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<TITLE>Practical Course in Verdurian</TITLE>
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<H2>Practical Course in Verdurian - Lessons 3 & 4</H2>
<hr>
<center><font size=+1>
<a href="lessons.htm#Introduction">Intro</a>
<a href="lessons.htm#contents">Contents</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#1urek">1</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#2urek">2</a>
<a href="#3urek">3</a>
<a href="#4urek">4</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#5urek">5</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#6urek">6</a>
<a href="lessons78.htm#7urek">7</a>
<a href="lessons78.htm#8urek">8</a>
<a href="lessons910.htm#9urek">9</a>
<a href="lessons910.htm#10urek">10</a>
<a href="vglossary.htm"><b>Glossary</b></a>
</font></center>
<hr>
<h2><a name="3urek">Tvere urek
<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle>
Third lesson</a> <font size=-1><a href="lessons.htm#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h2>
<h3>Ne mershán <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> At the market</font>
<font size=-1><a href="#3urek">Urek</a> <a href="#3loz">Loži</a> <a href="#3vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#3mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#3alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#3ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<b>So hutorom vule žusir koupi lië. Eluá ila ne meršán.
<br>Redelcë že; vule emec koupi. —Emai, mis.
<br>—Emai, graženka. Vuleu koupi?
<br>—Ar. Vulu par luomi er pan čurem.
<br>So hutorom hicete. —An, ďun, ďin...
<br>—Eto řo e dobrë.
<br>—Ďin, par luomĭ. An, ďun...
<br>—Urave, piyula, graženom. Vulu pan luomi, řo par.
<br>So hutorom ilan de oträ luom. —E dobre, eluá pan luomĭ. Er soĭ čurĭ... ďin, par, pan, sues.
<br>—Řo vulu sues čurem, vulu pan.
<br>So hutorom prene čura.
<br>—Piyula, graženom, mis soa graženka. Tana vulu ce-čurem.
<br>So hutorom ilan de soa čura.
<br>—Iy... piro esë že eludëno... Oträ čura, urave.
<br>So hutorom ilat de čura.
<br>—Ac řo ditave čurem. Urë vulu par čurem er sues luomi.
<br>So hutorom prene čura er ilan de luom. —Fsë e, graženka?
<br>—E fsë, dëkuy. Kedimo e?
<br>—Par letĭ aržentei.
<br>Soa redelcë ilun de par letem aržentei.
<br>—Piyula; pyeru, graženom. Vulu mizec, pan.
<br>Soa redelcë ilun de oträ leta aržentei.
<br>—Pyeru, pyeru. Sues letĭ aržentei e...
<br></b>
<br>The farmer wants to sell his fruit. Here he is at the market.
<br>A woman comes, wanting to buy fruit. “Hello,” she says.
<br>“Hello, ma’am. Do you want fruit?”
<br>“Yes. I want four apples and five pears.”
<br>The farmer counts. “One, two, three...”
<br>“This one isn’t good.”
<br>“Three, four apples. One, two...”
<br>“Please, one moment, sir. I want five apples, not four.”
<br>The farmer gives her another apple. “That’s fine, here’s five apples. And the pears— three, four, five, six.”
<br>“I don’t want six pears, I want five.”
<br>The farmer takes a pear.
<br>“One moment, sir,” says the lady. “Actually I want that pear.”
<br>The farmer gives her the pear.
<br>“But... my father is coming today. Another pear, please.”
<br>The farmer gives her a pear.
<br>“But he doesn’t like pears. So I want four pears and six apples.”
<br>The farmer takes a pear and gives her an apple. “Is that all, ma’am?”
<br>“That’s all, thank you. How much is it?”
<br>“Four silver pieces.”
<br>The woman gives him four silver pieces.
<br>“One moment— I’m sorry, ma’am. I want to say, five.”
<br>The woman gives him another silver piece.
<br>“I’m sorry, I’m sorry. It’s six silver pieces...”
<h3><a name="3loz">Loži <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Words </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#3urek">Urek</a> <a href="#3loz">Loži</a> <a href="#3vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#3mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#3alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#3ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<table><tr>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>General</i>
<tr><td><b>baďir</b> <td>hit
<tr><td><b>dan</b> <td>give (<b>de</b> = gives)
<tr><td><b>ditavan</b> <td>like, prefer
<tr><td><b>eludëno</b> <td>today
<tr><td><b>emec</b> <td>buy
<tr><td><b>eto</b> <td>this one
<tr><td><b>fsë</b> <td>all, everything
<tr><td><b>hicetan</b> <td>counts
<tr><td><b>ilan</b> <td>to her
<tr><td><b>ilun</b> <td>to him
<tr><td><b>kedimo</b> <td>how much
<tr><td><b>ne meršán</b> <td>at the market
<tr><td><b>prenan</b> <td>takes
<tr><td><b>žusir</b> <td>sell
</table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Nouns</i>
<tr><td><b>čura</b> <td>pear
<tr><td><b>graženka</b> <td>Mrs., ma'am
<tr><td><b>koup</b> <td>fruit
<tr><td><b>leta aržentei</b> <td> silver coin
<tr><td><b>luom</b> <td>apple
<tr><td><b>piyula</b> <td>moment
<tr><td><b>redelcë</b> <td>woman <i>(f.)</i>
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td>
</table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Adjectives</i>
<tr><td><b>bome</b> <td>old
<tr><td><b>dobre</b> <td>good
<tr><td><b>ďaye</b> <td>right, correct
<tr><td><b>lase</b> <td>tired
<tr><td><b>lereže</b> <td>happy
<tr><td><b>otre</b> <td>another
<tr><td><b>pëse</b> <td>sad
<tr><td><b>sulete</b> <td>young</ul>
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td>
</table></table>
<h3><a name="3vui">Vuî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Sounds </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#3urek">Urek</a> <a href="#3loz">Loži</a> <a href="#3vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#3mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#3alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#3ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<ul>
<li> Don't forget to pronounce <b><i>every letter</b></i> in a Verdurian word (except <b>h</b>). So <b>prene</b> = <i><font size=2>PREH</i></font><i>-neh</i>; <b>bome</b> = <i><font size=2>BOH</i></font><i>-me</i>.<p>
<li> Verdurian letters are <b><i>consistent</b></i>. A <b>c</b> is always a hard <i>c</i> (not an <i>s </i>or or <i>sh</i> or <i>ch</i>); a <b>g</b> is always a hard <i>g</i> (not a <i>j</i>); an <b>s</b> is always an <i>s</i> (not a <i>z</i> or <i>sh</i>). So <b>lase</b> = <i><font size=2>LAH</i></font><i>-seh</i>; <b>hicete </b>= <i>ee-</i><i><font size=2>KEH</i></font><i>-teh.</i>
<p>
<li><b>k</b> is actually not an alternative form of <b>c</b>, but a separate sound, pronounced farther back in the throat. It's the same as the Arabic <i>q</i>, if you know that; if not, try pronouncing a series of <i>k</i> sounds, moving the tongue farther and farther back in the throat. The sound will become quite a bit deeper in sound, and thicker-sounding. Note the difference between English <i>kit</i> and <i>milk</i>. The <i>k</i> in <i>kit</i> is very much like the Verdurian <b>c</b>; the <i>k</i> in <i>milk</i> is much like Verdurian <b>k</b>— but the latter is even farther back; it may help to know that the tongue is in about the same position for <b>ř</b> and <b>k</b>.<p>
<li> The plural ending <b>î</b> is pronounced like the <i>i</i> in <i>hit</i>. This sound generally doesn't end a word in English, so you may have to practice a bit. (But think of the Missouri pronunciation of <i>Missour</i><i><u>i</i></u>.) <b>Luomi</b> and <b>luomî</b> do not sound the same (<i>lu-</i><i><font size=2>OH</i></font><i>-mee </i>vs. <i>lu-</i><i><font size=2>OH</i></font><i>-mih</i>).</ul>
<h3><a name="3mori">Mörî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Culture </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#3urek">Urek</a> <a href="#3loz">Loži</a> <a href="#3vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#3mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#3alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#3ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
Even in Verduria city, you buy your produce not in a store but from a farmer's stand in an open market. (There are some middlemen who buy produce and bring it into the city, but the quality of their produce is lower, and they tend to sell mostly to the poor.)
<p>Grocery shopping in the city is an expedition. You buy produce and honey at the market; bread at the bakery; meat at the butcher; wine and liquor at the vintner; fish at the fishmonger, and cheese, spices, and imported specialties (tea, coffee, sugar) at the grocer.
<p>Almea is of course a different planet from Earth, and all the names of animals, plants, fruit, and vegetables should be taken to be those of the nearest equivalent. A Verdurian <b>luom</b> is smallish, tart, and orangeish-red; a <b>čura</b> looks like a fat pear but tastes more like a melon, and so on.</ul>
<h3><a name="3alu">Aluatas<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Grammar </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#3urek">Urek</a> <a href="#3loz">Loži</a> <a href="#3vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#3mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#3alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#3ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<cite>Adjectives</cite>. Adjectives normally precede their nouns (<b>lereže malsfaom</b> "a happy barbarian", <b>so dobre cuon</b> "the good dog"). However, two or more adjectives generally go after it: <b>uestu bome er lase</b> "an old and tired man".
<p>Adjectives <i>agree</i> with nouns in gender (and, as we will see, in case and number). There are several classes of adjectives, which you can tell apart by the dictionary form, which will be the masculine, singular, nominative form.
<p>The adjectives given in the vocabulary above are in this form. Note that they all end in -<b>e</b>; this is the mark of what the grammarians call declension II adjectives. To form the feminine, change the -<b>e</b> into -<b>ë</b>: <b>dobrë čura</b> "a good pear"; <b>soa pësë cira</b> "the sad wife".
<p><cite>Plurals</cite>. Most nouns have a plural ending in -<b>î</b>. If the noun ends in a consonant, just add this suffix; if it ends in a vowel, replace it:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>hutorom</b> farmer <td>→ <td><b>hutoromî </b>farmer
<tr><td><b>cuon</b> dog <td>→ <td><b>cuonî</b> dogs
<tr><td><b>uestu</b> man <td>→ <td><b>uestî </b>men
<tr><td><b>atüčy</b> villain <td>→ <td><b>atüčî</b> villains
<tr><td><b>cira</b> wife <td>→ <td><b>cirî wives
<tr><td><b>redelcë</b> woman <td>→ <td><b>redelcî</b> women
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b>However, nouns ending in -<b>o</b> have a plural that ends in -<b>oi</b>:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>avo</b> grandfather <td>→ <td><b>avoi </b>grandfathers
<tr><td><b>kuzulo</b> cousin <td>→ <td><b>kuzuloi</b> cousins
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b><i>Adjectives</i> have plurals too, which are formed like those of nouns, using -<b>î</b>:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>dobrî luomî</b> <td>good apples
<tr><td><b>bomî atüčî</b> <td>old villains
<tr><td><b>pësî redelcî</b> <td>sad women
<tr><td><b>cuonî suletî er lerežî</b> <td>young and happy dogs
</table></blockquote>
<p></b><cite>Numbers</cite>. The numbers from one to ten:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td> 1 <td> <td><b>an </b>
<tr><td> 2 <td><td><b>ďun</b>
<tr><td> 3 <td><td><b>ďin </b>
<tr><td> 4 <td><td><b>par</b>
<tr><td> 5 <td><td><b>pan</b>
<tr><td> 6 <td><td><b>sues</b>
<tr><td> 7 <td><td><b>hep</b>
<tr><td> 8 <td><td><b>žoc</b>
<tr><td> 9 <td><td><b>nev</b>
<tr><td> 10<td><td> <b>dec</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>As an obnoxious quirk, the numbers from 1 to 3 are <i>regular adjectives</i>. This doesn't matter for counting, but when you use a number with a noun it must agree with it in number, case, and gender. Thus:
<ul>
<li><b>an uestu</b> "one man", but <b>ana redelcë</b> "one woman"; <b>ana</b> because <b>redelcë</b> is feminine<p>
<li> <b>ďunî uestî</b> "two men", <b>ďinî redelcî</b> "three women"</ul>
</ul>
But from four on up you don't have to worry about this: <b>par cirî</b> "four wives", etc.
<p><cite>The accusative</cite>. In English, pronouns have special forms when they're used as objects (which generally means, after a verb or a preposition). Grammars call such distinctions <i>case</i>. This is true of Verdurian as well; but Verdurian also marks <i>nouns</i> for case, like Latin, German, or Russian.
<p>Verdurian has four cases, which are named and used as follows:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="A0E0A0"><td><i>case</i> <td><i>used for</i> <td><i>example</i> <td><i>pronoun example </i>
<tr><td>nominative
<td>subjects
<td><u>the man</u> hits the dog
<td><u>he</u> hits the dog
<tr><td>accusative
<td>direct objects
<td>the dog bites <u>the man</u>
<td>the dog bites <u>him</u>
<tr><td>genitive
<td>things possessed
<td><u>the man's</u> dog
<td><u>his</u> dog
<tr><td>dative
<td>indirect objects
<td>the man gives <u>the dog</u> a bone
<td>he gives <u>him</u> a bone
</table></blockquote>
<p>For most of the <i>singular nouns</i> that we have been studying, as well as the article <b>so/soa</b>, the nominative and the accusative are the same.
<blockquote>
<b>So hutorom baďe so cuon. </b>The farmer hits the dog.
<br><b>Soa redelcë creže soa čura. </b> The woman eats the pear.
</blockquote>
In these sentences there's no difference in form between <b>so uestu</b> and <b>so cuon</b> or between <b>soa redelcë</b> and <b>soa čura</b>; we have to rely on word order to tell us who did what. (<b>So cuon baďe so hutorom</b> means something else entirely.)<b>
<p></b>Nouns in -<b>o</b>, however, have an accusative that ends in -<b>am</b>. So when Ihano does something, he's <b>Ihano</b>; but when someone does something to him, he's <b>Ihanam</b>.
<blockquote>
<b>Mira esë ditave Ihanam. </b> My mother likes Ihano.
</blockquote>
The nominative and accusative differ in the <i>plural</i> for most nouns. For now, note the following patterns:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>cuonî</b> dogs <td>→ <td><b>cuoni</b> (acc.)
<tr><td><b>kuzuloi</b> cousins <td>→ <td><b>kuzulom </b>
<tr><td><b>churî</b> pears <td>→ <td><b>čurem</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>Now you can see why we saw forms like <b>luomi</b> and <b>churem</b> in the reading:
<blockquote>
<b>Vulu par luomi er pan churem.</b> I want four apples and five pears.
</blockquote>
<p>"Apples" and "pears" are in the <i>plural accusative</i> because they're the object of <b>vulir</b><b><i> </b></i>'want.' </ul>
<h3><a name="3ont">Onteca<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Exercises </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#3urek">Urek</a> <a href="#3loz">Loži</a> <a href="#3vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#3mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#3alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#3ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
1. Learn to count in Verdurian. When you can count fluently to ten, try counting backwards.
<p>2. Go through this and previous lessons and find a bunch of nouns. If you can, say what their plurals and accusatives are.
<p>3. Construct some adjective + noun combinations. Use feminine and masculine nouns; try some in the plural,too.
<p>4. In lessons 1 and 2, some nouns were used as direct objects. Did they appear in a special case form? If not, why not? </ul>
<hr>
<h2><a name="4urek">Chetve urek
<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle>
Fourth lesson</a> <font size=-1><a href="lessons.htm#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h2>
<h3>Piro er meď <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Father and son</font>
<font size=-1><a href="#4urek">Urek</a> <a href="#4loz">Loži</a> <a href="#4vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#4mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#4alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#4ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<b>Hutorom apelue meď lië. So meď že.
<br>—Emai, piro.
<br>—Pavel, siloram yon er milka, so piro ilun mis. Epei cam tróuen ne meršán. Cumprenei?
<br>—Cumprenai, piro. Siloro yon er luomi er epai cam tróuen ne... ne...
<br>—Ne meršán, nrüsk, er řo vulu luomi, ac milka. Řo cam ubliei?
<br>—Cam suzanai, piro.
<br>—Néronden, ametnei so yon er ublinei soa milka.
<br>—Eludëno suzanai fsë. Epei et cunësan, piro.
<br>—Eř cunësai. Ai tana nrüsk. Urë. Išei yon er...
<br>—Milka, mis so meď.
<br>E lereže ilat suzanen. So piro ilet lele.
<br>—Lädanei, ilun mis. Se er mira lë eř ležiram.
<br>—Ad onlelán, piro.
<br>So meď läde; so piro ilet ležire. Apros, ilet lele ke onže.
<br>—Emai, piro.
<br>—Ubliei so yon?
<br>—Řo, piro.
<br>—Er soa milka?
<br>—Řo ilat ublinai. Yon er milka, yon er milka, cam ontnai ozë— lelei, řo ai nrüsk.
<br>—Ei dobre meď, Pavel! Ac ktë eu so yon er soa milka?
<br>—Pyeru, piro. Ublinai soa kuna.</b>
<br>
<br>A farmer calls his son. His son comes.
<br>“Hello, father.”
<br>“Pavel, we need bread and sausage,” the father says to him. “You can find them at the market. Do you understand?”
<br>“I understand, father. You need bread and apples and I can find them at... at...”
<br>“The market, fool, and I don’t want apples, but sausage. You won’t forget them?”
<br>“I’ll remember them, father.”
<br>“On Néronden, you brought the bread and forgot the sausage.”
<br>“Today I am remembering everything. You can trust me, father.”
<br>“I trust you— I’m indeed a fool. So. You’re looking for bread and...”
<br>“Sausage,” says the son.
<br>He is happy to remember it. His father looks at him.
<br>“Go,” he says to him. “I and your mother will wait for you.”
<br>“Goodbye, father.”
<br>The son goes; the father waits for him. Then, he sees him coming back [literally, he sees who returns].
<br>“Hello, father.”
<br>“Did you forget the bread?”
<br>“No, father.”
<br>“And the sausage?”
<br>“I didn’t forget it. Bread and sausage, bread and sausage, I repeated them like that— you see, I’m not a fool.”
<br>“You are a good son, Pavel! But where are the bread and sausage?”
<br>“I’m sorry, father. I forgot the money.”
<h3><a name="4loz">Loži <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Words </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#4urek">Urek</a> <a href="#4loz">Loži</a> <a href="#4vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#4mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#4alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#4ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<table><tr>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>General</i>
<tr><td><b>ad onlelán</b> <td>goodbye, till later
<tr><td><b>apros</b> <td>then, next
<tr><td><b>kuna</b> <td>money
<tr><td><b>meca</b> <td>daughter (pl. <b>mesî</b>)
<tr><td><b>meď</b> <td>son
<tr><td><b>milka</b> <td>sausage
<tr><td><b>néronden</b> <td>Néronden (market day)
<tr><td><b>nrüsk</b> <td>fool
<tr><td><b>yon</b> <td>bread
<tr><td> <tr><td>
<tr><td> <tr><td> <tr><td>
</table>
<td>
<table><tr><td colspan=2 bgcolor="A0E0A0"><i>Verbs</i>
<tr><td><b>ametan</b> <td>bring
<tr><td><b>apeluan</b> <td>call, summon
<tr><td><b>cumprenan</b> <td>understand
<tr><td><b>cunësan</b> <td>trust
<tr><td><b>epan</b> <td>can, be able to
<tr><td><b>išan</b> <td>look for
<tr><td><b>lädanei!</b> <td>go!
<tr><td><b>ležiren</b> <td>await, wait for
<tr><td><b>onten</b> <td>repeat (an exercise)
<tr><td><b>onžanen</b> <td>return, come back
<tr><td><b>siloran</b> <td>need
<tr><td><b>suzanen</b> <td>remember
<tr><td><b>tróuen</b> <td>find
<tr><td><b>ublian</b> <td>forget</ul>
</table></table>
<h3><a name="4vui">Vuî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Sounds </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#4urek">Urek</a> <a href="#4loz">Loži</a> <a href="#4vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#4mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#4alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#4ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
English is virtually guaranteed to give you a bad accent no matter what language you learn— unless you watch out for some common errors:<ul>
<li> Keep the vowels <b><i>pure</b></i>. English vowels don't stay in the same place, but glide off in the direction of <i>i, u, </i>or <i>uh</i>. Pronounce Verdurian <b>o</b> as <i>oh</i>, not <i>o</i> (as in <i>low</i>); <b>e</b> as <i>eh</i>, not <i>ay</i> (as in <i>raise</i>); <b>u</b> as <i>oo</i>, not <i>you</i> (as in <i>union</i>). The vowels don't change their quality before an <b>r</b>: hutor is <i><font size=2>OO</i></font><i>-tohr</i>— the o doesn't get colored by the r, as in English <i>more</i>.<p>
<li> A <b><i>consonant between vowels</b></i> goes with the following syllable. So, <b>siloran</b> = <i>see-</i><i><font size=2>LOH</i></font><i>-rahn</i>, not <i>seel-or-on.</i><p>
<li> Most Englishes have <b><i>two types of L,</b></i> one 'clear' as in <i>light</i>, one 'dark' as in <i>till</i>. The Verdurian <b>l</b> is <i>always</i> clear, even at the end of a word.<p>
<li> The <b>r</b> is pronounced as in Spanish, with a single tap against the ridge behind the teeth. An American <i>r</i> won't do. If you have trouble with this sound, think of the ultra-British pronunciation <i>veddy</i> for <i>very</i>. It's the same sound.</ul>
<h3><a name="4mori">Mörî <img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Culture </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#4urek">Urek</a> <a href="#4loz">Loži</a> <a href="#4vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#4mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#4alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#4ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
The father in the reading probably wants the bread to make <b>zerî</b>— a thin, soft bread most similar to flour tortillas. They are also made sweetened, in which case they're more like crêpes. And they can be thicker, like pita bread or pancakes.
<p>You fill a <b>zer</b> with a meaty sauce, potatoes, and chopped vegetables and roll it up. You can now pick it up and eat it or, in fine dining situations, it's covered with more sauce and eaten with knife and fork. It's typically accompanied with rice or beans, and wine (for all ages).
<p>If you're poor, the sauce is merely meaty; if you're well off it'll be mostly meat.
<p>Thick <b>zerî</b> are used to make sandwiches (<b>celzerî</b>, literally 'between-zerî'), usually with cheese and sausage inside.
<p>Other typical dishes include fish (<b>paž</b>) and potatoes (<b>susluoma</b>); soups (<b>legua</b>) of all kinds; Ismaîn seafood salad; and meat grilled "<b>malsfaom</b>-style" over an open fire.</ul>
<h3><a name="4alu">Aluatas<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Grammar </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#4urek">Urek</a> <a href="#4loz">Loži</a> <a href="#4vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#4mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#4alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#4ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
<cite>Verbs in -n</cite>. If the infinitive (the form given in the dictionary, or the vocabulary) of a verb ends in -<b>an</b> or -<b>en</b>, it's conjugated as follows:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>-ai <td><b>silorai <td>I need <td><b>ametai <td>I trust
<tr><td><b>-ei <td><b>silorei <td>you (singular) need <td><b>ametei <td>you trust
<tr><td><b>-e <td><b>silore <td>he or she needs <td><b>amete <td>he or she trusts
<tr><td><b>-am <td><b>siloram <td>we need <td><b>ametam <td>we trust
<tr><td><b>-o <td><b>siloro <td>you (plural) need <td><b>ameto <td>you trust
<tr><td><b>-u <td><b>siloru <td>they need <td><b>ametu <td>they trust
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b>The other verb types are a little different, and we'll learn them later. (Remember that the he/she form ends in -<b>e</b> for all verbs, however.)
<p><cite>Past tense</cite>. To form the past tense, you use the same personal endings, but insert -<b>n</b>- before them:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>-nai <td><b>silornai <td>I needed <td><b>ametnai <td>I trusted
<tr><td><b>-nei <td><b>silornei <td>you needed <td><b>ametnei <td>you trusted
<tr><td><b>-ne <td><b>silorne <td>he or she needed <td><b>ametne <td>he or she trusted
<tr><td><b>-nam <td><b>silornam <td>we needed <td><b>ametnam <td>we trusted
<tr><td><b>-no <td><b>silorno <td>you (plural) needed <td><b>ametno <td>you trusted
<tr><td><b>-nu <td><b>silornu <td>they needed <td><b>ametnu <td>they trusted
</table>
</blockquote>
<p></b>Two of the verbs we've encountered, <b>esan</b> 'to be' and <b>dan</b> 'give', have irregular past roots:<ul>
<li> <b>esan</b>: use <b>fu</b>-: <b>fuai</b> 'I was'; <b>fue</b> 'he or she was'
<li> <b>dan</b>: use <b>don</b>-: <b>donai</b> 'I gave', <b>donam</b> 'we gave'
<li> <b>lädan</b>: use <b>läzn</b>-: <b>läznai</b> 'I went', <b>läznu</b> 'they went'</ul>
<p><cite>Pronoun objects</cite>. Just as nouns have special ("accusative") object forms, so do pronouns. These may be easier than the noun forms, since we have object forms for pronouns in English, too.
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>et <td> <td>me
<tr><td><b>eř <td><td>you (singular)
<tr><td><b>ilet <td><td>him
<tr><td><b>ilat <td><td>her
<tr><td><b>tam <td><td>us
<tr><td><b>mü <td><td>you (plural)
<tr><td><b>cam <td><td>them
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>These pronouns always appear <i>before the verb</i>, not after. Thus:
<blockquote>
<b>Pavel ilat suzane.</b> Pavel remembers her.
<br><b>Tam suzanei?</b> Do you remember us?
<br><b>Et siloro.</b> You (plural) need me.
</blockquote>
<p>Note that <b>ilun</b> 'to him' and <b>ilan</b> 'to her' from the last lesson go before the verb, too.
<p>There's a word for "it" that we'll learn later, but it's not used for ordinary nouns— you use <b>ilet</b> and <b>ilat</b> instead, depending on the gender of what you're referring to. So in Verdurian, when you eat an apple you don't eat <i>it</i>, you eat <i>him</i> (<b>ilet crežei</b>), since <b>luom</b> is masculine; and when you eat a pear you eat <i>her</i> (<b>ilat crežei</b>), since <b>čura</b> is feminine.
<p><b>Ke</b> 'who' has a special object form too, <b>ket</b>:
<blockquote>
<p><b>Ket lelai?</b> Who do I see?
<br><b>Ket ležiram?</b> Who are we waiting for?
</blockquote>
<p>(In older English we'd use 'whom' for these sentences. The <b>ke/ket</b> distinction is very much like the who/whom distinction. But if you're not sure when to say 'whom', think about when you'd use 'I' vs. 'me' instead.)
<p><b>Fsë</b> 'everything', however, has no distinct accusative form.</ul>
<h3><a name="4ont">Onteca<img src="greenball.gif" align=absmiddle> Exercises </font></a>
<font size=-1><a href="#4urek">Urek</a> <a href="#4loz">Loži</a> <a href="#4vui">Vuî</a> <a href="#4mori">Mörî</a>
<a href="#4alu">Aluatas</a> <a href="#4ont">Onteca</a></font></h3>
1. Construct some sample sentences using the verbs you learned in this lesson and the object pronouns.
<p>2. Put your sentences into the past tense.
<p>3. Translate into Verdurian:
<p>The father has a son who is a fool. He went to buy bread and sausage at the market, but he forgot the sausage. Who can forget to buy something (<b>što</b>) at the market? Today he was at the market again (<b>on</b>) and he forgot his money.
<p>But his daughter is not a fool. She can go to buy something and she can remember them. Her father says, go! She buys apples, pears, mead, bread— everything. And she brings them to him. You can trust her; you can't trust a fool.</ul>
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<a href="lessons.htm#Introduction">Intro</a>
<a href="lessons.htm#contents">Contents</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#1urek">1</a>
<a href="lessons12.htm#2urek">2</a>
<a href="#3urek">3</a>
<a href="#4urek">4</a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#5urek"><b>5</b></a>
<a href="lessons56.htm#6urek">6</a>
<a href="lessons78.htm#7urek">7</a>
<a href="lessons78.htm#8urek">8</a>
<a href="lessons910.htm#9urek">9</a>
<a href="lessons910.htm#10urek">10</a>
<a href="vglossary.htm"><b>Glossary</b></a>
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