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<TITLE>Practical Course in Verdurian</TITLE>
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<H2>Practical Course in Verdurian - Lessons 9 & 10</H2>
<hr>
<center><font size=+1>
<a href="lessons.htm#Introduction">Intro</a>
<a href="lessons.htm#contents">Contents</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#1urek">1</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#2urek">2</a>
<a href="lessons34.htm#3urek">3</a>
<a href="lessons34.htm#4urek">4</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#5urek">5</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#6urek">6</a>
<a href="lessons78.htm#7urek">7</a>
<a href="lessons78.htm#8urek">8</a>
<a href="#9urek">9</a>
<a href="#10urek">10</a>
<a href="vglossary.htm"><b>Glossary</b></a>
</font></center>
<hr>
<h2><a name="9urek">Neve urek
<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle>
Ninth lesson</a> <font size=-1><a href="lessons.htm#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h2>
<h3>Kiel colir culanulei? <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> How do you get some cake? </font>
<font size=-1><a href="#9urek">Urek</a> <a href="#9loz">Loži</a> <a href="#9vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#9mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#9alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#9ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<b>So dom fue bombril. Aniže, cum šalean, surošne cima, er irlelne soa zëa. Soĭ dafroi, soĭ escatelĭ, soĭ ďumëbendĭ— fsë fue alcalĭ.
<br>Pavel vagre so dom, er lele fsë.
<br>Reď ilun appakne. “Esce dy tu tencele culanulië, graženom?”
<br>—Dëkuy, miže Pavel.
<br>So reď zet lukne, er ya ažprosne. Řo done culanulei Pavelán.
<br>Akžanne telnen bomen ke siča tuyce tuyošara im foruneon.
<br>—Emai, graženom, miže Pavel.
<br>—Dobre dën, suléom. Ředao dy řo šrifcelao nom tuë. Tu tencele čunime?
<br>—Řo tenao čunime, pyeru. Et nomai Pavel Tihonei Karley.
<br>Telne bome primetne Pavelán pav čem, ke surtence behdel pažei er ďunem ružem carďem, er nom MEDRO ÖRNRICEI TELNE TÄL im ořán.
<br>—Ar, tana, telne Täl— piro tuë e so surcont, řo e?
<br>—Ešele, ar.
<br>So reď cum soin culanulin onžanne. —Esce dy mu tencelo culanulië, graženomĭ?
<br>—Tencelao, miže telne Täl.
<br>Ab vilkan, so reď prenne culanul er ilet primetne sannon, ke ilet colre.
<br>Pavel ciberdne lelen esli nun ešele bostene.
<br>—Otál tencelao, miže.
<br>Ozë žanne. So reď prenne culanul er ilet done Pavelán. Apros fäsre, misurilece com ailuron.
<br>—Řo cumprenai, miže Pavel. Ížece mižao <dëkuy>, er řo sen done culanulei.
<br>—Tu řo otercele perëce, eššane, telnem domi? Dëkuy vulmize dy tu ditave inyát cuerei, ac řo colcele primetam lië. Eššane cuesmai kiel tu otere ci-telnem dom?
<br>Pavel ya crežne culanul zië; fue lyö pav.
<br>—Tu šris, avo esë e kunnaom, miže. So ženát tan deve kuna er kuna.
<p></b>
<p>The house was enormous. Cool and airy, it sprawled over a hillside overlooking the sea. The furniture, the tapestries, the statues— all were treasures.
<br>Pavel wandered the house, looking at everything.
<br>A servant approached him. “Would you have some little cakes, sir?”
<br>“Thank you,” said Pavel.
<br>The servant bowed, and walked away— without giving Pavel any cakes.
<br>He came upon an older gentleman, smoking pipeweed on a balcony.
<br>“Hello, sir,” said Pavel.
<br>“Good day, young man. I believe I don’t know the name. You would have arms?”
<br>“I don’t have any arms, I’m afraid. My name is Pavel Tihonei Karley.”
<br>The old gentleman offered Pavel a small card, which had a picture of a fish and two red swords, and the name MEDRO ÖRNRICEI TELNE TÄL in gold.
<br>“Yes indeed, Lord Täl— your father is the marquis, right?”
<br>“He would be that, yes.”
<br>The servant with the little cakes came by again. “Would you have some little cakes, sirs?”
<br>“I would,” said Lord Täl.
<br>The servant used a pair of tongs to pick up a cake and offer it to the lord, who took it.
<br>Pavel decided to see if he would be lucky this time.
<br>“I would too,” he said.
<br>It worked [literally, it came thus]. The servant picked up a cake and gave it to Pavel. He then left, silent as a cat.
<br>“I don’t understand,” said Pavel. “Before, I said Thank you, and he didn’t give me the cake.”
<br>“You would not be, perhaps, much acquainted with fine houses? Thank you means that you appreciate the host’s kindness, but do not want the offering. Perhaps I will ask how you know this noble house?”
<br>Pavel finished eating his cake— it was very small.
<br>“You know, my grandfather is a banker,” he said. “The family owes us lots of money [literally, money and money].”
<h3><a name="9loz">Loži <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Words </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#9urek">Urek</a> <a href="#9loz">Loži</a> <a href="#9vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#9mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#9alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#9ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<table><tr>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>General</i>
<tr><td><b>esce</b> <td>question-forming particle
<tr><td><b>ížece</b> <td>formerly, before
<tr><td><b>aniže</b> <td>cool, fresh
<tr><td><b>bombril</b> <td>enormous
<tr><td><b>misuril</b> <td>silent
<tr><td><b>ruže</b> <td>red
<tr><td><b>telne</b> <td>fine, noble
<tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Prepositions</i>
<tr><td><b>ak</b> <td>against
<tr><td><b>až</b> <td>away from
<tr><td><b>ir</b> <td>above, over
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td>
</table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Nouns</i>
<tr><td><b>behdel</b> <td>picture
<tr><td><b>carďë</b> <td>sword
<tr><td><b>cima</b> <td>hill
<tr><td><b>cuero</b> <td>host
<tr><td><b>culanul</b> <td>little cake, pastry
<tr><td><b>čem</b> <td>card
<tr><td><b>čunima</b> <td>emblem of a noble family
<tr><td><b>dafro</b> <td>piece of furniture
<tr><td><b>ďumëbenda</b> <td>statue
<tr><td><b>escatelë</b> <td>tapestry
<tr><td><b>foruneo</b> <td>balcony
<tr><td><b>inyát</b> <td>kindness
<tr><td><b>kunnaom</b> <td>banker
<tr><td><b>oř</b> <td>gold
<tr><td><b>paž</b> <td>fish
<tr><td><b>sanno</b> <td>lord
<tr><td><b>surcont</b> <td>marquis
<tr><td><b>šalea</b> <td>air
<tr><td><b>tuyošari</b> <td>pipeweed
<tr><td><b>vilka</b> <td>fork
<tr><td><b>zëi</b> <td>sea, ocean
</table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Verbs</i>
<tr><td><b>appakan</b> <td>approach
<tr><td><b>colir</b> <td>receive, take
<tr><td><b>cuesan</b> <td>ask
<tr><td><b>devir</b> <td>owe
<tr><td><b>lukan</b> <td>bend, bow
<tr><td><b>primetan</b> <td>offer
<tr><td><b>surošan</b> <td>cover
<tr><td><b>tuyec</b> <td>smoke
<tr><td><b>vagir</b> <td>wander
<tr><td><b>vulmizec</b> <td>mean
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> </table>
</table>
<h3><a name="9mori">Mörî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Culture </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#9urek">Urek</a> <a href="#9loz">Loži</a> <a href="#9vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#9mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#9alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#9ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
The reading hints at the current state of the Verdurian aristocracy: rich, proud, refined— and also in danger of being overshadowed by a rising mercantile and capitalist class.
<p>The Verdurian noble ranks are <b>šoh</b> (duke), <b>surcont</b> (marquis), <b>cont</b> (earl), <b>hipcont</b> (viscount), and <b>beom</b> (baron). The title comes just before the family name; thus Lord Täl's father is <b>Örnric surcont Vešdan</b>: Örnric, the marquis of Vešdan, or just <b>surcont Vešdan</b>.
<p>Often a noble family has more than one title, and bestows the excess on the heir. Lord Täl is not the heir, however, and so he is simply referred to or addressed as <b>(Medro) telne Täl</b>, literally "worthy Täl". Note that the family name differs from the title, as it often does. Only the titleholder (and his or her spouse) can be referred to be the title.
<p>The reading only hints at the complexity of noble manners. For instance, the servant calls the two men <b>graženomî</b>, because Pavel is not a noble. If he addressed Lord Täl alone, he would have to say <b>sanno</b> 'lord'.
<p>Fortunately for Pavel, the former custom for a commoner receiving a noble's <b>čunima</b>— to kiss it— is no longer observed.</ul>
<h3><a name="9alu">Aluatas<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Grammar </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#9urek">Urek</a> <a href="#9loz">Loži</a> <a href="#9vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#9mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#9alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#9ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<cite>Questions</cite>. Another way of asking a question, besides simply raising the voice at the end, is to precede it with <b>esce</b> (or <b>esce dy</b>). It's a bit more formal.
<blockquote>
<b><u>Esce</u> piro lë et ditave? </b>Does your father like me?
</blockquote>
<p>You can also insert <b>esce</b> before one item in a sentence, to question it or ask for confirmation:
<blockquote>
<b>E <u>esce</u> paž im foruneon? </b> Is there a <i>fish</i> on the balcony?
<br><b>E paž <u>esce</u> im foruneon? </b>Is there a fish <i>on the balcony</i>?
</blockquote>
<p>You can also append <b>řo e?</b> to a statement, much as we add "isn't it?", "don't you?", "right?", and so on:
<blockquote>
<b>Susluomî zet crežu ab vilkan, <u>řo e</u>? </b>You eat potatoes with a fork, don't you?
</blockquote>
<p>If the sentence is negative, add <b>iy ar?</b> instead.
<blockquote>
<b>Hutorom řo elire im řükán, <u>iy ar</u>? </b>A farmer doesn't live in a castle, does he?
</blockquote>
<p><cite>The conditional</cite>. The conditional is formed by adding -<b>cel</b>- in between the verb root and the personal endings.
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>lädcelai </b><td>I will go
<td><b>vulcelu </b><td>I will want
<td><b>voitcelao </b><td>I will live
<tr><td><b>lädcelei </b><td>you (s.) will go
<td><b>vulceleu </b><td>you will want
<td><b>voitceleo </b><td>you will live
<tr><td><b>lädcele </b><td>he will go
<td><b>vulcele </b><td>he will want
<td><b>voitcele </b><td>he will live
<tr><td><b>lädcelam </b><td>we will go
<td><b>vulcelum</b> <td>we will want
<td><b>voitcelom </b><td>we will live
<tr><td><b>lädcelo</b> <td>you (pl.) will go
<td><b>vulcelo </b><td>you will want
<td><b>voitcelo</b> <td>you will live
<tr><td><b>lädcelu</b> <td>they will go
<td><b>vulcelü </b><td>they will want
<td><b>voitcelu </b><td>they will live
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b>Some roots change when -<b>cel</b>- is added:<ul>
<li> <b>-c + -cel- → -scel-: rëscele</b> 'he would meet'
<li> -<b>s + -cel- → -šel: ešele</b> 'he would be'; <b>fäšeleu </b>'you would leave'
<li> -<b>z + -cel- → -žel: mizec → miželao </b>'I would say'; <b>riželu</b> 'I would smile'
<li> -<b>č + -cel- → -šcel: vešcele </b>'he would disgust'; <b>iskrišcelu</b> 'they would exclaim'
<li> -<b>m + -cel- → -ncel: et noncelai </b>'I would name myself'; <b>encelu</b> 'you all would buy'</ul>
As its name implies, the conditional is used in <i>if</i> conditions. The <i>if</i> clause is placed in the indicative, not put in the past tense or subjunctive, as it is in English; it's simply placed in the tense appropriate to the time the condition applies. The main clause is in the conditional.
<blockquote>
<b>Esli so malsfaom sfahe, řo ilun <u>cumprencelam</u>.</b>
<br>If the barbarian spoke (literally, speaks), we wouldn't understand him.
<p><b>Esli tencao šerä, <u>ešelai</u> lereže. </b>
<br>If I had had a beer (literally, if I had...), I would have been happy.
<p><b>Esli maris esë řo esme šön, et kekcelai. Iy ilet.</b>
<br>If my husband isn't (literally, won't be) handsome, I'd kill myself. Or him.
</blockquote>
<p>The conditional may be used alone, but we can always assume there is a unexpressed condition, even if it's as vague as "if it were only that way (which it isn't)".
<blockquote>
<b>Rho maricelai frälinan Vyatei. </b>
<br>I wouldn't marry a girl from Vyat. (If there was one, if one was offered to me.)
</blockquote>
<p>By extension the conditional can be used merely to soften a statement or a request. The aristocrat in the reading uses it this way in almost every sentence— not a model to follow!
<p><cite>The partitive</cite>. Besides its possessive use, the genitive is used to indicate composition: <b>čena pažei</b> 'a meal of fish', <b>verae vinei </b>'a glass of wine', <b>tecai ořei</b> 'a dagger of gold'.
<p>An extension of this is the <i>partitive</i>, where the genitive is used where we would use <i>some</i> or <i>any</i>:
<blockquote>
<b>Urave, vulu žöhei. </b>Please, I want some mead.
<br><b>Colreu milke? </b>Did you get some sausage?
<br><b>Rho sen primetne vinei! </b>He didn't offer me any wine!
</blockquote>
<p>If you eat<b> luomei</b> 'some apple', there is some apple left; if you eat <b>luom</b> 'an apple', you've eaten the whole thing. Similarly, compare <b>vulu žöhei</b> 'I want some mead' with the barbarian's <b>vulu žöh</b> 'I want mead' in lesson 2. As the partitive always implies that one doesn't want all that is available, it's a mark of politeness; the barbarian is being rude.
<p>You never use the partitive with explicit indications of quantity, such as determiners (<b>ci-čura</b> 'that pear') or numbers (<b>ďuni koupem </b>'two fruits').
<p><cite>Preposition + verb</cite>. Prepositions are often prefixed to a verb to refine its meaning or indicate a location or direction:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>až</b> away + <b>fäsir</b> leave
<td>→
<td><b>ažfäsir</b> go away
<tr><td><b>až</b> away + <b>prenan</b> take <td>→
<td><b>ažprenan </b> remove
<tr><td><b>u</b> near + <b>lädan</b> go <td>→
<td><b>ulädan </b>go alongside, approach
<tr><td><b>ir</b> above + <b>lelen</b> see <td>→
<td><b>irlelen </b>overlook, oversee
<tr><td><b>ak</b> against + <b>žanen</b> come <td>→
<td><b>akžanen</b> bump against, run into
</table></blockquote>
<p>From its meaning of 'in, into' (<b>imelirec</b> 'indwell'), <b>im</b>- has come to be a general causative: <b>im-</b> plus an adjective A means 'to make A'; with a verb V it means 'to cause to V':
<blockquote>
<b>aniže</b> cool → <b>imanižen</b> cool down, make cool
<br><b>lebe</b> new → <b>imleben</b> renew, invigorate
<br><b>ďaye</b> correct → <b>inďayec</b> correct, make right
<br><b>bogaty</b> rich → <b>imbogatir</b> enrich
<p><b>lelen</b> see → <b>imlelen</b> publish (make to see)
<br><b>metan</b> put → <b>imetan</b> insert</ul>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="9ont">Onteca<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Exercises </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#9urek">Urek</a> <a href="#9loz">Loži</a> <a href="#9vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#9mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#9alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#9ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
1. Translate into Verdurian. Be careful with the tenses, which will generally <i>not</i> match the English ones.
<p> If you go to Vyat, bring me some wine. If Susana had known that there are pretty girls in Vyat, she would not have married. I would remove that piece of furniture if I were you. I wouldn't accept an offer from the duke of Pelym.
<p>2. Design yourself a <b>čunima</b> and describe what is on it, in Verdurian.
<p>3. Describe a meal, using any Verdurian terms for food and drink you know. Use the partitive when appropriate.
<p>4. Write a short conversation: Pavel's experiences at the dinner table of the Täl family. Peřaps Pavel tries to chat up a young woman, but the servant keeps interrupting.
<p>5. Pick an earlier reading and narrate it in Lord Täl's voice. Use the conditional freely. Think about what adjectives he would use to describe the characters.</ul>
<hr>
<h2><a name="10urek">Dece urek
<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle>
Tenth lesson</a> <font size=-1><a href="lessons.htm#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h2>
<h3>E lenge racont <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> It's a long story </font>
<font size=-1><a href="#10urek">Urek</a> <a href="#10loz">Loži</a> <a href="#10vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#10mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#10alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#10ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<b>So cilu siča prosne lasece co prosian. So nočy estei fue tihy, ac ya paretre lyö lenge. Řo vulre sul voitec im nuva er dormir. Išária, ašre, ešele čel ktë tu epcele fsëgdá dormir kiam tu vulcele.
<br>Kiam lelne polne uestum, urë, hüne. Fue rožy, sam dubin, iy eššane vežane ti-cogë.
<br>—Zdesy, miže. Kio e urë?
<br>So uestu ilun rihne. —Aa, dobre dën, graženom. Vulmizao, dobre nočy.
<br>—Ab Enäronán, zevu, řo šris dy ei polne? Ktë e uverë lë?
<br>—E lenge racont...
<br>—Čascurao dy e dobre racont, hüne so cilu. Debutanam. Uverë lë, ktë e?
<br>—Velula. Tu ilat velne kiam fuai im meim.
<br>—Acincao ďayece? Kĭ mey fue? Řo pluye, er soa zëi e ret až zdesin!
<br>—Fuai im soan torandan.
<br>—Fue im torandan! Zet lavnei, ašcelao?
<br>—Ča, devru, pro ažprenan soa čümka risdošei.
<br>—Čümka... atüčy, prokio nun čümsnei com risdošán?
<br>—Bedorsne er tombru im so risdoš im šualnáen, kiam siča prosuvnai so sefam.
<br>—So sefam? Er prokio prosuvnei ti-sefam elán nočii? Fuei plene šerëi?
<br>—Devru, graženom. Tence so ansel esë.
<br>—Ansel lë?
<br>—Ar, graženom. So ďer domei vlaii esë ya zet berne.
<br>—Prokena ci-sefo tence so ansel?
<br>—Řo, ížece. So ďer řo tana zet berne, prokena siča tencao ansel esë, acřo ilet iššelcao, er so sefo ilet tróune.
<br>So cilu on hüne. So uestu řo čümsne šerëi, ac tana siča mevne com uestun ke ya tro pitre.
<br>—Řo eř itëšireu nun, miže so cilu. Tenceo řofasil nočim, ac nun len imďayam fsë. Santélece sen mizeceo ktë e dom lë, er ktën onžanmam.
<br>—Im Pelymán, miže so polne uestu.
<br>—Im Pelymán! Kiel... Kio... Ktë...
<br>—E lenge racont, hüne so uestu.
<p></b>
<p>The policeman walked tiredly down the street. The summer night had been quiet, but had seemed very long. He wanted to do nothing but get into bed and sleep. Paradise, he thought, would be a place where you can always sleep when you want.
<br>When he saw the naked man, then, he sighed. He was crazy, no doubt, or perhaps was was running from some adultery.
<br>“Here now,” he said. “What’s all this then?”
<br>The man looked at him. “Uh— good day, officer. I mean, good night.”
<br>“By Enäron, man, don’t you know you’re naked? Where are your clothes?”
<br>“It’s a long story....”
<br>“I hope it’s a good story,” the policeman sighed. “Let’s begin. Where’s your clothes?”
<br>“They’re stolen. Someone took them while I was in the water.”
<br>“Did I hear you right? What water was this? It’s not raining, and the sea is far from here!”
<br>“I was in the fountain.”
<br>“You were in a fountain! Washing yourself, I suppose?”
<br>“Well, I had to, in order to remove the smell of manure.”
<br>“The smell of— now why did you smell like manure, you rascal?”
<br>“I tripped and fell in the manure in a stable, while I was chasing the boy.”
<br>“The boy? And why were you chasing some boy in the middle of the night? Were you full of beer?”
<br>“I had to, officer. He had my key.”
<br>“Your key?”
<br>“Yes, officer. The door of my uncle’s house was locked.”
<br>“Because this boy had the key?”
<br>“No, before that. The door wasn’t really locked, because I had my key all along, except I lost it, and the boy found it.”
<br>The policeman sighed again. The man didn’t smell of beer, but he certainly acted like a man who had drunk too much.
<br>“Don’t worry yourself any longer,” said the policeman. “You’ve had a difficult night, but we’ll put everything right for you now. Just tell me where your house is, and we’ll go back there.”
<br>“In Pelym,” said the naked man.
<br>“In Pelym! How... What... Where...”
<br>“It’s a long story,” sighed the man.
<h3><a name="10loz">Loži <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Words </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#10urek">Urek</a> <a href="#10loz">Loži</a> <a href="#10vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#10mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#10alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#10ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<table><tr>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>General</i>
<tr><td><b>aa</b> <td>uh, er
<tr><td><b>fsëgdá</b> <td>always
<tr><td><b>co</b> <td>along
<tr><td><b>pro </b> <td>in order to
<tr><td><b>lenge</b> <td>long (in time)
<tr><td><b>mudray</b> <td>wise
<tr><td><b>plene</b> <td>full
<tr><td><b>polne</b> <td>naked
<tr><td><b>rožy</b> <td>crazy
<tr><td><b>tihy</b> <td>quiet
<tr><td><b>velul</b> <td>stolen
<tr><td><b>fasil</b> <td>easy
<tr><td><b>řofasil</b> <td>difficult
<tr><td><b>verdúry</b> <td>Verdurian
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td>
</table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Nouns</i>
<tr><td><b>ansel</b> <td>key
<tr><td><b>azipa</b> <td>fat <i>(m.)</i>
<tr><td><b>cilu</b> <td>police, policeman
<tr><td><b>cogia</b> <td>adultery
<tr><td><b>čel</b> <td>place
<tr><td><b>čümka</b> <td>stink
<tr><td><b>dubi</b> <td>doubt
<tr><td><b>el</b> <td>middle
<tr><td><b>esta</b> <td>summer <i>(m.)</i>
<tr><td><b>fuáy</b> <td>time, a repetition
<tr><td><b>išária</b> <td>paradise
<tr><td><b>mey</b> <td>water
<tr><td><b>nočy</b> <td>night
<tr><td><b>nuva</b> <td>bed
<tr><td><b>prosia</b> <td>street
<tr><td><b>risdoš</b> <td>manure
<tr><td><b>sefo</b> <td>boy
<tr><td><b>šualnáe</b> <td>stable
<tr><td><b>toranda</b> <td>fountain
<tr><td><b>uverë</b> <td>clothes
<tr><td><b>Verdúria</b> <td>Verduria
<tr><td><b>vlay</b> <td>uncle
<tr><td><b>zevu</b> <td>man, dude
</table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Verbs</i>
<tr><td><b>bedorcan</b> <td>stumble, trip
<tr><td><b>beran</b> <td>lock
<tr><td><b>čascurec</b> <td>hope
<tr><td><b>čümsen</b> <td>stink
<tr><td><b>debutan</b> <td>begin
<tr><td><b>devir</b> <td>must, have to
<tr><td><b>dormir</b> <td>sleep
<tr><td><b>hüan</b> <td>sigh
<tr><td><b>iššelec</b> <td>lose
<tr><td><b>itësir</b> <td>worry
<tr><td><b>prosuvan</b> <td>chase
<tr><td><b>tombir</b> <td>fall
<tr><td><b>velen</b> <td>steal
<tr><td><b>vežaen</b> <td>run
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td>
</table></table>
<h3><a name="10mori">Mörî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Culture </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#10urek">Urek</a> <a href="#10loz">Loži</a> <a href="#10vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#10mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#10alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#10ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
The <b>cilu</b> is the town guard, employed by the city to keep order. A guardsman is also called a cilu, or more formally a <b>ciluom</b>. Their role is more military and less judicial than our police; they are chiefly assigned to prevent violence than to watch over petty crime.
<p>If you're being attacked, a <b>cilu</b> will help you; but if you were attacked several days ago, he won't be very interested. If you want justice or revenge, you would more likely turn to your family, taking a few brothers or uncles to confront the malefactor— or, more likely, to negotiate with the malefactor's family and work things out.
<p>If a terrestrial could visit Verduria, he would soon appreciate that pollution is not a modern invention. The quantity of <b>risdoš</b> produced in a populous city is enormous. Despite the efforts of the street cleaners (<b>pelecî</b>), you can hardly help fouling your shoes. At least the better neighbořoods of Verduria city have paved streets; smaller towns or bad neighbořoods with unpaved streets are an affliction, dusty in dry weather, and in wet, a mire into which pedestrians sink to their ankles.</ul>
<h3><a name="10alu">Aluatas<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Grammar </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#10urek">Urek</a> <a href="#10loz">Loži</a> <a href="#10vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#10mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#10alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#10ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<b>Nouns in -y</b>. Nouns in -<b>y</b> are always masculine. Here's how they're declined:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="A0E0A0">
<td>
<td colspan=4><i>Singular </i>
<td colspan=4><i>Plural</i>
<tr>
<td><i>nom </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-y
<td><b>nočy </b>
<td><b>mey </b>
<td><b>fuáy </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-î </b>
<td><b>nočî </b>
<td><b>meî </b>
<td><b>fuáî </b>
<tr>
<td><i>acc </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-im </b>
<td><b>nočim </b>
<td><b>meim </b>
<td><b>fuáim </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-om </b>
<td><b>nočom </b>
<td><b>meom </b>
<td><b>fuáom </b>
<tr>
<td><i>gen </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ii </b>
<td><b>nočii </b>
<td><b>meii </b>
<td><b>fuáii </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-uë </b>
<td><b>nočuë </b>
<td><b>meuë </b>
<td><b>fuáuë </b>
<tr>
<td><i>dat </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ín </b>
<td><b>nočín </b>
<td><b>meín </b>
<td><b>fuaín </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-uin </b>
<td><b>nočuin </b>
<td><b>meuin </b>
<td><b>fuáuin </b>
</table></blockquote>
<p>The -<b>y</b> in this declension is really an orthographic variant of -<b>i</b> here, allowing us to keep it apart from feminine -<b>i</b> nouns. Given this, the declension is very much like the nouns in -<b>u</b>— in fact, the plural forms are identical to those of the -<b>u</b> nouns. The only thing to watch out for is the accent on the singular dative.
<p><b>Nouns in -ia</b>. Nouns in -<b>ia</b> decline a little differently from other feminine nouns in -<b>a</b>:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="A0E0A0">
<td>
<td colspan=4><i>Singular </i>
<td colspan=3><i>Plural</i>
<tr>
<td><i>nom </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ia
<td><b>prosia </b>
<td><b>cogia </b>
<td><b>Verdúria </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-iî </b>
<td><b>prosiî </b>
<td><b>cogiî</b>
<tr>
<td><i>acc </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ia<u>m</u> </b>
<td><b>prosiam </b>
<td><b>cogiam </b>
<td><b>Verdúriam </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-<u>em</u> </b>
<td><b>prosem </b>
<td><b>cogem</b>
<tr>
<td><i>gen </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-<u>ë</u>
<td><b>prosë </b>
<td><b>cogë </b>
<td><b>Verdúrë </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-<u>ië</u> </b>
<td><b>prosië </b>
<td><b>cogië</b>
<tr>
<td><i>dat </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ian </b>
<td><b>prosian </b>
<td><b>cogian </b>
<td><b>Verdúrian </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-<u>en</u> </b>
<td><b>prosen </b>
<td><b>cogen</b>
</table></blockquote>
<p>Unexpected forms are underlined.
<ul><li> The genitive ones are largely orthographic simplifications: we'd expect s. <i>prosie</i> rather than <b>prosë</b>, pl. <i>prosiië</i> rather than <b>prosië</b>, but we'd pronounce them about the same.
<li> The final -<b>m</b> in the s. acc. (<b>Ditavai Verdúriam</b> 'I like Verduria') is trickier, though -<b>m</b> for accusative should no longer surprise you.
<li> The plural accusative and dative simply leave out an expected <b>i</b>.</ul>
Note the accent in the "real" Verdurian word <b>Verdúria</b> (necessary to avoid accenting the <b>i</b>). We write it <i>Verduria</i> in English simply for convenience; compare English <i>Mexico</i> with Spanish <i>México</i>.
<p><b>Masculine nouns in -a</b>. There is just one more declension of nouns in Verdurian— though since so few words belong to it you could just as easily call them irregularities. They are the masculine nouns in -<b>a</b>; about the only common ones (besides a few proper names) are <b>esta</b> 'summer' and <b>azipa</b> 'fat, grease'. They work like this:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="A0E0A0">
<td>
<td colspan=3><i>Singular </i>
<td colspan=2><i>Plural</i>
<tr>
<td><i>nom </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-a </b>
<td><b>esta </b>
<td><b>azipa </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ai </b>
<td><b>estai</b>
<tr>
<td><i>acc </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-a </b>
<td><b>esta </b>
<td><b>azipa </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-am </b>
<td><b>estam</b>
<tr>
<td><i>gen </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ei </b>
<td><b>estei </b>
<td><b>azipei </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-aë </b>
<td><b>estaë</b>
<tr>
<td><i>dat </i>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-an </b>
<td><b>estan </b>
<td><b>azipan </b>
<td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ain </b>
<td><b>estain</b>
</table></blockquote>
<p>Note that they decline exactly like nouns in -<b>o</b>, but with the <b>o</b>'s replaced with <b>e</b>'s.
<p><b>Declension III adjectives: -y</b>. The third of the four adjective declensions can be recognized by the -<b>y</b> ending in the singular nominative, in both genders. It goes like this:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="A0E0A0">
<td>
<td colspan=2><i>Singular </i>
<td colspan=2><i>Plural</i>
<tr bgcolor="A0E0A0">
<td>
<td><i>masc </i>
<td><i>fem </i>
<td><i>masc </i>
<td><i>fem </i>
<tr>
<td><i>masc nom.</i>
<td><b>rožy </b>
<td><b>rožy </b>
<td><b>rožî </b>
<td><b>rožî</b>
<tr>
<td><i>acc</i>
<td><b>rožim </b>
<td><b>rožya </b>
<td><b>rožom </b>
<td><b>rožyië</b>
<tr>
<td><i>gen</i>
<td><b>rožii </b>
<td><b>rožye </b>
<td><b>rožuë </b>
<td><b>rožyem</b>
<tr>
<td><i>dat</i>
<td><b>rožín </b>
<td><b>rožyan </b>
<td><b>rožuin </b>
<td><b>rožyen</b>
</table></blockquote>
<ul><li></b>The <i>masculine</i> forms are all identical to the masculine nouns in -<b>y</b> we learned above.
<li>The <i>feminine</i> nominative forms (s. and pl.) are simply the same as the masculine forms; while the remaining feminine forms are very much like those of declension I. Compare <i>beluana</i>: the endings are the same, but with a <b>-y-</b> before them.
</ul>
<p><cite>Negative expressions</cite>. Verdurians say <b>řo... nun</b>, literally 'not now', where we would say 'no longer':
<blockquote>
<b><u>Řo</u> ai <u>nun</u> malsfaom. </b>I am no longer a barbarian.
<p><b>Esli meď esë lädcele Vyatán, <u>řo</u> esmai <u>nun</u> meď esë. </b>
<br>If my son goes to Vyat, he will no longer be my son.
</blockquote>
<p><b>Řo... sul</b> has the idiomatic meaning 'only'. (It's considered a limiting, thus negative element, and as you know negative words require <b>řo</b> in Verdurian.) Note that <b>sul</b> can be moved in front of the element which shows the limitation.
<blockquote>
<b><u>Řo</u> piflao <u>sul</u>. </b>I'm only flirting.
<br><b><u>Řo</u> emao šerä <u>sul</u> drukin esë. </b>I buy beer only for my friends.
<br><b><u>Sul</u> cira zië <u>řo</u> cumprenne soi loži sannei. </b>Only his wife understood the lord's words.
</blockquote>
<p><cite>Word formation</cite>. Many Verdurian words form part of a family of related words, formed by adding various prefixes or suffixes. Some of the most common of these:
<p>-<b>náe</b> indicates a place:
<blockquote>
<b>šual</b> horse + <b>náe</b> → <b>šualnáe</b> stable
<br><b>colir</b> receive + <b>náe</b> → <b>colnáe</b> common room, reception area
<br><b>šrifta</b> knowledge → <b>šriftanáe</b> university
<br><b>nuva</b> bed → <b>nuvnáe</b> bedroom
<br><b>kuna</b> money → <b>kunnáe</b> bank
</blockquote>
<p>-<b>om</b> (feminine -<b>oma</b>) names an occupation or other associated person:
<blockquote>
<b>hutor</b> farm + <b>om</b> → <b>hutorom</b> farmer
<br><b>mal</b> bad + <b>sfahe</b> speaks + <b>om</b> → <b>malsfaom</b> barbarian
<br><b>cum</b> with + <b>yon</b> bread + <b>om</b> → <b>cumyonom</b> companion (person you eat bread with)
<br><b>belgo</b> war + <b>om</b> → <b>belgom</b> warrior
<br><b>kunnáe</b> bank + om → <b>kunnaom</b> banker
</blockquote>
<p><b>-át</b> is often used to turn adjectives or concrete nouns into abstract nouns:
<blockquote>
<b>inye</b> kind + <b>át</b> → <b>inyát</b> kindness
<br><b>rožy</b> crazy + <b>át </b>→ <b>rožát </b>craziness
<br><b>hutor</b> farm → <b>hutorát</b> agriculture
<br><b>druk</b> friend → <b>drukát</b> friendship
<br><b>Eleď</b> an aspect of God → <b>Eleďát</b> religion of Eleď-worship
</blockquote>
<p><b>on</b>- indicates repetition or return:
<blockquote>
<b>on- + žanen</b> come → <b>onžanen</b>
return
<br><b>on- + dan</b> give → <b>ondan</b> give back
<br><b>on- + lelen</b> see → <b>onlelen</b> see again; cf. <b>ad onlelán</b> 'till we see each other again'
</blockquote>
<p></b></ul>
<h3><a name="10ont">Onteca<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Exercises </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#10urek">Urek</a> <a href="#10loz">Loži</a> <a href="#10vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#10mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#10alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#10ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
1. The policeman addressed the naked man using the familiar <b>le</b>. Rewrite his lines of dialogue using the formal <b>tu</b>. Remember that the verb forms change too.
<p>2. Rewrite the exercise in the form of a letter from the man to his friend. Don't forget his encounter with the policeman.
<p>3. Make yourself a table of the declensions of Verdurian noun (there are five masculine declensions and five feminine ones). Don't use the same example words as were used in the Grammar sections of the lessons; choose your own. Find all the patterns you can— e.g. look at all the genitive singulars; all the accusatives; all the feminine plurals.
<p>4. Look for instances of <b>siča</b> and <b>ya</b> in the reading. Why was each one chosen?
<hr>
<h2>Congratulations!</h2>
You've finished the <i>Practical Course</i>... or at least as much of it as I've written. (If you're just skimming, stop reading these congratulations! The noive o' ya!)
<p>There's still more to learn about the language (though, thankfully, you've learned just about all the inflections already). You can look through the <a href="verdurian.htm">reference grammar</a> for more.
You can also practice using the
<a href="vtexts.htm">document full o' readings</a>.
<p>You should also be ready to write messages in Verdurian on the <a href="http://zbb.spinnwebe.com">Zompist BBoard</a>. For this you might find the <a href="secret.htm">secret dictionary</a> of modern and terrestrial vocabulary useful.
<hr>
<center><font size=+1>
<a href="lessons.htm#Introduction">Intro</a>
<a href="lessons.htm#contents">Contents</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#1urek">1</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#2urek">2</a>
<a href="lessons34.htm#3urek">3</a>
<a href="lessons34.htm#4urek">4</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#5urek">5</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#6urek">6</a>
<a href="lessons78.htm#7urek">7</a>
<a href="lessons78.htm#8urek">8</a>
<a href="#9urek">9</a>
<a href="#10urek">10</a>
<a href="vglossary.htm"><b>Glossary</b></a>
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