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<H2><img src="ismainname.gif" align=absmiddle> Ismaîn </H2>
<i>Ismaîn is a sister language of Verdurian, spoken by the foppish and irritable people of Ismahi. (At least, that's what the Verdurians think of them.) It has a more French feel to it, I think. As can be seen on <a href="drill4.htm">this map</a>, Ismahi is to the east of Verduria, along the Mišicama littoral.</i>
<p><a name="contents">© 1999 by Mark Rosenfelder</a>
<p><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>
<br><a href="#Phonology">Phonology</a>
<br><a href="#Declension">Declension</a> •
<font size=-1><i>
<a href="#Case">Case usage</a>
</i></font>
<br><a href="#Adjectives">Adjectives</a> •
<font size=-1><i>
<a href="#AdjDeclension">Declension</a>
<a href="#Adverbs">Adverbs</a>
<a href="#Articles">Articles</a>
</i></font>
<br><a href="#Pronouns">Pronouns</a>
<br><a href="#Conjugation">Conjugation</a>
<br><a href="#Numbers">Numbers</a>
<br><a href="#Derivational">Derivational morphology</a> •
<font size=-1><i>
<a href="#Nominalizers">Nominalizers</a>
<a href="#Adjectivizers">Adjectivizers</a>
<a href="#Verbalizers">Verbalizers</a>
</i></font>
<br><a href="#Syntax">Syntax</a> •
<font size=-1><i>
<a href="#Usage">Verb Usage</a>
<a href="#Constituent">Constituent order</a>
<a href="#Noun">Noun phrases</a>
<a href="#Negatives">Negatives</a>
<a href="#Questions">Questions</a>
<a href="#Subordination">Subordination</a>
<a href="#Prepositions">Prepositions</a>
<a href="#Comparatives">Comparatives</a>
</i></font>
<br><a href="#References">References</a> •
<font size=-1><i>
<a href="#Conventional">Conventional expressions</a>
<a href="#Calendar">Calendar</a>
<a href="#Names">Names</a>
</i></font>
<br><a href="#Example">Example</a>
<br><a href="#Sound">Sound changes from Caďinor</a>
<br><a href="#Lexicon">Lexicon</a>
<hr>
<h3><a name="Introduction">Introduction</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
<img align=left src="valley.jpg">
Ismaîn, a descendent of <a HREF="native.htm">Caďinor</a>, is spoken in the lands of <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/almeo.html?Ismahi">Ismahi</a>, <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/almeo.html?Denisovi%u010D">Denisovič</a>, and <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/almeo.html?Azgami">Azgami</a> east of Verduria.
<p>This area, forming the ancient Meťaiun state of <b><a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/almeo.html?Leziunea">Leziunea</a></b>, was one of the last areas west of the Ctelm Mountains to fall under Caďinorian rule. Indeed, it retained its independence until the Munkhâshi conquered it (1612) preparatory to their reinvasion of the Plain. When Ervëa and Attafei combined to destroy Munkhâsh, the imperial idea was triumphant, and Leziunea was incorporated into the Caďinorian state. No great resistance is recorded, and the area slowly aborbed the Caďinorian religion and learned the Caďinor language. The Meťaiun language persisted until at least the 19th century, and some features of Ismaîn are held to derive from the influence of Meťaiun.
<p>Amid the dislocations of the medieval era, the area drifted into independence in the early 2500s, as the kingdom of <b>Ismahi</b>. Our first records of Old Ismaîn are popular lays of about two centuries before, joined later by stories, sermons, and a flowering of epic verse-- mostly relating to minor Leziunean heroes inflated into avatars of the national character, since Ismahi has always had a fairly strong sense of itself as a distinct nation within the Caďinorian sphere.
<p>The language of law and religion remained Caďinor, but the vernacular of the court at Raizumi (<i>Raȥumi</i>) became increasingly prestigious; the children of nobles were sent to the capital to learn correct speech. Literature in the vernacular flourished, and by the 2900s (a century earlier than in Verduria) government records were kept in Ismaîn.
<p>There have been many influences on Ismaîn. Kebri erupted onto the littoral in the 2800s, conquering almost all of érenat (and the easternmost sliver of Ismahi). Kebreni traders plied the Ismaîn littoral, and many words were borrowed from <a href="kebreni.htm">their language</a>, from commercial terms to slang.
<p>Ismahi was caught in the middle of Elena Eleďe's wars with Kebri; the end result was the loss of the Gulag littoral (which had been <i>de jure</i> a part of the kingdom and <i>de facto</i> virtually a Kebreni colony, and which became <i>de jure</i> independent (as <b>Denisovič</b>) but <i>de facto</i> a Verdurian protectorate) and closer ties to Kebri. Another layer of Kebreni vocabulary entered the language-- e.g. philosophy, technology, accounting.
<p>Nonetheless cultural intercourse with Verdurian has been constant, and Ismaîn has borrowed many words from Verdurian (and contributed some back). However, Ismaîn scholars still prefer to write their most important works-- their writing for the ages-- in Caďinor (reserving the vernacular merely for textbooks, commentaries, journals, and other ephemera). Reborrowing from Caďinor has, as in the case of Verdurian, enriched the language and facilitated communication with other states of the Plain.
<p>In 3197 the eastern nobles rebelled, setting up their own kingdom, <b>Azgami</b>, with Dhekhnami support. The eastern dialects (in general more conservative and less subject to foreign influence) now absorbed some Dhekhnami vocabulary, notably military and diplomatic, with some slang and terms of abuse.
<h3><a name="Phonology">Phonology </a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
The consonantal and vocalic system of Ismaîn is shown below, in <font color="#0000FF">Ismaîn orthography</font>, <font color="#FF0000">IPA equivalent</font>, and transliteration.
<blockquote><img src="ismainsnd.gif" alt="Ismain phonology"> </blockquote>
<h4>Consonants</h4>
<p>Verdurians (and English speakers) have trouble with Ismaîn's retroflex and alveolo-palatal fricatives, hearing <b>ş ȥ </b>as s/z or š/ž, and <b>ç j</b> as č/dž (an affricate pronunciation of <b>ç</b> and <b>j</b> is common word-initially). Such incorrect pronunciations must be avoided. Chinese speakers have an advantage, however: Ismaîn <b>ş</b> corresponds to (pinyin) sh, and <b>ç</b> to x.
<p>If the phonetic terms throw you and your Chinese is rusty: <b>ş</b> is a <i>sh</i> pronounced with the tongue curled up
behind the upper teeth, rather like the <i>s</i> in American English <i>sure</i>. <b>ç</b> is like the consonant in German <i>ich</i> with the tongue raised a bit; or alternatively, like a <i>sh</i> with some <i>ich</i>-like friction. The Polish ś is the same sound.
<p>Ismaîn <b>y</b> is a high, unrounded central vowel, halfway between [i] and [y]. (It's like Swedish <i>u</i> without lip rounding.)
<p>Since Kebreni also has the <b>ç j y</b> sounds (spelled ś ź y), and the Mišicama littoral was the last Monkhayic area to be conquered by the Caďinorians, a Monkhayic substratum influence has been suspected here. However, these sounds are not reconstructed for Meťaiun, and they are more likely due to influence from modern Kebreni. (At times the littoral was virtually a Kebreni colony).
<p><b>c</b> is used to represent the fronted [k+] found before front vowels, <b>a</b>, and most consonants; <b>k</b> is used for the retracted [<u>k</u>] (or even uvular [q]) found before back vowels. Phonemic status has sometimes been claimed for this distinction, on the basis of a few apparent violations of these distributional generalizations, such as as <b>kêsŕa</b> 'strategy', <b>culi</b> 'party'. These violations, however, always turn out to be Verdurian loan-words (or reborrowings from Caďinor), and have a tendency to be 'normalized' (<b>cêsŕa</b>, <b>kuli</b>), which lends support to the allophonic interpretation.
<h4>Vowels</h4>
<p>Most final vowels have reduced to [i] or [ə]; the latter is normally spelled <b>e</b>, but <b>a</b> after another <b>e</b>; thus <b>emea</b> [ɛmɛə]. The distinction between open [ɛ] and [ə] (shwa) may be marginally phonemic, on the basis of such minimal pairs as <b>ce</b> [kə] 'which' and <b>ce</b> [kɛ] 'who'. But these may be better explained by a rule that <b>e</b> does not reduce in one-syllable words (cf. <b>me</b> [me] 'water'); note that <b>ce </b>'which' is really a clitic.
<p>In Ismaîn dialect, nasalized <b>î</b> and <b>ê</b> are pronounced identically, as an open [ɛ̃], as are <b>û</b> and <b>ô</b>, as an open [ɔ̃]; the orthography preserves phonetic distinctions no longer made (except in some remote rural areas of Azgami).
<h4>Syllabics</h4>
<p><b>r, n</b>, and <b>l</b> can be syllabic in Ismaîn, as in thus <b>lŕe</b>, <b>Saikn</b>, <b>eştł</b> (compare English <i>butter, button, bustle</i>). Syllabic r is written <b>ŕ</b>; the distinction is phonemic, as can be seen with minimal pairs such as <b>raçni</b> 'thigh', <b>ŕaçni</b> 'spider'. The consonantal <b>r</b> is also pronounced with more closure, like a British <i>r,</i> but not trilled.
<p>As in English or Catalán, <b>l</b> is clear beginning a syllable and dark (velarized, written <b>ł</b>) ending one; syllabic <b>ł</b> is always dark. As syllabic <b>ł</b> can precede a vowel (<b>ułô</b> 'ox'), the distinction is marginally phonemic. Syllabic <b>n</b> is always final and has no special orthographic representation. It almost always follows a consonant, but appears in some infinitives, 3p forms, and datives after a vowel; <b>pun</b> 'push' is pronounced /pu <u>n</u>/ (two syllables), not /pun/.
<p>Students of Verdurian should note that Ismaîn <b>h</b> is aspirated, like an English <i>h</i>, not silent, as in Verdurian.
<h4>Stress</h4>
<p>Stress generally occurs on the penult (second-to-last syllable). Syllabic consonants (e.g. <b>ŕ</b>) count as syllables.
<h4><a name="ismalph">The Ismaîn alphabet</a></h4>
The order and names of the letters in Ismaîn:
<br><img src="Ism-letternames.gif">
<br>The blue letters are used only in writing Caďinor, but are learned as part of the alphabet; the red letters are innovations.
The letters <b>ca ga</b> were <i>ces, ges</i> in Caďinor; the lowering preserved them from becoming <i>çe, je</i>. The resulting e / a / e / a pattern in the letter names was generalized to the 5th and last rows.
<p>The nasalization diacritic is named <b>mole</b> 'soft', so e.g. <b>ê</b> is named <b>e mole</b>.
<p>Note that Verdurians do not use the Ismaîn names for the innovated letters; they call <b>ş ȥ ç j ŕ ł</b> <i>šen ismaë, ež ismaë, čen ismaë, čen vuáë, ra ismaa, la ismaa</i>.
<h3><a name="Declension">Declension</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
Sound changes from Caďinor to Ismaîn-- notably the loss of most consonants and the weakening of final syllables-- have eliminated the distinctions between many case forms. In addition, the loss of gender as a syntactic category motivated an analogical levelling (e.g. the regularization of the ablative).
<p>The result is a system indicating <b>number</b> and just three <b>cases</b>, nominative, dative, and ablative. The commonest patterns are shown below.
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td> <td><i>part</i> <td><i>honor</i> <td><i>summer</i><td><i>heat</i> <td><i>night</i> <td><i>body <td><i>job</i>
<tr><td><b>s. nom</b> <td>sŕ <td>lôde <td>eşte <td>şale <td>noçti <td>çire <td>mesi
<tr><td><b>s. dat</b> <td>sŕn <td>lôdn <td>eştn <td>şaln <td>noçtn <td>çirn <td>mesn
<tr><td><b>s. abl</b> <td>sŕes <td>lôdes <td>eştes <td>şales <td>noçtis <td>çires <td>mesis
<tr><td><b>pl. nom</b> <td>sŕi <td>lôȥi <td>eşta <td>şalo <td>noçtu <td>çiri <td>mesu
<tr><td><b>pl. dat</b> <td>sŕn <td>lôȥn <td>eştn <td>şaln <td>noçtn <td>çirn <td>mesn
<tr><td><b>pl. abl</b> <td>sŕis <td>lôȥis <td>eştas <td>şalos <td>noçtus <td>çiris <td>mesus
</table>
</blockquote>
There is no general <b><i>plural</b></i> morpheme; rather, the plural root depends on the ending of the s. nom.: most commonly <b>cons. → -i; -e → -i; -i → -u</b>.
There are however several sources of irregularity:
<ul>
<li> <b>e → a</b> as in <i>eşta</i>. This class derives from Caďinor masculines in -<i>as</i>, which fortunately are rare.
<li> <b>e → o</b> as in <i>şalo</i>. From Caďinor neuters in <i>-o</i>; fairly common.
<li> <b>-ł → -li</b>, as in <i>oł</i> 'ear' → <i>oli</i>.
<li> <b>-şe → -ȥe</b>, as in <i>hoşe</i> 'cat' → <i>hoȥe</i>. From Caďinor feminines in -<i>ca</i>.
<li> <b>-de → -ȥi</b> or -<b>şi</b>, as in <i>fôde </i>'bottom' → <i>fôȥi</i>. From Caďinor masculines in -<i>dos, -tos</i> respectively.
<li> -<b>ge → -ji</b>, as in <i>nage → naji</i>. From Caďinor masculines in -<i>gos</i> or feminines in -<i>ga</i>.
<li> <b>-h → -gi</b>, as in <i>lubeh</i> 'fox' → <i>lubegi</i>. From Caďinor masculines in -<i>kh</i>.
<li> Other unexpected sound changes, such as <i>cryçi</i> 'muscle' → <i>crugu, gis</i> 'rat' → <i>gysi, je</i> 'home' → <i>jezi, şin</i> 'oak' → <i>şûdi, şirn</i> 'elephant' → <i>şirôȥ, trê</i> 'axe' → <i>trôse, ułô </i>'ox' → <i>oli, vên</i> 'deer' → <i>vêȥi, zi </i>'sea' <i>→ ziȥe.</i></ul>
Irregular plurals are noted in the lexicon.
<p><font size=-1 color="#000000">(The expected reflexes of Caďinor feminine plurals would have been identical to the singular, and in fact we see this in some Old Ismaîn texts. The modern endings have been formed by analogy from (former) masculines in -<b>e</b> and neuters in -<b>i</b>.</font>
<p>The <b><i>dative</b></i> is formed by replacing the final vowel (if any) of the nominative with syllabic -<b>n</b>. If the root ends in -<b>n</b>-, an epenthetic <b>-d</b>- is inserted: <b>mani</b> 'hand' → <b>mandn</b>. Note that this only produces a distinctive plural form for words with an irregular plural form, such as <i>lôde</i> above, or <i>lŕ</i> 'life', which has the plural form <i>liri</i> and thus datives <i>lŕn, lirn</i>.
<p>The <b><i>ablative</b></i> is formed by adding -<b>s </b>to the nominative plural form (-<b>es</b> after a consonant, as in <i>sŕ</i>).
<p><font size=-1 color="#000000">(<sup></sup> Again, the forms deriving from Caďinor feminine nouns (which would otherwise have been identical to the nominative) have been formed by analogy.)</font>
<h4><a name="Case">Case usage</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
The names of the cases are chosen for ease of comparison with other Caďinorian languages, and are slightly misleading for Ismaîn.
<p>The <b>nominative</b> is used for both subjects and direct objects.
<p>The <b>dative</b> is used for indirect objects and the object of prepositions, and for destinations expressed without a preposition (e.g. <b>maçtandn</b> 'to the city'). It is not used as a formal genitive, as in Verdurian. (“The man's god” is <b>se ŕeştis aze</b>, not <i>*ŕeştin</i>.)
<p>The <b>ablative</b> has taken the place of the Caďinor genitive (<b>lêcŕynes mani </b>'a doctor's hand'), but also retains its role indicating the source of an action or movement (<b>maçtanes</b> 'from the city').
<p>The ablative is not used as a partitive, as the Verdurian genitive is. Compare:
<blockquote>
(Ismaîn) <b>Vuli êzin <u>sr</b></u><b>eve.</b>
<br>(Verdurian) <i>Vulu šerëi.</i>
<br>I want some beer.
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Adjectives">Adjectives</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
<h4><a name="AdjDeclension">Declension</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
Sound changes and the elimination of the accusative conspired to eradicate the number, case, and gender markings of Caďinor adjectives. By the time of Old Ismaîn, the nominative forms for the II. declension adjective <i>bases</i> 'low'-- s. <i>bases, bases, basies,</i> pl. <i>baseit, basei, baset</i>-- had fallen together into just two forms, <i>baze</i> and s.f. <i>bazi</i>. The III. declension forms s. <i>rogis, rogis, rogis</i>, pl. <i>roguit, rogui, rogiat</i> had similarly collapsed to <i>roji</i> (s. and f.pl) and <i>roju</i>. The relatively low functional load and lack of clear expression of gender and number led to the use of a single form in all contexts.
<p>As with nouns, dative and ablative marking subsisted, though it was generalized to a uniform -<b>n</b> and -<b>s</b> respectively. However, these endings have disappeared from speech (except in a few fixed idioms) and are increasingly rare in writing.
<p>It is now considered correct to omit the case endings when they are redundant with those of the noun: e.g. <i><u>leve</i></u><i> lêcŕynes niri </i>'the crazy doctor's machine', though they are retained in more formal contexts-- <i><u>olŕs</u> azes ôre</i> 'the mighty god's shadow'.
<h4><a name="Adverbs">Adverbs</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
Adverbs are regularly formed via the suffix -<b>gi</b> (cognate to Verdurian -<i>ece</i>), or -<b>e</b> if the adjective ends in a consonant:
<blockquote>
<b>lŕe</b> beautiful → <b>lŕegi </b>
<br><b>roji</b> crazy → <b>rojigi</b>
<br><b>şip</b> mute → <b>şipe</b>
<br><b>êȥił</b> quiet → <b>êȥile</b>
<br><b>meli</b> good → <b>meligi</b> well
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Articles">Articles</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
The Ismaîn <b><i>definite article</i></b> is <b>se</b>, which is invariable. It's considered an adjective by Ismaîn grammarians, and indeed it derives from a Caďinor adjective (<i>soh</i> 'aforementioned'). Note the pronunciation, [sə]. It becomes <b>s</b> before a vowel.
<p>It's common to use <b>en</b> 'one' (parallel to plural <b>êzin</b> 'some') as a sort of indefinite article, though it is not absolutely required, as in English:
<blockquote>
<b> Lolŕ leli (<u>en</b></u><b>) şirn ceȥe fu î Ranŕn?</b>
<br>Did you see an elephant when you were in Rhânor?
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Pronouns">Pronouns</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
<h4><a name="Personal">Personal pronouns</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td> <td>nom <td>acc <td>dat <td>abl
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>I</i> <td><b>se</b> <td><b>es</b> <td><b>sen</b> <td><b>es </b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>thou</i> <td><b>le</b> <td><b>ec</b> <td><b>len</b> <td><b>les </b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"></b><i>he/she</i> <td><b>şi</b> <td><b>şu</b> <td><b>şin</b> <td><b>tes</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>we</i> <td><b>te</b> <td><b>tâ</b> <td><b>ten</b> <td><b>tâde </b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"></b><i>you</i> <td><b>mih</b> <td><b>mî</b> <td><b>myn</b> <td><b>mos </b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"></b><i>they</i> <td><b>şa</b> <td><b>şâ</b> <td><b>şan</b> <td><b>şas</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>he/she</i> <td><b>loşu</b> <td><b>loşu</b> <td><b>lonşu</b> <td><b>lossu</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>thou</i> <td><b>lolŕ</b> <td><b>lolŕ</b> <td><b>lonŕ</b> <td><b>losŕ</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>you</i> <td><b>lomû</b> <td><b>lomû</b> <td><b>lonû</b> <td><b>lozmû</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>s. refl.</i> <td> <td><b>zes</b> <td><b>zyn</b> <td><b>zes</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>pl. refl.</i> <td> <td><b>zâ</b> <td><b>zan</b> <td><b>zas </b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>Note that <b><i>accusative</i></b> forms have survived in the pronominal system. Accusative pronouns are used for direct objects.
<p>The personal pronouns <b>se</b> 'I' and <b>te</b> 'we' are used only for emphasis, the verb form normally serving to indicate the subject. With third person verbs <b>şi</b> 'he/she/it' or <b>şa </b>'they' are assumed if no subject is given.
<p>The <b>lo</b>- forms were originally formal pronouns; e.g. <b>lolŕ</b> derives from <b>lôde lŕi</b> 'your honor', originally only one of many such expressions. However, <b>lolŕ</b> and its plural <b>lomû</b> are now used in almost all contexts.
<p><b>Le</b> and <b>mih</b> survive in some remote rural areas and in legal contexts, and <b>le</b> is sometimes used as a rather poetic expression of intimacy, something like <i>tu</i> in Brazilian Portuguese-- in popular songs, for instance.
<p><b>Loşu</b> has not been similarly generalized; it is still used with superiors, or between high-ranking equals. Note that there is no formal form (that's caught on) for 'they'.
<p><b><i>Reflexive</i></b> pronouns are used when (third person) subject and object are the same: <b>lave zes </b>'he washes himself/ she washes herself'. There are no formal forms.
<h4><a name="Interrogative">Interrogative pronouns</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td> <td><i>nom</i> <td><i>acc</i> <td><i>dat</i> <td><i>abl </i>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>who</i> <td><b>ce</b> <td><b>ces</b> <td><b>cyn</b> <td><b>ces</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td> <b>ca</b> <td><b>câ </b><td><b>can</b> <td><b>cas</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>what</i> <td><b>cete</b> <td> <td><b>cetn</b> <td><b>cetes</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>where</i> <td><b><b>cenŕe</b> <td> <td><b>cenŕn</b> <td><b>cenŕes </b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>when </i> <td><b>ceȥe</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>how</i> <td><b>cedyli</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>how much</i> <td><b>eşkoli</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>why</i> <td><b>pŕcetn</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>which</i> <td><b>ce</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>The dative and ablative forms of pronouns of place (where, here, etc.) are used only as locatives (i.e., they are not used after prepositions or as genitives).
<h4><a name="Deictic">Deictic pronouns</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0">
<td rowspan=2>
<td colspan=3><center><i>Nominal</i></center>
<td colspan=3 rowspan=2><i>Adjectival</i>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0">
<td><i>nom</i> <td><i>dat </i><td><i>abl </i>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>this one </i>
<td><b>ete</b>
<td><b>etn</b>
<td><b>etes </b> <td>
<td><i> this </i>
<td><b>eli</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>that one </i>
<td><b>tode</b>
<td><b>todn</b>
<td><b>todes</b> <td>
<td><i>that </i>
<td><b>iȥi</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>here </i>
<td><b>eçte
<td><b>eçtn </b>
<td><b>eçtes <td>
<td><i> now </i>
<td><b>nûc</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>there </i>
<td><b>iȥeçte</b>
<td><b>iȥeçtn
<td><b>iȥeçtes</b> <td>
<td><i>then </i>
<td><b>âçe</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Impersonal">Impersonal pronouns</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td>
<td><i>some </i>
<td><i>every</i>
<td><i>no </i>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>adj. </i>
<td><b>êzin</b>
<td><b>çei</b>
<td><b>su</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>-one </i>
<td><b>ni</b>
<td><b>pi</b>
<td><b>nite</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>-thing </i>
<td><b>sizy</b>
<td><b>pizy</b>
<td><b>nizy</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>-where </i>
<td><b>sigeȥi</b>
<td><b>puȥe</b>
<td><b>niguȥe</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>time</i>
<td><b>sidêne</b>
<td><b>pidêne</b>
<td><b>sudêne</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Conjugation">Conjugation</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
There are three conjugations in Ismaîn, easily identified by the final -<b>c</b>, -<b>n</b>, or -<b>ŕ</b> in the infinitive. Sample conjugations are given below, as well as the forms for the irregular verb <b>ezn</b> 'to be'. For ease of comparison, the same verbs are used as in the Caďinor section; but there are no differences in conjugation between the two -<b>n</b> verbs or the two -<b>ŕ </b>verbs.
<p>Second person forms are given apart; they are used as such only in remote rural areas (and in legal language). Third person verb forms are used for both the <b>lo</b>- pronouns and for <b>le</b>/<b>mih</b>.
<p><b><font size=2>Present</font></b>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td><i>verb</i>
<td><b>elirec</b> <br><i>live</i>
<td><b>rign</b> <br><i>look</i>
<td><b>mizn</b> <br><i>rejoice</i>
<td><b>beçtŕ</b> <br><i>move</i>
<td><b>clajŕ</b> <br><i>beat</i>
<td><b>ezn</b> <br><i>be</i>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1s</i>
<td> eliro
<td>riga
<td>miza
<td>beçti
<td>clagi
<td>sa
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3s</i>
<td> elire
<td>rige
<td>mize
<td>beçti
<td>claji
<td>e
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1p</i>
<td> elirê
<td>rigê
<td>mizê
<td>beçtî
<td>clagî
<td>ezê
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3p</i>
<td> elirn
<td>rign
<td>mizn
<td>beçtn
<td>clagn
<td> sen
<tr><td>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2s</i>
<td> elire
<td>rige
<td>mize
<td>beçty
<td>clajy
<td> se
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2p</i>
<td> eliro
<td>rigi
<td>mizi
<td>beçti
<td>clagi
<td>eze
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>The 1p ending is always the 3s nasalized; the 3p ending is always -<b>n</b>.
<p>The 1s and 3s endings are usually the same in -<b>ŕ</b> verbs. If there is no explicit subject 'I' can be assumed.
<p><font size=-1 color="#000000">(<b>Clagi</b>: The appearance of -<b>g</b>- in some forms is typical of verbs in -<b>jŕ</b>.)</font>
<p><font size=2><b>Past</b></font>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td><i>verb</i>
<td><b>elirec</b>
<td><b>rign</b>
<td><b>mizn</b>
<td><b>beçtŕ</b>
<td><b>clajŕ</b>
<td><b>ezn</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1s</i>
<td> eliry
<td>rigy
<td>mizy
<td>beçty
<td>clajy
<td>fuȥe
<td>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3s</i>
<td> eliri
<td>rigi
<td>mizi
<td>beçte
<td>claje
<td>fu
<td>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1p</i>
<td> elirî
<td>rigô
<td>mizô
<td>beçtê
<td>clajê
<td>fom
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3p</i>
<td> eliryn
<td>rigyn
<td>mizyn
<td>beçtyn
<td>clajyn
<td>fyn
<tr><td>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2s</i>
<td> eliry
<td>rigy
<td>mizy
<td>beçte
<td>claje
<td>fuȥe
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2p</i>
<td> eliri
<td>rigu
<td>mizu
<td>beçte
<td>claje
<td>fo
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>The 3s <b>-i</b> ending has been extended from the -<b>ec</b> to the -<b>n</b> verbs, which otherwise would have had forms identical to the present; note that this spoils the nasalization rule in the 1p, though only for -<b>n</b> verbs.
<p>As if in recompense, the -<b>n</b> conjugation's 1s ending -<b>y</b> has been extended to the other two conjugations (and 3p -<b>yn </b>has been extended to the -<b>ŕ</b> verbs).
<p><b><font size=2>Past anterior</font></b>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td><i>verb</i>
<td><b>elirec</b>
<td><b>rign</b>
<td><b>mizn</b>
<td><b>beçtŕ</b>
<td><b>clajŕ</b>
<td><b>ezn</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1s</i>
<td> elirŕy
<td>rigŕy
<td>mizŕy
<td>beçtŕy
<td>clajŕy
<td>fŕy
<td>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3s</i>
<td> elirŕi
<td>rigŕe
<td>mizŕe
<td>beçtŕe
<td>clajŕe
<td>fŕe
<td>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1p</i>
<td> elirŕî
<td>rigŕê
<td>mizŕê
<td>beçtŕê
<td>clajŕê
<td>fŕê
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3p</i>
<td> elirŕyn
<td>rigŕyn
<td>mizŕyn
<td>beçtŕyn
<td>clajŕyn
<td>fŕyn
<tr><td>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2s</i>
<td> elirŕy
<td>rigŕy
<td>mizŕy
<td>beçtŕe
<td>claŕje
<td>fŕy
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2p</i>
<td> elirŕi
<td>rigŕu
<td>mizŕu
<td>beçtŕe
<td>clajŕe
<td>fŕe
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>The past anterior is formed by infixing -<b>ŕ</b>- before the personal ending. Note, however, the 3s -<b>e</b> and 1p -<b>ê</b> for -<b>n</b> verbs.
<p><b><font size=2>Pres. subjunctive</font></b>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td><i>verb</i>
<td><b>elirec</b>
<td><b>rign</b>
<td><b>mizn</b>
<td><b>beçtŕ</b>
<td><b>clajŕ</b>
<td><b>ezn</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1s</i>
<td> eliredo
<td>rigema
<td>mizema
<td>beçteşi
<td>clajeşi
<td>eşto
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3s</i>
<td> elirede
<td>rigeme
<td>mizeme
<td>beçteşi
<td>clajeşi
<td>eşte
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1p</i>
<td> eliredê
<td>rigemê
<td>mizemê
<td>beçtesî
<td>clajeşî
<td>eştê
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3p</i>
<td> eliredn
<td>rigemn
<td>mizemn
<td>beçteşn
<td>clajeşn
<td>eştn
<tr><td>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2s</i>
<td> elirede
<td>rigeme
<td>mizeme
<td>beçtede
<td>clajede
<td>eşte
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2p</i>
<td> eliredo
<td>rigemi
<td>mizemi
<td>beçteşi
<td>clajeşi
<td>eşte
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>The subjunctive forms derive from the Caďinor remote tenses.
<p>The present subjunctive is formed by inserting the infixes -<b>ed-, -em-, -eş-</b> into the present tense forms for each conjugation. (That is, the personal endings match the present indicative.) <b>Ezn</b> has suppletive forms, as shown.
<p>The subjunctive is used for doubtful, desired, conditional, or potential actions: <b>vuli ȥi <font color="#0000FF">luzeme</font></b> 'I wish he'd go'; <b>Lolŕ <font color="#0000FF">laprine</font>, lolŕ <font color="#0000FF">eşte</font> eçte</b> 'If you had hurried, you would be here.' (Note the absence of an explicit 'if'; conjoining two clauses in the subjunctive has the effect of an if-then clause.)
<p>Used alone, it functions as a polite or 1st/3rd person imperative: <b>Rigeme!</b> 'Look!' <b>Luȥemê!</b> 'Let's go!' <b>Elirede elŕyn!</b> 'Long live the king!'
<p><b><font size=2>Past subjunctive</font></b>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td><i>verb</i>
<td><b>elirec</b>
<td><b>rign</b>
<td><b>mizn</b>
<td><b>beçtŕ</b>
<td><b>clajŕ</b>
<td><b>ezn</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1s</i>
<td> elireşo
<td>rigina
<td>mizina
<td>beçtiri
<td>clajiri
<td>eşo
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3s</i>
<td> elireçe
<td>rigine
<td>mizine
<td>beçtiri
<td>clajiri
<td>eçe
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1p</i>
<td> eliregê
<td>riginê
<td>mizinê
<td>beçtirî
<td>clajirî
<td>eşcê
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3p</i>
<td> eliregn
<td>rigindn
<td>mizinn
<td>beçtirn
<td>clajirn
<td>eşcn
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2s</i>
<td> elireçe
<td>rigine
<td>mizine
<td>beçtire
<td>clajire
<td>eçe
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2p</i>
<td> elirege
<td>rigini
<td>mizini
<td>beçtiri
<td>clajiri
<td>eşce
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>The past subjunctive is formed with the infixes -<b>eg-, -in, -ir-</b>, with the same endings as the present subjunctive (<i>not</i> the past indicative). Note the variant forms of -<b>eg</b>- in the singular.
<p><b><font size=2>Participles</font></b>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td><i>verb</i>
<td><b>elirec</b>
<td><b>rign</b>
<td><b>mizn</b>
<td><b>beçtŕ</b>
<td><b>clajŕ</b>
<td><b>ezn</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>past</i>
<td>elirił
<td>rigił
<td>miził
<td>beçtił
<td>clajił
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>present</i>
<td>elirile
<td>rigec
<td>mizec
<td>beçtic
<td>clajic
<td>ezec
</table>
</blockquote>
<tr><td>The past participle has been generalized to end in -<b>ił</b> for all verbs. The present participle retains more of the Caďinor irregularity; but ending -<b>ic</b> has spread to all verbs in -<b>ŕ</b>.
<tr><td>The participles are used as adjectives (or nominalizations) only, and are never used as verbal forms. Don't attempt to use them for a progressive or passive tense.
<p>Where English would use a participle referring to the subject to give a subsidiary action, Ismaîn uses <b>î</b> plus the infinitive: <b>î leln losŕ mŕine...</b> 'Seeing your boat....'.
<p><b><font size=2>Imperatives</font></b>
<p>The imperative is used for friends, family, children, and animals; but for speaking to superiors, in any formal context, and for the first and third person, the present subjunctive is used instead.
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td><i>verb</i>
<td><b>elirec</b>
<td><b>rign</b>
<td><b>mizn</b>
<td><b>beçtŕ</b>
<td><b>clajŕ</b>
<td><b>ezn</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>s. </i>
<td>elire
<td>rigi
<td>mizi
<td>beçti
<td>clagi
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>pl.</i>
<td>elireł
<td>rigił
<td>miził
<td>beçtił
<td>clagił
</table>
</blockquote>
<p><b><font size=2>Irregular verbs</font></b>
<p>The following verbs have irregular present forms.
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td>
<td><b>eştandn</b> <br><i> come</i>
<td><b>ebezn</b> <br><i>can</i>
<td><b>den </b> <br><i>give</i>
<td><b>nezn</b> <br><i>be born</i>
<td><b>vulŕ</b> <br><i>want</i>
<td><b>lyvec</b> <br><i>love </i>
<td><b>faşn</b> <br><i>do</i>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1s</i>
<td><b>eşta </b>
<td><b>yza </b>
<td>da
<td>neza
<td><b>vuli </b>
<td><b>lo</b>
<td><b>fy</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3s</i>
<td><b>eşte </b>
<td><b>ebe </b>
<td>de
<td><b>ni</b>
<td><b>vił </b>
<td><b>ly</b>
<td><b>fe</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1p</i>
<td> eştanê
<td>ebezê
<td>dê
<td>nezê
<td>volî
<td>lyvê
<td>faşcê
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3p</i>
<td> eştandn
<td><b>yzn</b>
<td><b>den</b>
<td><b>neȥn</b>
<td>voln
<td>lyvn
<td><b>faşn</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2s</i>
<td><b>eşte </b>
<td><b>yze </b>
<td>de
<td>neze
<td><b>vił </b>
<td><b><b>ly</b> </b>
<td><b>fe</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2p</i>
<td> eştani
<td>ebeze
<td><b>ȥi</b></b>
<td>nezi
<td>voli
<td>lyvo
<td><b>faşko</b>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td>
<td><b>falŕ</b> <br><i> be nec.</i>
<td><b>yzŕ</b> <br><i>provide</i>
<td><b>cylŕ</b> <br><i>muster</i>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1s</i>
<td>fali
<td>yzi
<td><b>kuli</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3s</i>
<td><b>fł</b>
<td><b>y</b>
<td><b>cił</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>1p</i>
<td>falî
<td>yzî
<td><b>kulî</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>3p</i>
<td>faln
<td>izn
<td>cyln
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2s</i>
<td>faly
<td><b>y</b>
<td><b>cił</b>
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><i>2p </i>
<td>faly
<td>yzi
<td><b>kuli</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
Other irregular forms are indicated in the lexicon.
<h3><a name="Numbers">Numbers</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0">
<td>
<td>digit
<td>x10
<td>ordinal
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">1
<td><b>en</b>
<td>deç
<td>pŕu
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">2
<td><b>zin</b>
<td>teȥeç
<td>tŕe
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">3
<td><b>ȥin</b>
<td>têdeç
<td>temŕe
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">4
<td><b>paŕ</b>
<td>şiȥeç
<td>şitne
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">5
<td><b>pâs</b>
<td>pâdeç
<td> pâte
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">6
<td><b>sus</b>
<td>suşdeç
<td> suşte
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">7
<td><b>hep</b>
<td>iȥeç
<td> hebe
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">8
<td><b>yçi</b>
<td>yȥeç
<td> ycri
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">9
<td><b>nuri</b>
<td>nŕdeç
<td> nŕti
<tr><td bgcolor="#B0EEB0">10
<td><b>deç</b>
<td>seşes
<td>deçti
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>Numbers under 100 are formed by concatenation: <b>şiȥeç paŕ</b> 44, <b>iȥeç pâs</b> 75. Note that ones numbers end in -<b>deçten</b>, not -deçen.
<p>The ancient Meťaiun practice of counting by <b>ŕâde</b>, eighteens, is still common in Ismahi.
<p>Larger numbers: 3481 =<b> ȥin mił ŕ paŕ seşes ŕ yȥeçten</b>.
<h3><a name="Derivational">Derivational morphology</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
<h4><a name="Nominalizers">Nominalizers</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<dl>
<dt><b>-eȥe</b> Nominalizes simple actions, names qualities; Caď. -<i>eia, -eio</i>, V. <i>-ea, -eo</i>
<dd><b>jele</b> calm → <b>jeleȥe </b>calmness
<br><b>sule </b>young → <b>suleȥe </b>youth
<br><b>toçn</b> abound → <b>toçeȥe </b>abundance<p>
<dt>-<b>eşe</b> Abstract processes; qualities; Caď. -<i>eica</i>; V. <i>-eca, -esa</i>
<dd><b>leln</b> see → <b>leleşe</b> vision
<br><b>pigre</b> lazy → <b>pigreşe </b>laziness<p>
<dt><b>-âte</b> Abstract quality, operation, craft; Caď. -<i>antos</i>; V. -át
<dd><b>si<u>zr</b></u> offer → <b>siȥâte
<br>travâte</b> empire
<br><b>zovâte</b> sorcery<p>
<dt><b>-ile </b>Result, instance, or associated object; Caď. -<i>ile</i>, V. -<i>ë</i>
<dd><b>gundn</b> arm → <b>gynile</b> armor
<br><b>hł</b> iron → <b>holile</b> steel
<br><b>p<u>rr</b></u><b> </b>bet → <b>pŕile<p>
<dt>-ŕe </b>Collection, metaphorical extension; Caď. -<i>ora</i>, -<i>ura, </i>V.<i> -ora</i>
<dd><b>bej</b> grape → <b>bejŕe</b> bunch of grapes
<dd><b>bŕeh</b> arm → <b>bŕehŕe</b> armful
<br><b>loge</b> word → <b>logŕe</b> dictionary<p>
<dt>-(<b>ŕ</b>)<b>yn</b> Doer-- f. (<b>ŕ</b>)<b>e</b>-; Caď→ -<i>(r)ion</i>
<dd><b>alasŕyn </b>elder;<b> lêcŕyn</b> doctor
<br><b> hudŕyn</b> Ťmer
<br><b>travyn</b> emperor
<br><b>rulyn</b> cook
<p> The present participle is also used: <b>tehrec</b> sculptor, <b>grojile</b> miller; <b>lurizic</b> dancer. These forms are epicene, but in a few cases feminine forms <b>-ece, -ileȥe, -ice</b> have been derived-- e.g. <b>sorece</b> 'girlfriend'.<p>
<dt>-<b>ȥe</b> Feminine; generalized from the reflex of Caď. -<i>ia</i> as in <i>velaia → velaȥe</i>.
<dd><b>vele</b> 'uncle', <b>velaȥe</b> 'aunt' (inherited)
<br><b>ôko</b> 'shepherd', <b>ôkoȥe</b> 'shepherdess'
<br><b>aze</b> 'god' → <b>azeȥe</b> 'goddess' (by analogy-- since <i>aiďa</i> would also have produced <i>aze</i>)
<p> For large animals without a suppletive feminine term (cf. <b>bedŕe</b> 'bitch', <b>troȥe</b> 'sow', <b>ymête</b> 'mare'), female forms can be formed with this suffix: <b>gŕôȥe</b> 'lioness', <b>lubehȥe</b> 'vixen'. For other animals, the adjectives <b><u>sr</b></u> 'male' and <b>yne</b> 'female' are preferred: <b>yne sŕi</b> 'female mouse', <b><u>sr</b></u><b> myşe</b> 'male sparrow'.<p>
<dt>-<b>n</b> Inhabitant; generalized from Caď. -<i>on</i>. Always consonantal. F. -<b>e</b> or, if the root ends in -e, -<b>ȥe.
<dd>Ismahi → ismahn</b>,<b> ismahe
<br>Kure </b>Kebri → <b>kurn</b>,<b> kureȥe
<br>Vŕe<u>zr</b></u><b>ea</b> Verduria → <b>vŕe<u>zr</b></u><b>en</b>, <b>vŕe<u>zr</b></u><b>eȥe<p>
<dt></b>-<b>ymi</b> Inhabitant or follower; Meth. -<i>umi</i> (borrowed into local Caď. and reinforced by Kebreni -<i>um</i> as well as Ismaîn -<i>yn</i>); f. -<b>umiȥe</b>.
<dd><b>Saikn → Saiknymi
<br>Elezn</b> Eleď → <b>Eleznymi</b> follower of Eleď
<br><b>prire</b> real → <b>prirymi</b> realist<p>
<dt>-<b>şe</b> Diminutive; cognate to Old Verdurian -<i>ka</i>
<dd><b>ume</b> tub → <b>umeşe</b> basin
<br><b>midre</b> mother → <b>mişe</b> Mom
<br><b><u>S</u>alodeȥn</b> Caloton → <b><u>S</u>alodeşe</b> Calto<p>
<dt>-<b>ic</b> Diminutive; formerly very productive; many items lexicalized; less productive today, except for proper names.
<dd><b>lêne</b> line → <b>lênic </b>stroke
<br><b>no</b> rain → <b>noic</b> drizzle
<br><b>adône</b> room → <b>adônic</b> cabin
<br><b>kone</b> dog → <b>konic</b> puppy (names of animal offspring generally use -<b>ic</b>)
<br><b>nure</b> bed → <b>nuric</b> cradle
<br>Caď. <i>mihis </i>spoon → <b>mic</b> teaspoon<p>
<dt>-<b>ô</b> Augmentative (with adjectives, names a person who's much that way); Caď. -<i>onda</i>
<dd>Caď. <i>ursos</i> bear → <b>ŕsô</b>
<br><b>hoşe </b>cat → <b>hoşô</b> mountain cat
<br><b>pone</b> warrior → <b>ponô</b> macho man, stud
<br><b>lŕje</b> fat → <b>lŕjô</b> fat man
<br>Caď. <i>mihis </i>spoon → <b>miô</b> tablespoon<p>
<dt><b>-âde </b>Area, office;<b> </b>Caď. -<i>anda</i>, V. <i>-ana</i>
<dd>Caď. <i>claeter</i> vow → <b>cledâde </b>seminary
<br><b>komide</b> count → <b>komidâde</b> county
<br><b>naçtyn</b> president → <b>naçtynâde</b> presidency<p>
<dt><b>-nŕe</b> Place-- often used in calques on Verdurian words; Caď. -<i>naure</i>, V. <i>-náe</i>
<dd><b>aze</b> god → <b>aznŕe</b> temple
<br><b>hône</b> money → <b>hônŕe</b> bank
<br><b>ziec</b> race →<b> ziecnŕe </b>racetrack<p>
<dt>-<b>êse</b> Associated tool, place, or object; Caď. -<i>ensa</i>:
<dd><b>nage </b>foot <b>→ najêse</b> couch
<br><b>taln</b> cover → <b>talêse</b> cover, covering<p>
<dt>-<b>ozy</b> Instrument or associated object; Caď. -<i>osios, </i>V.<i> -oš</i>
<dd><b>dôge </b>wax → <b>dôgozy </b>seal
<br><b>meli </b>bee <b>→ melozy</b> honey
<br><b>savn</b> soap → <b>savnozy</b> tallow
<br><b><u>zr</u>n </b>play → <b><u>zr</u>ozy</b> toy
</dl>
<h4><a name="Adjectivizers">Adjectivizers</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<dl>
<dt><b>-ize</b> Common adjectivizer; Caď. -<i>ises</i>, V. <i>-ise</i>
<dd><b>çire </b>body <b>→ çirize</b> physical
<br><b>elŕi → elŕize
<br>sili </b>grace <b>→ silize </b>graceful<p>
<dt>-<b>ede</b> Another common suffix; Caď. -<i>etes</i>, V. <i>-ete</i>
<dd><b>ŕe</b> clay → <b>ŕede </b>practical
<br><b>am<u>rr</b></u> respect → <b>amŕede</b> respectful<p>
<dt>-<b>re</b> Quality; also -<b>ri</b>; Caď. <i>-res, -ris</i>
<dd><b>elis</b> virtue → <b>elustre</b> virtuous
<br><b>gule</b> bile → <b>gułre</b> angry
<br><b>rih</b> speed → <b>ryhri</b> fast<p>
<dt>-<b>ne</b> Quality (sometimes used as a substantive); Caď. -<i>nes</i>, V. -<i>ne</i>
<dd><b>ałdec</b> receive → <b>ałdene</b> hospitable
<br><b>nyln</b> wrap → <b>nylne</b> skirt
<br><b>neje</b> craft → <b>nejine</b> delicate
<br><b>lesye</b> rational being → <b>lesyne</b> rational<p>
<dt><b>-ił </b>Characteristic of; Caď. -<i>il</i>
<dd><b>êȥi</b> wood → <b>êȥił</b> shy
<br><b>no</b> rain → <b>noił</b> rainy
<br><b>pone </b>warrior → <b>ponił</b> manly<p>
<dt><b>-eşme</b> Tendency; Caď. -<i>esmes</i>, V. -<i>eme</i>
<dd><b>gŕe </b>sense <b>→ gŕeşme</b> sensible
<br><b>tegr </b>stand<b> → tecreşme </b>solid<p>
<dt>-<b>^n</b> Relating to a place.
<dd><b>Ismahi → ismaîn</b>
<br><b>Vŕe<u>zr</b></u><b>ea</b> Verduria → <b>vŕe<u>zr</b></u><b>ên</b><p>
<dt><b>-syli</b> In the manner of (from ablative ending + <i>ily</i> 'way')
<dd><b>belŕ</b> friend → <b>belŕsyli</b> friendly
<br><b>todŕe</b> servant → <b>todŕsyli</b> servile<p>
<dt><b>su- </b>Negative or incapacity (from <i>su</i> 'none'):
<dd><b>amŕede</b> respectful → <b>suamŕede</b> disrespectful
<br><b>praȥe</b> honest → <b>supraȥe</b> dishonest
<br> <b>leln</b> see → <b>sulele</b> blind
<br><b>eşpagn</b> speak → <b>suşpage</b> mute<p>
<dt><b>ni-</b> Somewhat (from <i>ni</i>- 'some'):
<dd><b>ciçi</b> weak → <b>niciçi</b> weakish, sickly
<br><b>dŕmŕ</b> sleep → <b>nidŕme</b> a little sleepy<p>
<dt><b>ebe</b>- -able (from <i>ebe</i> 'can')
<dd><b>beçtŕ</b> move → <b>ebebeçte</b> moveable
<br><b>leln</b> see → <b>ebelele</b> visible
<br><b>crejn</b> eat → <b>ebecreje</b> edible
</dl>
<h4><a name="Verbalizers">Verbalizers</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<dl>
<dt><b>-rn</b> Movement; Caď. -<i>bren</i>, V. -<i>ven</i>
<dd><b>î </b>in → <b>îrn</b> enter
<br>Caď. <i>is</i> out → <b>izurn</b> leave<p>
<dt><b>-aşr</b> Use (generally with parts of the body); Caď. -<i>atir</i>, V. -<i>ačir</i>
<dd><b>piȥi</b> eyelash → <b>piȥaşŕ</b> blink
<br><b>lure</b> lip → <b>luraşr</b> kiss <p>
<dt><b>-îsn</b> Intense or prolonged action; Caď. -<i>ins</i>-, V. -<i>iz-</i>
<dd><b>môndn</b> work → <b>mônîsn</b> toil
<br><b>rign</b> look → <b>rigîsn</b> stare
<br><b>noŕ</b> rain → <b>noîsn</b> storm<p>
<dt><b>î</b>- Causative; V. <i>im</i>-
<dd><b>caşŕ</b> hide → <b>îcaşŕ</b> terrorize
<br><b>creȥec</b> believe → <b>îcreȥec</b> convince
<br><b>mŕ</b> ripe → <b>îmŕŕ </b>ripen
<br><b>vulŕ</b> want → <b>îvulŕ </b>seduce<p>
<dt><b>rê</b>- Repetition or habitual action; Caď. <i>ren-</i>; V. <i>on-</i>
<dd><b>eştandn</b> come → <b>rêştandn</b> return
<br><b>eşpagn</b> speak → <b>rêşpagn</b> repeat
<br><b>luȥn</b> go → <b>rêluȥn</b> frequent
</dl>
<h3><a name="Syntax">Syntax</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
In general Ismaîn syntax is quite similar to Verdurian. If a point is not covered below, it can be assumed to work as in <a href="verdurian.htm">Verdurian</a>.
<h4><a name="Usage">Usage of verbs</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<h5><a name="Tense">Tense</font></a></h5>
The past anterior is used as in Verdurian, for references to a Ťther past in the midst of a passage already in the past tense:
<blockquote>
<b>Ceȥe se voił iȥeştanî, se tagene nûc zes <font color="#0000FF">azesre</font>.</b>
<br><i>When the messenger arrived, the battle had already been lost.</i>
</blockquote>
<p>The subjunctive is similar to the Verdurian conditional (e.g. both are used in if clauses, in wishes, to make a subordinate clause indefinite, or to soften requests). But the subjunctive is used after verbs of wishing or wanting, unlike the conditional; and the various degrees of conditionality seen in the Verdurian conditional are absent in Ismaîn.
<h5><a name="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries and Aspect</font></a></h5>
The <b><i>future</b></i> tense is expressed using the auxiliary <b>luȥn</b> 'go' with the infinitive: <b>Luȥa brign</b> 'I'm going to fight.' However, the subjunctive is used when the future action is considered uncertain or unlikely: <b>Ȥumo ȥi <font color="#0000FF">brigeme</font> şime</b>, 'I don't think he'll fight.'
<p><b>Den</b> 'give' is used as a <b><i>causative</b></i>:
<blockquote>
<b><u>S</u>i <font color="#0000FF">zi</font> es ra<u>zr</u> se kone, mişe!</b>
<br><i>He </i>made<i> me shave the dog, Mommy!
</blockquote>
<p></i><b>Denec</b> 'continue' can be used as a <b><i>progressive</b></i>, much like Verdurian <i>dénuo</i> (to which it is cognate):
<blockquote>
<b><font color="#0000FF">Dene</font> eştandn es domn.</b>
<br><i>He keeps coming to my house.
</blockquote>
<p></i>Other common auxiliaries are <b>ebezn</b> 'is able to', <b>vulŕ</b> 'want', <b>laşn</b> 'ought', <b>preȥŕŕ</b> 'permit', <b>eşŕ</b> 'almost', <b>eştandn</b> 'just':
<blockquote>
<p> <b>Es reȥe <font color="#0000FF">eşe</font> eşkuştn.</b>
</br><i>My grandmother almost died. </i>
</br><b>Losŕ lyve <font color="#0000FF">eşte</font> luraşr iȥi pon?</b>
</br><i>Didn't your lover just kiss that soldier?
</blockquote>
<p></i>Ismaîn uses these auxiliaries in place of Verdurian's auxiliary adverbs (<i>dénuo, siča, nunece</i>). Note that there is no direct equivalent of <i>ya, yatá</i>. However, completed action is often implied by the absence of <b>denec</b>.
<h5><a name="Object">Object focus</font></a></h5>
There is no passive in Ismaîn, but the most common Verdurian expedient for focussing the object-- OVS order-- cannot be used in Ismaîn, since accusatives are not distinguished from nominatives. Instead, the object is fronted (OSV order):
<blockquote>
<b>Se dali ly se ŕȥiȥe.</b>
<br><i>The king loves the witch.</i>
<br><b>Se ŕȥiȥe se dali ly.</b>
<br><i>The witch is loved by the king.</i>
</blockquote>
<p>Where the subject is unknown or unstated, the reflexive can be used (as in Verdurian, except the pronoun follows rather than precedes the verb):
<blockquote>
<b>Şŕeve <font color="#0000FF">leçe zes</font> eçte.</b>
<br><i>Beer is sold here.</i>
</blockquote>
<p>With animate subjects this could lead to ambiguity (is the witch loved by someone, or does she love herself?) The indefinite article <b>en</b> can be inserted before the verb to emphasize the passive meaning:
<blockquote>
<b>Se bâsyn ȥize zes.</b> <i>The foreigner hates himself.</i>
<br><b>Se bâsyn en ȥize zes.</b> <i>The foreigner is hated.</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Constituent">Constituent order</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
Sentential word order is generally SVO. OVS order is sometimes used for emphasis, generally when the object forms the topic. This should not be attempted when the meaning is not clear from the context.
<blockquote>
<b>Eli bouni ałtŕe se hudŕyn. </b>
<br><font size=2> this cows knows the Ťmer</font>
<br><i>These cows, the Ťmer knows them.</i>
</blockquote>
The more common means of topicalizing the object is to front it (that is, to use OSV order).
<p>Ismaîn places accusative pronouns after, not before the verb as in Verdurian: <b>Lo şu </b>'I love her.'
<p><b>Adverbs</b> are normally placed just before the verb-- not after it as is usual in Verdurian, nor at the end of the sentence as in English.
<blockquote>
<p><b>Lolŕ <font color="#0000FF">boveregi</font> aȥeşe se Belaşe êdŕnes?</b>
<br><i>Did you foolishly lose the Sword of Enäron?</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Noun">Noun phrases</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
Within the noun phrase, numbers, articles, and single adjectives normally precede the noun; compound articles and subordinate clauses follow it.
<p>All this is as in Verdurian. However, genitives precede rather than follow the noun in Ismaîn: <b>grojiles eşkoi</b> 'the miller's cabbage', <b>es hoşe</b> 'my cat'. (This is usually considered to be under the influence of Kebreni; note that older Ismaîn worked like Verdurian or Caďinor, as evidenced by expressions like <i>lôde lŕi</i> 'your honor'. Genitives also tend to migrate after the noun when determiners or adjectives are added to the noun phrase: <b>iȥi boȥe sorec <font color="#0000FF">çirynes</font></b> 'that big boyfriend of the lieutenant's')
<h4><a name="Negatives">Negatives</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
There are a number of negative particles in Ismaîn. These developed, rather as in French, from various expressions like “I won't drink a drop, I won't walk a step, I won't eat a crumb, I won't stay a moment.” The 'not' has been lost, making the intensifier into the new negative:
<blockquote>
<b>Luȥa pitŕ tapre.</b> <i> I won't drink a drop.</i>
<br><b> Zoclisi tełni sic</b>. <i>The priest didn't find a thing.</i>
</blockquote>
<p>The negative particles, and their original meanings, are:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>sic </b><td>(little) thing
<tr><td><b>şime </b><td>step
<tr><td><b>nizic </b><td>nothing
<tr><td><b>mi</b>
<td>spoonful
<tr><td><b>tapre </b><td>drop
<tr><td><b>frişe </b><td>crumb
<tr><td><b>megic </b><td>instant
<tr><td><b>çip </b><td>peep
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>All of these have been generalized and can be used in all contexts, though there is still a tendency to use the last five with semantically appropriate verbs-- e.g. <b>tapre</b> with verbs of drinking or pouring. <b>Mi</b> is the most general of those, usable with anything involving a physical quantity-- you can negate 'read (books)' or 'buy' with it, but not 'dream' or 'imply'.
<p>The most common particles are <b>sic</b> and <b>şime</b>. <b>Nizic</b> has an emphatic meaning: <b>vuli nizic</b> means 'I don't want it <i>at all.</i>'
<p>For those particles which can still be used with a nominal meaning (basically all but<b> nizic, mi, megic</b>), the positive meaning can be forced by modifying the noun. Thus:
<blockquote>
<p><b> Se jy glîte tapre</b>.
<br><i>The boy didn't swallow (swallowed nothing).</i>
<br><b>Se jy glîte en tapre.</b>
<br><i>The boy swallowed one drop.
</blockquote>
</i>Other negative words like <b>nite</b> 'no one' or <b>sudêne</b> 'never' should be considered alternatives to the ordinary negative particles-- that is, you say <b>Clajy sudêne s'altiłneo</b> 'I never flogged the archbishop', not *<i>Clajy sic sudêne s'altiłneo</i>.
<h4><a name="Questions">Questions</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
The simplest way to form yes-no questions is simply by inflection:
<blockquote>
<b>Lolŕ tełni</b> <b>lossu şirn? </b>
<br><i>Did you find your elephant?</i>
</blockquote>
You can also (a bit more formally) precede the statement with <b>eşte ȥi</b>, literally 'is it that...' in the subjunctive:
<blockquote>
<b><font color="#0000FF">Eşte ȥi</font> lolŕ leleme es crif? </b>
<br><i>Would you read my manuscript?</i>
</blockquote>
Or (informally) append the tag <b>eçu</b>, borrowed from Kebreni:
<blockquote>
<b>Lolŕ ałtŕe iȥi lele raizumne, <font color="#0000FF">eçu</font>? </b>
<br><i>You know that cute Raizumi girl, right?</i>
</blockquote>
As in Verdurian, question words can either be fronted or left in the appropriate syntactic position within the sentence.
<blockquote>
<b> <font color="#0000FF">Ce</font> eşcrive ceçn rulêses miri?</b>
<br><i> Who knows how to put out kitchen fires?</i>
<p><b> <u>S</u>i saȥe en zŕe kû <font color="#0000FF">cetn</font>?</b>
<br><i> He ordered a pizza with what?</i>
<p><b> <font color="#0000FF">Pŕcetn</font> se zoclisi kûprozi jen sic es neşe?</b>
<br><i>Why didn't the priest take my daughter home?</i>
<p><b> <font color="#0000FF">Cenŕ</font> e iȥi şirn?</b>
<br><i> Where is that elephant?</i>
</blockquote>
A fronted object or direction interrogative is followed by <b>ȥi</b> 'that'.
<blockquote>
<b> Es meze ugŕbi <font color="#0000FF">ces</font>?
<br><font color="#0000FF">Ces ȥi</font> es meze ugŕbi?</b>
<br><i> Who did my son insult?</i>
<p><b> Se kurn luȥi <font color="#0000FF">cenŕn</font> kû es ozłn?
<br><font color="#0000FF">Cenŕn ȥi</font> se kurn luȥi kû es ozłn?</b>
<br><i>Where did the Kebreni go with my donkey?</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Subordination">Subordination </a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
Sentence complements are subordinated using the particle <b>ȥi</b>, and appear in normal S or O position:
<blockquote>
<b>Ȥumo [ȥi se bone rêluȥi jen]. </b>
<br><i>I think [that the cow has returned home].</i>
<p><b>[Ȥi vił kudec se maçtane] ôlaşe.</b>
<br><i>[That it wants to attack the city] is likely.</i>
</blockquote>
A clause can be subordinated to a noun phrase with the same particle (<i>not</i> with the interrogative pronouns <b>ce</b> or <b>cete</b>).
<blockquote>
<b>Şŕeşti [ȥi tene sic bŕegi] ebe sic pêtn çişte.</b>
<br><i>The man [who has no arms] cannot play the guitar. </i>
<p><b>Pŕuşe ebe pêtn se pêtile [ȥi se sei lyvn].</b>
<br><i>But he can sing the song the women love.</i>
</blockquote>
Note that only word order indicates the role of the referent in the subordinate clause: in the first example, there is no subject given before <b>tene</b>, so <b>şŕeşti</b> is assumed to take that role; in the second, there is an explicit subject before <b>lyvn</b>, so <b>pêtile</b> must be the object.
<p>As in Kebreni, subordinate time and place expressions use this general mechanism rather than any time- or place-specific subordinator.
<blockquote>
<b>Sudêne luȥa rêluȥn se nŕn [ȥi ômeti sen se mł mohci]. </b>
<br><i>I will never go back to the place [that served me the bad clams].</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Prepositions">Prepositions</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
The following chart gives the commonest prepositions, with their base meanings. Note that prepositions often have very idiosyncratic uses. This is all the more true in Ismaîn, which is influenced directly by Caďinor, Verdurian, and Kebreni usage.
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>ah</b>
<td>against
<td><b>işpre</b>
<td>behind, after, in back of
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aȥi</b>
<td>away from, out of, made of
<td><b>ko</b>
<td>alongside, beside, next to
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>buz</b>
<td>without
<td><b>kû</b>
<td>with
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>de</b>
<td>at (<i>time</i>), during
<td><b>ô</b>
<td>near, among, at the house of
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ede</b>
<td>about (<i>subject</i>), as to, as for
<td><b>pre</b>
<td>before, in front of, till
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hube</b>
<td>under, below
<td><b>pro</b>
<td>for, in order to, because of
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>î</b>
<td>in, inside, into
<td><b>tre</b>
<td>across, over, beyond
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ir</b>
<td>above, over
<td><b>saş</b>
<td>through, using, all the way till
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>izi</b>
<td>outside, outside of
<td><b>sŕ</b>
<td>on, on top of
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>izô</b>
<td>around, surrounding
<td><b>şł</b>
<td>between
<td></tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
Phonologically , prepositions are clitics in Ismaîn; most notably, those ending in a vowel cause a following consonant to voice. So <b>pre komidn</b> 'before the count' is pronounced (but not written) <b>pregomidn</b>. The prepositions ending in a nasal also insert an <b>n</b> before a vowel: <b>î avisŕn</b> 'in the academy' is pronounced <b>înavisŕn</b>.
<p>Where Verdurian would use the prepositions <i>ad</i> 'to', Ismaîn uses the dative alone; and where Verdurian uses <i>de</i> 'from' or <i>i</i> 'of', Ismaîn uses the ablative alone.
<p>Prepositions normally govern the dative. Some writers, imitating rather than preserving Caďinor usage, use the three cases to make distinctions of direction:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>î domn (dat.)
<td><i>in the house</i>
<td>(location inside)
<tr><td><b>î dome (nom.)
<td><i>into the house</i>
<td>(movement inside)
<tr><td><b>î domes (abl.)
<td><i>out of the house</i>
<td>(movement outside)
<tr><td><b>sŕ meȥedn (dat.)
<td><i>on the table</i>
<td>(location on)
<tr><td><b>sŕ meȥede (nom.)
<td><i>onto the table</i>
<td>(movement onto)
<tr><td><b>sŕ meȥedes (abl.)
<td><i>off the table</i>
<td>(movement off of)
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>But it is more usual to ignore the first distinction (dat/nom), and for the second (abl.) to use prepositions of opposite meaning: <b>aȥi domen </b>'outside the house'.
<p>For <b><i>time expressions</b></i> Ismaîn always uses prepositional phrases (unlike Verdurian but like Caďinor): <b>de ôtŕn</b> 'in the morning' (cf. Ver. <i>utron</i>), <b>de ȥin hŕin</b> 'at the third hour', <b>pro noçtin</b> 'for a night', <b>de çei dêndn</b> 'every day', <b>tre iȥi vitren</b> 'after that evening'.
<h4><a name="Comparatives">Comparatives</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
To express a comparative “X is more Q than Y”, Ismaîn uses an expression (calqued from Kebreni) that literally means “X is Q, against Y (or, compared to Y)”:
<blockquote><b>Se saȥuȥee e lŕe ah jirendn.</b>
<br><i>The princess is more beautiful than an ibis.</i>
</blockquote>
<p>“X is less Q than Y” is expressed as “X is not Q, against Y”:
<blockquote>
<b>Se saȥu e sic lŕe ah mŕsyn.</b>
<br><i>The prince is less beautiful than a beaver.</i>
</blockquote>
<p>There is no set superlative; one must resort to paraphrases such as
<blockquote>
<b>S'elŕyn e pŕu ede mułeşen </b>
<br><i>The king is first in dullness.</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="References">References</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
<h4><a name="Conventional">Conventional expressions</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<table>
<tr><td><b>Emei!</b></td> <td><b>Meli dêne.</b></td> <td><b>Meli vitre.</b></td> <td><b>Tre zetŕn.</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>greetings</font></td> <td><font size=2>good day </font></td> <td><font size=2>good evening</font></td> <td><font size=2>across tomorrow-DAT</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>Hello!</i></td> <td><i>Good day.</i></td> <td><i>Good evening.</i></td> <td><i>Till tomorrow.</i></td></tr>
</table><table>
<tr><td><b>Ni e î jen?</b></td> <td><b>Ce e?</b></td> <td><b>Pilea. </b></td> <td><b>îreme.</b></td> <td><b>Azeşi.</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>someone is in home</font></td> <td><font size=2>who is </font></td> <td><font size=2>moment </font></td> <td><font size=2>enter-SUBJ </font></td> <td><font size=2>sit-SUBJ</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>Is anyone home?</i></td> <td><i>Who is it?</i></td> <td><i>Just a moment.</i></td> <td><i>Come in.</i></td> <td><i> Sit down.</i></td></tr>
</table><table>
<tr><td><b>Cedyli ȥi luȥe?</b></td> <td><b>Meligi.</b></td> <td><b>Male sic.</b></td> <td><b>Ŕtegaŕdi şyrn es.</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>how that goes</font></td> <td><font size=2> well </font></td> <td><font size=2> badly not </font></td> <td><font size=2>bunions hurt-3p me</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>How are you?</i></td> <td><i>Very well.</i></td> <td><i>Not bad.</i></td> <td><i>My bunions hurt.
</i></td></tr>
</table><table>
<tr><td><b>Toçe şałne lonŕ?</b></td> <td><b>Eşte şałnic.</b></td> <td><b>Sa şałne, saş Şalodeȥn!</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>enough hot you-DAT</font></td> <td><font size=2>comes warm</font></td> <td><font size=2>am hot thru Caloton</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>Hot enough for you?</i></td> <td><i>It's warm out. </i></td> <td><i>I'm hot, by Calto!
</i></td></tr>
</table><table>
<tr><td><b>Plŕe es rêşn lolŕ.</b></td> <td><b> Losŕ şaȥeȥi.</b></td> <td><b>Yza manudn lolŕ?</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>pleases me meet you</font></td> <td><font size=2>your orders </font></td> <td><font size=2>can-1s help you</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>Pleased to meet you.</i></td> <td><i>At your service. </i></td> <td><i>Can I help you?
</i></td></tr>
</table><table>
<tr><td><b>Oȥi.</b></td> <td><b>Sic.</b></td> <td><b>Ebe. </b></td> <td><b>Eşrivo sic.</b></td> <td><b>Luȥi preşŕ losŕ midre.</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>so </font></td> <td><font size=2> not</font></td> <td><font size=2>can</font></td> <td><font size=2>know-1s not</font></td> <td><font size=2>go-IMP ask your mother</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>Yes.</i></td> <td><i>No.</i></td> <td><i>Maybe.</i></td> <td><i>I don't know.</i></td> <td><i>Go ask your mother.</i></td></tr>
</table><table>
<tr><td><b>Losŕ ajelen.</b></td> <td><b>Melnida.</b></td> <td><b>Nizic. </b></td> <td><b>Ruseşi es.</b></td> <td><b>Cyłpi. </b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>your kindness</font></td> <td><font size=2>thank-1s</font></td> <td><font size=2>nothing-DIM</font></td> <td><font size=2>pardon-SUBJ me</font></td> <td><font size=2>guilty-1s</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>Please.</i></td> <td><i>Thank you.</i></td> <td><i> You're welcome.</i></td> <td><i>Excuse me.</i></td> <td><i>I'm sorry.
</i></td></tr>
</table><table>
<tr><td><b>Tre rê'le. </b></td> <td><b>Fu plŕeşe. </b></td> <td><b> êdŕn bêjeşi!</b></td> <td><b>Se prire e iȥeçte.</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>across reseeing</font></td> <td><font size=2>was pleasure</font></td> <td><font size=2>Enäron bless-SUBJ</font></td> <td><font size=2>the true is there</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>Goodbye.</i></td> <td><i>It's been a pleasure.</i></td> <td><i>Enäron bless you!</i></td> <td><i>The truth is out there.
</i></td></tr>
</table><table>
<tr><td><b>Eşkoli zôni ȥi lolŕ tene? </b></td> <td><b>Teno teȥec paŕ zôni. </b></td> <td><b>E ce hŕe?</b></td> <td><b> E se şitne hŕe eşcŕeȥes.</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>how-many years that you have</font></td> <td><font size=2>have-1s 20 4 years </font></td> <td><font size=2>is which hour</font></td> <td><font size=2>is the 4th hour afternoon-GEN</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>How old are you?</i></td> <td><i>I'm 24.</i></td> <td><i>What time is it?</i></td> <td><i>It's 4 in the afternoon.</i></td></tr>
</table><table>
<tr><td><b>Cete ȥi lolŕ zes apele?</b></td> <td><b>Lo lolŕ. </b></td> <td><b> Tode e tiplybe?</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size=2>what-ACC that you refl call</font></td> <td><font size=2>love-1s you</font></td> <td><font size=2>that is wig</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>What's your name?</i></td> <td><i>I love you.</i></td> <td><i>Is that a wig?</i></td></tr>
</table>
<h4><a name="Calendar">Calendar</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td colspan=2><b>Days of the week </b>
<td colspan=3><b>Months of the year </b>
<tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td><i>Ismaîn</i>
<td><i>Verdurian</i>
<td>season
<td><i>Ismaîn</i>
<td><i>Verdurian</i>
<tr><td><b>craşne</b>
<td><font color="#008000">scúreden</font>
<td><b>demetri</b> (spring)
<td><b>olaşci</b>
<td><font color="#008000">olašu</font>
<tr><td><b>içŕne</b>
<td><font color="#008000">širden</font>
<td><b>
<td><b>resleȥe</b>
<td><font color="#008000">reli</font>
<tr><td><b>fi<u>zr</u>ne</b>
<td><font color="#008000">fidren</font>
<td><b>
<td><b>cŕêdô</b>
<td><font color="#008000">cuéndimar</font>
<tr><td><b>şalone</b>
<td><font color="#008000">calten</font>
<td><b>eşte</b> (summer)<b>
<td><b>veŕişe</b>
<td><font color="#008000">vlerëi</font>
<tr><td><b>ajŕne</b>
<td><font color="#008000">zëden</font>
<td><b>
<td><b>şale</b>
<td><font color="#008000">calo</font>
<tr><td><b>leşcŕe</b>
<td><font color="#008000">néronden</font>
<td><b>
<td><b>reşkuleşe</b>
<td><font color="#008000">recoltë</font>
<tr><td><b>êdŕni</b>
<td><font color="#008000">ceďnare</font>
<td><b>kuleşe</b> (fall)<b>
<td><b>igŕe</b>
<td><font color="#008000">yag</font>
<tr><td>
<td>
<td><b>
<td><b>jele</b>
<td><font color="#008000">želea</font>
<tr><td>
<td>
<td><b>
<td><b>içireşe</b>
<td><font color="#008000">išire</font>
<tr><td>
<td>
<td><b>yŕi</b> (winter)<b>
<td><b>eşcŕi</b>
<td><font color="#008000">shoru</font>
<tr><td>
<td>
<td><b>
<td><b>froe</b>
<td><font color="#008000">froďac</font>
<tr><td>
<td>
<td><b>
<td><b>beziâde</b>
<td><font color="#008000">bešana</font>
</table>
</blockquote>
Both days and months have the same basic meanings as in Verdurian (inherited from Caďinor, of course). However, <i>scúreden</i> and <i>zëden</i> take the names of their patron goddesses (Řavcaena and Ažirei) rather than their portfolios (the land and the sea); and for <i>néronden</i> the old name based on the name of the god, <i>necŕne</i>, has given way to simply 'market'.
<p><b>-ne</b> on the day names is of course a worn-down form of <i>dêne</i> 'day'.
<p>The fifth-year leap day, <i>kasten</i> in Verdurian, is <b>caçile</b>. Both words mean 'hidden (day)'.
<h4><a name="Names">Names</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
Below I list the most common name elements for forming Caďinorian (<b>pagan</b>) names. As in Verdurian (see the <a href="names.htm">monograph Verdurian names</a>), names are usually formed from two of these elements, without always much regard for meaning. Note that this list largely overlaps with but is not identical to the list of Verdurian roots.
<p>The elements are listed in a compact form to save space, as follows:
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><i>x</i>
<td>root used only in names
<tr><td>(x)
<td>material drops out in end position
<tr><td>[x]
<td>material drops out in first position
<tr><td><u>x</u>
<td>voiced in end position after a vowel, in first position before a vowel (<u>h</u> → g). Applies to all initial <b>s</b> and <u><b>s</b></u>, which therefore are not underlined so as not to conflict with each other.
<tr><td>x-
<td>element used only in first position
<tr><td>-x
<td>element used only in final position
<tr><td>L
<td>written <b>ł </b>if it ends a syllable, otherwise <b>l</b>
<tr><td>R<b> </b><td>written <b>ŕ </b>if it ends a syllable, otherwise <b>r</b>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>Girls' names are chosen according to meaning (and the taste of the family), not according to the ancient gender. Often a final <b>-ȥe</b> is added. (Conversely it's removed from a male name even if it's etymologically part of the root.)
<p>Some examples:
<br><i>m</i>: <b>âdŕeȥn, Lôdeȥin, Gliniglure, Beşezł, Bŕegevŕ, Humegł, Alerih </b>
<br><i>f</i>: <b>Lŕejine, Memaçe, Faleneçte, Elyjeneȥe, Lyşyse, Ŕoneȥe, îjezał</b>
<br><i>either</i>: <b>Ezielis, Azedŕes, Frejił, Noçtinezec, Eştejił, Azegome, Obezône</b>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td><b>âdR</b>
<td>mighty
<td><b>glini</b>
<td>long
<td><b>pone</b>
<td>warrior
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ale</b>
<td>earthly
<td><b>glure</b>
<td>sword
<td><b>ri<u>h</u></b>
<td>speed
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aze</b>
<td>god
<td><b>guze</b>
<td>power
<td><b>ŕ</b>
<td>south
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bane</b>
<td>road
<td><b>gŕe</b>
<td>good sense
<td><b>ŕone</b>
<td>eagle
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bêjiL</b>
<td>blessed
<td><b><u>h</u>(o)L</b>
<td>iron
<td><b><i>ŕse</i></b>
<td>bear
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>belŕ</b>
<td>friend
<td><b><u>h</u>ume</b>
<td>guts
<td><b>ŕte</b>
<td>flower
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bene[ȥe]</b>
<td>blessing
<td><b>îje</b>
<td>kind
<td><b>-ŕyn, -ŕe</b>
<td>leader
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bese</b>
<td>hero
<td><b>ili</b>
<td>shiny
<td><b>sea</b>
<td>woman
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>beşe</b>
<td>war
<td><b>jene</b>
<td>clan
<td><b>sigi</b>
<td>quiet
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕe<u>c</u></b>
<td>glory
<td><b>jine</b>
<td>girl
<td><b>sili</b>
<td>grace
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>claşe</b>
<td>bright
<td><b>jive</b>
<td>lively
<td><b>sule</b>
<td>young
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><u>c</u>ŕde</b>
<td>heart
<td><b><u>k</u>ome</b>
<td>wonder
<td><b>sŕ</b>
<td>east
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><u>c</u>ŕi</b>
<td>court
<td><b><u>k</u>ume</b>
<td>hearth
<td><b>sŕte</b>
<td>fate
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><u>c</u>ŕy</b>
<td>grace
<td><b>l(i)ŕ</b>
<td>melody
<td><b>ş(e)ŕ</b>
<td>pure, male
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>daşce</b>
<td>animal
<td><b>lôde</b>
<td>honor
<td><b>şale</b>
<td>heat, Calto
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dêne</b>
<td>day
<td><b>loge</b>
<td>word
<td><b>şin</b>
<td>oak
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dome</b>
<td>house
<td><b>lyşi</b>
<td>meadow
<td><b>şişte</b>
<td>pure
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dragR</b>
<td>dragon
<td><b>lŕe</b>
<td>beautiful
<td><b><u>t</u>(e)L</b>
<td>west
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dŕes</b>
<td>sign
<td><b>maçe</b>
<td>mistress
<td><b><u>t</u>ale</b>
<td>brave
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elis</b>
<td>virtue
<td><b>me</b>
<td>water
<td><b>ûse</b>
<td>sweet
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ely[de]</b>
<td>free
<td><b>melŕ</b>
<td>better
<td><b><i>vazŕe</i></b>
<td>grace
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elŕ</b>
<td>life
<td><b>meȥe</b>
<td>benevolent
<td><b>ve[a]se</b>
<td>generosity
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><i>elŕe</i></b>
<td>lovely
<td><b>mire</b>
<td>fire
<td><b>voiL</b>
<td>sent
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><i>ev<u>r</b></i></u><b></b>
<td>lord
<td><b><i>â, ^-</i></b>
<td>first
<td><b>-yn, -e</b>
<td>leader
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><i>ezi-</i></b>
<td>great
<td><b>nen</b>
<td>north
<td><b>yzi</b>
<td>mercy
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşte</b>
<td>summer
<td><b>neçte</b>
<td>snow
<td><b><i>zaL</i></b>
<td>enrich
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>êȥi</b>
<td>wood
<td><b>nezec</b>
<td>born
<td><b>z(o)L</b>
<td>strong
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><i>-eȥn</i></b>
<td>clan
<td><b>noçti</b>
<td>night
<td><b><i>zome</i></b>
<td>stone
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>e<u>zr</u>e</b>
<td>ivy
<td><b>nyze</b>
<td>determined
<td><b>zône</b>
<td>year
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><u>f</u>al[il]e</b>
<td>white
<td><b>nŕ</b>
<td>holy
<td><b>zule</b>
<td>joy
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><u>f</u>âte</b>
<td>spirit
<td><b>obe</b>
<td>wealth
<td><b><i>ȥiL</i></b>
<td>given
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b><u>f</u>ili</b>
<td>fern
<td><b>o<u>h</u></b>
<td>gold
<td><b>(ȥu)jiL</b>
<td>desired
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fre[ȥe]</b>
<td>faith
<td><b>ovŕ[i]</b>
<td>prosperous
<td>
<td>
<td></tr>
<tr><td><b>g(e)n</b>
<td>oppress
<td><b>pe</b>
<td>peace
<td>
<td>
<td></tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>Below are listed most common <b>Eleďe</b> names. They were borrowed from Old Verdurian, or more precisely Old Avélan, early enough that a few sounds lost in Verdurian (e.g. <i>h</i>) were preserved.
<blockquote>
<table><tr bgcolor="#B0EEB0"><td colspan=4><i>Masculine</i>
<td colspan=4><i>Feminine</i>
</tr>
<tr><td>âdre
<td>Ezece
<td>Melizec
<td>Tezore
<td>âdreȥe
<td>Hŕme
<td>Ylane
</tr>
<tr><td>Alece
<td>Eȥeni
<td>Miheł
<td>Timea
<td>Agadŕne
<td>Hloe
<td>Raheł
<td>Yleȥe
</tr>
<tr><td>Aplene
<td>Felic
<td>Moze
<td>Tide
<td>Agaze
<td>Iri
<td>Revece
<td>Yzuȥe
</tr>
<tr><td>Apole
<td>Fileme
<td>Mŕce
<td>Tome
<td>âheł
<td>Koşmeȥe
<td>Roze
<td>Zamari
</tr>
<tr><td>Arn
<td>Filipe
<td>Mŕtine
<td>Tuhô
<td>Alezeȥe
<td>Kureȥe
<td>Ruze
<td>Zanele
</tr>
<tr><td>âtipa
<td>Gamaleł
<td>Nazneł
<td>Vŕzoł
<td>Aleceȥe
<td>Lineȥe
<td>Sare
<td>Zareȥe
</tr>
<tr><td>âtone
<td>Graveł
<td>Nikoł
<td>Vŕhnave
<td>âne
<td>Lizavede
<td>Sileȥe
<td>Zeneȥe
</tr>
<tr><td>Avran
<td>Hegore
<td>Oane
<td>Vazile
<td>âtoneȥe
<td>Loi
<td>Soviȥe
<td>Zŕce
</tr>
<tr><td>Aveguşte
<td>Hişteve
<td>Ozis
<td>Venimê
<td>Azane
<td>Lukeȥe
<td>Sûty
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Azan
<td>Hŕhe
<td>Paveł
<td>Yle
<td>Cecile
<td>Luziȥe
<td>Suzâne
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Aziane
<td>Ikove
<td>Petri
<td>Yzu
<td>Clazeȥe
<td>Luzyce
<td><u>S</u>ene
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Cefe
<td>Izac
<td>Samył
<td>Zaneł
<td>Eliȥe
<td>Mateȥe
<td>Tazeȥe
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Claze
<td>Izô
<td>Saveł
<td>Zarea
<td>Emeȥe
<td>Melani
<td>Tavize
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Clemête
<td>Koşme
<td>Sevaşte
<td>Zamane
<td>Eştŕe
<td>Miheli
<td>Teraȥe
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Cŕnele
<td>Kure
<td>Sile
<td>Zahare
<td>Eve
<td>Mŕgide
<td>Timeȥe
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Ele
<td>Lavrête
<td>Simô
<td>Zaviz
<td>Evnice
<td>Mŕiȥe
<td>Tideȥe
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Eme
<td>Lazare
<td>Solô
<td>Zemeçe
<td>Eveheni
<td>Nadali
<td>Vazileȥe
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Eneł
<td>Line
<td>Soştê
<td>Zene
<td>Fŕnice
<td>Oaneȥe
<td>Vetrice
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Eraşte
<td>Luce
<td>Sŕhe
<td>
<td>Fove
<td>Petri
<td>Vŕene
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Eştefe
<td>Lukene
<td>Sumeô
<td>
<td>Hacne
<td>Prişce
<td>Vŕnice
<td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Ezea
<td>Mate
<td>Tazea
<td>
<td>Helene
<td>Pŕsi
<td>Vŕvŕe
<td>
</tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
Arashei religion was never strong in the littoral, so that very few <b>Cuzeian</b> names were known there. Some have been borrowed in recent years from Kebri and érenat, in fairly transparent forms (e.g. <b>Adaurie</b> for <i>Ada:urio</i>, Ver. <i>Adäurio</i>.)
<p>Quite a few <b>Kebreni</b> names have been borrowed over the years. These are not listed here; they are generally transparent.
<p>The usual <b>diminutive</b> endings for names are -<b>ic</b> and -<b>şe</b>. You also truncate the name to its stressed syllable: <b>Alerih →</b> <b>Rihic</b> or <b>Rihşe, îjezał → Zalic, Obezône → Zônic, Soşte → Soştic, Ylane → Lanic </b>or <b>Lanşe</b>, etc. One can also use the augmentative -<b>ô</b> (also with the abbreviated root) for a jocular affective name, often used by adolescents: <b>Rihô</b>, <b>Zalô</b> (or <b>Zalôȥe</b>), <b>Soştô, Lanzô</b>, etc.
<h3><a name="Example">Example</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
The sample text comes from Allyşi Tłine's <b>Vitre sŕ Vŕeȥe Cilime</b> (Dinner on Green Hill), a memoir of life in Raizumi's art colony early in the century. Ismahi is known for the rambunctiousness, not to mention decadence, of its intellectuals-- perhaps because its autocratic government makes no place for them.
<h4><a name="Mrizes">Mŕizes lurize</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
<a name="backfn1">Frue de vitren,</a> Mŕiȥe traze <a href="#fn1">pitŕe</a>, zeleȥi subuz kû şyrin Gŕedł ŕ Paveł kûprozŕyn şu sŕ se cilimn ô Pavełn. Ŕegi, Fŕnice, Paveles cire, kûlemŕe şu, ŕ vulŕe voŕ şu jen. Pŕuşe Gŕedł eşpagŕe ȥi işpre ȥi trajŕyn şu traze res ŕ kû talô suzizeȥen, eçe pre nizy, se azi işdŕjemn şu. Melisŕtregi şi oloşi jele de se prâden.
<p>Işpre şi pêti en Mŕnais pêtile. <u>S</u>i teni sorne va, alede ŕ ûse. Neşi se çelyşicŕe, ŕzigi Fŕnice ruse şu.
<p>âçe şi lurize, ȥi Paveł pêti se çişte. <u>S</u>i liali zes sŕ en meȥede, pułneri najis, se meȥedi fyn nizic traze zł, ŕ toçegi dejelô, pŕuşe şi tôbe şime. Paveles pêtile fu hŕ ŕ demeȥe, ŕ şi silizegi lygimi eçtes ŕ iȥeçtn, tes glini bŕegi rolyn, pidêne beçtic, î ylin en ŕaȥis.
<p><a name="backfn2"><u>S</u>i</a> olôti zes ȥi <a href="#fn2">eştani traze şałne</a>, ŕ dave zes şami, degaşe zes alede, macre çire. <u>S</u>i deni avŕ brezi aȥi melaşte a<u>zr</u>e sesen izô zes limŕin, ŕ nimŕne şi dave ŕzi etn, ŕ bŕugi şâ eşte saş toşein, î rolŕ şâ î şaleȥen. <a name="backfn3">Nûc</a> şi <a href="#fn3">eşe ezn pułneri</a>, adreli zes pyş ŕi limŕi kû şizi tesn, zes breve sôsŕe çeveȥe, zes nejine naji. Fu sorne lurize; ŕ işpre ȥi pugi, şi aze buz rêtaln zes limŕi.
<p>Fŕnice rene homi, pŕuşe Gŕedł eşpagi şin îsigŕ zes. --Lolŕ e nizic zoclisi, eçu?-- eşpagi. <u>S</u>i eşte mł lurizic, ŕzi se ruseşi sic şu; pŕuşe pro ȥi şi e en meli, sa lŕeje ŕ ŕzi lolŕ laşe ezn.
<h4><a name="MrizeEng">Mŕiȥe's dance</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
Earlier in the evening, Mŕiȥe had drunk too much, so that it was all that Gŕedł and Paveł could do to bring them up the hill to Paveł's house. Indeed, Fŕnice, Paveł's wife, had been disgusted with her, and had wanted to send her home. <a name="backfn4">But</a> Gŕedł said that after dragging her so Ť and with such difficulty, she'd be damned if it would be <a href="#fn4">for nothing.</a> Fortunately she calmed down during dinner.
<p>Afterward she sang a song of Mŕnai. She had a lovely voice, high and sweet. The company were enchanted, and even Fŕnice forgave her.
<p>Then she danced, while Paveł played the guitar. She got up on a table, barefoot-- the tables were none too strong, and we were rather worried, but she didn't fall down. <a name="backfn5">Paveł's</a> song was slow and sad, and she swayed gracefully back and forth, her long arms twisting-- always in motion, <a href="#fn5">like a bird</a>.
<p>She complained that it was too hot, and removed her tunic, revealing her tall, thin body. She was wearing bands of fine blue silk across her breasts, and presently she removed these too, and used them as scarves, twirling them in the air. Now she was almost naked, showing her small round breasts with their sharp nipples, her short brown hair, her delicate feet. It was a lovely dance; and when it was over she sat down without covering up her breasts again.
<p>Fŕnice was offended again, but Gŕedł told her to be quiet. “You are not a priest, are you?” she said. <a name="backfn6">“If she</a> was a bad dancer, I wouldn't forgive her either; but <a href="#fn6">as she is a good one</a>, I am happy and so should you be.”
<p><b>Footnotes</b>
<p><a name="fn1"><b><a href="#backfn1">Pitŕe</a>.</b></a> In English we tend to abandon the past perfect after the time frame is established, but Ismaîn continues in the past anterior till the flashback is over-- here, an entire paragraph.
<p><a name="fn2"><b><a href="#backfn2">Eştani traze şałne</a>.</b></a> In Ismaîn (as in Verdurian) you don't say it 'is' warm, but it 'comes' warm.
<p><a name="fn3"><b><a href="#backfn3">Eşe ezn pułneri</a>.</b></a> In effect 'almost' is an auxiliary verb (<b>eşŕ</b>) in Ismaîn: instead of saying “she was almost naked”, you say “she almosted to be naked.”
<p><a name="fn4"><b><a href="#backfn4">For nothing</a>.</b></a> Literally, “it were for nothing, the gods damn her.” Both clauses being in the subjunctive, an if-then condition is implied.
<p><a name="fn5"><b><a href="#backfn5">Like a bird</a>.</b></a> Literally, “in the way of a bird”, which is how metaphors are expressed in Ismaîn.
<p><a name="fn6"><b><a href="#backfn6">As she is a good one</a>.</b></a> Literally, “because that she is a good [an adjective used as a substantive needs no supporting noun], I am happy and also you should be.”
<h4><a name="Comparison">Comparison with Verdurian</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h4>
It may be of interest to compare Ismaîn with its sister language; here is the fourth paragraph of the sample text again, in Ismaîn and translated line by line <font color="#008000">into Verdurian</font>.
<p><u>S</u>i olôti zes ȥi eştani traze şałne, ŕ dave zes şami, degaşe zes alede, macre çire.
<br><font color="#008000">Zet feyne dy žanne tro cal, er deuverne hendana zië, ozë dekašre soa cira zië hautä er macrä. </font>
<p><u>S</u>i deni avŕ brezi aȥi melaşte a<u>zr</u>e sesen izô zes limŕin,
<br><font color="#008000">Dénuo zet abilne ab bresin is telnen azuren setan tra limuren zië, </font>
<p>ŕ nimŕne şi dave ŕzi etn, ŕ bŕugi şâ eşte saş toşein, î rolŕ şâ î şaleȥen.
<br><font color="#008000">er fruece otál cam deuverne, er cam bruhne com toššeyen, kaëm launivne im šalean. </font>
<p>Nûc şi eşe ezn pułneri, adreli zes pyş ŕi limŕi kû şizi tesn,
<br><font color="#008000">Nun fue prosice polnë, ontne soem limurem zië pavem er bulsem cum soin čisuin tetin, </font>
<p>zes breve sôsŕe çeveȥe, zes nejine naji.
<br><font color="#008000">ševeom brevem yontem, nežnem nažem zië. </font>
<p>Fu sorne lurize; ŕ işpre ȥi pugi, şi aze buz rêtaln zes limŕi.
<br><font color="#008000">Fue eyurë lavísia; er kiam urokešne ásure sam surošan on limurem zië. </font>
<h3><a name="Sound">Sound changes from Caďinor</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
F = [+front]; B = [+back]; H = [+high]
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td>lg → ȥ
<td>ulgec → uȥec
<tr><td>ll → ȥ /i_
<td>anguilla → âguȥe
<tr><td>i → ȥ /V_V
<td>Alameia → Alameȥe, helgaios → eȥaȥe
<tr><td>c → ç /_[+stop]
<td>iectu → içti
<tr><td>l → 0 /_l
<td>matella → madele
<tr><td>(s,t,d) → 0 /_#
<td>leus → ly, tund → şin, dect → deç
<tr><td>l → ł /_C, _#
<td>elcar → ełşŕ, espuel → eşpuł
<tr><td>k → kh /#_B
<td>konna → hône
<tr><td>g → j /_F, _n
<td>drogis → droji, cugna → kujne
<tr><td>c → ç /_F, _n
<td>lisucia → lizyçi, racnis → raçni
<tr><td>c → ş /_a
<td>calco → şałce, rocca → roşe
<tr><td>d → ȥ /_H, Vi_
<td>dithas → ȥise, londuran → lô<u>zr</u>n, creidas → creȥe
<tr><td>t → ş /(V,#)_H, Vi_
<td>latuan → laşn, tisis → şizi, daitos → zaşe, <i>but</i> cinta → çîte
<tr><td>u → y /(C,#)_C(C)i
<td>celuscir → çely<u>sr</u>
<tr><td>d → ȥ /V_V
<td>kudos → huȥe
<tr><td>b → v /V_V
<td>hibu → ivi
<tr><td>p,t,k,c,s,f→[+vcd] /V_V
<td>leta → lede, luka → luge, oforis → ovŕi
<tr><td>kh → g /V_V
<td>rikhan → rige
<tr><td>y(n,m) → î / _C
<td>gluntir → glyntir → glîtŕ
<tr><td>V(n,m) → V^ / _C
<td>grandos → grâde, konna → hône
<tr><td>h → 0 homra → ôre,
<td>pahor → paŕ
<tr><td>a → e /C_(C)#
<td>pusa → puze
<tr><td>o → e /C_(C)#
<td>genos → jene, collo → kole
<tr><td>u → i /C_(C)#
<td>noctu → noçti, manus → mani
<tr><td>o → u /_ł
<td>polnos → pułne
<tr><td>(s,z) → [+retr] /Vi_
<td>Eleisa → Eleize → Eleȥe
<tr><td>a → 0 /_([+back],e)
<td>raeďos → reze
<tr><td>u → 0 /_o
<td>cuomos → kome
<tr><td>o → 0 /e_
<td>seoris → seri → zisŕi
<tr><td>i → 0 /V_
<td>aiďos → aze, creidas → creȥe
<tr><td>e → 0 /H_
<td>ciel → çił, ruema → rume
<tr><td>Fu → y /_
<td>ciulis → çyli, leus → ly
<tr><td>io → y /_
<td>riotos → ryde
<tr><td>ir → ŕ / _#
<td>salethir → salesŕ, <i>but</i> silirus → siliri
<tr><td>Vr → ŕ, V <b>t</b> i
<td>saudara → su<u>zr</u>e, acernos → a<u>sr</u>ne
<tr><td>(a,e)b → u /_r
<td>glabro → glure, nebri → nuri
<tr><td>ib → y /_r
<td>kibru → kyri
<tr><td>b → 0 /V_r
<td>probren → prorn
<tr><td>th → s
<td> reth → res, thikhis → sigi
<tr><td>ď → z
<td>aiďos → aze, ďannos → zâne
<tr><td>kh → h /_
<td>iuekhos → yge
<tr><td>s → 0 /[+stop]_
<td>opser → opŕ
<tr><td>k → c /_(F,a)
<td>kekan → cegn, kapro → capre
<tr><td>k → c /_[+liquid]
<td>krase → craze
<tr><td>c → k /_B
<td>cugna → kujne, scupo → eşkube
<tr><td>s → ş /_[+stop]
<td>stannos → eştâne, spica → eşpişe
<tr><td>V → 0 /_n#
<td>leilen → lelen, Endauron → êdŕn-- not in monosyllables
<tr><td>Fm → V^ /_#
<td>krim → crî
<tr><td>s → st /_r
<td>aeluthres → elusre → elustre
<tr><td>ç → ş /_(r,ŕ)
<td>acernos → açŕne →a<u>sr</u>ne
<tr><td>ç → ş /#_[+stop]
<td>cteies → çteȥe → şteȥe → eşteȥe
<tr><td>ç → 0 /ş_
<tr><td>n → nd /_n#
<td>ctanen → ştann → eştandn
<tr><td>p → 0 /_(t,p)
<td>saeptos → sete, sioppa → sype
<tr><td>t → 0 /_t
<td>mettan → metn
<tr><td>s → ş /_m
<td>lismos → lişme
<tr><td>ş → eş /#_C
<td>stannos → eştâne, spica → eşpişe
<tr><td>r → 0 /_ŕ
<td>cruros → crŕe → cŕe
<tr><td>e → a /e_#
<td>Seraea → Sŕee → Sŕea
<tr><td>s → 0 /_[+sib]
<td>scehira → sçeŕe → şeŕe
<tr><td>e → 0 /_ł#
<td>tipel → şibł, uctal → uçteł → uçtł
</table>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Lexicon">Lexicon</a> <font size=-1><a href="#contents">[To Index]</font></a></h3>
Plurals are given when the plural is not formed according to the regular rules <b>cons. → -i; -e → -i; -i → -u</b>. In addition, -<b>e → -o</b> plurals are not indicated when the Caďinor etymon ends in -O.
<p>Ismaîn words borrowed <b>into</b> <b>Verdurian</b> include <i>bašti</i> ‘sticks’, <i>čiste</i> ‘guitar’, <i>bečón</i> ‘fast dance’, <i>sorea</i> ‘love song’, <i>režučia</i> ‘ballad’, <i>velašir </i>‘elope’, <i>cumetu</i> ‘seafood salad’, <i>šaune</i> ‘broth’, <i>rüdile </i>‘iced dessert’, <i>penil </i>‘jam’, <i>sašne,</i> <i>sasavi</i>, <i>glure, mešu, alasi</i> ‘types of coins’, <i>harige</i> ‘a diacritic’, <i>nilne</i> ‘skirt’, <i>süpa </i>‘cap’, <i>nkaš</i> ‘fear’, <i>seslina</i> ‘turquoise’, <i>urze</i> ‘strange’, <i>žnea</i> ‘cuteness’, <i>žicse</i> ‘cushion’.
<p>Words borrowed <b>from Verdurian</b> include <i>asŕ </i>‘merry’, <i>alti<strike>l</strike>neo</i> ‘archbishop’, <i>beô</i> ‘baron’, <i>bezr</i> ‘observe’, <i>carzile</i> ‘scimitar’, <i>ceznŕe</i> ‘factory’, <i>crif</i> ‘manuscript’, <i>culi</i> ‘party’, <i>i<strike>l</strike>neo</i> ‘bishop’, <i>kêsŕa</i> ‘strategy’, <i>lanica </i>‘panties’, <i>ohule</i> ‘gold coin’, <i>ontece</i> ‘experiment’, <i>perun</i> ‘million’, <i>rieh</i> ‘mirror’, <i>sore</i> ‘romance’, <i>sorŕ </i>‘court’, <i>şoh </i>‘duke’, <i>tiplybe</i> ‘wig’, <i>toşea</i> ‘scarf’, <i>zaneme </i>‘velvet’, <i>ziec</i> ‘race’, <i>zite<strike>l</strike></i> ‘highway’, <i>ȥusni</i> ‘lace’; as well as the loan-translations <i>hônŕe</i> ‘bank’, <i>kûma<strike>l</strike>tŕn</i> ‘understand’, <i>kûprendn</i> ‘grasp’, <i>logŕe</i> ‘dictionary’.
<p>Ismaîn words borrowed <b>from Kebreni</b> include <i>abaje</i> ‘knife’, <i>bej </i>‘grape’, <i>bongryr </i>‘nasty’, <i>bryh </i>‘eye’, <i>buraç </i>‘sponge’,<i> cahaba</i> ‘coffee’,<i> cahabŕe </i>‘coffeehouse’, <i>çelu </i>‘tea’, <i>eçu </i>‘tag question’, <i>fyru </i>‘baths’; <i>gonŕe</i> ‘Kebreni quarter’, <i>gŕcrege </i>‘ledger’, <i>asane</i> ‘army’, <i>ku<strike>l</strike>seu </i>‘commander’, <i>vaneu</i> ‘ruler’, <i>ijicse</i> ‘cushion’, <i>lele </i>‘cute’, <i>line </i>‘lord’, <i>mijŕune</i> ‘platinum’, <i>mohce </i>‘clam’, <i>nabreu </i>‘captain’, <i>nyne </i>‘maiden’, <i>ses </i>‘jewel’, <i>tênu </i>‘port’, <i>tihede </i>‘anchor’, <i>tŕyveu</i> ‘trader’, <i>tŕyvn</i> ‘trade’, <i>vyro </i>‘sailor’, as well as many place names, such as <i>Aveleh,</i> <i>Azgami, Ismahi, Raȥumi. (</i>See also the Caďinor lexicon for borrowings from Monkhayic!)
<p>Currently contains 1530 entries.
<table>
<tr><td><b>abaje</b></td> <td>knife [Kebreni <i>abaźe</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>âçe</td> <td>then (at that time) [ANCE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>adône</b></td> <td>room [ATONNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>adônic</b></td> <td>cabin, hut [dim. of ‘room’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>adreln</b></td> <td>show [AD + LEILEN ‘show to’, showing dissimilation]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>âdŕ</b></td> <td>mighty, powerful [ANDEOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>agasarde</b></td> <td>cholera [reborrowing of AGASARDA ‘poking disorder’]</b></td> <td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>âgyle</b></td> <td>eel [ANGUHILA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aje<strike>l</strike>de</b></td> <td>kind [AGELLETES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ajele</b></td> <td>kindness [AGELLA] <br><i>[Losŕ]</i> <i>ajelen</i> Please [‘(by) your kindness’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ah</b></td> <td>against [AȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Ajire</b></td> <td>Ažirei, goddess of the sea[AGIREIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ajŕne</b></td> <td>the fifth day of the week, zëden [‘Ažirei’s day’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>alade</b></td> <td>grammar; the basics of any field; manual [ALUATAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aladize</b></td> <td>basic, preliminary; grammatical</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Alameȥe</b></td> <td>Almea [ALAMEIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>alaseȥe</b></td> <td>music [ALAIŤEIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>alasi</b></td> <td>the <i>alati</i>, a type of bird; an emur coin with an <i>alati</i> stamped on it, worth 1/12 of a <i>glure</i> [ALAŤIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>alasŕyn</b></td> <td>village chief [ALAŤORION]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>alaȥe</b></td> <td>village [ALADEIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ale</b></td> <td>earthly [ALES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>alede</b></td> <td>high [ALETES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>alile</b></td> <td>garlic [ALILO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>a<strike>l</strike>bre</b></td> <td>womb [ALBRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>a<strike>l</strike>dec</b></td> <td>receive, welcome [ALDEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>a<strike>l</strike>dene</b></td> <td>welcoming, hospitable</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>alti<strike>l</strike>neo</b></td> <td>(Eleďe) archbishop [Ver. <i>altilneo</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>a<strike>l</strike>tre</b></td> <td>other [ALTRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>a<strike>l</strike>tŕn</b></td> <td>know (persons) [ALTERAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>a<strike>l</strike>şali</b></td> <td>treasure [ALCALIE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>amŕave</b></td> <td>law [HAMURABOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>amŕŕ</b></td> <td>respect [AMARIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>amŕede</b></td> <td>respectful</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>anŕ</b></td> <td>elder [ANOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>apeln</b></td> <td>name, call [APPELLAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>asane</b></td> <td>army [Keb. <i>aṫana</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>âse</b></td> <td>handle [ANSOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>asŕ</b></td> <td>merry [Ver. <i>äser</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>âşe</b></td> <td>hip [HANCA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>âty</b></td> <td>prank, joke [ANTIU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>âtyde</b></td> <td>mischief [ANTIUTA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>âtyşi</b></td> <td>mischievous, naughty [ANTIUITIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aşŕne</b></td> <td>maple [ACERNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>avegŕ</b></td> <td>worse [AVECOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Aveleh</b></td> <td>Avéla [Keb. <i>Avelaḣ</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>avelehes</b></td> <td>cape [abl. of ‘Avéla’, where capes were once a fashion]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>avêse</b></td> <td>clothes [‘wear’ + -<i>êse</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>avisŕ</b></td> <td>academy, ‘high school’ [AVISSAR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>avŕ</b></td> <td>wear, put on [HABER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Azgami</b></td> <td>Ismaîn-speaking kingdom east of Ismahi [Kebreni <i>Hazigami</i> ‘land of the proud’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aze</b></td> <td>god [AIĎOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>azeȥe</b></td> <td>goddess</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aznŕe</b></td> <td>temple [AIĎNAURE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>azŕ</b></td> <td>sit [ASIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>azune</b></td> <td>seat [ASUENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>azuni<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>saddle [ASUENIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aȥi</b></td> <td>away from [AIUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aȥeşŕ</b></td> <td>lose [<i>aȥi</i> ‘away’ + <i>eşŕ</i> ‘fail’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aȥurn</b></td> <td>amuse, have fun, (formal) play [AIUBREN ‘rest, retreat’, from AIUS ‘away’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aȥurêse</b></td> <td>place of amusement [AIUBRENSA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aȥibe</b></td> <td>fat [ADIPAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aȥŕde</b></td> <td>sapphire (pl. -<i>da</i>) [ADURDAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>aȥŕe</b></td> <td>blue [ADURES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>balane</b></td> <td>date (fruit) [BALANOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bane</b></td> <td>road [BANOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bâse</b></td> <td>foreign [BANSES ‘of the road’, i.e. coming from out of town]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bâsyn</b></td> <td>foreigner</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>basŕ</b></td> <td>hit [BAŤIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>başe</b></td> <td>barrel [BAITA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>başte</b></td> <td>stick [BASTOS] <br><i>başti</i> the sticks, a percussion instrument consisting of various-sized sticks, some solid and some hollow</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>baze</b></td> <td>low [BASES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bêbe</b></td> <td>gourd [BEMBOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>beçtia</b></td> <td>movement</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>beçtô</b></td> <td>a fast dance accompanied by guitar, drums, and <i>başti</i> [augm. of ‘movement’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>beçtŕ</b></td> <td>move [BECTIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bedŕe</b></td> <td>female dog [BAETERA] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bej</b></td> <td>grape [Kebreni <i>beź</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bejŕe</b></td> <td>bunch of grapes </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bêjŕ</b></td> <td>bless [BENGIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>belaşe</b></td> <td>sword (general term), pl. <i>belaçi </i>[BELAICA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>belŕ</b></td> <td>friend [BELOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>belŕsyli</b></td> <td>friendly</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>beneȥe</b></td> <td>blessing [BENEDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>beô</b></td> <td>a Verdurian baron [Ver. <i>beom</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bese</b></td> <td>hero [reborrowing of BAESOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>beziâde</b></td> <td>the third month of winter (and last of the year) [BAESIANDA ‘promise’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bezr</b></td> <td>observe, inspect (esp. in a scientific sense) [Ver. <i>beďir</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>beȥe</b></td> <td>war [BELGO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>beȥline</b></td> <td>general (that is, the highest military rank below the king) [‘war-lord’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bîde</b></td> <td>vine [BIDNO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>biȥŕ</b></td> <td>hoard[BILLIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>boçtn</b></td> <td>have diplomatic relations with [BOCTAN ‘treat, deal with’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>boçteşe</b></td> <td>diplomacy; diplomatic relations [BOCTEICA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>boge</b></td> <td>block; die (pl. <i>boçi</i>) [BOCOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bone</b></td> <td>bull, cow [BOUNOS] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bongryr</b></td> <td>nasty, skanky [Keb.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bosn</b></td> <td>kick [BOŤAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>boşme</b></td> <td>wrinkled [BOSMES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bove</b></td> <td>fool [BOBO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bovere</b></td> <td>foolish</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>boze</b></td> <td>wrinkle [BOSOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>boȥe</b></td> <td>big; much [BOLGES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>braşce</b></td> <td>flour [BRASCO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>breve</b></td> <td>short [BREVES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>breze</b></td> <td>strip; breast-binding [BRESOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>brign</b></td> <td>fight [BRIGAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bruvn</b></td> <td>loosen [BRUVEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bruvne</b></td> <td>loose, loosened</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕ</b></td> <td>mist [BER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕâde</b></td> <td>bedroom [BAERANDA ‘seraglio’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕazi</b></td> <td>brother [BARAĎU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕde</b></td> <td>edge (pl. <i>bŕȥi</i>) [BORDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕe</b></td> <td>lock [BAEROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕec</b></td> <td>glory (pl. <i>bŕeçi</i>) [BERAC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕeh</b></td> <td>arm (pl. <i>bŕegi</i>) [BAREȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕegŕe</b></td> <td>armful [BAREȞURA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕeȥe</b></td> <td>path, trail [BEREDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕile</b></td> <td>coyote [BAURILOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕje</b></td> <td>alone, unaccompanied [BORGES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕsôce</b></td> <td>badger (pl. <i>bŕsôçi</i>) [BURSONCOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕûde</b></td> <td>fog [BERUNDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕua</b></td> <td>heather [BRURUA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bŕugn</b></td> <td>use [BURUȞAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bryh</b></td> <td>eye [Kebreni <i>bryiḣ</i> dim. of ‘eye’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bude</b></td> <td>target, goal (pl. <i>byşi</i>) [BUTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bulôȥŕ</b></td> <td>bake [BULONDIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bumuçe</b></td> <td>few [BUMUSCES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>buraç</b></td> <td>sponge [Keb. <i>buraḣ</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>buşce</b></td> <td>mouth (pl. <i>byçi</i>) [BUSCOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>buz</b></td> <td>without [BUSAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ca</b></td> <td>who (pl.) [KAE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>caçile</b></td> <td><i>kasten</i>, the leap day taken every five years [‘hidden (day)’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cahaba</b></td> <td>coffee (pl. -<i>i</i>) [Keb. <i>kahaba</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cahabŕe</b></td> <td>coffeehouse [Keb. <i>kahabarei</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>capre</b></td> <td>goat [KAPRO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>carzile</b></td> <td>scimitar, Verdurian sword [OV <i>carďile</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>caşŕ</b></td> <td>hide [KASCIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cati</b></td> <td>jar, pot [KATTIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cave</b></td> <td>runty; docked (of tails) [KABES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ce</b></td> <td>who (sing.) [KAE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ce</b></td> <td>which [KET]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Ceaȥu</b></td> <td>Keadau, the first Caďinorian emperor [KEHADAU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ceçn</b></td> <td>stop [KESCEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cede</b></td> <td>indecent, immoral [KAETES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cegn</b></td> <td>kill [KEKAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cene</b></td> <td>reed, flute [KAENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cenŕe</b></td> <td>where [<i>ce nŕe</i> ‘what place’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cesi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>child (pl. <i>cesyli</i>) [KEŤUL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cesn</b></td> <td>bear (crops), yield [KEŤEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ceşe</b></td> <td><i>n </i>stop (pl. <i>ceçi</i>) [KESCA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Ceşmene</b></td> <td>the Ctelm mountains [CEŤMENE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ceşte</b></td> <td>kind, type [KESTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cete</b></td> <td>what [KETTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cête</b></td> <td>plateau [KENTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cevŕ</b></td> <td>ashes [KEVER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ceznŕe</b></td> <td>factory [Ver. <i>keďnáe</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ceȥe</b></td> <td>when [KEDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Ceȥn</b></td> <td>Kezon [KAEDUN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cîe</b></td> <td>oil [KINHE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ciçi</b></td> <td>weak [KISCIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cilime</b></td> <td>hill [KILIMA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cire</b></td> <td>wife [KIRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cirule</b></td> <td>plum [KIRUELA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>clajŕ</b></td> <td>flog, beat [CLAGER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>claȥe</b></td> <td>bright [CLAIES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cledâde</b></td> <td>seminary [CLAETANDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cleh</b></td> <td>fist (pl. <i>clegi</i>) [CLEȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cloşce</b></td> <td>bell [CLOSCOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Craşene</b></td> <td>Řavcaena, goddess of agriculture [KRAVCAENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>craşne</b></td> <td>first day of the week, scúreden [‘Řavcaena’s day’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>craze</b></td> <td>rose [KRASE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>creh</b></td> <td>cross (pl. <i>cregi</i>) [KREȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>crejn</b></td> <td>eat [CREGEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>crene </b></td> <td>flint [KRENAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>creŕ</b></td> <td>create [CREIR] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>creşŕ</b></td> <td>grow [CRESCIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cretre</b></td> <td>nice, pleasant [CRETRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>creve</b></td> <td>spine; keel [KREBA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>creze</b></td> <td>male dog [KRESOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>creȥe</b></td> <td>lime (caustic substance) (pl. -<i>a</i>) [CREIDAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>creȥec</b></td> <td>believe [KREDEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>crih</b></td> <td>castle (pl. <i>crygi</i>) [KRUȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>crî</b></td> <td>kidney (pl. <i>crimi</i>) [KRIM]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>crif</b></td> <td>manuscript [Ver. ‘scroll, manuscript’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>crive</b></td> <td>book [CRIVOS ‘scroll’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>crivn</b></td> <td>write [CRIVAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>crivnŕe</b></td> <td>library [‘book-place’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>croge</b></td> <td>plaster, gypsum [KROGA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>crûbe</b></td> <td>cold, fever [KRUMBOS] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cruve</b></td> <td>shield [CRUVA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cryçi</b></td> <td>muscle, flesh (pl. <i>crugu</i>) [KRUCIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕâtŕ</b></td> <td>ruby [CURANTOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕde</b></td> <td>heart (pl. <i>cŕȥi</i>) [CUERDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕe</b></td> <td>leg [CRUROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕêde</b></td> <td>festival [CURENDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕêdô</b></td> <td>the third month of spring; the Grand Festival (Cuéndimar) in this month</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕeȥe</b></td> <td>hen [CURA, plus. fem. suffix to differ from ‘leg’] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕi</b></td> <td>court (of a noble) [CURIES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕje</b></td> <td>canyon [CORGE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕolec</b></td> <td>sparkle, scintillate [CULOREC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕolile</b></td> <td>star [CULORILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕove</b></td> <td>blood [KEROVOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cŕy</b></td> <td>luck, favor [KARIU ‘happiness’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cse<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>evil [CŤELT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>culi</b></td> <td>party [Verdurian <i>culë</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cylŕ</b></td> <td>call out, muster (army, police, etc.) [CULLIR ‘host’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cy<strike>l</strike>pŕ</b></td> <td>be guilty [CULPIR] <br><i>Cy<strike>l</strike>pi.</i> I’m sorry. </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>cyşi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>tick (insect) [CUTIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çei</b></td> <td>each, every [SCEHIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çêje</b></td> <td>fowl [SCENGE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çelôde</b></td> <td>bronze [CELONDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çelu</b></td> <td>tea [Kebreni <i>celu</i>, from Belesawa <i>čae lu</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çelyşŕ</b></td> <td>hear, listen to [CELUSCIR] <br><i>çelyşic</i> listener</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çelyşicŕe</b></td> <td>audience, company, those present</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çelŕe</b></td> <td>river [CELERE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çêne</b></td> <td>beak, bill [CENNA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çeple</b></td> <td>virgin [CEPLES ‘chaste’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çeşce</b></td> <td>boulder (pl. <i>çeçi</i>) [CESCOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ceşŕyn</b></td> <td>baron (third and lowest level of Ismaîn nobility) [KESCARION ‘steward’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ceşŕe</b></td> <td>baroness</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çeşku</b></td> <td>heavy [CESCUES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çeve</b></td> <td>hair (pl. <i>çeveȥe</i>)<i> </i>[SCEVEIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çezu</b></td> <td>wet [CESUES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çezuêse</b></td> <td>glaze [CESUENSA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çeȥe</b></td> <td>neck [SCEIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çîçeȥe</b></td> <td>necklace [‘around neck’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çigŕi</b></td> <td>country, homeland [CICURIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çile</b></td> <td>shrub [SCILA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çilŕn</b></td> <td>need[CILORAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>sky [CILEL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çip</b></td> <td><i>n </i>peep, squeak; <i>adv </i>not [imitative]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çipn</b></td> <td>peep, squeak</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çire</b></td> <td>body [CIRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çirize</b></td> <td>physical [CIRISES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çiryn</b></td> <td>lieutenant [SCIRION]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çişte</b></td> <td>guitar; box [CISTA ‘box’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çiştile</b></td> <td>crown [CISTILA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çîte</b></td> <td>around, circling [CINTA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çîtilŕe</b></td> <td>bracelet [‘around wrist’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çitre</b></td> <td>lemon [CITRO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çizn</b></td> <td>shoot (arrows) [SCISAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çure</b></td> <td>ankle [SCEBRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çurn</b></td> <td>build [CEBRAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çyli</b></td> <td>eyebrow [CIULIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dâdec</b></td> <td>establish, found [DANDEC ‘lay out’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dali</b></td> <td>king (used for Verdurian-speaking rulers styling themselves <i>dalu</i>; anyone else is an <i>elŕyn</i>) [DALU ‘prince’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>da<strike>l</strike>tec</b></td> <td>chisel, chip [back-formation from DALTOR, the tool]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>da<strike>l</strike>tozy</b></td> <td>chisel [<i>da<strike>l</strike>tec + -ozy</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dasyzi</b></td> <td>jade [DAŤUSIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>daşce</b></td> <td>animal (pl. <i>daşko</i>) [DASCO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>davŕ</b></td> <td>take off, remove (clothes) [*DEHABER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>de</b></td> <td>during, at (<i>a time</i>) [DE ‘from, at’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>deç</b></td> <td>ten [DECT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>deçyn</b></td> <td>sergeant, ensign (commander of a detail of troops) [‘ten’ + -<i>yn</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>deçten</b></td> <td>eleven [DECT (ER) AN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>deçti </b></td> <td>tenth [DECTIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dedozy </b></td> <td>button, fastener [DETOSIOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dedozişe</b></td> <td>scallop ['little button']</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>degaşŕ</b></td> <td>reveal, show [DEKASCIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>deje</b></td> <td>right (direction) [DEGES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dejeln</b></td> <td>worry, be worried [‘un-calm’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>demetri</b></td> <td>spring (season) [DEMETRIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>demeȥe</b></td> <td>sad [‘un-playful’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>den</b></td> <td>give; as an auxiliary, cause (irregular; see <i>Conjugation</i>) [DAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dene</b></td> <td>paper, document [DAENOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>denŕyn</b></td> <td>clerk [‘paper-doer’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>denec</b></td> <td>continue, persist, keep (doing) [DENEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dêne</b></td> <td>day [DENNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>devudn</b></td> <td>begin [DEBUTAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dezi</b></td> <td>bridge [DESIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dodôȥi</b></td> <td>thumb [DOTONDIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dôge</b></td> <td>wax [DONGA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dôgozy</b></td> <td>wax seal</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>doli</b></td> <td>hollow [DOLIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dome</b></td> <td>house [DOMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>domŕe</b></td> <td>handsome [DOMERES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>domŕyn</b></td> <td>husband [DOMORION ‘steward’; but popularly supposed to derive from <i>domŕe</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>doşi</b></td> <td>finger [DOTIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dragŕ</b></td> <td>dragon [DRACOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>droji</b></td> <td>yeast [DROGIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dŕes</b></td> <td>sign, prophecy (pl. <i>dŕosi</i>) [DOROŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dŕi</b></td> <td>seagull [DAURIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dŕjn</b></td> <td>pull [DERGEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dŕmŕ</b></td> <td>sleep [DORMIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dŕse</b></td> <td>back [DORSOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ebebeçte</b></td> <td>moveable [‘can move’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ebecreje</b></td> <td>edible [‘can eat’]<b></td></tr>
<tr><td><b></b>ebelele</b></td> <td>visible [‘can see’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ebezn</b></td> <td>can, be able to [EPESAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ec</b></td> <td>thee [EK]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ecre</b></td> <td>sharp, sour [AECRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Eçi</b></td> <td>Eši, goddess of art [ESCIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eçilŕ</b></td> <td>try, attempt [ECILER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eçte</b></td> <td>here [AECTA] <br><i>eçtes ŕ iȥeçtn</i> to and fro, back and forth [‘from here and to there’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eçu</b></td> <td>tag question [Keb. <i>eśu</i> ‘not’, used in this way]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>edani</b></td> <td>lake [AETANIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ede</b></td> <td>about, as to, as for, when it comes to [ETA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>êdŕn</b></td> <td>Enäron, the chief of the gods [ENDAURON]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>êdŕni</b></td> <td>ceďnare, the last day of the week [former genitive of <i>êdŕn</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eglŕec</b></td> <td>praise [EGLEREC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elese</b></td> <td>perhaps, maybe [<i>e lese </i>‘there’s a case’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Elezn</b></td> <td>Eleď [EILEĎAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Eleȥe</b></td> <td>Eleisa, capital of ancient Cuzei [ELEISA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eli</b></td> <td>this [AELU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elirec</b></td> <td>live [ELIREC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elis</b></td> <td>virtue, justice, lawfulness [AELUŤ ‘virtue’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elustre</b></td> <td>virtuous, fair; law-abiding (cf. <i>şŕ</i>) [AELUŤRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eluȥâde</b></td> <td>theater, playhouse</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eluȥec</b></td> <td>actor, actress</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eluȥênes</b></td> <td>today [AELUDENNOŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eluȥn</b></td> <td>act, perform [*AELUDEN ‘edify, impart virtue’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elyde</b></td> <td>free (not a slave) [ELEUTES] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elŕ</b></td> <td>life (pl. <i>eliri</i>) [ELIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elŕe</b></td> <td>queen [ELOREIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elŕi</b></td> <td>kingdom [ELORIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elŕize</b></td> <td>royal, kingly; governmental [ELORISES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>elŕyn</b></td> <td>king [ELORION]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>e<strike>l</strike>şŕ</b></td> <td>elcar [ELCAR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>emea</b></td> <td>greeting, salutation (pl. <i>emei</i>) [*EMAOS, from EMEC ‘speak’] <br><i>emei! </i>hello!</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>emîsec</b></td> <td>lecture, teach [EMINSEC ‘speak at length’] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>emŕ</b></td> <td>emur (tin/silver alloy) [HAEMUR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>en</b></td> <td>one [AN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Eprâte</b></td> <td>Efrat river [EPRANTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>es</b></td> <td>me, my [EŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>êşa</b></td> <td>horror, terror (esp. supernatural) (pl. -<i>u</i>) [ENCAIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşcra</b></td> <td>secret (pl. -<i>u</i>) [SCRAIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşcrifte</b></td> <td>knowledge [SCRIFTA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşcrivec</b></td> <td>know (things) [SCRIFEC] <br><i>eşcrivec (+ infinitive)</i> know how to</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşcrume</b></td> <td>pitch, tar [SCRUMA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşcŕe</b></td> <td>dark [SCORRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşcŕeȥe</b></td> <td>afternoon [SCUREIDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşcŕi</b></td> <td>darkness; first month of winter [SCORU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşe</b></td> <td>spike, point [AECA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşkoli</b></td> <td>how much [SCOLI]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşkolişŕ</b></td> <td>cost [SCOLICER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşkoi</b></td> <td>cabbage (pl. <i>eşkou</i>) [SCOHU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşkoze</b></td> <td>thing [SCOSOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşkube</b></td> <td>miser [SCUPO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşkuşe</b></td> <td>pig (pl. -<i>u</i>) [SCUTUA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşkuşte</b></td> <td>dead [SCUSTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşkuştn</b></td> <td>die [from ‘dead’, replacing earlier <i>eşkuştŕn</i> from SCUSTEBRAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşkuȥe</b></td> <td>noodle [SCULGA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpa</b></td> <td>duty (pl. -<i>u</i>) [SPAIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpagn</b></td> <td>speak, say, tell [SPAȞEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpazn</b></td> <td>rescue, save [SPASIAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpede</b></td> <td>spice [SPETO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Eşpedele</b></td> <td>Svetla river [SPETELA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpelûşe</b></td> <td>cave (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [SPELUNCA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpetri</b></td> <td>spicy [SPETRIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpî</b></td> <td>fresh [SPENS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpiçe</b></td> <td>thick, wide [ESPICES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpişe</b></td> <td>nail (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [SPICA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpŕe</b></td> <td>brute, savage [SPEROS ‘wild beast’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpŕŕ</b></td> <td>surrender [SPURIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpŕsyli</b></td> <td>brutal, savage</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpule</b></td> <td>spear [ESPUILA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşpu<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>shoulder [ESPUEL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşŕ</b></td> <td>fail; miss (a target or goal); as auxiliary, almost do [HESCIR ‘fall short’] <br><i>Eşi tôbŕ!</i> I almost fell!</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştandn</b></td> <td>come [CTANEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştâne</b></td> <td>tin [STANNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştaşte </b></td> <td>garden [CTASTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşta<strike>l</strike>de</b></td> <td>plain [ESTALDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşte</b></td> <td>summer (pl. -<i>a</i>) [AESTAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşte</b></td> <td>3s present subjunctive of <i>ezn</i> ‘be’ <br><i>eşte ȥi...</i> Is it that...</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşteȥe</b></td> <td>sticky [CTEIES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştove</b></td> <td>roof [CTOVOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştoȥe</b></td> <td>anger [CTODOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştoȥi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>angry</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştrane</b></td> <td>coast, beach [STRANA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştrani<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>coastal; the name of the coastal mountains</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştreli</b></td> <td>arrow [STRELIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşture</b></td> <td>straw [STAUBROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eştŕŕ</b></td> <td>tend (animals) [STERER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eşt<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>cellar, storeroom (pl. <i>eştoli</i>) [ESTOL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ete</b></td> <td>this one [AETTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>etrome</b></td> <td>school [ETROMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>êzin</b></td> <td>some [<i>en zin </i>‘one, two’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ezişte</b></td> <td>great [ESISTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ezn</b></td> <td>be [ESAN] <br><i>bŕugn</i> <i>eşte saş belaşe </i>use as a sword, as if it were a sword</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ezŕh</b></td> <td>premier Ismaîn noble rank, which Verdurians insist is equivalent to <i>surcont</i> (marquis), but which we could equally call a duke [ESARȞ ‘prefect’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ezŕhâde</b></td> <td>the dominion of an <i>ezŕh</i> (marquisate or duchy)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ezŕhȥe</b></td> <td>marchioness (duchess)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eȥaȥe</b></td> <td>olive [HELGAIOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>êȥi</b></td> <td>wood [ENDIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>êȥi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>quiet, shy [ENDIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>eȥŕe</b></td> <td>ivy [HAEDERA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>façize</b></td> <td>busy [FASCISES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fâde</b></td> <td>stream, brook [FANDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fajyle</b></td> <td>round bean [FAGIOLO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>falahte</b></td> <td>host, horde, swarm [FALAȞTA ‘army’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>falî</b></td> <td>cliff (pl. <i>faleni</i>) [FALENS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>falile</b></td> <td>white [FALILES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>falŕ</b></td> <td>be necessary [FAILIR] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fâte</b></td> <td>spirit being, ghost [FANTOS ‘soul’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>faze</b></td> <td>front [FASA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fazene</b></td> <td>patient [FAĎENES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>feşme</b></td> <td>rough [FESMES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fige</b></td> <td>fig [FIKOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fili</b></td> <td>fern [FILIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>thread, string [FIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Fiȥŕe</b></td> <td>Fidra, goddess of night [FIDORA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fiȥŕne</b></td> <td>the third day of the week, fidren [‘Fidra’s day’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>flane</b></td> <td>flat [FLANES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>flave</b></td> <td>yellow [FLAVES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fôde</b></td> <td>bottom (pl. <i>fôȥi</i>) [FONDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fogec</b></td> <td>blow (of wind) [FOȞEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fozeşe</b></td> <td>crane (bird) (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [FOSECA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>frage</b></td> <td>strawberry [FRAGAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>freȥe</b></td> <td>faith [FREIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>friec</b></td> <td>crumble, fall apart [FRIREC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>frişe</b></td> <td><i>n </i>crumb; <i>adv </i>not</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>frôde</b></td> <td>penis (pl. <i>frôȥi</i>) [FRONDOS ‘type of mushroom’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>froe</b></td> <td>cold; the second month of winter [FROHES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>frue</b></td> <td>early [FRUHES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fŕhn</b></td> <td>hang [FORȞAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fŕi</b></td> <td>diarrhea [FORIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fŕmişe</b></td> <td>ant (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [FORMICA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fŕn</b></td> <td>bear, lift, carry [FERIEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fŕne</b></td> <td>hay [FORNO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fŕte</b></td> <td>loud [FORTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fŕy</b></td> <td>dung [FORIUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fude</b></td> <td>full [FUTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fuge</b></td> <td>able, capable [FAUȞES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fuli</b></td> <td>leaf [FUELIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fuşn</b></td> <td>tint, dye [FUCAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fuvn</b></td> <td>paint [FAUBAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fuȥe</b></td> <td>soot [FULGO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>fyru</b></td> <td>baths, hot spring [Kebreni]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>galanşe</b></td> <td>arithmetic [Gallamche, author of a basic text]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gali</b></td> <td>bath [GALIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gaŕde</b></td> <td>swelling, inflamation [reborrowing of GARRARDA ‘swelling-illness’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gascia</b></td> <td>leprosy [reborrowing of GASCIA ‘spoilage, leprosy’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gâse</b></td> <td>goose [GANSOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gaşpŕ</b></td> <td>waste [GASPIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gegule</b></td> <td>prison (pl. <i>gegyli</i>) [GAECULOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>genŕ</b></td> <td>oppress [GAENIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>geşile</b></td> <td>net [GAETILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gis</b></td> <td>rat (pl. <i>gysi</i>) [GUŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>glâse</b></td> <td>torch [GLANSA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>glini</b></td> <td>long [GLINIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>glîtŕ</b></td> <td>swallow [GLUNTIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>glôjec</b></td> <td>ring (v.) [GLONGEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>glure</b></td> <td>broad sword (a thick, heavy sword); name of an Ismaîn silver coin (with a sword imprinted on it), the same value as a Verdurian <i>fale,</i> and 1/8 the value of a <i>saçne</i> [GLABRO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gonŕe</b></td> <td>the semi-extraterritorial Kebreni settlement in many Ismaîn towns; the Ismaîn quarter in Verduria or Avéla [Keb. <i>gonarei</i> ‘settlement’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>goȥe</b></td> <td>face [GOLGOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>grâde</b></td> <td>border (pl. <i>grâȥi</i>) [GRANDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>grah</b></td> <td>pea (pl. <i>gragi</i>) [GRAIȞ ‘chickpea’] <br><i>flave grah </i>chickpea</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>greln</b></td> <td><i>v </i>hail [GRELAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>grili</b></td> <td>wheat [GRILU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>grive</b></td> <td>mushroom [GRIBOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>grojec</b></td> <td>mill [GROGEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>grojile</b></td> <td>miller</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gr<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>hail [GREL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>grucre</b></td> <td>turnip [GRUKRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gŕcrege</b></td> <td>ledger [Keb. <i>gorkrege</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gŕe</b></td> <td>good sense [GAROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gŕes</b></td> <td>tower [GORAŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gŕeşme</b></td> <td>sensible [GARESMES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gŕô</b></td> <td>lion [GURIE + augm.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gŕôȥe</b></td> <td>lioness</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>guête</b></td> <td>metal [GUENTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gule</b></td> <td>bile [GULA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>guştn</b></td> <td>taste [GUSTAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>guze</b></td> <td>power [GUESOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gu<strike>l</strike>re</b></td> <td>angry [GULRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gundn</b></td> <td>arm, equip [GUNEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>guŕe</b></td> <td>stallion [GUHIRO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gutia</b></td> <td>epilepsy [reborrowing of GUTIA ‘shaking’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gynile</b></td> <td>armor [GUNILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hâsive</b></td> <td>sulfur [ȞAMSIFA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hê</b></td> <td>lame [ȞROM]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hebade</b></td> <td>liver [ȞEPATO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hebe </b></td> <td>seventh [ȞAEPES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hegi</b></td> <td>nature, character [ȞECU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hep</b></td> <td>seven [ȞAEP]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hepdêne</b></td> <td>week [‘seven days’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hiçe</b></td> <td>sum, amount [ȞICE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hijene</b></td> <td>row, line [ȞIGENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hin</b></td> <td>language (pl. <i>honi</i>) [ȞRON]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>h<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>iron [KOL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hogi</b></td> <td>leather [KOȞU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Holeve</b></td> <td>legendary heroine Koleva [KOLLEIVA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>holile</b></td> <td>steel [KOLILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>homn</b></td> <td>stumble; be offended [ȞROMAN ‘limp’] <br><i>îhomn</i> offend, cause to stumble</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hône</b></td> <td>money [KONNA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hônŕe</b></td> <td>bank [loan-trans. of Ver. <i>kunnáe</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hôse</b></td> <td>male cousin [KONSO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hôseȥe</b></td> <td>female cousin </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hôsic</b></td> <td>advisor, counselor; councillor</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hôsicŕe</b></td> <td>council [‘collection of advisors’] <br><i>Elŕynes Hôsicŕe</i> King’s Council</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hôsŕ</b></td> <td>advise [KONSIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hoşe</b></td> <td>cat (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [KOSCA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hoşô</b></td> <td>mountain cat [augm. of ‘cat’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hoşte</b></td> <td>bone [ȞOSTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hove</b></td> <td>head [KOBOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hoȥn</b></td> <td>ban, shun [KODAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hŕ</b></td> <td>slow [ȞAUR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hŕe</b></td> <td>hour [ȞORA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hu</b></td> <td>confused [ȞRUIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hube</b></td> <td>under, below [ȞUPE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hudŕ</b></td> <td>Ťm [ȞUTOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hudŕyn</b></td> <td>Ťmer</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>huge</b></td> <td>tail [KUEȞOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hugia</b></td> <td>holy place (in the wild) (pl. <i>hugi</i>) [ȞUCUA ‘oracle’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hugi</b></td> <td>prophet, oracle [ȞUCUIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>huguȥe</b></td> <td>prophetess, female oracle [ȞUCUIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hu<strike>l</strike>pe</b></td> <td>fruit [KOLPOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hume</b></td> <td>guts, vigor [ȞUMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hune</b></td> <td>land [ȞUNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hupe</b></td> <td>equal [reborrowing of ȞUEPES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>huve</b></td> <td>egg (pl. <i>hyvi</i>) [ȞUVOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>huvi</b></td> <td>cruel, brutal [KUEBIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>huȥe</b></td> <td>hole (pl. <i>hyȥi</i>) [KUDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>huȥn</b></td> <td>chicken (pl. <i>huȥoni</i>) [ȞUION]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>hyȥi</b></td> <td>chest, bosom [ȞRUDIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>i</b></td> <td><i>(now rare)</i> eye [HIE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>î</b></td> <td>in [IM]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Iane</b></td> <td>Iáinos (Cuzeian/Eleďe god) [IAINOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îcaşe</b></td> <td>terror, fear (of merely human misery)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îcaşŕ</b></td> <td>terrorize (esp. said of an army) [‘make hide’] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îcrejn</b></td> <td>feed [‘make eat’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îcreȥec</b></td> <td>convince, persuade [‘make believe’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Içire</b></td> <td>Išira, goddess of light [ISCIRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>içireşe</b></td> <td>the planet Išire; the third month of fall [<i>Içire</i> + nominalizer] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>içni</b></td> <td>simple [IACNIS ‘clear’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>içŕne</b></td> <td>the second day of the week, širden [‘Išira’s day’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>içti</b></td> <td>feather [IECTU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ige</b></td> <td>hunt (pl. <i>iji</i>) [IAGOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>igŕe</b></td> <td>hunting time; first month of fall</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îde</b></td> <td>pepper [HINDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îdolŕ</b></td> <td>dig [INDOLIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ihsu</b></td> <td>fish (pl. -<i>u</i>) [IȞŤUIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îje</b></td> <td>kind, gentle [INGES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ijicse</b></td> <td>pillow, cushion [Keb. <i>iźicse</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ijn</b></td> <td>hunt [IAGEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ile</b></td> <td>idea [IELA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ili</b></td> <td>shiny [ILIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>iliȥi</b></td> <td>or [ILI + DIA]</b></td> <td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ilôti</b></td> <td>quartz [ILONTIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ily</b></td> <td>iliu (pl. -<i>i</i>) [ILIU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ilŕe</b></td> <td>wrist [ILURA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>i<strike>l</strike>neo</b></td> <td>(Eleďe) bishop [Ver. <i>ilneo</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>imeşcŕŕ</b></td> <td>darken [‘make dark’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îmŕŕ</b></td> <td>ripen [‘make ripe’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Inoma</b></td> <td>ënomai, Almea’s sun [IENOMAIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>iône</b></td> <td>bread [HIONNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ir</b></td> <td>above, over [IR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>irese</b></td> <td>crop [IREŤA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îrn</b></td> <td>enter [IMBREN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>iryȥine</b></td> <td>leech [HIRUDINA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>iŕi</b></td> <td>sound, noise [IARIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îsigŕ</b></td> <td>quiet down (s.o.); <i>with reflexive </i>shut up [causative of <i>sigi</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ismahe</b></td> <td>Ismahi (woman)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Ismahi</b></td> <td>Ismahi </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ismahn</b></td> <td>Ismahi (man)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Ismaîn</b></td> <td><i>adj. </i>Ismaîn; <i>n. </i>Ismaîn language </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>işcŕe</b></td> <td>kohl [HIESCORRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>işdŕjn</b></td> <td>uproot, weed; (of gods) damn, destroy [IS ‘out of’ + DERGEN ‘pull’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>işirn</b></td> <td>spirit (seat of will and passion, heart; or, the entire soul) [ITIRAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>işkuzn</b></td> <td>tempt [ISKUSAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>işpre</b></td> <td>behind, after, in back of [IS ‘out of’ + PRED ‘in front of’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>işŕi</b></td> <td>Caďinorian paradise [ISCARIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îtŕ</b></td> <td>amber [IANTAR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ivi</b></td> <td>owl [HIBU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>îvulŕ</b></td> <td>tempt, seduce [‘make to want’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>izi</b></td> <td>outside, outside of [IS ‘out of’ + IM ‘in’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>izô</b></td> <td>around, surrounding [IS ‘out’ + ON ‘near’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>izurn</b></td> <td>exit, leave [ISUBREN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>iȥeç </b></td> <td>seventy [IEDECT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>iȥeçte</b></td> <td>there [<i>iȥi</i> ‘that’ + <i>eçte</i> ‘here’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>iȥeştandn</b></td> <td>arrive; come (where the movement, whatever the subject, is not toward the speaker) [<i>iȥi</i> ‘that’ + <i>eştandn</i> ‘come’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>iȥi</b></td> <td><i>pron </i>that [ILLU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>je</b></td> <td>home (pl. <i>jezi</i>) [GES ‘household god’] <br><i>luȥn</i> <i>jen </i>go home </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jele</b></td> <td>calm; the second month of fall [GELES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jeleȥe</b></td> <td>calm [GELEIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jeme</b></td> <td>twin [GEMINA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jene</b></td> <td>clan, tribe [GENOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jine</b></td> <td>girl [GINA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jinea</b></td> <td>girlishness</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jirene</b></td> <td>ibis [GIREINOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jître</b></td> <td>sash; symbol of office [GINTRO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jive</b></td> <td>lively, active [GIVES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jy</b></td> <td>boy (pl. <i>ji</i>) [GIOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kêsŕa</b></td> <td>strategy (pl. -<i>i</i>) [Verdurian <i>kensora</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ko</b></td> <td>alongside, beside, next to</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>koji</b></td> <td>fornication, adultery [COGIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kojŕ</b></td> <td>fornicate, commit adultery [COGIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kole</b></td> <td>calf (of leg) [COLLO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>koleby</b></td> <td><i>colep</i>, a type of fish (pl. -<i>i</i>) [COLEPIOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kome</b></td> <td>wonder, marvel [CUOMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>komidâde</b></td> <td>county [COMITANDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>komide</b></td> <td>count, earl (pl. <i>komişi</i>) [COMITOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>komideȥe</b></td> <td>countess</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kone</b></td> <td>dog [CUONOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>konic</b></td> <td>puppy</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>konopli</b></td> <td>hemp [CONOPLIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kose</b></td> <td>side; ; <i>grammar </i>case [COŤOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kovi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>warp (of fabric) [COFIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kû</b></td> <td>with [CUM]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kudec</b></td> <td>attack, assault [CUTEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kugic</b></td> <td>cock, rooster [‘crower’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kugŕ</b></td> <td><i>v </i>crow [imitative]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kugŕi</b></td> <td>a standard weight (6.065 kg in Raizumi) [CUCURIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kûlemn</b></td> <td>reject, expel; be disgusted with [<i>kû</i> as intensive + ‘throw out’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kûlemŕe</b></td> <td>disgusting</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kuleşe</b></td> <td>fall, autumn [CULLEICA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ku<strike>l</strike>de</b></td> <td>elbow [CULDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ku<strike>l</strike>seu</b></td> <td>commander (of an army), commodore (of a fleet) [Keb. <i>kulseu</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kûjezâte</b></td> <td>trust </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kûjezn</b></td> <td>trust [CUNGESAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kujne</b></td> <td>swan [CUGNA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kûma<strike>l</strike>tŕn</b></td> <td>understand, sympathize with [loan-trans. of Ver. <i>cumoteran</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kume</b></td> <td>hearth [CUMA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kûmeti<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>a platter laid with food [‘arranged’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kûmetn</b></td> <td>sort, arrange [‘put with’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kûprendn</b></td> <td>understand, grasp, realize [loan-trans. of Ver. <i>cumprenan</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kûprozn</b></td> <td>accompany; escort, take (someone somewhere) [‘walk with’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kuraȥe</b></td> <td>reason, rationality [reborrowing of CURAIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Kure</b></td> <td>Kebri [KEBREI]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kutea </b></td> <td>stroke, apoplexy [reborrowing of CUTEIO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Kuzaȥe</b></td> <td>Cuzei [CUEZAIE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kuȥe</b></td> <td>spoon [CULGO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>kyri</b></td> <td>copper [KIBRU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ladrile</b></td> <td>brick [LADRILO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lajene</b></td> <td>bottle [LAGENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lajuŕ</b></td> <td>lapis lazuli [LADZUAR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lamire</b></td> <td>sheet; cloth (in quantity) [LAMIRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lamiric</b></td> <td>(piece of) cloth; tie, cravat (originally <i>çeȥes lamiric</i>)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lanica</b></td> <td>panties [Ver. <i>lanika</i> ‘underwear’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>landn</b></td> <td>suffer [LAINAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lâne</b></td> <td>flax [LANNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lânile</b></td> <td>linen [LANNILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>laprn</b></td> <td>run [LAPREN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lase</b></td> <td>tired [LASSES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>laşŕe</b></td> <td>cotton [by haplology from <i>laşaşŕe</i>, from LACATUREI]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>laşn</b></td> <td>should, ought [LATUAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>laşôde</b></td> <td>brass [LAITONDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lavani</b></td> <td>tongue [LABANIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lavn</b></td> <td>wash [LAVAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>le</b></td> <td>thou [LET]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lebtraçti<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>newcomer [LEBTRACTUL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lêce</b></td> <td>cure [LENKA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lêcŕyn</b></td> <td>doctor [LENKARION]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>leçn</b></td> <td>sell [LESCEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lede</b></td> <td>coin [LETA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ledn</b></td> <td>fly [LETAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lege</b></td> <td>100,000 [LEȞOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>legn</b></td> <td>(tell a) lie [LEGAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lele</b></td> <td>cute [Keb.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>leleşe</b></td> <td>vision [LEILEICA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>leln</b></td> <td>see; read (latter extension due to Kebreni) [LEILEN] <br><i>den leln</i> show, perform</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>le<strike>l</strike>dâte</b></td> <td>acting</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>le<strike>l</strike>dile</b></td> <td>a performance</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>le<strike>l</strike>dec</b></td> <td>actor, performer [‘one who gives to see’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lême</b></td> <td>milk [LEMMA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lemn</b></td> <td>throw out, discard [LAEMAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lêne</b></td> <td>line [LENNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lênic</b></td> <td>stroke (of a letter) [dim. of ‘line’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lese</b></td> <td>example; case, instance [LEŤA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lesye</b></td> <td>rational being, one of the intelligent species of Almea [reborrowing of LESUIAS, after Ver. <i>lesüas</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lesyne</b></td> <td>rational</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>leşcŕe</b></td> <td>market; sixth day of the week, néronden [*LESCURA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>leşile</b></td> <td>sail [‘fly-thing’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>leştn</b></td> <td>talk to [LESTAN ‘hang out’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lêtili</b></td> <td>lentil [LENTILIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>leve</b></td> <td>new [LEBES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Lezynea</b></td> <td>the ancient kingdom of Leziunea (occupying what is now the Ismaîn-speaking countries) [LESIUNEA, from Meť.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lezyni</b></td> <td>relating to Leziunea, or by extension to the Ismaîn-speaking countries [LESIUNIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lialn</b></td> <td>rise, raise, lift; <i>refl. </i>get up [LIHALAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>liçi</b></td> <td>bald [LICIS ‘barren’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>limŕe</b></td> <td>breast [LIMURA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>line</b></td> <td>sir; gentleman; <i>archaic </i>nobleman, lord [Kebreni <i>linna </i>‘lord’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lineȥe</b></td> <td>madam; gentlewoman; <i>archaic </i>noblewoman, lady</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>liŕ</b></td> <td>melody, verse (pl. <i>liri</i>) [LIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lişi</b></td> <td>lawsuit [LITIS ‘quarrel’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lişme</b></td> <td>slug, snail [LISMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lizude</b></td> <td>slimy [LISUTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lizyçi</b></td> <td>swamp [LISUCIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lôde</b></td> <td>honor [LONDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>loge</b></td> <td>word (pl. <i>loji</i>) [LOGOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>logŕe</b></td> <td>dictionary [loan-trans. of Ver. <i>logora</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lolŕ</b></td> <td>you (sing. formal) [<i>lôde lŕi</i> ‘your honor’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lome</b></td> <td>apple [LOMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lomû</b></td> <td>you (plural) [<i>lôde mûde</i> ‘your honor’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>loşu</b></td> <td>he, she (formal) [<i>lôde şu</i> ‘his/her honor’, from LONDOS TUAE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lôȥŕn</b></td> <td>appoint [LONDURAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lŕe</b></td> <td>beautiful [LURES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lŕede</b></td> <td>clever [LERETES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lŕeje</b></td> <td>happy [LEREGES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lŕgâde</b></td> <td>plaza [LARGANDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lŕi</b></td> <td>understanding (perceptive portion of soul) [LERIAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lŕi</b></td> <td>your (<i>archaic</i>) [LERIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lŕje</b></td> <td>wide, fat [LARGES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lŕpe</b></td> <td>petal [LERPA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lŕŕ</b></td> <td>wrestle [LURIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lubeh</b></td> <td>fox (pl. <i>lubegi</i>) [LUPEȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lubehȥe</b></td> <td>vixen</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ludâte</b></td> <td>athletics, exercise</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ludn</b></td> <td>exercise, play (a sport) [LAUTAN ‘compete’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>luge</b></td> <td>bend [LUKA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lugn</b></td> <td>bend</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lune</b></td> <td>circle [LAUNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>luneşe</b></td> <td>ring [dim. of ‘circle’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>luraşr</b></td> <td>kiss [‘lip’ + -<i>aşr</i> ‘use’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lure</b></td> <td>lip [LEBRE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lurize</b></td> <td>dance [LAUBRISA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lurizic</b></td> <td>dancer</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lurizŕ</b></td> <td>dance [LAUBRISIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lutenec</b></td> <td>obtain, acquire, win [‘compete-have’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>luȥeşe</b></td> <td>departure [LAUDECA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>luȥn</b></td> <td>go; future auxiliary [LAUDAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ly</b></td> <td>glass [LEUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lygimn</b></td> <td>sway [*LUKIMAN ‘bend a little’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lyrn</b></td> <td>pour [LIBRAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lyşi</b></td> <td>meadow, glade [LUTIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lyşn</b></td> <td>miss, lack; run out [LUTIAN] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lyve</b></td> <td>(female) lover (unlike <i>sorece</i>, implies a sexual relationship)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lyvec</b></td> <td>love [LIUBEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lyvyn</b></td> <td>(male) lover</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lyvŕ</b></td> <td>love [LIUBOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mabole</b></td> <td><i>mafla</i>, Almean poppy [MAPOLA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>macre</b></td> <td>thin [MACRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>madele</b></td> <td>chamberpot [MATELLA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mage</b></td> <td>dough, pasta [MACO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>magile</b></td> <td>jaw [MAȞILA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>majne</b></td> <td>stomach [MAGNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>malionile</b></td> <td>venereal disease [reborrowing of MALIONILE ‘female illness’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mameni</b></td> <td>turkey [MAIMENIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>maçe</b></td> <td>mistress [MASCEIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>maçele</b></td> <td>butter [MACELO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>maçtane</b></td> <td>city [MACTANA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>maî</b></td> <td>maize [MAHINS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>male</b></td> <td>badly [MALA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ma<strike>l</strike>ne</b></td> <td>sick, ill [MALNES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mani</b></td> <td>hand (pl. -<i>u</i>) [MANUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>manudeşe</b></td> <td>help, assistance</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>manudn</b></td> <td>help, assist [*MANUDAN ‘give a hand’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>maşŕ</b></td> <td>master, overpower [MASCIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>me</b></td> <td>water (pl. <i>meȥe</i>) [MEIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meclŕ</b></td> <td>mix [MECLER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mecre</b></td> <td><i>meřa</i>, a type of herb [MEKRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mege</b></td> <td>one tenth of an hour [MEGUA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>megic</b></td> <td>not [dim. of <i>mege</i>; i.e. a moment]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melâce</b></td> <td>black [MELANKES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melâcn</b></td> <td>coal [MELANKOND]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melaşte</b></td> <td>best [MELASTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meli</b></td> <td>good [MELIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melic</b></td> <td>bee [MELIE + dim.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melisŕte</b></td> <td>good fortune [MELIS SUERTOS ‘good fate’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melisŕtre</b></td> <td>fortunate</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melnidn</b></td> <td>thank, be grateful [MAELNITAN] <br><i>Melnida </i>Thank you</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melnidile</b></td> <td>thanks, gratitude</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melozy</b></td> <td>honey [MELOSIOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>melŕ</b></td> <td>better [MELIOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>menenŕ</b></td> <td>wriggle [MENENER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mesi</b></td> <td>job, task [MEŤIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mêşe</b></td> <td>model (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [MENCA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meşme</b></td> <td>same [MESMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meşti</b></td> <td>field [MESTIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meşu</b></td> <td>half; a coin worth half a <i>glure </i>[METUIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>metn</b></td> <td>put [METTAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meûdn</b></td> <td>plow, till [MEHUNDEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meze</b></td> <td>son [MEĎOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mezŕe</b></td> <td>silence [MESURA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meȥe</b></td> <td>benevolent, wise; watery [MEISES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meȥede</b></td> <td>table; calculation grid [MEDETA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>meȥine</b></td> <td>natural; probable, typical [MEDINES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mi</b></td> <td>not [MIHIS ‘small spoon’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mic</b></td> <td>teaspoon; the Verdurian <i>mika</i> (.11 oz) [dim. of <i>mi</i>, originally ‘spoon’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mîde</b></td> <td>wave [MEINDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>midre</b></td> <td>mother [MIDRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mige</b></td> <td>mold, fungus [MICO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mîge</b></td> <td>mat (pl. <i>mîji</i>) [MINGA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mih</b></td> <td>you (plural— archaic) [MUȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mîjile</b></td> <td>paper (substance) [MINGILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mijŕune</b></td> <td>platinum [Kebreni <i>miźiruna</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>milaze</b></td> <td>meat [MILASO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>thousand [MIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>miô</b></td> <td>tablespoon; the Verdurian <i>miy</i> (.23 oz) [augm. of <i>mi</i>, originally ‘spoon’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Miranec</b></td> <td>Mëranac, god of fire [MIERANAC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mire</b></td> <td>fire [MIERA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>miri<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>correct, proper, true (= accurate) [MIHIRES + -<i>i<strike>l</strike></i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mirozy</b></td> <td>chimney [‘fire-thing’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mirtile</b></td> <td>blueberry [MIRTILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>miryn</b></td> <td>ktuvok [‘fire’ + -<i>yn</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mişe</b></td> <td>Mom [dim. of ‘mother’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mişci</b></td> <td>bag, sack (pl. <i>mişku</i>) [MISCU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mişi</b></td> <td>urine [MITIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mizn</b></td> <td>rejoice [MIĎEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>m<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>bad (adverb, <i>male</i>) [MAL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mode</b></td> <td>sheep (pl. <i>moşi</i>) [MOTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Mode</b></td> <td>a town in Ismahi [Meťaiun <i>Mogdo</i> ‘new city’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mohce</b></td> <td>clam [Kebreni <i>moḣca</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mole</b></td> <td>soft; nasalization diacritic [MOLLES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>moleni</b></td> <td>lightning [MOLENIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>môndn</b></td> <td>work [MONNAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mônile</b></td> <td>work [MONNILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mônîsn</b></td> <td>toil, work hard [MONNINSEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>môni</b></td> <td>hard-working [MONNIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>moşini</b></td> <td>hoe [MOTINUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>motŕ</b></td> <td>rot [MOTRIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>moȥe</b></td> <td>moth [MOLGA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mŕ</b></td> <td>ripe [MUR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Mŕâh</b></td> <td>Maranh, a legendary hero [MARANȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mŕe</b></td> <td>delay [MORA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mŕn</b></td> <td><i>v </i>delay </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mŕeȥe</b></td> <td>tuna [MOREIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mŕine</b></td> <td>boat [MURINA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mŕis</b></td> <td>carrot [MORUŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mŕje</b></td> <td>deathly [MORGES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mŕjn</b></td> <td>sink, immerse [MERGEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mŕsy</b></td> <td>beaver [MARSIO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mûde</b></td> <td>your (<i>archaic</i>) [MUNDES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mudra</b></td> <td>wise [MUDRAIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Mûhe</b></td> <td>Munkhâsh [MUNȞAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>muçe</b></td> <td>many [MUSCES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>muȥe</b></td> <td>danger, peril [MULGO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mu<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>blunt, dull [MUEL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mu<strike>l</strike>eşe</b></td> <td>bluntness, dullness</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>myşe</b></td> <td>sparrow [MUECA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nabreu</b></td> <td>captain (of a ship) [Keb.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>naçidn</b></td> <td>carry, bring [NACITAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>naçtn</b></td> <td>reign, preside [NACTAN ‘rule’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>naçtyn</b></td> <td>president </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>naçtynâde</b></td> <td>presidency</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nage</b></td> <td>foot (pl. <i>naji</i>) [NAGA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nagu</b></td> <td>manhood ceremony [NACUIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nagi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>adult [participle of <i>nagŕ</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nagile</b></td> <td>adulthood, manhood</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nagŕ</b></td> <td>undergo the <i>nagu</i>; become a man</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>najêse</b></td> <td>couch [NAGENSA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nape</b></td> <td>dregs, sediment [NAPPA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nebe</b></td> <td>grandson [NEPO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nebeȥe</b></td> <td>granddaughter</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Necŕyn</b></td> <td>Nečeron, the god of the market [NECŤERUON]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>neçte</b></td> <td>snow [NEICTE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>neje</b></td> <td>craft [NEGE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nen</b></td> <td>north [NAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nêjeşe</b></td> <td>sameness [NENGECA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nejine</b></td> <td>delicate [NEGINES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nese</b></td> <td>birth [NESSOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>neşe</b></td> <td>daughter (pl. <i>neȥe</i>) [NECA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>neşn</b></td> <td>enchant [NETUAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nezi</b></td> <td>island [NEZIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nezn</b></td> <td>be born [NEN] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ni</b></td> <td>someone [NIES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ni-</b></td> <td>somewhat (adjectivizer) [<i>ni</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>niçte</b></td> <td>smoke [NICTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nigeȥe</b></td> <td>never [NIKEDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>niguȥe</b></td> <td>nowhere [NIKUDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nimŕne</b></td> <td>presently, soon [‘(with) some delay’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>niri</b></td> <td>machine [NIRUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nîse</b></td> <td>nut [NINSOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nite</b></td> <td>no one [NIKTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nîte</b></td> <td>foam [NINTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nizic</b></td> <td>not [dim. of ‘nothing’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nizy</b></td> <td>nothing [NISIOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>niȥe</b></td> <td>nest [NIDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>niyn</b></td> <td>the knights who say <i>ni</i></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>no</b></td> <td>rain (pl. <i>nu</i>) [NOU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>noçti</b></td> <td>night [NOCTU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nodn</b></td> <td>swim [NOTAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>noic</b></td> <td>drizzle [dim. of ‘rain’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>noicŕ</b></td> <td>drizzle</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>noi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>rainy</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>noîsn</b></td> <td>storm, rain hard [NOINSER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nojn</b></td> <td>squeeze, press [NOGEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nome</b></td> <td>name [NOMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nomelu</b></td> <td>weather [NOUMELIAT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>noŕ</b></td> <td>rain [NOER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nosoni</b></td> <td>salmon [NOŤONIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>noze</b></td> <td>wedding [NOSOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>noŕȥe</b></td> <td>daughter-in-law [NOSERA; mod. based on <i>-ȥe</i> words]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>noȥi</b></td> <td>knot [NODU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nŕ</b></td> <td>holy [NIER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nŕâje</b></td> <td>orange [NARANGE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nŕe</b></td> <td>place [NAURE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nŕdeç </b></td> <td>ninety [NERDECT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nŕôde</b></td> <td>world [NAURONDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nŕone</b></td> <td>guild [NERONOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nŕŕ</b></td> <td>nourish, raise [NURIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nŕsani</b></td> <td>múrtany [NMURŤANIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nŕti </b></td> <td>ninth [NEBRIS, altered by analogy with <i>deçti</i> so as to differ from ‘nine’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nûc</b></td> <td>now; already [NUNC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nume</b></td> <td>direction (pl. <i>nymi</i>) [NUMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nure</b></td> <td>bed [NUBRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nuri</b></td> <td>nine [NEBRI]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nuric</b></td> <td>crib, cradle [dim. of ‘bed’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nuşce</b></td> <td>frost (pl. <i>nyçi</i>) [NUSCOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nyln</b></td> <td>wrap [NIULEN ‘curl’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nylne</b></td> <td>skirt [‘wrapping’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nyne</b></td> <td>maiden, young woman [Kebreni]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nytri</b></td> <td>seal, otter [NUTRIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nyze</b></td> <td>eager, determined [NUSISES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ô</b></td> <td>near, among, at the house of [ON] <br><i>ô Mŕiȥen </i>At Mŕiȥe’s house</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>obe</b></td> <td>wealth [OPOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>oblidn</b></td> <td>forget [OBLITAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ôce</b></td> <td>herd (pl. <i>ôko</i>) [ONCO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ogôȥŕ</b></td> <td>roast, broil [OGONDIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ogone</b></td> <td>flame [OGONOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ogonŕ</b></td> <td>burn [from <i>ogone</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>oh</b></td> <td>gold [OȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ohule</b></td> <td>the Verdurian <i>ořula</i> (small gold piece) [Ver.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ojire</b></td> <td>wing [OGIRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ôlaşn</b></td> <td>may, might, be probable [*ONLACEN ‘dwell near’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>oligi</b></td> <td>group [OLIGU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ôko</b></td> <td>shepherd (pl. <i>ôku</i>) [ONCOIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ôkoȥe</b></td> <td>shepherdess [ONCOIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Olaşci</b></td> <td>the god Olašu; the first month of spring (and of the year) [OLASCU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>olôtn</b></td> <td>feel bad, regret; <i>refl. </i>complain [OLONTAN ‘feel’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>oloşn</b></td> <td>become [OLOCAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>olŕ</b></td> <td>ponderous, pedantic [HOLIOR ‘thunderous, impressive’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>o<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>ear [OHEL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ômetn</b></td> <td>set out, set down, lay out; serve (food) [ONMETTAN ‘put near’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ontece</b></td> <td>scientific experiment, demonstration [Ver. <i>onteca</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>opŕ</b></td> <td>trick [OPSER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>orare</b></td> <td>color [reborrowing of ORARE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ôre</b></td> <td>shadow [HOMRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ôreli</b></td> <td>navel [OMRELIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>orenŕ</b></td> <td>judge, sit in judgment [OBRENIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ôri</b></td> <td>shadowy; grey </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ôrile</b></td> <td>wolf [‘the grey one’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>oşa</b></td> <td>shelter (pl. <i>-ȥe</i>) [OSCAIS ‘haven’] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ôtŕe</b></td> <td>morning [ONTERO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>oveli</b></td> <td>wild boar [OBELIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ovŕi</b></td> <td>prosperous [OFORIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ozi</b></td> <td>knob [OĎIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>oz<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>donkey (pl. <i>ozoli</i>) [HOSOL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>oȥi</b></td> <td>so, then; yes [ODIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pâdeç </b></td> <td>fifty [PANDECT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pah</b></td> <td>neighbor [PAIȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>paŕ</b></td> <td>four [PAHOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pâs</b></td> <td>five [PANŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pâte </b></td> <td>fifth [PANTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pave</b></td> <td>cart [PAVA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pavôde</b></td> <td>wagon [PAVONDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pa<strike>l</strike>te</b></td> <td>coat [PALTO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pe</b></td> <td>peace [PEOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pedec</b></td> <td>Ťt [PSETEC ‘burst’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pejŕ</b></td> <td>throw [PEGIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pelaşe</b></td> <td>pity [PEILAICA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pelâte</b></td> <td>Caďinorian coin [PELANTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pelazi</b></td> <td>nostril [PELASIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pele</b></td> <td>shovel [PELLA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>peleşme</b></td> <td>similar (to) [PELLESMES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>peln</b></td> <td>resemble [PELLAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>peni<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>preserves, jam [‘kept’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>penŕ</b></td> <td>store, keep [PENIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>perun</b></td> <td>million [Ver. <i>perun</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pesi</b></td> <td>false, fake [reborrowing of PSIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pêsŕ</b></td> <td>weigh [PENSER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pesŕe</b></td> <td>province [PEŤUERA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pete</b></td> <td>stove [PETTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pêtile</b></td> <td>song</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pêtn</b></td> <td>sing; play (an instrument) [PENTAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pe<strike>l</strike>bre</b></td> <td>bowl [PELBRO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pi</b></td> <td>everyone [PSIAT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pidêne</b></td> <td>always [‘every(one)’ + ‘day’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pidre</b></td> <td>rock [PIEDROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pigre</b></td> <td>lazy [PIGRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pigreşe</b></td> <td>laziness [PIGREICA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pilea</b></td> <td>moment, instant [PILEA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pîne</b></td> <td>fin [PINNA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pirn</b></td> <td>ferment [PIRAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pîse</b></td> <td>icëlan [PINSA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pişe</b></td> <td>dad [dim. of ‘father’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pitŕ</b></td> <td>drink [PITTIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pizy</b></td> <td>everything [<i>pi</i> from PSIES remodelled to match <i>sizy, nizy</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>piȥaşŕ</b></td> <td>blink [PILLATIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>piȥi</b></td> <td>eyelash [PILLIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>piȥŕ</b></td> <td>father [PIDOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>plazne</b></td> <td>gorse [PALAZNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pleştŕe</b></td> <td>history [PLESTURA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>plôbe</b></td> <td>lead (metal) [PLOMBOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>plŕn</b></td> <td>please [PLERAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>plŕeşe</b></td> <td>pleasure</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>p<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>floor (pl. <i>poli</i>) [POL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pode</b></td> <td>deep [POTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>polide</b></td> <td>ground; basis [POLITA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pomŕe</b></td> <td>story, tale [POMAURE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pone</b></td> <td>warrior [PONOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>poni<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>manly, warlike</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ponô</b></td> <td>macho man, stud</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>poşe</b></td> <td>goosedown [POSCA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prâde</b></td> <td>dinner [PRANDO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prâdenŕe</b></td> <td>dining room </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>praȥe</b></td> <td>honest [PRADES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pre</b></td> <td>before, in front of, until [PRED] <br><i>Luȥa sic leln şu pre zetŕn.</i> I won’t see her till tomorrow.</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>preȥŕŕ</b></td> <td>happen, take place; permit, allow [PREDURER ‘pass’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prege</b></td> <td>peach [PRECOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prendn</b></td> <td>take [PRENAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>preşŕ</b></td> <td>ask [PRECER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prije</b></td> <td>nasty, malevolent [PRIGES ‘vicious’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prire</b></td> <td>real, true (= the actual facts) [PRIRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prirôde</b></td> <td>reality, nature, the world [reborrowing of PRIRONDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pro</b></td> <td>for, in return for, in order to, because of [PRO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>proçi</b></td> <td>close, near [PROCIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>proçeşe</b></td> <td>closeness</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prorn</b></td> <td>guide [PROBREN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>proşŕ</b></td> <td>own, proper [PROCIOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prozile</b></td> <td>street [PROSILA] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>prozn</b></td> <td>walk [PROSAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pryçi</b></td> <td>inn [PRUCIS ‘way-station’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pryçyn</b></td> <td>innkeeper [PRUCION]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕ</b></td> <td>hunger [PSUR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕcetn</b></td> <td>why [‘for what’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕçte</b></td> <td>pigeon [PERICTA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕene</b></td> <td>mountain [PARENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕile</b></td> <td>bet [PARILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕn</b></td> <td>watch, observe; notice [PSERAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕe</b></td> <td>green onion [PORRO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕŕ</b></td> <td>bet [PARIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕsi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>parsley [PERSIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕşe</b></td> <td>dust [PUR + dim. (to avoid conflict with ‘hunger’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕu</b></td> <td>first [PERUES] <br><i>pŕu denŕyn </i>(chief) secretary</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕuşe</b></td> <td>but [late Caď. PERUCA ‘rather’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕûte</b></td> <td>marble [PORUNTE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕve</b></td> <td>minor, unimportant [PARVES ‘small’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pŕyn</b></td> <td>(chief) secretary, executive assistant [abbreviation of <i>pŕu denŕyn</i> ‘first clerk’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pude</b></td> <td>well (for water) [PUTO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pugn</b></td> <td>end, finish [PUGAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pule</b></td> <td>ball [PULA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pu<strike>l</strike>mone</b></td> <td>lung [PULMONOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pu<strike>l</strike>ne</b></td> <td>skin [POLNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pu<strike>l</strike>neri</b></td> <td>naked <br><i>pu<strike>l</strike>neri najis</i> barefoot</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pun</b></td> <td>push [PUHAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>puze</b></td> <td>flea [PUSA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>puȥe</b></td> <td>everywhere [PSUDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pygi</b></td> <td>weak (after exertion) [PUȞIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pyş</b></td> <td>little, small [PUŤIES + dim.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ra</b></td> <td>shelf (pl. <i>rau</i>) [RAIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>râde</b></td> <td>frog [RANDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rah</b></td> <td>crab (pl. <i>ragi</i>) [RAIȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>raçni</b></td> <td>thigh [RACNIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rasi</b></td> <td>punt, flatboat [RAŤIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>raşŕ</b></td> <td>have sex [RASCIR ‘entertain’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rave</b></td> <td>justice [RAVOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>raȥî</b></td> <td>mind (intellectual portion of soul) [RADUM]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>raȥŕ</b></td> <td>shave [RADIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Raȥumi</b></td> <td>Raizumi, the capital of Ismahi [Monkhayic <i>Raisami </i>‘pine land’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rêleln</b></td> <td>date (a woman) [‘see habitually’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rêlelile</b></td> <td>date, rendez-vous; ‘re-seeing’, occasion of meeting again <br><i>Tre rêlelile, Tre rê’le </i>Goodbye </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rêluȥeşe</b></td> <td>return, returning</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rêluȥn</b></td> <td>go back; frequent (a place) [‘go again’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rêȥujia</b></td> <td>the desire to return; nostalgia; a genre of guitar songs [‘back-longing’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reme</b></td> <td>oar [REMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>remŕ</b></td> <td>row [REMIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rene</b></td> <td>again [RENES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>res</b></td> <td>Ť [REŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reslŕ</b></td> <td>sow [RESLIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>resleȥe</b></td> <td>sowing; second month of spring</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reşcylŕ</b></td> <td>harvest [RESCULLIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reşkuleşe</b></td> <td>harvest; third month of summer</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rêşn</b></td> <td>meet [RENCAEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rêşpagn</b></td> <td>repeat; rehearse (a play or a lesson) [‘say again’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rêştandn</b></td> <td>return [‘come again’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reze</b></td> <td>official (of a government), steward, manager (in a business or household—not the owner, but one who holds responsibility) [RAEĎOS ‘servant’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reȥe</b></td> <td>granny [abbr. of <i>ureȥe</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reȥâte</b></td> <td>girls’ adulthood ceremony [nom. of RED- ‘instruct’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reȥâti<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>adult <i>(of women)</i> [participle of <i>reȥâtn</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reȥâtile</b></td> <td>(female) adulthood, womanhood</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>reȥâtn</b></td> <td>undergo the adulthood ceremony; become a woman</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ri</b></td> <td>costly [RIES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ridŕ</b></td> <td>laugh [RIDRIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rieh</b></td> <td>mirror [Ver. <i>rihë</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rigile</b></td> <td>a sight [RIȞILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rigîsn </b></td> <td>stare [RIȞINSAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rign</b></td> <td>look [RIȞAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rih</b></td> <td>speed [RUȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rimiȥe</b></td> <td>emerald [RIMIDE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rize</b></td> <td>grain [RISOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rizûdn</b></td> <td>draw [RISUNDEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>riȥŕ</b></td> <td>smile [RIDIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>roge</b></td> <td>horn (of animal) [ROGOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>roji</b></td> <td>crazy [ROGIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>roŕ</b></td> <td>twist, twirl [ROHIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>roşe</b></td> <td>epic (pl. <i>roçi</i>) [ROCCA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rudŕe</b></td> <td>temperament [mod. Caď. RUDORA ‘collection of raw materials’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rulêse</b></td> <td>kitchen [‘cook’ + -<i>êse</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ruln</b></td> <td>cook [RAULAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rulyn</b></td> <td>cook [‘cooker’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rume</b></td> <td>count [RUEMA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ruȥe</b></td> <td>raw materials; ore [RUDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rusŕ</b></td> <td>excuse, pardon, forgive [RUŤER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ryde</b></td> <td>ice [RIOTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rydile</b></td> <td>dessert made with fruit syrup, liquor, and shaved ice [‘ice’ + nom.] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ryhri</b></td> <td>fast [RUȞRIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ryjide</b></td> <td>red [RUGITES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕ</b></td> <td>south [AER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕ</b></td> <td>and [ER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕa</b></td> <td>fief, estate; feudal duty (pl. <i>ŕau</i>) [ORAIS ‘obligation’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕane</b></td> <td>source [ARANOS ‘cradle’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕaçni</b></td> <td>spider [ARACNIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕâde</b></td> <td>eighteen [ORANDA, from Meťaiun]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕaȥi</b></td> <td>bird [URADUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕbe</b></td> <td>tree [ARBOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕce</b></td> <td>log [URKOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕceşe</b></td> <td>bow [ARCOS + dim., but now analyzed as ‘small log’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕe</b></td> <td>clay, earth [HUROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕede</b></td> <td>down to earth, practical [adj. of ‘clay’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕegi</b></td> <td>truly, indeed [ORA ‘truly’ + adverbial -<i>gi</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕeh</b></td> <td>lesson, class (pl. <i>ŕegi</i>) [UREȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕeme</b></td> <td>shallow [EREMES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕeneşe</b></td> <td>purgative, enema [EREINECA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕesle</b></td> <td>cranberry [ERESLOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕeşti</b></td> <td>man [URESTU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕhune</b></td> <td>countryside [RURA + ‘land’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕi</b></td> <td>round [ORIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕige</b></td> <td>long bean; the diacritic i used in ŕ (ŕ) [HARICO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>vassal [‘one who owes (a feudal duty)’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕini</b></td> <td>lamb [ARINIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕize</b></td> <td>mortal [‘of clay’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕjête</b></td> <td>silver [ARGENTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕn</b></td> <td>owe (as a feudal duty) [back-formation from <i>ŕa</i> ‘fief’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕone</b></td> <td>eagle [UERONOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Ŕôteȥn</b></td> <td>Oruseon, god of wisdom [ORUSEION]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕsô</b></td> <td>bear (animal) [URSOS + augm.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕte</b></td> <td>toe [HORTO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕtegaŕde</b></td> <td>bunion [‘toe-swelling’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕteşe</b></td> <td>flower [IORTA + dim.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕuln</b></td> <td>despoil, rob [HURULAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕune</b></td> <td>the heavens [URAUNA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Ŕuȥŕ</b></td> <td>Eärdur river [ERAUDOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕuȥŕe</b></td> <td>strange, unusual [‘of the Eärdur’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Ŕvilea</b></td> <td>Caď. emperor Ervëa [AERIVILEAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕzi</b></td> <td>also, even <i>(precedes word modified)</i> [‘and that’] <br><i>Ŕzi sa lela </i>I see that too <br><i>Eliri ŕzi î Raȥumin </i>He also lived in Raizumi</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕzigi</b></td> <td>even (like <i>ŕzi</i> but expresses more surprise) <br><i>Ŕzigi sa lela tode </i>Even I see that</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕȥi</b></td> <td>spell, curse [ERDIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ŕȥiȥe</b></td> <td>witch [ERDITIS, mod. by analogy with other fem. words]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sabli</b></td> <td>sand [SABLIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>saçne</b></td> <td>pine (the emblem of Ismahi); a large gold coin of Ismahi, worth 3 <i>sasavu</i> [SACNA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sadre</b></td> <td>genuine SAUDRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Saikn</b></td> <td>capital of Azgami</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>salesŕ</b></td> <td>feel, experience [SALEŤIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sane</b></td> <td>left-handed [ŤAHINES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sâne</b></td> <td>lord [SANNO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sâneȥe</b></td> <td>lady</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sasavi</b></td> <td>the great tufted owl (<i>hupibu</i>); a small Ismaîn gold coin with its image, worth 1/3 <i>saçne</i> [SAŤAE HIBU ‘owl of the tuft’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sase</b></td> <td>tuft (of grass or hair)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>saş</b></td> <td>through, using, by, all the way till [SAS] <br><i>saş abajen</i> with a knife <br><i>Saş êdŕn! </i>By Enäron! <br><i>Ebe leştn saş zetŕn.</i> He could talk till tomorrow.</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>savn</b></td> <td>soap [SABUND]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>savnozy</b></td> <td>tallow [‘soap-thing’. Note that Caď. ‘soap’ derives from SABOS ‘tallow’!]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>saȥe</b></td> <td>dirty [SALGES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>saȥu</b></td> <td>prince [SADUES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>saȥuȥe</b></td> <td>princess [SADUA, interpreted as SADUIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>se</b></td> <td>I [SEO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sea</b></td> <td>woman (pl. <i>sei</i>) [SAEA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>seclŕe</b></td> <td>insect [SETECLOROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>segli</b></td> <td>rye [SEGLIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>selede</b></td> <td>light [SELETA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sen</b></td> <td>dream [SON]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ses</b></td> <td>jewel [Kebreni <i>seṫ</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sese</b></td> <td>silk [SEŤA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>seslines</b></td> <td>turquoise [‘nobleman’s jewel’, because it could once be worn only by nobles]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>seşaşŕe</b></td> <td>century [SECAŤORA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sete</b></td> <td>fence [SAEPTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sezi</b></td> <td>dry [SESIES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>seşes</b></td> <td>hundred [SECAŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sic</b></td> <td><i>adv </i>not; <i>n </i>a little thing [<i>si-</i> from ‘something’ etc. + dim.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>siçte</b></td> <td>forge, smithy [SICTO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>siçtyn</b></td> <td>smith [‘forger’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sidêne</b></td> <td>sometime [<i>si-</i> from ‘something’ etc. + ‘day’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sidŕ</b></td> <td>immediate [SITER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sigeȥi</b></td> <td>somewhere [ŤIKEDIE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sigi</b></td> <td>quiet [ŤIȞIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sili</b></td> <td>grace [SIELIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>siliri</b></td> <td>wheel [SILIRUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>silize</b></td> <td>graceful</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>si<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>alone, unique [SUL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>si<strike>l</strike>ve</b></td> <td>forest [SILVA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>simire</b></td> <td>poor [SIMIRES ‘humble’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>simole</b></td> <td>resin [SIMOLA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sinŕe</b></td> <td>mother-in-law [SINERA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sişi</b></td> <td>nonsense [ŤITU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sivelŕ</b></td> <td>whistle [SIBELIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sizri</b></td> <td>serpent, snake [SIĎRIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sizy</b></td> <td>something [ŤISIOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>siȥâte</b></td> <td>offer [SIDANTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>siȥi</b></td> <td>thirsty [SIDIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>siȥŕ</b></td> <td>offer [SIDER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>slive</b></td> <td>egg white, semen [SLIVOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>snuşn</b></td> <td>obey [SNUCAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sôce</b></td> <td>juice (pl. <i>sôko</i>) [SONCO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>soclŕ</b></td> <td>prick, stab [SOCLIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sogu<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>falcon, hawk (pl. <i>sogoli</i>) [SOKUOL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sondn</b></td> <td>dream [SONAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sôse</b></td> <td>earth, ground, soil [SONSOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sôsŕe</b></td> <td>earthly; brown</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sore</b></td> <td>romance, affair, courtship [Ver. <i>fsora</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sorea</b></td> <td>a romantic song</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sorŕ</b></td> <td>romance, court, woo [Ver. <i>fsorer</i> ‘carry on an affair’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sorec</b></td> <td>boyfriend, admirer (unlike <i>lyvyn</i>, doesn’t imply sex)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sorece</b></td> <td>girlfriend, admirer</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sorne</b></td> <td>lovely, loveable, attractive</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sŕ</b></td> <td>east [SAR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sŕ</b></td> <td>on, on top of [SUHER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sŕe</b></td> <td>cheese [SIURO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Sŕea</b></td> <td>Serea river [SERAEA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sŕi</b></td> <td>mouse [SURIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Sŕnŕe</b></td> <td>Sarnáe [SARNAURE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sŕte</b></td> <td>fate [SUERTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>su</b></td> <td>none [SUIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suamŕede</b></td> <td>disrespectful</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>subuz</b></td> <td>only, just (before a noun, takes dat.) [‘not without’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sudâde</b></td> <td>robe, dress [SUTANDA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sudâşe</b></td> <td>skirt [dim. of ‘dress’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sude</b></td> <td>hall [SAUTE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sudêne</b></td> <td>never [‘no day’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sudre</b></td> <td>court (of law) [SUDROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sugŕsi</b></td> <td>branch [SUCURSUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sule</b></td> <td>young [SULES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sulele</b></td> <td>blind [‘no see’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suleȥe</b></td> <td>youth [SULEIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>su<strike>l</strike>re</b></td> <td>solitary [SULRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sumŕŕ</b></td> <td>study [SUMERIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sumŕne</b></td> <td>earlier [‘no delay’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>supraȥe</b></td> <td>dishonest </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suŕ</b></td> <td>part [ŤUOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sus</b></td> <td>six [SUEST]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suşdeç </b></td> <td>sixty [SUESDECT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suşpage</b></td> <td>mute [‘no speak’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suşte </b></td> <td>sixth [SUESTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suȥe</b></td> <td>sweat [SUDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suŕȥe</b></td> <td>sister [SAUDARA, influenced by -ȥe words]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suvŕ</b></td> <td>cork [SUBER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suzize</b></td> <td>difficult</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>suzizeȥe</b></td> <td>difficulty</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sydŕ</b></td> <td>decide (legally), sentence, pronounce, order [SUDRIR ‘judge, decide’] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>syli</b></td> <td>breeze [ŤULIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>syme</b></td> <td>fur [SIOME]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>sype</b></td> <td>hat [SIOPPA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>syȥŕ</b></td> <td><i>v </i>sweat [SUDIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa</b></td> <td>they [CAI]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şadavi</b></td> <td>friendship [SCATABIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şadrn</b></td> <td>ride [SCADRAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şagâte</b></td> <td>vagina [SCAGANTOS ‘emptiness’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şâh</b></td> <td>ham [SCANȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şaji</b></td> <td>empty [SCAGIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şale</b></td> <td>heat; the second month of summer [CALO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şalene</b></td> <td>fortress [CALENOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şaleȥe</b></td> <td>air [SCALEIA ‘breath’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şaln</b></td> <td>breathe [SCALEAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Şalodeȥn</b></td> <td>Caloton, the sun god [CALOTEION]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şalone</b></td> <td>the fourth day of the week, calten [‘Caloton’s day’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa<strike>l</strike>ce</b></td> <td>heel (pl. <i>şa<strike>l</strike>ko</i>) [CALCO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa<strike>l</strike>çeȥe</b></td> <td>shoe [CALCEIO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa<strike>l</strike>çime</b></td> <td>knuckle [CALCIMA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa<strike>l</strike>ne</b></td> <td>hot [CALNES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa<strike>l</strike>nea</b></td> <td>broth, hot soup</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa<strike>l</strike>nic</b></td> <td>warm [‘hot’ + dim.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa<strike>l</strike>pŕ</b></td> <td>revere [CALPIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa<strike>l</strike>te</b></td> <td>hide, fur, skin (of an animal) [SCALTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şa<strike>l</strike>tuge</b></td> <td>rubber [CALTUCO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şamea</b></td> <td>bench, stool (pl. -<i>ei</i>) [SCAMEA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şami</b></td> <td>shirt, tunic [CAMIS ‘drapery’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şâne</b></td> <td>district [SCANNA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şasi</b></td> <td>helmet [CASSIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şasic</b></td> <td>shell [dim. of ‘helmet’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şaştane</b></td> <td>chestnut [CASTANA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şaze</b></td> <td>corner [CASOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Şazine</b></td> <td>the Caďinorian empire [CAĎINAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Şazinŕ</b></td> <td>the Caďinor language [CAĎINOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şaȥŕ</b></td> <td>order, command [CADIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şaȥeȥe</b></td> <td>order, command [CADEIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şcŕmaȥe</b></td> <td>disease, disorder [ISCORUMAIA ‘disharmony’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şebe</b></td> <td>chain [CAEPOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şebile</b></td> <td>link (in a chain) [from <i>şebe</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şeln</b></td> <td>would [CAELAN ‘suppose’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şemişe</b></td> <td><i>cemisa, </i>unit of distance (1000 <i>şimi</i>, =~ .75 km) [CAEMICA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şeŕe</b></td> <td>palace [SCEHIRA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şesu</b></td> <td>meal [CAEŤUE ‘feast’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şevole</b></td> <td>onion [CAEBOLO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şeȥec</b></td> <td>practice [CAEDEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şi</b></td> <td>he, she, it [TU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şib<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>horse [TIPEL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şiçtn</b></td> <td>tickle [TICTEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şijeze</b></td> <td>cactus [TIGESA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>each [TIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şime</b></td> <td><i>n </i>pace, step; measure =~ .75 m; <i>adv </i>not [TIMA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şimŕe</b></td> <td>council [TIAMORA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şin</b></td> <td>oak (pl. <i>şûdi</i>) [TUND]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şine</b></td> <td>plate, dish; (colloq.) meal [TINE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şip</b></td> <td>dumb, mute [TUP]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şirene</b></td> <td>prudent [TIRENES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şirn</b></td> <td>elephant (pl. <i>şirôȥi</i>) [TIROND]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şisi</b></td> <td>palm [TIEŤUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şişte</b></td> <td>pure [TISTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şitne</b></td> <td>fourth [TIETNES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şizi</b></td> <td>sharp, pointy [TISIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şiȥeç </b></td> <td>forty [TIEDECT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ş<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>between [CAEL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şoh</b></td> <td>a Verdurian duke [Ver. <i>šoh</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕ</b></td> <td>pure, righteous, saintly (cf. <i>elustre</i>) [CEOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕ</b></td> <td>male (perceived as a sense of the above word, though etymologically distinct) [CER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>-şŕ</b></td> <td>port (semantic element found only in place names) [CAER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕâde</b></td> <td>fountain [TUORANDA] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕame</b></td> <td>shame [CERAMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕâte</b></td> <td>purity, righteousness, saintliness</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕave</b></td> <td>seashell [CERAVA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕe</b></td> <td>pear [TURA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕeve</b></td> <td>beer [SCEREVES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕn</b></td> <td>flow; cry [TUORAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕne</b></td> <td>hinge, axis [SCERNO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şŕre</b></td> <td>square [CARROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şuane</b></td> <td>pot [TUANA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şuge</b></td> <td>lizard [CAUȞOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şuje</b></td> <td>stiff, rigid [TUGES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şujêdec</b></td> <td>starch [TUGENDEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şume</b></td> <td>holiday [CAUMA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şura</b></td> <td>chant, song (pl. -<i>ȥe</i>) [CABRAIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şuşe</b></td> <td>spot, dot (pl. <i>-çe</i>) [TUCA] <br><i>tuçe </i>pox </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şuşte</b></td> <td>frequent [TUSTES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şuze</b></td> <td>shit [TUZA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şyme</b></td> <td>plague [TIUMA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şyrec</b></td> <td>hurt, be painful</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şyri</b></td> <td>pain [TIBRIS] <br><i>kû şyrin </i>barely, at great cost</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>şyzile</b></td> <td>mud [TUSILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tâbe</b></td> <td>lump [TAMBO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tâde</b></td> <td>ablative of <i>te</i> ‘we’ [TANDES ‘our’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tagene</b></td> <td>battle [TAKENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>taji</b></td> <td>dynasty [TAGIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tale</b></td> <td>brave [TAILES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>talêse</b></td> <td>cover, covering [‘cover’ + -<i>êse</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>taleȥe</b></td> <td>waist [TALEIO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>taln</b></td> <td>cover [PTALAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>talô</b></td> <td>such, so, to that extent [TAL + augm.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tapre</b></td> <td><i>n </i>drop; <i>adv </i>not [TAPROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>taprn</b></td> <td>drip [TAPREN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>taşce</b></td> <td>cup (pl. <i>taçi</i>) [TASCOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>taze</b></td> <td>bay [TASOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tazimŕşe</b></td> <td>magnet (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [TASIMURCA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>te</b></td> <td>we [TAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tecreşme</b></td> <td>solid, constant [TEKRESMES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>teçni</b></td> <td>narrow [TECNIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>teçtec</b></td> <td>lick [TECTEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>têdeç </b></td> <td>thirty [TMEDECT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tege</b></td> <td>trunk (of tree or man) [TEIȞO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tegŕ</b></td> <td>stand [TEKER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tehrn</b></td> <td>sculpt [TEȞREN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tehrec</b></td> <td>sculptor</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tele</b></td> <td>rib [TEILA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>te<strike>l</strike>ndn</b></td> <td>find [dynamic sense of TELNEN ‘seek’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>te<strike>l</strike>nile</b></td> <td>valuable [TELNILES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>temŕe</b></td> <td>third [TMERES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tene</b></td> <td>plan [PTENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tenec</b></td> <td>have, obtain [TENEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tênu</b></td> <td>port, harbor [Kebreni <i>temnu</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tes</b></td> <td>ablative of <i>şi</i> ‘he, she, it’ [TOŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tese</b></td> <td>tip; nipple [TEŤOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>teşe</b></td> <td>hammer (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [TAECA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>teşŕe</b></td> <td>pile, heap (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [TESCA + -<i>ŕe</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>teȥeç</b></td> <td>twenty [PTEDECT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tie<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>(mathematical) point [reborrowing of TIEL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tihede</b></td> <td>anchor [Keb. <i>tiḣeda</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tiplybe</b></td> <td>wig [Ver. <i>tiplüba</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>t<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>west [TEL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tobe</b></td> <td>mole [TOPOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>toce</b></td> <td>element [reborrowing of PTOCOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>toçe</b></td> <td>enough; abundant [TOSCES] <br><i>toçegi </i>(adv.) enough, rather, quite</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>toçeȥe</b></td> <td>abundance [TOSCEIO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>toçn</b></td> <td>abound, teem [TOSCEN ‘be enough, abound’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tôbŕ</b></td> <td>fall, drop [TOMBIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>todŕe</b></td> <td>manservant [TOTAUROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>todŕeȥe</b></td> <td>maidservant</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>todŕsyli</b></td> <td>servile</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tone</b></td> <td>rice [TONOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>toşea</b></td> <td>scarf [Ver. <i>toššeya</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>toume</b></td> <td>slot, niche [TOUMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>trâçn</b></td> <td>cut [TRANCEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>trafi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>weft [TRASFIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>trajn</b></td> <td>drag [TRAGEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>travâte</b></td> <td>empire [ATRABANTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>trave</b></td> <td>grass [TRAVA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>traveȥe</b></td> <td>empress [ATRABIES + fem. ending to differ from ‘grass’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>travyn</b></td> <td>emperor [ATRABION]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>traze</b></td> <td>too (much) [*TRASA, adverb form of TRAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tre</b></td> <td>across, over, beyond; until [TRAS] <br><i>Tre zetŕn</i> Till tomorrow</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>trê</b></td> <td>axe (pl. <i>trôse</i>) [TRONS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tremŕne</b></td> <td>later [‘after a delay’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>trene</b></td> <td>turtle [TRENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>treple</b></td> <td>clover [TREPLOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>trogn</b></td> <td>touch [TROGAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tromŕ</b></td> <td>fool, trick [TROMIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>troȥe</b></td> <td>sow (female pig) [TROIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>truȥn</b></td> <td>graze [TRAUDAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tŕ</b></td> <td>either [TAR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tŕde</b></td> <td>slow [TARDES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tŕe</b></td> <td>second [PTORES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tŕse</b></td> <td>all [TERSES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tŕşn</b></td> <td>pluck; grab (small things) [late *TROCEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tŕyvâte</b></td> <td>trade, commerce</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tŕyveu</b></td> <td>trader, merchant [Keb. <i>toryveu</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tŕyvn</b></td> <td>trade [Keb. <i>toryvau</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tugece</b></td> <td>arthritis [reborrowing of TUGECA ‘stiffness’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>turn</b></td> <td>strike, forge [TAUBREN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>turêse</b></td> <td>slang term for a sword, or for the Ismaîn silver <i>glure</i> [‘striker’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ubi</b></td> <td>tight [HAUPIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ugŕ</b></td> <td>squash [UGOR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ugŕbŕ</b></td> <td>insult [UCORBIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ûje</b></td> <td>nail, claw [UNGE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ulede</b></td> <td>stair, step [ULETA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>u<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>old [UIL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>u<strike>l</strike>ô</b></td> <td>ox (pl. <i>oli</i>) [UHOL + augm.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>u<strike>l</strike>ve</b></td> <td>nose [OLVOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ume</b></td> <td>tub [HUMO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>umeşe</b></td> <td>basin [dim. of ‘tub’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>uçt<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>jar, bottle [UCTAL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ure</b></td> <td>grandfather [ABRO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ureȥe</b></td> <td>grandmother (often abbreviated to <i>reȥe</i>)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ûse</b></td> <td>sweet [UNSES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>uȥec</b></td> <td>brother-in-law (pl. -<i>çi</i>) [ULGEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>va</b></td> <td>voice (pl. <i>vu</i>) [VUA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vagi</b></td> <td>shrine, holy place (in town) [VACUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vagŕe</b></td> <td>altar [VACURES ‘holy of holies’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vâje</b></td> <td>cheek [VANGE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vajŕ</b></td> <td>wound [VAGIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vanec</b></td> <td>rule, govern [Keb. <i>vanu</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vanâte</b></td> <td>government, rule </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vaneu</b></td> <td>ruler, governor [Keb. <i>vaneu</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vaze</b></td> <td>shapely; fine-lined, elegant [VAĎES ‘delicate’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vazŕe</b></td> <td>shapeliness; fineness or elegance of line [VAĎORA ‘delicacy’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vease</b></td> <td>generosity [VEHAŤA ‘charity’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>veasere</b></td> <td>generous</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>veji</b></td> <td>plant [VEGIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vele</b></td> <td>uncle (pl. -<i>u</i>) [VELAIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>velaşr</b></td> <td>abduct a woman without her father’s consent; elope [from ‘steal’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>velaȥe</b></td> <td>aunt [VELAIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>veln</b></td> <td>steal [VELEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vemene</b></td> <td>poison [VEMENO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vên</b></td> <td>deer (pl. <i>vêȥi</i>) [VEHEND]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>venŕe</b></td> <td>bulge [VENERA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vesŕn</b></td> <td>travel [VEŤURAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vêşŕ</b></td> <td>conquer [VENCIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Veŕi</b></td> <td>Vlerë, goddess of love [VEHARIES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>veŕişe</b></td> <td>the planet Vlerëi; the first month of summer [<i>Veŕi</i> + nominalizer]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vetre</b></td> <td>foul, filthy [VETRES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vijiln</b></td> <td>wait [VIGILEN ‘watch for’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>viôde</b></td> <td>lyre [VIONDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vireh</b></td> <td>enemy (pl. <i>viragi</i>) [VIRAȞ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>virni</b></td> <td>loyal [VIRNIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vişe</b></td> <td>wine (pl. -<i>çe</i>) [VINOS + dim.]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vitre</b></td> <td>evening [VIETROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vizi</b></td> <td>cherry [VISIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>viȥi</b></td> <td>pitchfork [VILLIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>voi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>messenger [‘sent’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>voŕ</b></td> <td>send [VOHIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>voşn</b></td> <td>invoke [VOCAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vŕase</b></td> <td>boar (male pig) [VERAŤOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vŕeȥe</b></td> <td>green [VEREDES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Vŕeȥŕea</b></td> <td>Verduria [VEREDURIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vŕeȥŕên</b></td> <td><i>adj. </i>Verdurian</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vulŕ</b></td> <td>want [VOLIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vyçte</b></td> <td>elemental spirit [VIOCTA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>vyro</b></td> <td>sailor [Kebreni <i>vyreu</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ycri </b></td> <td>eighth [IOCRIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yçi</b></td> <td>eight [IOCI]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yge</b></td> <td>mead [IUEȞOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yle</b></td> <td>knee [IAULO]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yli</b></td> <td>way, means [IULIS] <br><i>î ylin çeples </i>in the way of a virgin, like a virgin</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ylime</b></td> <td>testicle [Caď. dim. of IOHILA ‘jewel’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ylu</b></td> <td>custom, tradition [‘ways’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ylure</b></td> <td>customary, traditional</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ymête</b></td> <td>mare [IUMENTA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yne</b></td> <td>female (used only with animal names and professions) [IONES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yneȥe</b></td> <td>female [<i>yne</i> + fem. suffix]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yŕi</b></td> <td>winter [HIBRERIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yve</b></td> <td>mane, crest [IUBA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yzi</b></td> <td>mercy [IOSU]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yzŕ</b></td> <td>provide [IUSIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>yȥeç </b></td> <td>eighty [IODECT]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zâ</b></td> <td>plural reflexive pronoun [ZAHAM]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zadri</b></td> <td>meaning [ZADRIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zage</b></td> <td>wind [ĎAIKOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zame</b></td> <td>mistake, error [ĎAMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zamŕ</b></td> <td>err, make a mistake [ĎAMIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zâne</b></td> <td>wool [ĎANNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zaneme</b></td> <td>velvet [Ver. <i>ďaneme</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zaşce</b></td> <td>purse (pl. <i>zaçi</i>) [ĎASCOS ‘small bag’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zaşe</b></td> <td>omen [ĎAITOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zegn</b></td> <td>pinch [ZEȞEN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zeleȥi</b></td> <td>therefore [<i>zes lele ȥi</i> ‘it is seen that...’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zêne</b></td> <td>sign [ZENNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zes</b></td> <td>singular reflexive pronoun [ZEŤ]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zetŕ</b></td> <td>tomorrow [ZEPTER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zeȥige</b></td> <td>tangle [ZEDIGA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zeȥigŕ</b></td> <td>tangle [ZEDIGER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zi</b></td> <td>sea (pl. <i>-ȥe</i>) [ZIEIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ziec</b></td> <td>race [Ver. <i>ďiec</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ziecnŕe</b></td> <td>racetrack [partial translation of Ver. <i>ďiecnáe</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zige</b></td> <td>berry [ZIȞE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zis</b></td> <td>wicked [ZUŤ] </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zisŕi</b></td> <td>octopus [from SEORIS ‘octopus’, ‘sea’ added to diff. from ‘mouse’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zi<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>smooth [ĎUL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zin</b></td> <td>two [ĎUN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zite<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>highway; esp. the Valley Highway crossing Ismahi [Ver. <i>ďitel</i> ‘road’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zize</b></td> <td>easy [ĎIESES ‘straight, smooth’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zizeȥe</b></td> <td>ease, easiness</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>z<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>strong [ZOL]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zo</b></td> <td>frown (pl. <i>zoi</i>) [ĎUOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zoclisi</b></td> <td>priest [AIĎOCLIŤUS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zomile</b></td> <td>stone [ĎOMILE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zomize</b></td> <td>strong, determined [ĎOMISES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zône</b></td> <td>year [ZONNOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zovâte</b></td> <td>sorcery [ZOBANTOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zŕ</b></td> <td>door [ĎER]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zŕe</b></td> <td>flatbread [ZEROS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zule</b></td> <td>joy [ZULA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zume</b></td> <td>gate [ZUEMOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zurn</b></td> <td>harm [ĎEBRAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥi</b></td> <td><i>conj </i>that [DIA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥiçene</b></td> <td>gums [DICENA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥiçtone</b></td> <td>mustard [DICTONOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥide</b></td> <td>baby (pl. <i>ȥişi</i>) [DITOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥîge</b></td> <td>melon (pl. <i>ȥiji</i>) [DINGA]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥin</b></td> <td>three [DIN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥise</b></td> <td>time (pl. <i>ȥisa</i>) [DIŤAS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥitri</b></td> <td>idiot, moron [DITRIS ‘gentle, innocent’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥitri<strike>l</strike></b></td> <td>idiotic, moronic</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥizn</b></td> <td>hate [DISAN]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥŕ</b></td> <td>hard, difficult [DUR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥŕi</b></td> <td>tooth [DURRIS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥŕn</b></td> <td>play, have fun [child-talk for <i>aȥurn</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥŕozy</b></td> <td>toy [‘plaything’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥuge</b></td> <td>steam [DUȞE]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥujia</b></td> <td>desire, longing</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥujŕ</b></td> <td>desire, long for [DUGER ‘desire, covet’]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥumec</b></td> <td>think [DUMEC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥunala<strike>l</strike>de</b></td> <td>planet [DUNALALDOS]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥûnic</b></td> <td>page [DUNA ‘chapter’ + diminutive]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥuşc</b></td> <td>rudder (pl. <i>ȥyçi</i>) [DUSC]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥusni</b></td> <td>lace [Ver. <i>žusni</i>]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥyşŕ</b></td> <td>steer [DUCIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥyzi</b></td> <td>fragrant, sweet-smelling [DUSIES]</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>ȥyzŕ</b></td> <td>be fragrant, smell good [DUSIER]</td></tr>
</table>
<p>
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