draw in, suggest [čaŋai ‘marry’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šar</td> <td>n</td> <td>ušár</td> <td>house; firm, organization [xãda ‘family’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šarfaɣ</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>paid by an organization</td></tr>
<tr><td>šau </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>floor, ground [xãu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šaži </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>god [xãji]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šažir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>godly, divine [xãjid]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šæ</td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>less than [xa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šæg </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušag</td> <td>rice [čawa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šæg </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>stupid, dumb [xagwa ‘idiot’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šæme </td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>under, below, underneath [xamẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šæmeš </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušamaš </td> <td>butt, ass [‘under-thing’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šæŋ </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>long [čaŋ ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šæŋirə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušaŋire</td> <td>connection, relation; suggestion [čaŋaide]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šæp </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>sharp [xap]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šærə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušarə</td> <td>chess [xade]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šæzi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušazi</td> <td>chest (of body) [čati]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šef</td> <td>n</td> <td>ušif</td> <td>food [čifã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šefal </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušifəl</td> <td>teacher [xikwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šefəž</td> <td>n</td> <td>ušiəz</td> <td>restaurant [‘eat place’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šeɣo </td> <td>v</td> <td>šəyéɣo šeɣeiye</td> <td>drive (a vehicle) [čego]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šeɣogi</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>driver</td></tr>
<tr><td>šeɣoš </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>volant [‘drive-thing’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šen </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušin</td> <td>heart [xin]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šep </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušip</td> <td>marbles, brains (slang for ‘mind’) [čip ‘chip’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šer </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>airy, gaseous [čida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šeso </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušiso</td> <td>teaching, education [xiksõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šešum </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušišum</td> <td>shithole, hellhole [xičum ‘toilet’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šet </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušit</td> <td>clutter, hoard; loot [xič ‘stuff’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šeu</td> <td>v</td> <td>šeu šeiye</td> <td>be full; be tired of</td></tr>
<tr><td>šeu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>full [xeu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šezaso </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzezaso</td> <td>experiment, trial [tẽtasõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šežeru</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>trick, skill [dim. ‘know’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uši</td> <td>air, gas [či]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šə </td> <td>v</td> <td>šə šeiye</td> <td>write [xe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəgéhot </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušohot</td> <td>chocolate [xokolač ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəgéite </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušoite</td> <td>autumn [čotyẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəgérə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušorə</td> <td>statement; a speech [xode]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəgo</td> <td>v</td> <td>šəgeo šegeiye</td> <td>laugh [xolo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəmau</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>kitty, kitten [dim. ‘cat’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šənayu</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>airplane [‘air-ship’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəu </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>stir-fry [čau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>small, little [xau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>səugal</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>sex worker, prostitute</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəumuh </td> <td>v</td> <td>šəumuhəiye</td> <td>pout, sulk [xaumuh]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəunad</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>boy, young male [‘little male’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəuši </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>asteroid [xauxĩ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəuyoro </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>veal [xauñoro]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəyéd</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>Qengese</td></tr>
<tr><td>Šəyégit</td> <td>n</td> <td>ušegit</td> <td>Dzebyet (an alien species)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Šəyéŋ </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læšeŋ </td> <td>Qeng [Qengese]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəyéra</td> <td>n</td> <td>ušera</td> <td>nonsense [čedã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəyérar </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>nonsensical [čedãda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəyéš </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>thank you [xexe]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šəyeyu</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>minority [dim. ‘half’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šiʔ </td> <td>n</td> <td>šeʔ šikəiye</td> <td>teach [xik]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ši </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>star [xĩ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šif </td> <td>v</td> <td>šef šifəiye</td> <td>eat [čifã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šiɣa</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>Shīʿah [Arabic]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šo</td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>about, on the subject of</td></tr>
<tr><td>šo </td> <td>v</td> <td>šo šeiye</td> <td>speak, say, tell [xo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šoge </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušuge</td> <td>diamond [čuwẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šoite </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušuite</td> <td>spring [čuntyẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šomo</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>speaker, communicator [‘speak mod’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šon </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušun</td> <td>group [čun]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šonrəsi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušunresi</td> <td>oligarchy [čunkrasi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šošəi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušušəi</td> <td>vegetable [xučai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šoso</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>language, speech (ability)</td></tr>
<tr><td>šuhu</td> <td>v</td> <td>šohu šuhiye</td> <td>abandon; break up (a relationship) [čuku ‘exit’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šunso</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>group identity </td></tr>
<tr><td>šut </td> <td>v</td> <td>šot šušəiye</td> <td>shoot, fire (a weapon) [xuč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šuv </td> <td>v</td> <td>šov šwaiye</td> <td>rain; shower [xuva]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šweži </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušeži</td> <td>linguistics [xožia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šyef </td> <td>n</td> <td>ušyif</td> <td>guts, intestines [tripa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šyeɣu </td> <td>n</td> <td>šyiɣu</td> <td>wheat [trigu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šyen</td> <td>v</td> <td>šyəyén šyenəiye</td> <td>train, guide [trena]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šyenər </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>training [trenade]</td></tr>
<tr><td>šyeye</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>thirty</td></tr>
<tr><td>tai </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzai</td> <td>time [tãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>taimo</td> <td>n</td> <td>uzaimo</td> <td>clock [‘time-mod’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tæš </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzaš </td> <td>possessions, property [taxič]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tæy </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læzay</td> <td>Sol, Earth’s sun [Taya]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tæyaši </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzayaši</td> <td>solar system [Tayaxi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tæyaži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzayaži</td> <td>Sunday [Tayaži]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tæži </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzaži</td> <td>evening [taji]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tæžim</td> <td>n</td> <td>uzažim</td> <td>Tajima screen [Tajima kafu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>te </td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>since, after [tẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tedoji</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>afternoon [‘after noon’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ter</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>subsequent, succeeding, later [‘after’ + adj.]</td></tr>
<tr><td>terzai</td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>goodbye! [‘later time’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tesuʔi </td> <td>n</td> <td>užisuʔi</td> <td>Swahili [autonym Kiswahili]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tə </td> <td>n</td> <td>uze</td> <td>tea [te]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tə </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter T [te]</td></tr>
<tr><td>təigal </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>monster, horror [taiwala ‘alien’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>təiho </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzəiho</td> <td>space [taiko]</td></tr>
<tr><td>təin </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzəin</td> <td>spaceship [taina]</td></tr>
<tr><td>təré </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>three [tri]</td></tr>
<tr><td>təréəru </td> <td>n</td> <td>utəríəru</td> <td>triangle [triladu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tərér</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>third</td></tr>
<tr><td>təréži </td> <td>n</td> <td>utəríži</td> <td>Tuesday [trijia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>təu </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>such, that kind of [tau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>təyégi</td> <td>n</td> <td>utegi</td> <td>gangster, bandit [‘terrorist’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Təyéh </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læzeh</td> <td>Earth [Teha]</td></tr>
<tr><td>təyékəl </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzekəl</td> <td>parameter, UI element; (archaic) key [tekla]</td></tr>
<tr><td>təyéso</td> <td>n</td> <td>uteso</td> <td>pain, suffering</td></tr>
<tr><td>tiži </td> <td>n</td> <td>udiži</td> <td>Monday [tujia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>to </td> <td>n</td> <td>uzo</td> <td>calm, sang-froid [to ‘head’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tohemeži</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>ambivalent, ambivalence [‘two emoji’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tokad</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>second [tukda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>tomat </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>very, really [tumač]</td></tr>
<tr><td>toye</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>twenty</td></tr>
<tr><td>toʔ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>two [tuk]</td></tr>
<tr><td>u </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter U [u]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ug</td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>dog [ũbua]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ugéheŋ </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>lægoheŋ </td> <td>Martian Mandarin [‘Mars-Chinese’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ugéheni </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>lægoheni</td> <td>Areopolis [Wokoni]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ugéše </td> <td>n</td> <td>lægoše</td> <td>Mars [Woxẽ]<br/>
<i>bəi Ugéše</i> on Mars</td></tr>
<tr><td>ugéšer </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>Martian [Woxẽda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ugéyen </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugoyen</td> <td>Martian year (~687 Earth days, 667 Mars days) [woñen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ugezai </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Mars time [wotãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>urégəl</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>they, them (males) [‘some’ + dewala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>urégi</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>they, them (females) [‘some’ + dewali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>urə</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>they, them [‘some’ + de]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Usæfi </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>ideology of Afrika ya Mashariki [Usafi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>usu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uy-</td> <td>bear (animal) [usu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Uyameh </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>the Americas [Ameh pluralized]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Uzefi</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læy-</td> <td>Utopia (city on Mars)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vayeš </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læyayeš </td> <td>Valles city [Valex]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vayešəɣ</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læyayešəɣ </td> <td>the Valles Marineris [‘Valles (city) region’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vedoru </td> <td>n</td> <td>uwidoru</td> <td>glass (substance) [vidru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>væfor </td> <td>n</td> <td>uwafor</td> <td>publicity, propaganda [vapor ‘hot air’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>væu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uwau</td> <td>valve [vavu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ver </td> <td>n</td> <td>uir</td> <td>life [vida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vetəri</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyetəri</td> <td>belly, abdomen; womb [vẽtri]</td></tr>
<tr><td>veyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uiyu</td> <td>wine [viñu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>veyugər</td> <td>n</td> <td>užugər</td> <td>grape [viñuberi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vež </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyiž </td> <td>window [viža ‘porthole’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vezu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyezu</td> <td>wind, breeze [vẽtu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>və </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter V [ve]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vəgézu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyozu</td> <td>vote; election [votu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vəgézugo</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyozugo</td> <td>republic, pre-Incatena democracy [‘vote country’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vəyémi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyemi</td> <td>worm [vemi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vəyéro </td> <td>n</td> <td>uero</td> <td>summer [verõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vəyéži </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>green [veji]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vəyéʔ </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyeʔ</td> <td>people, persons [vek ‘guy’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vwe </td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>until, before [vo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>vwer</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>previous; past, former, ex- [‘until’ + adj.]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wafal </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugafəl</td> <td>judge [wãkwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wafaləž </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugafaləž </td> <td>court (of a judge) [‘judge house’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wakad</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>first [wãkda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wakagi</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugakagi</td> <td>chairman, president [‘first person’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wakasi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugakasi</td> <td>totalitarianism [wãkkrasi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wakasir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>totalitarian</td></tr>
<tr><td>wasei </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugasei</td> <td>pornography [wãse vi ‘yellow Vee’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wasə </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>salacious, dirty, pornographic [wãse ‘yellow’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wašip </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>primitive [wãčip ‘stupid’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>waʔ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>one [wãk]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæ</td> <td>intj</td> <td></td> <td>well… (marks dispreferreds) [wat]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæf </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>fat, chubby [wapa ‘sexy’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæg </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugag</td> <td>flower [wawa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wægat </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>why [wanwat]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæi </td> <td>n</td> <td>lægai</td> <td>older woman (past first oragæši) [mwali ‘woman’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæi </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugai</td> <td>woman [wali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæn </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>ten thousand [wan]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wær </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugar</td> <td>water [wada]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæš </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugaš </td> <td>danger [wača]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæsər</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>dangerous</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæt </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>what [wat]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wæyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugau</td> <td>older man (past first oragæši) [wala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wegəl</td> <td>conj</td> <td></td> <td>or [‘some’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wegəl </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>some; someone, somebody [mowala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wegəra </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>huge, enormous [augm. ‘big’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wegi </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyegi</td> <td>pal, mate [ñobi ‘cunt’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wegizu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>extreme, excessive [augm. ‘much’ ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wehəž </td> <td>n</td> <td>umohəž </td> <td>residence, living quarters [mohakaža]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wei </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>somewhere [moli]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wei </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>new [novi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Weibarət</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læneibarət</td> <td>New Bharat</td></tr>
<tr><td>Weibəu</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Weinbaum (city on Mars)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Weiheni</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Newtown (city on Mars)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Weiʔu</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>u-</td> <td>New Rio (city on Mars]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weimoh</td> <td>v</td> <td>weiweh weimohəiye</td> <td>move (residences), migrate</td></tr>
<tr><td>Weiresi</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læneiresi</td> <td>Novorossiya</td></tr>
<tr><td>weisin</td> <td>n</td> <td>uneisin</td> <td>news; news site, media [‘new scene’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weisingi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uneisingi</td> <td>journalist, reporter </td></tr>
<tr><td>weiso </td> <td>n</td> <td>uneiso</td> <td>newness, novelty [‘new’ + -so]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weiwehgi</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>migrant, immigrant, settler, colonist</td></tr>
<tr><td>weiwehso</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>migration, immigration, settlement, colonization</td></tr>
<tr><td>weižeru</td> <td>a</td> <td>uneižeru</td> <td>new gender, esp. with nontraditional genitals</td></tr>
<tr><td>wem</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>we, us [wi menu ‘ourselves’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weməu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>normal, ordinary [nomau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wemo</td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>stop doing X! [nomo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wemo </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyomo</td> <td>human (noun) [omo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wemor </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>human, of humans [omoda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wenaʔ</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>expensive [‘much money’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wenər</td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>hundred [oner]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wenərad</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>hundredth</td></tr>
<tr><td>weninomi</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læmeninomi</td> <td>socionomics [‘society’ + -nomia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weninomir</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>socionomic</td></tr>
<tr><td>wenirəsi</td> <td>n</td> <td>læmenirəsi</td> <td>modern democracy [‘community power’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wenis </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>(history) socialist, Armonista [monisa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wenisəž </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læmenisəž </td> <td>Armonía, a planet of μ Cassiopeiae</td></tr>
<tr><td>wer </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>other, another [oda]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Werə </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>lænwerə</td> <td>Nuevos Aires [Novere]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weri </td> <td>n</td> <td>umodi</td> <td>mod, modification [modi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wero </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyoro</td> <td>beef, cow, cattle [ñoro]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weržeru</td> <td>a</td> <td>u-</td> <td>binary, neither male nor female [‘other gender’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wes </td> <td>n</td> <td>umos</td> <td>baby, beloved, honey (term of endearment for either sex) [mosa ‘girl’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wesəheni </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>Mons [Mõskoni]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weš </td> <td>n</td> <td>unoš </td> <td>nut, kernel; nucleus [nox]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wešeu</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>crowded, dense [augm. ‘full’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weši </td> <td>n</td> <td>umoši</td> <td>mountain, hill [moči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>weši </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>northern [noči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wešiɣ </td> <td>n</td> <td>unošiɣ </td> <td>north</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wešiameh</td> <td>n</td> <td>unešiameh</td> <td>North America </td></tr>
<tr><td>wešip </td> <td>n</td> <td>umešip</td> <td>genius [‘big chip’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wešit</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>something [moxič ]ō </td></tr>
<tr><td>weyeyu</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>majority; most [augm. ‘half’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Weyipay</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>u-</td> <td>Wiŋiwapya, a city on Mars</td></tr>
<tr><td>weyu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>wet [molyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wezai </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>sometime, sometimes [motãi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wezite</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>climate [augm. ‘weather’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wezu </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>much, many [mwitu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wežu </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>somehow [možetu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəi</td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>than (used with comparatives) [wai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəigé</td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>out of, outside, away from, off [waimẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəigi</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəigi</td> <td>foreigner [waiwali]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəiɣo </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>foreign [waigo]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəiheni </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəiheni</td> <td>the (inhospitable) highlands [waikoni]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəihoš</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>off-planet, offworld; not from Mars [‘away-rock’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəimei</td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəimei</td> <td>the ‘near outside’: breathable area protected by Tajima screens [‘outside-place’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəimen </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugəimen</td> <td>airlock [waimen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəizay</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>outsystem, colonial, from the human worlds outside the solar system [‘outside-Sol’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəizaygi</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>colonial, someone not from Sol system</td></tr>
<tr><td>wəyédə </td> <td>n</td> <td>ugedə</td> <td>question [wende]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wi </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>when; (prep) at (a time), while [wĩ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wo</td> <td>v</td> <td>lo yeiye ləgél </td> <td>wash, clean [do]</td></tr>
<tr><td>wohəž </td> <td>n</td> <td>urohəž </td> <td>sink, wash station [dolum]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yagəi</td> <td>v</td> <td>lagəi yagəiye</td> <td>find [lãbai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yan </td> <td>v</td> <td>læn yaiye læl</td> <td>lead, govern [lan ‘run’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yaran </td> <td>v</td> <td>aran araiye aral</td> <td>rest, relax [aran]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yaš </td> <td>v</td> <td>aš yašiye</td> <td>think; plan [axa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yaže</td> <td>v</td> <td>vyæžə yažəiye</td> <td>visit, stay over, be a guest [vyaže ‘travel’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yažegi</td> <td>n</td> <td>uvažegi</td> <td>visitor, guest</td></tr>
<tr><td>yæn </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyan</td> <td>salt, salty [yan]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yæžed </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyažed</td> <td>visit [vyažede]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yebar </td> <td>v</td> <td>lebar yebarəiye </td> <td>remember, recall [lẽbra]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yefal </td> <td>n</td> <td>umefal</td> <td>engineer, fixer [mekwala]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeɣ </td> <td>#</td> <td></td> <td>million [mega]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yehætəri</td> <td>n</td> <td>umehætəri</td> <td>mechawomb [mekavẽtri]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yehafəi </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>make amends or restitution [mekafãi ‘fix’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeharet</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>deadly [mekadeč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeharə </td> <td>n</td> <td>umeharə</td> <td>construction, mechanism [mekade]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yehaži </td> <td>n</td> <td>umehaži</td> <td>mechanics, engineering [mekažia]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yehveži </td> <td>v</td> <td>mehveži yehvežiye</td> <td>terraform [mekaveji]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yei </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>beautiful [meli]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yei </td> <td>n</td> <td>unei</td> <td>snow [nevi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeir </td> <td>n</td> <td>umeir</td> <td>beauty [melida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yem</td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>I, me [mi memu ‘myself’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yemaž </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læ-</td> <td>Iemanjá, sister planet to Sihor</td></tr>
<tr><td>yemeži</td> <td>v</td> <td>emeži yemežiye</td> <td>emote; feel (for the moment)</td></tr>
<tr><td>yemə </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>fancy, luxurious [meme ‘dear’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeməd</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>luxury, fancy goods</td></tr>
<tr><td>yemir </td> <td>n</td> <td>umemir</td> <td>1000 km [memida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yemu </td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>same [memu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yemufih</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>stable, constant [‘stay same’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yen </td> <td>v</td> <td>ləyen yeiye ləyen</td> <td>learn, study [len]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yen </td> <td>n</td> <td>umen</td> <td>door [men]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yen </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>calendar (Earth) year [ñen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yenmo</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>camera, imagizer, lens [‘eye-mod’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yenu</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>afraid [medu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yer </td> <td>n</td> <td>umer</td> <td>crap, poop; manure, dung [merda ‘shit’] </td></tr>
<tr><td>yeš </td> <td>n</td> <td>umeš</td> <td>month [mex]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yesapə </td> <td>v</td> <td>esapə yesapəiye</td> <td>hope, expect [espar]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yešeŋ </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læmešeŋ </td> <td>Meicheng [Mečeŋ ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yesətə</td> <td>v</td> <td>vəyésətə yesəšəiye</td> <td>appear as, seem to be, disguise as [veste ‘wear’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yesu </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>boring, dull [nesu ‘stupid’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yet </td> <td>v</td> <td>ləyeč yešiye</td> <td>may (be allowed to) [leč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>umeyu</td> <td>half [meyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeyumeši</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>subsmart; non-sentient (of devices) [‘half-sentient’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeyušu</td> <td>n</td> <td>umeyušu</td> <td>dome (esp. one supporting a Tajima screen), hemisphere [meyučyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yez</td> <td>v</td> <td>ləyéz yezaiye</td> <td>get, obtain; attain, reach [ta with CoS]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeʔ </td> <td>n</td> <td>umeʔ</td> <td>mec, robot, android [mek]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeʔež </td> <td>n</td> <td>umeʔež </td> <td>mec room, the part of a building used only by mecs</td></tr>
<tr><td>yeʔr</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>mechanical, robotic</td></tr>
<tr><td>yə </td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>plus, with, as well as [ye ‘also’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yə </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter Y [ye]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yəgé </td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>to the right of [yomẽ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yəi </td> <td>v</td> <td>əi yəiye</td> <td>love [ai]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yəiʔ </td> <td>v</td> <td>ləiʔ yəkəiye</td> <td>have fun, have a good time; party [laik ‘like’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yəməh</td> <td>v</td> <td>yəmehəiye</td> <td>add [aemeka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yəməhso</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>addition; sum, amount</td></tr>
<tr><td>yəyéga </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyega</td> <td>night [yewã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yəyén </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyen</td> <td>eye [yen]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yir</td> <td>v</td> <td>ver yeraiye</td> <td>live [vida]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yir </td> <td>v</td> <td>ver yiraiye</td> <td>turn [vira]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yisi </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>uranium [yusi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yizaf</td> <td>v</td> <td>izaf yizafəiye</td> <td>look (good, pretty, etc.); present or show oneself as; show (on the Vee) [cf. izaf]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yo </td> <td>v</td> <td>vo yiye</td> <td>fly [voa]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yoaš</td> <td>n</td> <td>oašo yoašeiye</td> <td>detail, report (on) [olaxo ‘gossip’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yogat </td> <td>pron</td> <td></td> <td>how [yuŋwat]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yoɣo</td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>thanks </td></tr>
<tr><td>yoɣósat</td> <td>adv</td> <td></td> <td>thank you [‘will enjoy’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yohaz</td> <td>n</td> <td>uyuhaz</td> <td>pajamas, gown [Jap. yukata]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yoŋso</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>usage</td></tr>
<tr><td>yošu </td> <td>n</td> <td>uyušu</td> <td>moon (any) [yuxu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yozu</td> <td>v</td> <td>vəgézu yozuiye</td> <td>vote; elect[votu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yuŋ </td> <td>prep</td> <td></td> <td>with, using [‘use’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>yuŋ </td> <td>v</td> <td>yoŋ yuiye yol</td> <td>use [yuŋ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>zahot</td> <td>v</td> <td>tæhot zahošiye</td> <td>explain [takoč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>zelæɣuŋar</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>manufactured, artificial </td></tr>
<tr><td>zeléšar</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>AI [‘completed’, i.e. advanced to sentient status</td></tr>
<tr><td>zeŋ </td> <td>v</td> <td>təyéŋ zeiye</td> <td>hurt, suffer[teŋ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>zez </td> <td>n</td> <td>šez zezəiye</td> <td>try, test, experiment [tẽta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>zə </td> <td>v</td> <td>tə zaiye</td> <td>have, own, possess [ta]</td></tr>
<tr><td>ziŋ </td> <td>n</td> <td>teŋ ziye</td> <td>hear [tiŋ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Zir</td> <td>ndef</td> <td>uzir</td> <td>Tir Habitat (orbiting Sirius)</td></tr>
<tr><td>zir </td> <td>n</td> <td>šet ziraiye</td> <td>pull (on) [tira]</td></tr>
<tr><td>zogal</td> <td>v</td> <td>pegal zogaiye</td> <td>run, manage [towala ‘boss’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>zogalgi</td> <td>n</td> <td>upegalgi</td> <td>manager; mayor</td></tr>
<tr><td>žai</td> <td>v</td> <td>dai žaiye</td> <td>stand; remain, stay; there is/are [jãli]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Žæf </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læžaf</td> <td>Japan [Žapã]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žæfot</td> <td>n</td> <td>užafot</td> <td>wrapping; dress, skirt, robe</td></tr>
<tr><td>žeɣu </td> <td>n</td> <td>užiɣu</td> <td>spine, backbone [žigu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žafot</td> <td>v</td> <td>žæfot žafošəiye</td> <td>wrap; dress, wear, put on [žafoč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žəyéni </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>random [ženi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žeru</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>sexual identity, grammatical gender [žẽru]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žeru</td> <td>v</td> <td>žəyéru žeriye</td> <td>know; know how to, can [žedu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žeruso</td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>knowledge [žedu + sõ]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žeši </td> <td>n</td> <td>u-</td> <td>(politics, law) people, population [žẽči]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žeyəiʔ </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>popular [žẽlaik]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žezu</td> <td>post</td> <td></td> <td>as, like [žetu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Žəyésu </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læžesu</td> <td>Jesus, Christ [Žesu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Žəyésurəu </td> <td>ndef</td> <td>læžesurəu</td> <td>Christianity [Žesudau]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žəyét </td> <td>ndef</td> <td></td> <td>letter Z [zeč]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žəyéu </td> <td>n</td> <td>užeu</td> <td>ice [želu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žəyézu </td> <td>n</td> <td>užezu</td> <td>way, method [žetu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žəyóyu </td> <td>n</td> <td>užoyu</td> <td>knee [žwelyu]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žiɣo</td> <td>v</td> <td>deɣo žiɣəiye</td> <td>be corrupt, be shameless [jigo ‘whore out’]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žiŋi </td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>easy [žuŋi]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žirməh</td> <td>v</td> <td>dirməh žirməhəiyte</td> <td>subtract [jĩdemeka]</td></tr>
<tr><td>žisey</td> <td>v</td> <td>desey žiseyəiye</td> <td>draw, sketch [jiseña]</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<br><center>
<p><a href="../incatena.html">Back to the Incatena page</a>
</center>
<p>
<p>
<p>
</body>
</html>