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<HTML> <HEAD><TITLE>English words from India</TITLE></HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR="#C09060"><IMG Align=Top SRC="illo/indian.jpg"> <H2>English words from India</H2> <br><i>An addition to my similar pages on words from <a href="chinawords.html">Chinese</a>, <a href="arabic.html">Arabic</a> and <A HREF="indianwd.html">Amerindian languages</a>. The main sources are the OED and the AHD. Any word from the subcontinent is fair game, but not Persia. <p>Language family color-coding: <font color="#0000ff">Indo-European</font>; <font color="#ff0000">Dravidian</font>; <font color="#605030">Semitic</font>; <font color="#ff00ff">Sino-Tibetan</font>; <font color="#ffff00">Austronesian</font>; <font color="#C0C0FF">Altaic</font>; <font color="#008000">Japanese</font>. <p>--M.R.</i> <hr> <br> <br><b>anaconda</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sinhalese</font> <i>henakandayā </i>perhaps ← <font color="#ff0000">Dravidian</font><b> <br>arhat</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>arhat </i>‘deserving’<b> <br>ashram</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>asrama </i>‘hermitage’<b> <br>Atman</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit </font><i>atmān</i> ‘essence’<b> <br>Ayurvedic</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>ayur-veda</i> ‘science of life or medicine’<b> <br>baboo</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>bābū</i> ‘father’ <br><b>Bahasa</b> (as in <i>Bahasa Indonesia</i>) - <font color="#ffff00">Malay</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>bhasa </i>‘language’<b> <br>bandanna</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Portuguese</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>bāndhnū </i>‘tie-dyeing’<b> <br>bangle</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>baŋgrī </i>‘glass bracelet’<b> <br>basmati</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>basmati</i> ‘fragrant’<b> <br>begum</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>begam </i>← <font color="#C0C0FF">Eastern Turkish</font> <i>bigim </i>‘princess’<b> <br>beryl </b>- <font color="#0000ff">Greek</font> ← <font color="#ff0000">Dravidian</font> <i>Vēlūr, </i>a toponym<b> <br>betel</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Portuguese</font> ← <font color="#ff0000">Malayalam</font> <i>veṭṭila</i><b> <br>bhang</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>bhang </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>bhanga </i>‘hemp’<b><br>birka</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>burqa</i> ← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font><b> <br>biryani</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Persian</font> <i>biryan </i>‘fried, roasted’ <br><b>blighty</b>- <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>bilāyatī</i> ‘foreign’ ← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>wilāyat</i> ‘district’ ← <i>wilaya</i> ‘rule’<b> <br>bonze</b> - <font color="#008000">Japanese</font> <i>bonsō</i> ← <font color="#ff00ff">Mandarin</font> <i>fánsēng</i> ‘Buddhist monk’; <i>fán</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>brāhman</i><i>.</i><i>as</i> ‘Brahmin’<b> <br>bo (tree)</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sinhalese</font> <i>bo </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>bodhi- </i>‘perfect knowledge’<b> <br>Bodhisattva</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskit</font> <i>bodhi</i> ‘perfect knowledge’ + <i>sattvā </i>‘being’<b> <br>bosh</b> (fiddle) - <font color="#0000ff">Romani</font> bosh- ‘crow, fiddle’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>vas- </i>‘bellow’<b> <br>Brahmin</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>brāhman</i><i>.</i><i>as </i>← <i>brahman </i>‘praise, worship’<b> <br>Buddha</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>buddha </i>‘enlightened’ ← <i>budh </i>‘awake, perceive’<b> <br>bund</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>band ← </i><font color="#0000ff">Persian</font><b> <br>bungalow</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Gujarati</font> <i>bangalo</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>banglā</i> ‘Bengali’’<b> <br>candy</b> - short for ‘sugar candy’ ← ‘sugar’ + <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>qandi</i> ‘candied’ ← <i>qand</i> ‘cane sugar’ ← <font color="#ff0000">Dravidian</font>, cf. <font color="#ff0000">Tamil </font><i>kan</i><i>.</i><i>ṭu</i><b> <br>carambola</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Marathi</font> <i>karanbal</i><b> <br>cash</b> (type of coin) - <font color="#ff0000">Tamil</font> kācu ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>karša</i>, a measure of weight <b> <br>catamaran</b> - <font color="#ff0000">Tamil</font> <i>katta-maram </i>‘tied wood’<b> <br>chakra</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>chakra</i> (cognate to ‘wheel’!)<b> <br>cheetah</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>cītā</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>citrakāya </i>‘speckled-body’<b> <br>cheroot</b> - <font color="#0000ff">French</font> ← <font color="#ff0000">Tamil</font> <i>shurutti </i>‘roll’<b> <br>China</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>Chīna </i>← (probably) <font color="#ff00ff">Mandarin</font> <i>Qín</i> dynasty<b> <br>china</b> (ware) - <font color="#0000ff">Persian</font> <i>chīnī</i>— the first (17th century) citations in English are apt to be spelled <i>chiney, cheney</i>— ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>Chīna (q.v.)</i><b> <br>chintz</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>chīn</i><i>.</i><i>t</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>citra </i>‘many-colored’<b> <br>chit</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>chiṭṭha </i>‘pass’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit</font> <i>citra </i>‘many-colored’<b> <br>chop</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>chhāp</i> ‘imprint’<b> <br>chukker</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi </font><i>chakkar </i>‘circle’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit </font><i>chakra</i><b> <br>chutney</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>chaṭni</i><b> <br>congee</b> - <font color="#ff0000">Tamil</font> <i>ka</i><i>ñ</i><i>ji</i> <br><b>coolie</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>kulī (</i>perhaps the name of a tribe) <br><b>copra</b> - <font color="#ff0000">Malayalam</font> <i>koppara</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>khopprā</i> ‘coconut’<b> <br>corundum</b> - <font color="#ff0000">Tamil</font> <i>kurundam</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>kuruvinda</i> ‘ruby’<b> <br>cosh</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Romani</font> <i>kosh </i>‘stick, skewer’<b> <br>cot</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>khat </i>‘couch, hammock’<b> <br>cowrie</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>kauri </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>kaparda</i><b> <br>cummerbund</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>kamar-band </i>‘loin-band’<b> <br>curry</b> - <font color="#ff0000">Tamil</font> <i>kari</i> ‘relish for rice’ <br><b>cushy</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>khush </i>‘pleasant’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Persian</font><b> <br>dacoit</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>dakait</i>, from <i>daka</i> ‘gang robbery’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>dashtaka </i>‘crowded’<b> <br>dal</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>dal</i> ‘split pulse’<b> <br>dharma</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit</font> <i>dharma </i>‘decree, custom’<b> <br>dhoti</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>dhōti</i> <br><b>dinghy</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>ḍīn</i><i>.</i><i>gī </i>‘small boat’<b> <br>dungaree</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>dungrī, </i>a toponym<b> <br>eka-</b> (chemical prefix) - <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit</font> <i>eka </i>‘one’<b> <br>gadjo</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Romani</font> <b> <br>ganja</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>ganjha</i><b> <br>ghat</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>ghāt </i>‘quay’<b> <br>ghee</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>ghī </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>ghr</i><i>.</i><i>ta </i>‘sprinkling’<b> <br>ginger</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>śr</i><i>.</i><i></i><i>ñ</i><i>-gaveram</i> ‘horn-body’<b> <br>godown</b> - <font color="#ffff00">Malay</font> <i>gadong</i> ←<font color="#ff0000">Telugu</font> <i>gidangi </i>‘place where goods lie’<b> <br>Gondwanaland</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>gondavana</i>,<i> </i>name of a forest<b> <br>guar (gum)</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>guar</i><b> <br>gunny (sack)</b> ← <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>gōnī</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>gon</i><i>.</i><i>ī</i><b> <br>guru</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>gurū </i>‘venerable one’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>guruh </i>‘heavy, venerable’<b> <br>gymkhana</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>gend-khana </i>‘ball-house’<b> <br>Hare Krishna</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>hare </i>‘oh God!’ + ‘Krishna’<b> <br>harijan</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit</font> <i>harijana </i>= <i>Hari </i>‘Vishnu’ + <i>-jana </i>‘person’<b> <br>hatha yoga</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit</font> <i>hatha </i>‘force, violence’ + <i>yoga</i><b> <br>Himalayas</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>hima </i>‘snow’ + <i>alaya </i>‘dwelling<b><br>Hindi</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>Hindī </i>‘Indian’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Persian</font> <i>hind; </i>cf. <i>India</i><b> <br>Hindu</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>Hindū </i>‘an Indian’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Persian</font> <i>hind; </i>cf. <i>India</i><b> <br>hookah</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> ← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>huqqah </i>‘vase, bottle’<b> <br>howdah</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>haudah </i>← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>haudaj </i><b> <br>India </b>- <font color="#0000ff">Greek</font> <i>Indía </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Old Persian</font> <i>hi</i><i>ñ</i><i>d’u </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>sindhu </i>‘(Indus) river’<i> </i><b> <br>indigo</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Portuguese</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Greek</font> <i>indikón </i>‘of India’, cf. <i>India</i><b><font size=+1> <br></b></font><b>juggernaut</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>Jagannath </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>Jagannatha </i>‘lord of the world’<b> <br>jungle</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>jāngal </i>‘wasteland’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>jāngala </i>‘desert’<b> <br>jute</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Bengali</font> <i>jhōṭo</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>jūṭa <br></i><b>Kama Sutra</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit</font> <i>kama </i>‘love’ + <i><a href="#sutra">sutra</a></i><b> <br>khalsa</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu </font><i>khaliçah </i>← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>khaliç </i>‘pure, real’<b> <br>Kshatriya</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit</font> <i>kshatriya</i> ← <i>kshatra </i>‘rule, authority’<b> <br>lacquer </b>- <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>lākh</i> ‘resin’<b> <br>lakh</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>lakh</i><b> <br>lama</b> - <font color="#ff00ff">Tibetan</font> <i>blama</i><b> <br>lascar</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Portuguese</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>lashkar </i>‘army<b> <br>lingam</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>liŋga </i>‘distinctive mark, penis’<b> <br>loot</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>lūṭ</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> loptra ‘booty’<b> <br>maharajah</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>maharaja </i>‘great king’; <i>maha </i>is cognate to <font color="#0000ff">Greek</font> <i>mega-</i><b> <br>mahatma</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit </font><i><font color="#0000ff">mahatman </i></font>‘great-souled’<b> <br>mahout</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>mahaut</i><b> <br>mandarin</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> mantrī ‘counsellor’<b> <br>mango</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Portuguese</font> ← <font color="#ffff00">Malay</font> <i>maŋga </i>← <font color="#ff0000">Tamil</font> <i>mānkāy </i>‘mango fruit’<b> <br>mantra</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>mantra </i>‘prayer’<b> <br>maya</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>māyā</i><b> <br>mongoose</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Marathi</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i>mangūs</i> ← <font color="#ff0000">Telugu</font> <i>mangisu</i><b> <br>mullah</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>mulla </i>← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>mawla</i><b> <br>musk</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Latin</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Greek</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>muşka</i> ‘scrotum’<b> <br>nabob</b> - <font color="#0000ff">French</font> ←<font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>nawwab </i>‘deputy governor’<b> <br>namaste</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>námas </i>‘bowing’ + <i>te </i>dative of ‘you’<b> <br>nan</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>nān</i><b> <br>narc</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Romani</font> <i>nak </i>‘nose’<b> <br>nard</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Latin</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Greek</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>nalada</i><b> <br>orange </b>- <font color="#0000ff">French</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Spanish</font> ← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>naranj </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>naranga</i><b> <br>pagoda</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Portuguese</font> ← <font color="#ff0000">Dravidian</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>bhagavati </i>‘holy’<b> <br>pajamas</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>payjamah </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Persian</font> <i>pay </i>‘foot’ + <i>jamah </i>‘garment’<b> <br>pal</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Romani</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>bhrātar</i>- ‘brother’<b> <br>palanquin</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Portuguese</font> ← <font color="#ffff00">Javanese</font> <i>pēlangki </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>palyanka </i>‘bed’<b> <br>pariah</b> - <font color="#ff0000">Tamil</font> <i>paraiyar</i>, a caste ← <i>parai </i>‘drum’<b> <br>patchouli</b> - <font color="#ff0000">Tamil</font> <i>paccilai</i> ‘green leaf’ <br><b>pepper</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Latin</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>pippalī </i>‘berry’<b> <br>polo</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Balti</font> <i>polo </i><b> <br>Prakrit</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>prakrta </i>‘natural, vulgar’<b> <br>punch</b> - perhaps from <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>panch </i>‘five’; OED finds it unlikely <br><b>pundit</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>panḍit </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>panḍita </i>‘learned’ ← <font color="#ff0000">Telugu</font> <i>pan</i><i>.</i><i>ḍa</i> ‘wisdom’<b> <br>purdah</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>pardah </i>‘veil, curtain’<b> <br>puttee</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>patti </i>‘band(age)’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>patta </i>‘bandage’<b> <br>raga</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>raga </i>‘color, passion, melody’<b> <br>raj</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>rāj </i>‘realm’<b> <br>rajah</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>rājā </i>‘king’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>rājan</i> (cognate to <font color="#0000ff">Latin</font> <i>rex</i>)<b> <br>rakshasa</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>rakshasa </i>‘demon’ ← <i>rakshas </i>‘to be guarded against’<b> <br>rupee</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>rupaīyā</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>rūpya </i>‘wrought silver’<b> <br>sadhu</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>sadhū </i>‘holy man’<b> <br>sahib</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> ← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>çahib </i>‘friend’<b> <br>sandhi</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>samdhī </i>‘junction’<b> <br>samosa</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi </font><i>samosā</i><b> <br>sandalwood</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Latin</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Greek</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>candanah</i><i>.</i><i></i><b> <br>Sanskrit</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>samskrta </i>‘perfected, well-formed’<b> <br>sari</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>sār</i><i>.</i><i>ī </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>śāṭī </i>‘cloth’<b> <br>sarong</b> - <font color="#ffff00">Malay</font> <i>sarung </i>← <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit</font> <i>saranga </i>‘variegated’<b> <br>satyagraha</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>satya</i> ‘truth’ + <i>graha</i> ‘pertinacity’<b> <br>sepoy</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>sipahi </i>‘horseman’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Persian</font> <i>sipah </i>‘army’<b> <br>shaman</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Russian</font> ← Tungusic ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskr</font><font color="#0000ff">it</font> <i>śraman</i><i>.</i><i>ás</i> ‘ascetic’<b> <br>shampoo</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>chāmpo </i>‘press, massage’<b> <br>shawl</b> - <font color="#0000ff">French</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Persian</font> <i>shal</i> <b> <br>sherpa</b> - <font color="#ff00ff">Tibetan</font> <i>sharpa </i>‘easterner’<b> <br>shri</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>srī</i> ‘Lakshmi’<b> <br>shrub</b> (drink) - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> ← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>shurb</i> ‘beverage’ ← <i>shariba</i> ‘drink’ <b> <br>sitar</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>sitār </i>‘three-stringed’<b> <br>soma</b> (Vedic liquor) - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> soma<b> <br>stupa</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>stūpa</i> ‘tuft of hair’<b> <br>Sudra</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>śūdra</i><b> <br><a name="sutra">sutra</a></b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>sutra</i> ‘thread, string’<b> <br>sugar</b> - <font color="#0000ff">French</font> ← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Persian</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>śarkarā</i> ‘gravel, sugar’<b> <br>suttee</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>satī </i>‘virtuous woman’<b> <br>swami</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>svāmī </i>‘master’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>svāmin</i><b> <br>swastika</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanksrit</font> <i>svastika</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>svasti </i>‘well-being’<b> <br>tandoor</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Urdu</font> <i>tandur </i>← <font color="#C0C0FF">Turkish</font> <i>tandir </i>← <font color="#605030">Arabic</font> <i>tannūr </i>‘oven’ <br><b>tank</b> - possibly <font color="#0000ff">Gujarati </font><i>tānkh </i> 'water reservoir' <br><b>tantra</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> tantra ‘loom, system, doctrine’<b> <br>teak</b> - <font color="#ff0000">Malayalam</font> <i>tekka</i><b> <br>thug</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>ṭhag</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>sthaga </i>‘robber’<b> <br>tikka</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>tikka</i><b> <br>toddy</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>tār</i><i>.</i><i>ī</i> ‘palm sap’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>tāla </i>← <font color="#ff0000">Dravidian</font> <b> <br>tom-tom</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>ṭamṭam </i>(imitative)<b> <br>Upanishad</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>upa </i>‘near’ + <i>nishad </i>‘lie down’<b> <br>veda</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>veda </i>‘knowledge’ (cognate to ‘wit’)<b> <br>veranda</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>varanda</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Portuguese</font> <br><b>vindaloo</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Portuguese</font> <i>vin d'alho</i> ‘wine with garlic’ <br><b>wallah</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>-wala, </i>a nominalizer <b> <br>yak</b> - <font color="#ff00ff">Tibetan</font> <i>γyag</i><b> <br>yeti</b> - <font color="#ff00ff">Tibetan</font> <i>yeh-teh </i>‘little manlike animal’<b> <br>yoga</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit </font><i>yoga </i>‘union’ <br><b>yogi</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Hindi</font> <i>yogī</i> ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit </font><i>yogin</i><b> <br>yoni</b> - <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>yōni </i>‘abode, womb’<b> <br>Zen</b> - <font color="#008000">Japanese</font> ← <font color="#ff00ff">Mandarin</font> <i>chán(n</i><i>à</i><i>)</i> ‘meditation’ ← <font color="#0000ff">Sanskrit</font> <i>dhyāna</i> <hr> <p><center><A HREF="default.html"><img src="homebr.gif" border=0 alt="Home"></A><center> </BODY></HTML>