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<TITLE>Practical Course in Verdurian</TITLE>
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<H2>Practical Course in Verdurian - Lessons 7 & 8</H2>
<hr>
<center><font size=+1>
<a href="lessons.htm#Introduction">Intro</a>
<a href="lessons.htm#contents">Contents</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#1urek">1</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#2urek">2</a>
<a href="lessons34.htm#3urek">3</a>
<a href="lessons34.htm#4urek">4</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#5urek">5</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#6urek">6</a>
<a href="#7urek">7</a>
<a href="#8urek">8</a>
<a href="lessons910.htm#9urek">9</a>
<a href="lessons910.htm#10urek">10</a>
<a href="vglossary.htm"><b>Glossary</b></a>
</font></center>
<hr>
<h2><a name="7urek">Hepe urek
<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle>
Seventh lesson</a> <font size=-1><a href="lessons.htm#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h2>
<h3>Im prusin <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> In the bar</font>
<font size=-1><a href="#7urek">Urek</a> <a href="#7loz">Loži</a> <a href="#7vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#7mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#7alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#7ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<b>Nanes voite im prusa, ásue, deside žöh. Rihe zdesy er cečel im prusin—ya šri fsë, řo eu šönĭ redelcĭ. Parete dy ci-vëčerán řo esme bostene.
<br>So pruso ilun de žöh lië. Nanes pite. Vremya beluana frälina voite im prusa. Pilače im šorun prusei.
<br>—Este Enäron, ila ásuire zdesy, ore Nanes.
<br>Soa frälina že er ásue u Nanesán. —Verae, mis, kiam že so pruso.
<br>Dëkuy, Enäron, ore Nanes. Zaftra, soa perë šerë e lë.
<br>—Emai! mis Nanes. Kiel läde? Et nomai Nanes.
<br>Soa frälina řo mis niš.
<br>—Ašeu dy ai ti-atüčy ke ambre piflec tilkem im prusin, mis Nanes. Ä řo! Nikagdá řo dénuo voitao im prusin. Soĭ prusĭ et večü tana.
<br>So pruso zen ride.
<br>—Yanu redelcem com len, mis Nanes. Šöna ac řo pratecolë. Řo ašeu dy so vin e dobre zdesy? Eššane vuleu otál prander zdesy. Ai sul e triste ci-vëčerán...
<br>Soa frälina ilet rihe er rize pavece, ac řo mis niš.</b>
<br><b>—Ei tana eyurë, mis Nanes. Fäsulĭ frälinĭ řo valü niš, apros dy et lelnai! So uestu ke eř levate esme tana lereže.
<br>Soa frälina pite vin lië. Řo ilun rihe nun.
<br>—Pyeru! Parete dy eř važru. Iy skukaeu, eššane? Šrifao telem prusa, e lyö creče, er řo e ret. Ambreu legua? Legua caë e bogaty.
<br>Soa frälina ya pite vin lië, teke, plate pruson, er fäse prusii.
<br>Nanes ilat rihe ke fäse.
<br>—Lelnei, Pavel? Řo ai nikagdá bostene! Tana řo et ambrre. Ar, ilat večru...
<br>—Řo tana, mis so pruso. Ci-frälina že de Ismahin. Řo sfahe soa Sfaha.</b>
<p>Nanes comes to the bar, sits down, orders a mead. He looks around the bar— he knows everyone already; there are no pretty women. It seems that he will not be lucky today.
<br>The innkeeper gives him his mead. Nanes drinks. Just then a beautiful girl enters the bar. She blinks in the darkness of the bar.
<br><i>Great Enäron, let her sit here</i>, prays Nanes.
<br>The girl comes and sits down next to Nanes. “Glass of wine,” she says, when the innkeeper comes.
<br><i>Thank you, Enäron,</i> says Nanes. <i>Tomorrow, the first beer is for you.
<br></i>“Hello!” says Nanes. “How are you? My names is Nanes.”
<br>The girl says nothing.
<br>“You’re thinking that I’m some rascal, that I like to romance chicks in bars,” says Nanes. “Oh, no! I never come into bars— they disgust me, really.”
<br>The innkeeper laughs to himself.
<br>“I admire women like you,” says Nanes. “Pretty, but not talkative. Don’t you think the wine is good here? Perhaps you want to dine here as well. I’m rather sad and lonely tonight...”
<br>The girl looks at him, smiles slightly, but says nothing.
<br>“You truly are lovely,” says Nanes. “The other girls are worth nothing, after I see you! The man who kisses you will truly be a happy man.”
<br>The girl drinks her wine. She is no longer looking at him.
<br>“I’m sorry! It seems that I’ve offended you. Or perhaps you’re bored? I know another bar, it’s very pleasant, and it isn’t far. Do you like soup? Their soup is delicious.”
<br>The girl finishes drinking her wine, stands up, pays the innkeeper, and leaves the bar.
<br>Nanes looks at her as she leaves.
<br>“Did you see that, Pavel? I’m never lucky! She sure didn’t like me! Yes, I disgusted her...”
<br>“Not exactly,” says the bartender. “That girl is from Ismahi— she doesn’t speak Verdurian.”
<h3><a name="7loz">Loži <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Words </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#7urek">Urek</a> <a href="#7loz">Loži</a> <a href="#7vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#7mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#7alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#7ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<table><tr>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>General</i>
<tr><td><b>cečel</b> <td>there
<tr><td><b>ci-vëčerán</b> <td> tonight
<tr><td><b>com</b> <td>like (preposition)
<tr><td><b>dénuo</b> <td>habitually, continually
<tr><td><b>dy</b> <td>that (complementizer)
<tr><td><b>kiam</b> <td>when
<tr><td><b>nikagdá</b> <td>never
<tr><td><b>nun</b> <td>now
<tr><td><b>otál</b> <td>also
<tr><td><b>ti-</b> <td>some
<tr><td><b>vremya</b> <td>then, at that time
<tr><td><b>zaftra</b> <td>tomorrow
<tr><td><b>zdesy</b> <td>here
<tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Adjectives</i>
<tr><td><b>bostene</b> <td>lucky
<tr><td><b>creče</b> <td>pleasant
<tr><td><b>este</b> <td>great
<tr><td><b>eyure</b> <td>lovely
<tr><td><b>fäsul</b> <td>other, remaining
<tr><td><b>pav</b> <td>small, little
<tr><td><b>pere</b> <td>first
<tr><td><b>pratecole</b> <td>talkative
<tr><td><b>sul</b> <td>alone
<tr><td><b>tele</b> <td>another
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> </table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Nouns</i>
<tr><td><b>čivi</b> <td>pain
<tr><td><b>Enäron</b> <td>chief of pagan gods
<tr><td><b>kyole</b> <td>dress
<tr><td><b>legua</b> <td>soup
<tr><td><b>levati</b> <td>kiss
<tr><td><b>leve</b> <td>lip
<tr><td><b>prusi</b> <td>bar, inn
<tr><td><b>pruso</b> <td>innkeeper
<tr><td><b>sfahe</b> <td>speech
<tr><td><b>soa Sfahe</b> <td>Verdurian ("the Speech")
<tr><td><b>šerë</b> <td>beer
<tr><td><b>šoru</b> <td>darkness
<tr><td><b>verae</b> <td>small glass of wine
<tr><td><b>vin</b> <td>wine
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td>
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> </table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Verbs</i>
<tr><td><b>ambrir</b> <td>like, have a taste for
<tr><td><b>ašir</b> <td>think
<tr><td><b>ásuir</b> <td>sit down
<tr><td><b>cüzir</b> <td>close
<tr><td><b>desider</b> <td>order
<tr><td><b>fäsir</b> <td>leave
<tr><td><b>levatir</b> <td>kiss
<tr><td><b>orer</b> <td>pray
<tr><td><b>paretir</b> <td>seem
<tr><td><b>piflec</b> <td>flirt
<tr><td><b>pilačir</b> <td>blink
<tr><td><b>pitir</b> <td>drink
<tr><td><b>platir</b> <td>pay
<tr><td><b>pluyer</b> <td>rain
<tr><td><b>prander</b> <td>have dinner
<tr><td><b>pyerir</b> <td>regret, be sorry
<tr><td><b>ridir</b> <td>laugh
<tr><td><b>rizir</b> <td>smile
<tr><td><b>sfahen</b> <td>speak
<tr><td><b>skukair</b> <td>be bored
<tr><td><b>teker</b> <td>stand
<tr><td><b>uvir</b> <td>open
<tr><td><b>valer</b> <td>be worth
<tr><td><b>važir</b> <td>hurt
<tr><td><b>večir</b> <td>disgust
<tr><td><b>voitec</b> <td>enter
<tr><td><b>vulir</b> <td>want
<tr><td><b>yanir</b> <td>admire
</table>
</table>
<h3><a name="7vui">Vuî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Sounds </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#7urek">Urek</a> <a href="#7loz">Loži</a> <a href="#7vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#7mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#7alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#7ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
Let's go over the rules for stress:<ul>
<li> Generally, the <i>second-to-last vowel</i> gets the accent: <b>SFA-he, de-SI-der, eš-ŠA-ne.</b> <p>
<li> Vowels in diphthongs count: <b>sku-KA-ir, vi-NE-i, ve-RA-e.<p>
<li> </b>But orthographic -<b>y</b> next to a vowel does not: <b>ZA-ney</b>, <b>I-nye</b>.<p>
<li> If there's a 'long' vowel (<b>äëöü</b>) and no accent (<b>áéíóú</b>), it gets the stress: <b>FÄ-si-re, e-yu-RË</b>, <b>e-NÄ-ro-ne-i, a-go-LÄM</b>.<p>
<li> But if there's an accent (<b>áéíóú</b>) on a syllable, stress it: <b>ver-DÚ-ri-a, TRÓ-u-ne, e-nä-ro-NÁN, ci-vë-če-RÁN.</b></ul>
It's very common for conjugating a verb, declining a noun, or even changing the gender of an adjective to change the stress:
<ul><li> s. nom. <b>CI-ra</b> 'wife', pl. gen. <b>ci-ri-Ë</b> 'wives''
<li> s. nom. <b>MI-hel</b>, s. dat. <b>mi-hel-ÁN
<li> </b>s. nom. <b>PI-ro, </b>s. gen. <b>pi-RE-i</b>
<li> <b>PRE-ne</b> 'he takes', <b>pre-NE-i</b> 'you take', <b>pre-na-NE-o</b> 'y'all take!'
<li> masculine adjective <b>LA-se</b> 'tired', fem. <b>la-SË</b></ul>
<h3><a name="7mori">Mörî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Culture </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#7urek">Urek</a> <a href="#7loz">Loži</a> <a href="#7vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#7mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#7alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#7ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
The traditional religion of the Caďinorian lands is Caďinorian paganism. There are a dozen major gods and any number of minor ones, but the chief ones are:
<blockquote>
<b>Enäron</b>, ruler of the gods, god of the sky and weather
<br><b>Išira</b>, his wife, goddess of light and the stars, patron of navigation and marriage
<br><b>Caloton</b>, the god of the sun and daytime
<br><b>Fidra</b>, his wife, goddess of the moons, of nighttime, and of winter
<br><b>Řavcaena</b>, goddess of agriculture and of spring, patron of farmers
<br><b>Ažirei</b>, goddess of the sea, understandably important for a seafaring state
<br><b>Mëranac</b>, god of fire and the afterworld
<br><b>Vlerë</b>, goddess of love
</blockquote>
<p>When Nanes tells Enäron that tomorrow's first beer is for him, he is not proposing a toast, but promising a sacrifice: he will buy a beer and pour it over an altar of Enäron's. Paganism tends to be terribly practical; if Enäron did not cooperate in making the girl sit next to him, Nanes would have been capable of punishing his god by depriving him of a sacrifice.
<p>The other major religion of Verduria is called <b>Eleďát</b>, which originated in Avéla some six hundred years ago, and is zealously monotheistic. Its adherants normally pray to <b>Eleď</b>, the active manifestation of their god. The population in Verduria is a little more than half pagan. </ul>
<h3><a name="7alu">Aluatas<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Grammar </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#7urek">Urek</a> <a href="#7loz">Loži</a> <a href="#7vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#7mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#7alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#7ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<cite>Verbs in -r</cite>. If the infinitive of a verb ends in -<b>er </b>or<b> -ir</b> (the third and last Verdurian verb conjugation), its present tense is formed as follows:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="A0E0A0"><td> <td><b>vulir <td>want <td><b>teker <td>stand
<tr><td><b>-u <td><b>vulu <td>I want <td><b>teku <td>I stand
<tr><td><b>-eu <td><b>vuleu <td>you (sing.) want <td><b>tekeu <td>you stand
<tr><td><b>-e <td><b>vule <td>he or she wants <td><b>teke <td>he or she stands
<tr><td><b>-um <td><b>vulum <td>we want <td><b>tekum <td>we stand
<tr><td><b>-o <td><b>vulo <td>you (pl.) want <td><b>teko <td>you stand
<tr><td><b>-ü <td><b>vulü <td>they want <td><b>tekü <td>they stand
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b><ul>
<li> The <b>ilu/ila</b> and<b> mu </b>endings are just the same as for verbs in -<b>n</b> or -<b>c</b>. <p>
<li> Note the "thematic vowel" in the <b>le</b> forms in the three conjugations: <b>i</b> in <b>läde</b><b><u>i</b></u>, <b>o</b> in <b>pifle</b><b><u>o</b></u>, <b>u</b> in <b>vule</b><b><u>u</b></u>. This vowel appears in the <b>se</b> form as well: <b>läda</b><b><u>i</b></u><b>, pifla</b><b><u>o</b></u><b>, vul</b><b><u>u</b></u>; the only unexpected thing is that the -<b>a</b>- in the other conjugations doesn't appear here. The thematic vowel reappears in the <b>ta</b> form in the -<b>c</b> and -<b>r</b> conjugations: <b>piflom</b>, <b>vulum</b>.<p>
<li> <b>Važir</b> is irregular: <b><u>vago</b></u><b>, važeu, važe, </b><b><u>vagum</b></u><b>, </b><b><u>vago</b></u><b>, važu</b>. (In fact any verb in -<b>žer</b> or -<b>žir</b> has this pattern.)</ul>
Note that <b>pyeru</b>, which we learned in lesson 1 as a conventional expression for "I'm sorry", is a regular form of <b>pyerir</b> 'regret'.
<p>To form the <i>past tense</i>, you use the same personal endings, but insert -<b>r</b>- before them:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="A0E0A0"><td> <td><b>vulir <td>want <td><b>teker <td>stand
<tr><td><b>-ru <td><b>vulru <td>I wanted
<td><b>tekru <td>I stood
<tr><td><b>-reu <td><b>vulreu <td>you (sing.) wanted
<td><b>tekreu <td>you stood
<tr><td><b>-re <td><b>vulre <td>he or she wanted
<td><b>tekre <td>he or she stood
<tr><td><b>-rum <td><b>vulrum <td>we wanted
<td><b>tekrum <td>we stood
<tr><td><b>-ro <td><b>vulro <td>you (pl.) wanted
<td><b>tekro <td>you stood
<tr><td><b>-rü <td><b>vulrü <td>they wanted
<td><b>tekrü <td>they stood
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>Some of the verbs in this lesson have irregular past roots:
<ul>
<li><b> večir</b> 'disgust': use <b>vedr-</b>: <b>vedru </b>'I disgusted', <b>vedreu</b> 'you disgusted'...
<li> <b>pilačir</b> 'disgust': use <b>piladr-</b>: <b>piladru </b>'I blinked', <b>piladreu</b> 'you blinked'...
<li> <b>yanir</b> 'admire': use <b>yandr-</b>: <b>yandru </b>'I admired', <b>yandreu</b> 'you admired'...
<li> <b>rizir </b>'smile': use <b>ridr</b>-: <b>ridru</b> 'I smiled', <b>ridreu</b>, 'you smiled'...</ul>
Finally, <i>imperatives</i> are formed in the same way as for all other verbs, by adding the personal endings to the infinitive: <b>tekereu</b> 'stand!' <b>pitirü</b> 'let them drink!' Note the similarity to the past tense, which however is missing a vowel: <b>tekru</b> 'I stood', <b>tekereu</b> 'stand!'
<p><cite>Sentences as complements</cite>. With some verbs, the object is not a noun but an entire sentence (which is said to be a <i>subordinated clause</i>). The subordinated clause is marked with the particle <b>dy</b>:
<blockquote>
<b>Ašu <u>dy so malsfaom pyere loži lië</u>. </b>I think the barbarian regrets his words.
<br><b>Ihano miže<u> dy řo žanne</u>. </b>Ihano said he wasn't coming.
</blockquote>
<p><b>Dy</b> corresponds to 'that' in English. But 'that' is optional, and <b>dy</b> is required.
<p>If you want to refer to an entire sentence with a pronoun— "I didn't say <i>it</i>"— do you use <b>ilu</b> or <b>ila</b>? Neither; you use a special neuter pronoun <b>il</b>, accusative <b>iler</b>:
<blockquote>
<b>So pruso řo <u>iler</u> aše. </b>The innkeeper doesn't think it.
<br><b>Ihano řo <u>iler</u> miže, ac Susana. </b>Ihano didn't say it— Susana did.
<br><b><u>Il</u> e ďaye. </b>That is correct.
</blockquote>
<p><cite>Impersonal expressions</cite>. Many sentences don't really have a subject. In English one must be supplied anyway, but in Verdurian you just leave it out. (You use the third person singular verb forms, though— by process of elimination; nothing else makes sense.)
<blockquote>
<b>Parete dy Ihano e nrüsk. </b>It seems that Ihano is a fool.
<br><b>E agoläm dy suzanei soa milka. </b>It's important that you remember the sausage.
<br><b>Pluye. </b>It's raining.
</blockquote>
<p>Don't be tempted to insert <b>il</b> on the model of <b>il e ďaye</b>; <b>il</b> always refers to a specific previous sentence.
<p><cite>'There are'</cite>. A special form of impersonal expression is an existence formula. In English you use 'there is' or 'there are'; in Verdurian you just use <b>e</b> or <b>eu</b> without an explicit subject at all.
<blockquote>
<b><u>E</u> malsfaom im prusin. </b>There's a barbarian in the inn.
<br><b><u>Eu</u> ďinî žöhî u malsfaomán. </b>There's three meads in front of the barbarian.
<br><b>Rho <u>e</u> šual? </b>Isn't there a horse?
</blockquote>
<p>In the <i>past tense</i>, the irregular <b>fue</b> or <b>fueu</b> is used for <i>predicative</i> sentences (saying what kind of thing something <i>is</i>); the <i>regular</i> forms <b>esne</b> or <b>esnu</b> are used for <i>existential</i> sentences (saying that something <i>exists</i>):
<blockquote>
<b><u>Esne</u> prusi u hutorán Pavelei. </b>There was an inn near Pavel's farm.
<br><b>Soa prusi <u>fue</u> pava er sala. </b>The inn was small and dirty.
</blockquote>
<p><cite>Nouns in -e and -i</cite>. Nouns ending in -<b>e</b> or -<b>i</b> are always feminine. Here's how they decline in the singular:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><i>nom </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-i </b>
<td><b>prusi </b>
<td><b>čivi </b>
<td><b>levati </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-e </b>
<td><b>sfahe </b>
<td><b>leve </b>
<td><b>kyole</b>
<tr>
<td><i>acc </i><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-a </b>
<td><b>prusa </b>
<td><b>čiva </b>
<td><b>levata </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-a </b>
<td><b>sfaha </b>
<td><b>leva </b>
<td><b>kyola</b>
<tr>
<td><i>gen </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ë </b>
<td><b>prusë </b>
<td><b>čivë </b>
<td><b>levatë </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ei </b>
<td><b>sfahei </b>
<td><b>levei </b>
<td><b>kyolei</b>
<tr>
<td><i>dat </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-in </b>
<td><b>prusin </b>
<td><b>čivin </b>
<td><b>levatin </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-en </b>
<td><b>sfahen </b>
<td><b>leven </b>
<td><b>kyolen</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b>The accusative ending is -<b>a</b>, just as for nouns in -<b>a</b> (but for these declensions that produces a difference between nominative and accusative). The -<b>ei</b> genitive is reminiscent of the masculine declensions we've learned. And note that the dative is formed by adding -<b>n</b> to the nominative.
<p>The plural endings are:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr>
<td><i>nom </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-î </b>
<td><b>prusî </b>
<td><b>čivî </b>
<td><b>levatî </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-î </b>
<td><b>sfahî </b>
<td><b>levî </b>
<td><b>kyolî</b>
<tr>
<td><i>acc </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-em </b>
<td><b>prusem </b>
<td><b>čivem </b>
<td><b>levatem </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-em </b>
<td><b>sfahem </b>
<td><b>levem </b>
<td><b>kyolem</b>
<tr>
<td><i>gen </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ië </b>
<td><b>prusië </b>
<td><b>čivië </b>
<td><b>levatië </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ië </b>
<td><b>sfahië </b>
<td><b>levië </b>
<td><b>kyolië</b>
<tr>
<td><i>dat </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-in </b>
<td><b>prusin </b>
<td><b>čivin </b>
<td><b>levatin </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-en </b>
<td><b>sfahen </b>
<td><b>leven </b>
<td><b>kyolen</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>These are exactly the same as for nouns in -<b>a</b>, except for the dative of nouns in -<b>i</b>, whič is -<b>in</b> rather than -<b>en</b> (yes, the same as the singular form).</ul>
<h3><a name="7ont">Onteca<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Exercises </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#7urek">Urek</a> <a href="#7loz">Loži</a> <a href="#7vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#7mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#7alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#7ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
1. Translate into Verdurian:
<p>Raheli's dress is pretty. She has another dress in the city. Her lips are beautiful and her kisses are very pleasant. I like the inn's mead, but I say the wine came from a horse. I don't understand the speech of the barbarians. It gives me a pain to hear what leaves their lips.
<p>There's a man at (<b>ne</b>) the door. It seems that he's from Vyat. Is there a boat that goes to Vyat? I don't think so ['it']. It's raining today and it was raining when I left Pelym. I think it's good for the farm that it's raining.
<p>2. Take the text from the second or third lesson and rewrite it in the past tense.
<p>3. Write a joke or a very short story, in Verdurian of course. If you're at a loss for a subject. try one of these:
<p>Ihano's first visit to a bar. Susana's parents want her to marry Pavel but she's in love with a barbarian.A farmer gets lost in the city. </ul>
<hr>
<h2><a name="8urek">Zhoce urek
<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle>
Eighth lesson</a> <font size=-1><a href="lessons.htm#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h2>
<h3>Prosizel Errukán <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> An expedition to Erruk</font>
<font size=-1><a href="#8urek">Urek</a> <a href="#8loz">Loži</a> <a href="#8vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#8mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#8alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#8ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<b>Uestu voite im Corona, soa muďe žensatë prusi im Verdurian. Řo ambre soa Corona, ilu; e tro bocžene, er řo ambre dy tu ilet lele. Ac iše probesomi, er řo e pruso ke e muďe dobre tróuen tali uestom dy ne Coronan.
<br>So pruso, Abend Monteneon, ilun emaye. —Ai snugá tuë; kiom tu vule? Šerä, čena, atun, ti-belgomi?
<br>So uestu rihe arastece Abend; ac ciberde dy Abend santélece misote. Abend dénuo misote.
<br>—Šerë, mis. Abend ilet amete soan colnáen. Parete dy fsë im Verdurian e im colnáen. Fsë siča sfahe e fsë siča pite.
<br>So uestu lele telem ke parete esan druk lië. —Ihano! iskriče.
<br>—Kaidrot! iskriče Ihano. Žanenei, ásuireu u sen.
<br>Kaidrot (prokena so uestu zet nomne tana otál) ásue u Ihanon. Deside šerä de řežžinan.
<br>—Sen acireceo, Ihano, er esmai lyö bogaty, mis Kaidrot.
<br>—Vulu esan bogaty, mis Ihano.
<br>—E řük gašul, ke zet nome Erruk, po ďinin dënšaduin až Verdurian-mažtanan. Šadmam de mažtanan, cum par iy pan cumyonomin. Lelmam kiom lelmam. Ředao dy tróumam er värecem er alcalä.
<br>—Řo nkašai väreca, mis Ihano. Ac— tu mis dy eu cečel ďëfkĭ... Sen mizeceo dy ďëfkĭ řo tam kekmu er crežmu hosti taë!
<br>—Apros hepdënán esmei otál bogaty, dy racontĭ ďëfkuë řo len esmu niš. Acireceo nun! Tróumei an iy ďuni uestom, oticunësem er tayem, er sen rëcmo ne Andorotán soán malsfaomán, apros ďunin dënin.
<br>—Lädmai cum mun, mis sitrece soa řežžina.
<br>—Ab Enäronán! Ci-prusi e tro bocžene, er soĭ řežžinĭ acinu kiom tu řo can mis, iskriče Kaidrot. Ac kio ei nun, tilka, acřo väreca tan, prokena šris soa taina taë? Řo ei belgom, acřo redelcë!
<br>Advečel lië: soa frälina prene tecaa er ilat clasme sur metta— moleze rukavam Kaidrotei ad metta.
<br>—Pro sfahen lë, lačai metan tecaa esë im brakán lë, mis soa řežžina. Ac len esmai inyë, druk esë. Řo kekai nikagdá cumyonom!</b>
<p>
<p>A man enters the Corona— the most popular inn in Verduria. He does not like the Corona, himself—it is too crowded, and he does not like to be seen. But he is looking for some followers, and there is not a better place to find such men than at the Corona.
<br>The innkeeper, Abend Monteneon, greets him. “I am your servant! What do you want? Beer, a meal, a room, some mercenaries?”
<br>The man looks closely at Abend; but decides that Abend is only joking. Abend is always joking.
<br>“Beer,” he says. Abend shows him to the common room. It seems that everyone in Verduria is in the common room. Everybody is talking and everybody is drinking.
<br>The man sees another who seems to be a friend of his. “Ihano!” he calls out.
<br>“Kaidrot!” exclaims Ihano. “Come, sit by me.”
<br>Kaidrot (for thus indeed was the man’s name) sits by Ihano. He orders a beer from the servant girl.
<br>“Listen to me, Ihano, and you will be very rich,” says Kaidrot.
<br>“I want to be rich,” says Ihano.
<br>“There is a ruined castle, Erruk, three days’ ride from Verduria-city. We will ride there from the city, with four or five companions. We will see what we will see. I believe that we will find both dangers and treasure.”
<br>“I am not afraid of danger,” says Ihano. “But— it’s said that there are monsters there... tell me that monsters will not kill us and eat our bones!”
<br>“In one week you will be so rich that stories of monsters will be nothing to you. Now, listen. You will find one or two men, trustworthy and brave, and you will meet me at the house of Andorot the barbarian, in two days’ time.”
<br>“I will go with you,” says the servant girl, suddenly.
<br>“By Enäron! This inn is too crowded, and the servants hear what is not said to them,” exclaims Kaidrot. “But what are you now, wench, except a danger to us, since you know our secret? You are not a warrior, but a woman!”
<br>For answer, the girl takes a dagger and swings it onto the table— pinning Kaidrot’s sleeve to the wood.
<br>“For your speech, I should put my dagger in your arm,” says the servant-girl. “But I will be kind to you, my friend. I never kill a companion!”
<h3><a name="8loz">Loži <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Words </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#8urek">Urek</a> <a href="#8loz">Loži</a> <a href="#8vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#8mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#8alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#8ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<table><tr>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>General</i>
<tr>
<td><b>acřo</b>
<td>except
<tr>
<td><b>araste</b>
<td>careful, painstaking
<tr>
<td><b>až X po Y</b>
<td>Y (distance) from X
<tr>
<td><b>dénuo</b>
<td>always, habitually
<tr>
<td><b>gašul</b>
<td>ruined
<tr>
<td><b>ne</b>
<td>at (a place)
<tr>
<td><b>otál</b>
<td>such, so
<tr>
<td><b>oticunëse</b>
<td>trustworthy
<tr>
<td><b>prokena</b>
<td>because
<tr>
<td><b>santélece</b>
<td>only, just, merely
<tr>
<td><b>sitre</b>
<td>sudden
<tr>
<td><b>tal</b>
<td>such
<tr>
<td><b>taye</b>
<td>brave
<tr>
<td><b>tu</b>
<td>impersonal pronoun
<tr>
<td><b>žensate</b>
<td>popular
<tr>
<td> <tr>
<td> <tr>
<td>
<tr>
<td> <tr>
<td> <tr>
<td>
</table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Nouns</i>
<tr>
<td><b>advečel</b>
<td>answer
<tr>
<td><b>alcalë</b>
<td>treasure
<tr>
<td><b>atun</b>
<td>room
<tr>
<td><b>dalu</b>
<td>king
<tr>
<td><b>brak</b>
<td>arm
<tr>
<td><b>cumyonom</b>
<td>companion
<tr>
<td><b>čena</b>
<td>meal
<tr>
<td><b>dënšadu</b>
<td>one day's ride
<tr>
<td><b>ďëfku</b>
<td>monster
<tr>
<td><b>host</b>
<td>bone
<tr>
<td><b>metta</b>
<td>table
<tr>
<td><b>probesom</b>
<td>follower
<tr>
<td><b>racont</b>
<td>story
<tr>
<td><b>rukavo</b>
<td>sleeve
<tr>
<td><b>řežžina</b>
<td>servant girl
<tr>
<td><b>řük</b>
<td>castle
<tr>
<td><b>snugá</b>
<td>servant
<tr>
<td><b>šerë</b>
<td>beer
<tr>
<td><b>taina</b>
<td>secret
<tr>
<td><b>tecai</b>
<td>dagger
<tr>
<td><b>väreca</b>
<td>danger
</table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Verbs</i>
<tr>
<td><b>acirec</b>
<td>listen (to someone)
<tr>
<td><b>ciberden</b>
<td>decide
<tr>
<td><b>clasmir</b>
<td>swing (a weapon)
<tr>
<td><b>colnáe</b>
<td>common room
<tr>
<td><b>emayec</b>
<td>greet
<tr>
<td><b>iskričen</b>
<td>exclaim, cry out
<tr>
<td><b>išan</b>
<td>seek, look for
<tr>
<td><b>kekan</b>
<td>kill
<tr>
<td><b>lačan</b>
<td>should
<tr>
<td><b>metan</b>
<td>put
<tr>
<td><b>misoten</b>
<td>joke
<tr>
<td><b>molezen</b>
<td>nail, hammer in
<tr>
<td><b>nkašan</b>
<td>fear
<tr>
<td><b>rëcen</b>
<td>meet
<tr>
<td><b>ředec</b>
<td>believe
<tr>
<td><b>šadan</b>
<td>ride
<tr>
<td> <tr>
<td> <tr>
<td>
<tr>
<td> <tr>
<td>
</table>
</table>
<h3><a name="8vui">Vuî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Sounds </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#8urek">Urek</a> <a href="#8loz">Loži</a> <a href="#8vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#8mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#8alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#8ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
It's time for a review. This table summarizes the pronunciation of each of the letters of the (romanized) Verdurian alphabet.
<table>
<tr bgcolor="A0E0A0">
<td><i>Letter</td>
<td><i>as in</td>
<td><i>Remarks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>a</b></td>
<td><i>f<u>a</u>ther</i></td>
<td>Never as in <i>fate</i>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>e</td>
<td><i>b<u>e</u>t</td>
<td>Never as in <i>meet</i>. Doesn't end in a <i>y</i> sound. Never silent!</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i</td>
<td><i>mach<u>i</u>ne</td>
<td>Never as in <i>shine</i>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>o</td>
<td><i>b<u>oa</u>t</td>
<td>Don't let it end in a <i>w</i> sound as in <i>low</i>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>u</td>
<td><i>l<u>oo</u>t</td>
<td>Never with an initial <i>y</i> sound as in <i>mute</i>, or as in <i>put</i>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>î</td>
<td><i>b<u>i</u>t</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ä</td>
<td><i>aaah!</td>
<td>Just like <b>a</b>, only longer. <i>Not</i> like German ä.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ë</td>
<td><i><u>ye</u>t</td>
<td>Don't forget the <b>y</b> sound. Palatalizes a preceding <b>n</b> or <b>l</b>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ö</td>
<td><i>sch<u>ö</u>n<u></td>
<td></u>German <b>ö</b>, French <b>oe</b>. Tongue says <b>e</b> while lips say <b>o</b>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ü</td>
<td><i>f<u>ü</u>nf</td>
<td>German <b>ü</b>, French <b>u</b>. Tongue says <b>i</b> while lips say <b>u</b>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>b</td>
<td><i><u>b</u>ed</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>c</td>
<td><i>S<u>c</u>ot<u></td>
<td></u>Always hard: <b>ce</b> = <i>keh</i> not <i>seh</i>! Unaspirated.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>č</td>
<td><i><u>ch</u>ur<u>ch</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>d</td>
<td><i><u>d</u>o<u></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ď</td>
<td><i><u>th</u>at<u></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>f</td>
<td><i><u>f</u>at<u></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>g</td>
<td><i><u>g</u>o<u></td>
<td></u>Always hard: <b>ge</b> = <i>gheh</i> not <i>jeh</i>!</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>h</td>
<td>--<i><u></td>
<td></u>Silent! (Unless used to represent <b>č š ž ř ď</b> without diacritics.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>k</td>
<td><i>Ira<u>q</i></u></td>
<td>Arabic <i>q</i>, not unlike <i>mil<u>k</u></i>. Farther back in throat than <b>c</b>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>l</td>
<td><i><u>l</u>aw</td>
<td>Always clear, never dark as in <i>wa<u>ll</i></u>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>m</td>
<td><i><u>m</u>e<u></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>n</td>
<td><i><u>n</u>ow<u></td>
<td></u>Before a <b>c</b> or <b>k</b>, sounds like <i>ng</i>. (English n does this too.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>p</td>
<td><i>s<u>p</u>y<u></td>
<td>Unaspirated.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>r</td>
<td><i><u>r</u>ow</td>
<td>Spanish <i>r</i>: single-tap trill. An English but not an American <i>r</i> is OK.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ř</td>
<td><i>la <u>r</u>ue<u></td>
<td>French or German uvular <i>r</i>. Say <i>h</i>, move tongue forward and up.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>s</td>
<td><i><u>s</u>a<u>ss</u>y</td>
<td>Never voiced as in <i>rose</i>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>š</td>
<td><i><u>sh</u>oe<u></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>t</td>
<td><i>s<u>t</u>un<u></td>
<td></u>Unaspirated and dental, as in French.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>v</td>
<td><i><u>v</u>ow</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>y</td>
<td><i><u>y</u>ou</td>
<td></u>Palatalizes a previous <b>n</b> or <b>l</b>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>z</td>
<td><i><u>z</u>ap</td>
<td></u>Never a <i>ts</i> as in German or Italian.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ž</td>
<td><i>lei<u>s</u>ure</td>
<td></u>Voiced counterpart of <b>š</b>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="8mori">Mörî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Culture </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#8urek">Urek</a> <a href="#8loz">Loži</a> <a href="#8vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#8mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#8alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#8ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
The castle of <b>Erruk</b> (the name means 'southern castle') was built by the Caďinorian emperor Ervëa two thousand years ago, as part of a chain of fortifications across the entire Plain. It commanded the strategic confluence of the Eärdur and the Svetla, the two great rivers of the Plain, and faced the ancient city of Toṫios.
<p>Today Erruk lies in ruins, and Toṫios as well. The ruins are picturesque, and the nearby village of Ďnseli does a brisque business in lodging, art supplies, blank ledgers for writing down poetic impressions, etc.
<p>What lies in the dark cellars, dungeons, and caverns (many excavated by unknown hands or claws long after the ruin of the castle above) below Erruk? The treasure of the Caďinorian emperors, hid against the incursions of barbarians? Trinkets and coins lost through the centuries, or hidden away by treasure hunters, themselves peřaps now but skeletons adding to the subterranean gloom, their hoard availing them nought against the final despoiler, death? Or is it, as others say, merely the abode of monsters and nameless horrors?
<p>Continue up the Svetla for two days and you'll come to Vyat, which has aptly been called "the Peoria of Verduria."</ul>
<h3><a name="8alu">Aluatas<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Grammar </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#8urek">Urek</a> <a href="#8loz">Loži</a> <a href="#8vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#8mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#8alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#8ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<cite>Future tense</cite>. The future tense is formed much like the past, with a consonant inserted between the verb root and the personal endings. In -<b>n</b> verbs you insert -<b>m</b>-, In -<b>r</b> verbs you insert -<b>ret</b>-, and in -<b>c</b> verbs you insert -<b>t</b>-:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr>
<td><b>lädmai
<td>I will go
<td><b>vulretu
<td>I will want
<td><b>elirtao
<td>I will live
<tr>
<td><b>lädmei
<td>you (s.) will go
<td><b>vulreteu
<td>you will want
<td><b>elirteo
<td>you will live
<tr>
<td><b>lädme
<td>he will go
<td><b>vulrete
<td>he will want
<td><b>elirte
<td>he will live
<tr>
<td><b>lädmam
<td>we will go
<td><b>vulretum
<td>we will want
<td><b>elirtom
<td>we will live
<tr>
<td><b>lädmo
<td>you (pl.) will go
<td><b>vulreto
<td>you will want
<td><b>elirto
<td>you will live
<tr>
<td><b>lädmu
<td>they will go
<td><b>vulretü
<td>they will want
<td><b>elirtu
<td>they will live
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b>A few of the verbs we've learned have irregular future roots:
<ul>
<li> <b>dan</b> 'give' has <b>dom</b>-: <b>domai</b> 'I will give', <b>domei</b> 'you will give'...
<li> verbs in -<b>čen</b> or -<b>čan</b> have -<b>dm</b>-: <b>iskridmai</b> 'I will exclaim'...
<li> verbs in -<b>zir</b> or -<b>zer</b> have -<b>dret</b>-: <b>ridretu</b> 'I will smile'...
<li> verbs in -<b>nir</b> or -<b>ner</b> have -<b>ndret</b>-: <b>yandretu</b> 'I will admire'...</ul>
The only trick to using the Verdurian future is making sure you use it when the action takes place in the future; English has a tendency to get by with the present tense:
<blockquote>
<b>Zaftra fäsretu [future]. </b>I'm going [present progressive] tomorrow.
<p><b>Ilet lelmai kiam fäsreteu [future]. </b>
<br>I'll see him when you go [present]— Verdurian literally has "...when you will go."
</blockquote>
<p><cite>Dénuo</cite>. This adverb indicates a repeated or habitual action. Compare:
<blockquote>
<b>Siča pitre im Coronam. </b>He was drinking at the Corona.
<br><b>Dénuo pitre im Coronam. </b>He was always drinking / He used to drink at the Corona.
<br><b>Ya pitre im Coronam. </b>He no longer drank at the Corona.
<br><b>Pitre soa šerä im Coronam. </b>He drank the beer at the Corona.
<p><b>Ihano dénuo nkaše soi ďëfkom. </b>Ihano is always afraid of monsters.
</blockquote>
<p><cite>Ne, im, u</cite>. The preposition <b>im</b> indicates a position <i>inside</i> something: <b>im veraen</b> 'in the glass', <b>im mažtanan</b> 'in the city'.
<p><b>Ne</b> indicates a more abstract location <i>at</i> a particular place: <b>ne ďerán</b> 'at the door', <b>ne hutorán</b> 'at the farm'. It's also used for institutions: <b>ne šriftanáen</b> 'at the university'. And with a person as an object, it means at that person's home: <b>ne Ihanon</b> 'in Ihano's house, at Ihano's'.
<p>And <b>u</b> indicates location <i>near</i> something: <b>u mettan</b> 'near the table', <b>u ďerán</b> 'by the door'. With a person, it implies that something is near enough to reach: if you say <b>soa šerë e u Ihanon</b> it means the beer is right next to Ihano, it's within his reach.
<p><cite>Nouns in -u and -ë</cite>. Nouns in -<b>u</b> are always masculine, and nouns in -<b>ë</b> are always feminine. Here's how they're declined in the singular:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr>
<td><i>nom </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-u </b>
<td><b>uestu </b>
<td><b>dalu </b>
<td><b>baraďu </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ë </b>
<td><b>alcalë </b>
<td><b>šerë </b>
<td><b>redelcë</b>
<tr>
<td><i>acc </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-um </b>
<td><b>uestum </b>
<td><b>dalum </b>
<td><b>baraďum </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ä </b>
<td><b>alcalä </b>
<td><b>šerä </b>
<td><b>redelcä</b>
<tr>
<td><i>gen </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ui </b>
<td><b>uestui </b>
<td><b>dalui </b>
<td><b>baraďui </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-ëi </b>
<td><b>alcalëi </b>
<td><b>šerëi </b>
<td><b>redelcëi</b>
<tr>
<td><i>dat </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-un </b>
<td><b>uestun </b>
<td><b>dalun </b>
<td><b>baraďun </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-en </b>
<td><b>alcalen </b>
<td><b>šeren </b>
<td><b>redelcen</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b>Nouns in -<b>u</b> are easy, adding the typical accusative ending -<b>m</b>, genitive -<b>i</b> and dative <b>-n</b> to the nominative forms. For nouns in -<b>ë</b>, the forms are those of the -<b>e</b> declension, except that in all the cases but the dative there's a " sign on the first vowel.
<p>The plural forms are:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr>
<td><i>nom </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><b>-î </b>
<td><b>uestî </b>
<td><b>dalî </b>
<td><b>baraďî </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0">-î </b>
<td><b>alcalî </b>
<td><b>šerî </b>
<td><b>redelcî</b>
<tr>
<td><i>acc </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0">-om </b>
<td><b>uestom </b>
<td><b>dalom </b>
<td><b>baraďom </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0">-em </b>
<td><b>alcalem </b>
<td><b>šerem </b>
<td><b>redelcem</b>
<tr>
<td><i>gen </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0">-uë </b>
<td><b>uestuë </b>
<td><b>daluë </b>
<td><b>baraďuë </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0">-ië </b>
<td><b>alcalië </b>
<td><b>šerië </b>
<td><b>redelcië</b>
<tr>
<td><i>dat </i> <td bgcolor="A0E0A0">-uin </b>
<td><b>uestuin </b>
<td><b>daluin </b>
<td><b>baraďuin </b><td bgcolor="A0E0A0">-en </b>
<td><b>alcalen </b>
<td><b>šeren </b>
<td><b>redelcen</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b>Plural nouns in -<b>u</b> are a little tricker. The plural -<b>î</b> is found for most nouns. The accusative and genitive are like nouns in -<b>o</b>, with -<b>u</b>- substituted for -<b>o</b>-. The plural forms for -<b>ë</b> nouns are exactly the same as for -<b>e</b> nouns, without any added " diacritics.
<p>Another way of looking at -<b>ë</b> nouns: they work exactly like the feminine forms of Declension II adjectives (like <b>dobre/dobrë</b>).
<p><cite>The impersonal pronoun tu</cite>. The pronoun <b>tu</b> works much like French <i>on</i>, German <i>man</i>. It's an 'impersonal' pronoun, so it never refers to anyone in particular (with an important exception we'll get to below). In English we'd translate it with 'one', 'everyone', 'people', or even 'we' and 'you':
<blockquote>
<b>Tu dénuo läde ne Corona. </b>Everybody goes to the Corona.
<br><b>Tu aše dy baraďu esë e nrüsk. </b>People think my brother is a fool.
<p><b>Kiam malsfaomî keku cumyonom tuë, tu vule iskričen Enäronán. </b><br>When barbarians kill your partner, you want to cry out to Enäron.
<p><b>Ac Enäron tana tu acine? </b>But does Enäron really hear us?
</blockquote>
<p><b>Tu</b> is often used where we'd use the passive in English:
<blockquote>
<b>Tu desidre soa šerä. Tu platne soa kuna. </b>
<br>The beer was ordered. The money was paid.
<br>(Literally: Someone ordered the beer. Someone paid the money.)
<p><b>Kaidrot řo ambre dy tu ilet lele. </b>
<br>Kaidrot doesn't like to be seen.
<br>(Literally, he doesn't like that someone sees him.)
</blockquote>
<p>Here's its declension:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>nom </i> <td><b>tu</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>acc </i> <td><b>tu</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>gen </i> <td><b>tuë</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>dat </i> <td><b>tun</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b>As seen above, <b>tu</b> always takes third-person singular verb forms.
<p><cite>The formal 'you'</cite>. <b>Tu</b> has another, important usage, as a formal 'you'. As in many European languages, Verdurian prefers not to use the ordinary second person pronouns (<b>le</b> and <b>mu</b>) in formal situations, or with socially superior persons. Its replacement is the pronoun <b>tu</b>; when used in this sense the accusative becomes <b>tü</b>.
<blockquote><b>Tu e otál beluana dy soa cira dalui. </b>You are as beautiful as the king's consort.
<br><b>Tun domai so muďe dobrem atun prusë. </b>I'm giving you the best room in the inn.
<br><b>E tecai tuë im brakán esë, graženka? </b>Is this your dagger in my arm, Ma'am?
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="8ont">Onteca<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Exercises </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#8urek">Urek</a> <a href="#8loz">Loži</a> <a href="#8vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#8mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#8alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#8ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
1. Rewrite the text from a previous lesson entirely using the future tense.
<p>2. Look over the texts from the previous lessons. Some of them should more realistically have used the formal <b>tu</b> instead of <b>le</b>. Which ones? Rewrite the appropriate sentences using forms of <b>tu</b>.
<p>3. Write a continuation of the text for this lesson— What happened next? (You can answer this in terms of the next few minutes, or the next few days.)</ul>
<hr>
<center><font size=+1>
<a href="lessons.htm#Introduction">Intro</a>
<a href="lessons.htm#contents">Contents</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#1urek">1</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#2urek">2</a>
<a href="lessons34.htm#3urek">3</a>
<a href="lessons34.htm#4urek">4</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#5urek">5</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#6urek">6</a>
<a href="#7urek">7</a>
<a href="#8urek">8</a>
<a href="lessons910.htm#9urek"><b>9</b></a>
<a href="lessons910.htm#10urek">10</a>
<a href="vglossary.htm"><b>Glossary</b></a>
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