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<TITLE>Fáralo</TITLE>
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<h2>Fáralo</h2>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<img src="http://www.zompist.com/huyfarah.gif" align="right">
Fáralo is the language of<b> Huyfárah</b>, the dominant nation in this part of the world.
<p>In ancient times, the <b>Oltu</b> river valley and the nearby seacoast were divided between two related peoples, the barbaric Faraghin and Feråjin. The civilized world was to the south, along the great <b>Eigə</b>. The first civilized people were the <b>Ŋouru</b>, who arose in the river delta— Kazəgad— about 4000 years ago. The peoples and wars of the valley were many, but for our purposes the chief fact was the conquest of Kazəgad by the <b>Edák</b>, a people who lived upriver, in Lašumu (modern Axôltseubeu).
<p>The Edák were themselves conquered more than once, but their edge in population allowed them, each time, to expel or absorb their conquerors. They emerged from the last of these episodes with a new imperial vigor, and set themselves the task of conquering the known world. They reached their greatest extent 2000 years ago under the emperor Siənčæn: the entire Eigə valley, the southwestern mountains once held by their rivals the Gezoro, a wide stretch of the eastern seacoast, and the lands of the Feraghin and Feråjin.
<p>This latter region they called <b>Hagíb</b><b>ə</b><b>l</b>, the North Coast; they colonized the seacoast and river valleys, leaving the Faraghin (and to a lesser extent the Feråjin) to the mountains, forests, and pasturelands. For some centuries the Edák remained as overlords; then they lost the hinterlands; then the empire collapsed, leaving the local Edák ruling the colonized areas. The local balance of power reversed: the Faraghin hill tribes, accustomed to horses and frequent internecine war, raided the Edák and pillaged or even razed their main settlements.
<p>About 1500 years ago, the <b>Faraghin</b> put aside their usual disunity and conquered the Oltu valley and its capital, Ussor, and then the Edák littoral, which they renamed <b>Huyfárah</b>, the Faraghin Coast. This time, the horsemen were here to stay. Edák society— highly stratified and urbanized— was transformed. As nomads, the Faraghin believe not in real estate and civil protection but in moveable property and honor. For the settled Edák, the archetypical villainy was murder; for the Faraghin it was theft. (Murder of a peer was serious; but murder of an inferior was not much more than a property crime, which could be paid for.)
<p>If this seems ‘barbaric’, we should recognize as well that the Faraghin were much more individualistic and enterprising than the Edák, whose devotion to stability led less to peace than to stagnation. It was possible to move up in Faraghin society, and trade and markets developed here, while the Eigə valley was still dominated by archaic command economies.
<p>The great vice of the Faraghin warrior class was a disinclination, on the death of a respected king, to support their unproven young heirs. The unity of the Oltu lasted only a century; the region then became a squabbling patchwork of baronies; if some ambitious ruler unified them his kingdom would collapse in a few generations. Once the littoral was even temporarily reconquered by a resurgent Kazəgad.
<p>Nonetheless, trade continued to flourish, and the people of Huyfárah developed a great skill in navigation, and explored the littoral a great distance to the east and south.
<p>The turning point was the discovery of the nation of Histuənə, to the east, and its religion <b>Etúg</b><b>ə</b>. Its great sage Hutaba preached <i>nubázi</i> ‘the realization’— the realization being that all knowledge is false; only action (<i>etúg</i><i>ə</i>) and belief (<i>mušitug</i><i>ə</i>) are real. <i>Nubázi </i>frees the spirit to live in <i>ifis</i>æ<i>n</i><i>ə</i>, the spiritual world.
<p>The explorers brought back Etúgeist monks. These were at first mocked, even persecuted and tortured; but their calm conviction and eloquence won respect. Finally the entire country was won over, and the new doctrine not only consolidated Fáralo identity, but brought a new respect for unity and loyalty. The Balanin dynasty, able generals and devout Etúgeists, unified the country, and soon turned to empire-building.
<p>In the last centuries Huyfárah has turned to <b>empire-building</b>. First the Dagæm islands were occupied— a useful acquisition for a maritime empire; then the lands of the Feråjin just to the east, then Kazəgad— which was by now, however, only a poor shadow of its former glory.
<h4>The language</h4>
The people of Huyfárah call themselves the <b>Fáralo</b>— essentially a form of ‘Faraghin’— and think of themselves as descendents of this warrior nation. Nonetheless their language descends from that of the Edák, though with heavy Faraghin influence.
<p>The language of Siənčæn is called Edástə; it is the ancestor of the <b>Edastean</b> family, which besides Fáralo includes at least these languages:
<ul><li><b>Naidda</b>, the language of present-day Kazəgad (<i>Kasca</i>)
<li><b>Ndok Aisô</b>, spoken in Lašumu (<i>Axôltseubeu</i>)
<li><b>Adāta</b>, spoken in Rasedán (<i>Rathedān</i>), the western mountains
<li><b>Qedik</b>, spoken on the other side of the northern mountains, has recently been recognized as belonging to the same family.
</ul>
<h3>Phonology</h3>
<br>Vowels</b>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>i</td>
<td></td>
<td>u</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>ei</td>
<td></td>
<td>ou</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>e</td>
<td>ə</td>
<td>o</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>æ</td>
<td>a</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<br>In standard Fáralo <b>ei</b> = closed /e/, <b>e</b> = open /<i>e</i>/, while <b>ou</b> = closed /o/, <b>o</b> = open /<i>o</i>/. In some regions, however, <b>ei</b> and <b>ou</b> are diphthongs matching their transliteration.
<p><b>Consonants
<br></b>
<br>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>p</td>
<td>t</td>
<td></td>
<td>k</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>b</td>
<td>d</td>
<td></td>
<td>g</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td></td>
<td></td>
<td>č</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>f</td>
<td>s z</td>
<td>š</td>
<td></td>
<td>h</td>
</tr>
<tr><td></td>
<td>l</td>
<td>r</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>m</td>
<td>n</td>
<td></td>
<td>ŋ</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>w</td>
<td>y</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<br><b>Stress</b> is placed on the first vowel, unless otherwise indicated. E.g. <b>Eigə</b> = /'e gə], <b>ŋiəbu = </b>['ni ə bu],<b> heweteka = </b>['h<i>e</i> w<i>e</i> t<i>e</i> ka], Edák = [<i>e</i> 'dak].
<p>Before or after a stressed vowel, <b>o</b> is an approximant— <b>boéi</b> = [bwe], <b>laoma</b> = ['law ma]— but the lips are in position for <b>o</b>, not <b>u</b>.
<h3>Morphology</h3>
<h4>Declension</h4>
<h5>Prefixes</h5>
Nouns take prefixes for case and number, and determiners and deictics are cliticized. The citation form of the noun is the singular <i>accusative</i> indefinite.
<p>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td></td>
<td><i>prefix</i></td>
<td><i>‘road’</i></td>
<td><i>‘fruit’</i></td>
<td><i>‘door’</i></td>
<td><i>‘mud’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>s. nom.</i></td>
<td><b>+</b></td>
<td><b>gou</b></td>
<td><b>apo</b></td>
<td><b>dir</b></td>
<td><b>šimə</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>s. acc.</i></td>
<td><b>—</td>
<td><b>gou</b></td>
<td><b>apo</b></td>
<td><b>tir</b></td>
<td><b>wimə</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>pl. nom.</i></td>
<td><b>k-</b></td>
<td><b>kəgou</b></td>
<td><b>gapo</b></td>
<td><b>ktir</b></td>
<td><b>kwimə</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>pl. acc.</i></td>
<td><b>z-</b></td>
<td><b>zgou</b></td>
<td><b>zapo</b></td>
<td><b>stir</b></td>
<td><b>zwimə</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The <b><i>singular nominative</b></i> is marked only by the <b><i>consonant mutation</b></i>, a change which we will meet several times in Fáralo morphology.
<ul><li><i>If preceded by a clitic</i> (see below), the initial consonant of the root changes according to these rules:
<ul>
<li>p t k → b d g
<li>h → s
<li>w → š
</ul>
</ul>
<p>The <b><i>plural nominative</b></i> is formed by prefixing <b>k</b>-.
<ul><li>This becomes <b>g</b>- before a vowel.
<li>It becomes <b>kə</b>- before a voiced stop (b d g), j, or nasal (m n ŋ).
</ul>
The <b><i>plural accusative</b></i> is formed by prefixing <b>z</b>-.
<ul>
<li>This becomes <b>s</b>- before a voiceless consonant (p t k f s).
<li>It changes an initial <b>ŋ</b>- of the root to n-: <b>ŋeibə</b> ‘toe’ → <b>zneibə</b>
</ul>
</ul>
‘Naked’ plurals are not used as much as in English, but they can be found after numerals (<b>wos kədau </b>‘three men’) or possessives (<b>æč ksis</b> ‘my dogs’).
<p>Some words, referring to things deemed uncountable, occur only in the plural, e.g. <b>ksoudu</b><i> </i>‘sand’, <b>keip</b> ‘grass’.
<h5>Clitics</h5>
Articles (a, the) and deictics (this, that) are clitics in Fáralo.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td></td>
<td></td>
<td><i>Example</i><b></b></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">Definite article </td>
<td> <b>lu</b>-</td>
<td><b>lu-gou</b></td>
<td>‘the road’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">Indefinite article</td>
<td><b>edu-</b></td>
<td><b>edu-kgou</b></td>
<td>‘roads’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">This</td>
<td><b>wa-</b></td>
<td><b>wa-gou</b></td>
<td>‘this road’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">That</td>
<td><b>si-</b></td>
<td><b>si-zgou</b></td>
<td>‘those roads’ (acc.)</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<ul>
<li>In the s. acc. only, <b>lu</b>- becomes <b>luŋ</b>- before a vowel: <b>luŋ-apu</b> ‘the fruit (acc.)’
<li>The epenthetic schwa disappears after a clitic, as in <b>edu-kgou</b>
<li>None of these prefixes receive stress. <b>Lu-kboéi</b> ‘the stars’ = /luk 'bwe/
<li>Remember the consonant mutation in the s. nom.: <b>wa-dir</b> ‘this door’
</ul>
It’s common to leave off the indefinite article in the singular: <b>edu-bir</b> and <b>pir</b> both mean ‘a goat’. The plural <b>edu-spir </b>can be translated ‘goats’ or ‘some goats’. (This is an indefinite reference rather than a quantifier: in French it’s <i>des chèvres</i>, not <i>quelques chèvres</i>)
<p>A conjoined phrase may take the determiners on just the first conjoint: <b>lu-gordo gopə</b> ‘the eyes and ears’.
<p>Thus:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><i>nom</td>
<td><i>acc</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pir</b></td>
<td><b>pir</b></td>
<td>a goat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lu-bir</b></td>
<td><b>lu-pir</b></td>
<td>the goat </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wa-bir</b></td>
<td><b>wa-pir</b></td>
<td>this goat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>si-bir</b></td>
<td><b>si-pir</b></td>
<td>that goat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edu-kpir</b></td>
<td><b>edu-spir</b></td>
<td>goats</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lu-kpir</b></td>
<td><b>lu-spir</b></td>
<td>the goats</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wa-kpir</b></td>
<td><b>wa-spir</b></td>
<td>these goats</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>si-kpir</b></td>
<td><b>si-spir</b></td>
<td>those goats</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ewa</td>
<td><b>ewa</b></td>
<td>a snake</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lu-ewa</b></td>
<td><b>luŋ-ewa</b></td>
<td>the snake</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wa-ewa</td>
<td><b>wa-ewa</b></td>
<td>this snake</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>si-ewa</b></td>
<td><b>si-ewa</b></td>
<td>that snake</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edu-gewa</b></td>
<td><b>edu-zewa</b></td>
<td>snakes</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lu-gewa</b></td>
<td><b>lu-zewa</b></td>
<td>the snakes</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wa-gewa</b></td>
<td><b>wa-zewa</b></td>
<td>these snakes</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>si-gewa</b></td>
<td><b>si-zewa</b></td>
<td>those snakes</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Fáralo normally forms abstract nouns from verbs or adjectives without changing the root, but adding the definite article: <b>wiəm</b> ‘live’ → <b>lu-šiəm</b> ‘life’; <b>goum</b> ‘high’ → <b>lu-goum</b> ‘height’.
<h4>Conjugation</h4>
Verbs have two conjugations, basic and auxiliary. Though the latter is more common, we will start with the basic, which is easier and forms the basis for auxiliaries.
<p>(There are cliticized pronouns that may attach to the verb; these are discussed later on, under <i>Pronouns</i>.)
<p><h5>Basic conjugation</h5>
Verbs are inflected for number, tense, aspect, and mood.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td rowspan=2></td>
<td colspan=2><i>ending</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘come’</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘drink’</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘shine’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0">
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
</tr>
</i><tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>present</i></td>
<td><b>-</b></td>
<td><b>-k</b></td>
<td><b>odu</b></td>
<td><b>oduk</b></td>
<td><b>siən</b></td>
<td><b>siənk</b></td>
<td><b>tol</b></td>
<td><b>tolk</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>past</i></td>
<td><b>-en</b></td>
<td><b>-ei</b></td>
<td><b>odun</b></td>
<td><b>oduei</b></td>
<td><b>siənen</b></td>
<td><b>siənei</b></td>
<td><b>tolen</b></td>
<td><b>tolei</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>imperf</i></td>
<td><b>-ed</b></td>
<td><b>-ed</b></td>
<td><b>odud</b></td>
<td><b>odud</b></td>
<td><b>siəned</b></td>
<td><b>siəned</b></td>
<td><b>toled</b></td>
<td><b>toled</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The root of the verb is the <b><i>present singular</b></i>.
<ul>
<li>The <b>singular</b> is the citation form of the verb.
<li>The <b>plural</b> is formed by adding -<b>k</b>; after /b d g č m/ add -<b>ek</b> instead; e.g. <b>beb </b>‘punish’ has the present plural <b>bebek</b>.
</ul>
<p>The <b><i>past</b></i>, or past perfect, is used for completed past events.
<ul><li>In the <b>singular</b>, if the root ends
<ul>
<li>in a vowel, add -<b>n</b>
<li>in a stop (p t k b d g), add -<b>e</b> (<b>beb</b> → <b>bebe</b>)
<li>otherwise, add -<b>en</b>
</ul></ul>
<ul><li>In the <b>plural</b>, add -<b>ei</b>, but if the root ends
<ul>
<li>in -<b>e</b> or -<b>ei</b>, add -<b>šei</b>: <b>edé</b> ‘rub’ → <b>edéšei</b>
<li>in<b> -ə</b>, remove this vowel first:<b> rogə</b> ‘act’ → <b>rogei </b>
<li>in <b>p t k s</b>, voice to <b>b d g z</b> first: <b>das</b> ‘fight’ → <b>dazei</b>
</ul></ul>
The <b><i>imperfect</b></i> is used for ongoing past events; it’s used much like the English past progressive or the French imperfect. The singular and plural forms are identical. If the root ends
<ul>
<li>in a vowel, add -<b>d</b>
<li>otherwise, add -<b>ed</b>
</ul>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td rowspan=2></td>
<td colspan=2><i>ending</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘come’</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘drink’</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘shine’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0">
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
</tr>
</i><tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>imper</i></td>
<td><b>e-</b></td>
<td><b>e-k</b></td>
<td><b>egódu</b></td>
<td><b>egóduk</b></td>
<td><b>esíən</b></td>
<td><b>esíənk</b></td>
<td><b>edól</b></td>
<td><b>edólk</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The <b><i>imperative</b></i> is formed by prefixing <b>e</b>-.
<ul><li>There are singular and plural forms. A subject of any person can be explicitly given; if it’s not, second person is assumed.
<ul><li>Before a vowel, use <b>eg</b>- instead.
<li>The <i>consonant mutation</i> applies. Thus p t k → b d g; h → s; w → š.
</ul></ul>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td rowspan=2></td>
<td colspan=2><i>ending</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘come’</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘drink’</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘shine’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0">
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>neg pres</i></td>
<td><b>ma-</b></td>
<td><b>ma-k</b></td>
<td><b>modu</b></td>
<td><b>moden</b></td>
<td><b>masíən</b></td>
<td><b>masiənen</b></td>
<td><b>madól</b></td>
<td><b>madólk</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>neg past</i></td>
<td><b>ma-en</b></td>
<td><b>ma-ei</b></td>
<td><b>modun</b></td>
<td><b>moduei</b></td>
<td><b>masíənen</b></td>
<td><b>masíənei</b></td>
<td><b>madólen</b></td>
<td><b>madólei</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>neg impf</i></td>
<td><b>ma-ed</b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td><b>modud</b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td><b>masíəned</b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>madóled</b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>neg impr</i></td>
<td><b>ema-</b></td>
<td><b>ema-k</b></td>
<td><b>emagódu</b></td>
<td><b>emagóduk</b></td>
<td><b>emasíən</b></td>
<td><b>emasíənk</b></td>
<td><b>emadól</b></td>
<td><b>emadólk</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The <b><i>negative</b></i> is formed by prefixing <b>ma</b>- to any of the previous tenses.
<ul><li>Before a vowel, use just <b>m</b>-.
<li>The <i>consonant mutation</i> applies. Thus p t k → b d g; h → s; w → š.
<li>The negative imperative prefix is <b>ema</b>-, not <b>mae</b>-.
</ul>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td rowspan=2></td>
<td colspan=2><i>ending</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘come’</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘drink’</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>‘shine’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0">
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>pres irr</i></td>
<td><b>uga-</b></td>
<td><b>uga-k</b></td>
<td><b>ugodu</b></td>
<td><b>ugoden</b></td>
<td><b>ugašin</b></td>
<td><b>ugašink</td>
<td><b>ugadol</b></td>
<td><b>ugadolk</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>past irr</i></td>
<td><b>uga-en</b></td>
<td><b>uga-ei</b></td>
<td><b>ugodun</b></td>
<td><b>ugoduei</b></td>
<td><b>ugasiənen</b></td>
<td><b>ugasiənei</b></td>
<td><b>ugadolen</b></td>
<td><b>ugadolei</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Finally, the <b><i>irrealis</b></i> is used to refer to conditional, unlikely, or hypothetical events. (Future events, including wishes, may or may not take the irrealis, depending on whether the speaker considers them unlikely. It’s valid to use the irrealis to express doubt or even simple lack of knowledge about whether a past or present situation is really the case.)
<p>It’s formed by prefixing <b>uga</b>- to the verb; but
<ul>
<li>Before i- e- ei- <b>æ</b>-, use <b>uč</b>-
<li>Before other vowels, use <b>ug</b>-.
<li>The <i>consonant mutation</i> applies. Thus p t k → b d g; h → s; w → š.
<li>There is no past imperfect nor imperative irrealis.
<li>There is no negative irrealis; to the Fáralo, in fact, the negative is simply a stronger irrealis: a definite rather than a likely non-event.
</ul>
<h5>Auxiliary conjugation</h5>
The basic conjugation is never incorrect, but especially in speech, it tends to be replaced by the auxiliary conjugation, which is more complex but offers finer distinctions.
<p>The basic auxiliary formula can be illustrated with <b>boá</b> ‘can’ and the sentence ‘we didn’t drink’:
<blockquote>
<b>masíənei luki</b> → <b>eboá luki siənk</b><br>neg-drink-past.pl we → neg-can-past we drink-pl
<br><i>We couldn’t drink.</i>
</blockquote>
<ul><li>The auxiliary takes the place of the verb at the beginning of the sentence
<li>The verb moves to the end
<li>The auxiliary takes all verb inflections except for number
<li>The verb is inflected only for number
</ul>
This pattern is so ingrained in the language that (in speech, at least) it’s used even when there’s no ‘auxiliary meaning’ to convey— the <b><i>null auxiliary</b></i> <b>siš</b> can always be used. For instance, <b>masišei luki siənk</b> also means ‘we didn’t drink’.
<p>But what is this verb form <b>eboá</b>? It’s the negative singular past of <b>boá</b>; as it happens, many auxiliary verbs are irregular. Here’s a table of the commonest verbs, with irregular forms in red. (Some of these verbs can be used as basic verbs too, e.g. ‘go’; they are irregular then too. The present plural and the imperfect are always regular.)
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td></td>
<td><i>pres s</td>
<td>past s</td>
<td>past pl</td>
<td>negative</i></td>
<td><i>irrealis</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>—</i></td>
<td><b>siš</td>
<td><b>sišen</td>
<td><b>sišei</td>
<td><b>masiš</b></td>
<td><b>ugasiš</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>can</i></td>
<td><b>boá</td>
<td><b>bo<b>æ'</b>n</td>
<td><b>boáei</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">eboá</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">ugabo</b></font><b><font color="#ff0000">ə</b></font><b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>should</i></td>
<td><b>is</td>
<td><b>isen</td>
<td><b>izei</td>
<td><b>mis</b></td>
<td><b>učis</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>must</i></td>
<td><b>so</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">soun</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>soei</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">esó</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">ugašu</b></font><b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>will</i></td>
<td><b>we</td>
<td><b>wen</td>
<td><b>wešei</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">me</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">upe</b></font><b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>seems</i></td>
<td><b>idər</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">idr</b></font><b><font color="#ff0000">æ</b></font><b><font color="#ff0000">n</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">idrei</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b>midər</b></td>
<td><b>učidər</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>needs</i></td>
<td><b>æda</b></td>
<td><b>ædan</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">æ</b></font><b><font color="#ff0000">dei</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>mæda</b></td>
<td><b>učæda</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>wants </i></td>
<td><b>al</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">alin</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>alei</td>
<td><b>mal</b></td>
<td><b>ugal</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>starts</i></td>
<td><b>hæpabe </td>
<td><b>hæpaben</td>
<td><b>hæpabei</td>
<td><font color="#ff0000"><b>mæpabe </b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">ussæpabe </b></font><b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>stops</i></td>
<td><b>etá</td>
<td><b>etán</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">etábe</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>metá</b></td>
<td><b>učetá</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>causes</i></td>
<td><b>uəm</td>
<td><b>uəmen</td>
<td><b>uəmei</td>
<td><b>muəm</b></td>
<td><b>uguəm</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>goes</i></td>
<td><b>noun</td>
<td><b>nounen</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">noube</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>manoun</b></td>
<td><b>uganoun</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>just did</i></td>
<td><b>ta</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">tæn</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>taei<font color="#ff0000"></b></td>
<td></font><b><font color="#ff0000">madə</b></td>
<td></font><b><font color="#ff0000">ustə</b></td>
<td></font></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>has done</i></td>
<td><b>pila</td>
<td><b>pilan</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">piláše</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">epíla</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b>ugabíla</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>stays</i></td>
<td><b>æde</b></td>
<td><b>æden</b></td>
<td><b>ædešei</td>
<td><b>mæde</b></td>
<td><b>učæde</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>comes</i></td>
<td><b>odu</td>
<td><b>odun</td>
<td><b>oduei</td>
<td><b>modu<font color="#ff0000"></b></td>
<td></font><b>ugodu</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>fucking</i></td>
<td><b>peitə</td>
<td><b>peitən</b></td>
<td><b>peitei</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">epéitə</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b>ugabeitə</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<ul><li>As an auxiliary, <b>noun </b>‘go’ is much like English ‘going to’ or ‘about to’; it implies immediate action: <b>noun luki</b> <b>siənk</b> ‘we’re about to drink’.
<br><li><b>Ta</b> indicates that one has just finished an action: <b>tæn luki siənk</b> ‘we just drank’.
<br><li><b>Etá</b> ‘stop’ indicates that one is stopping an action: <b>etá luki</b> <b>siənk</b> ‘we’re stopping drinking’, ‘we’re not drinking any more’.
<br><li>As an auxiliary, <b>æde</b> ‘stay’ indicates continued or habitual action: <b>ædeše luki siənk</b> ‘we kept drinking’, ‘we were always drinking’
<br><li>As an auxiliary, <b>odu</b> ‘come’ refers to the action in progress (while something else is going on): <b>oduei</b> <b>luki siənk</b> ‘we were drinking (at the time)’. As such it’s a more specific alternative to the imperfect.
<br><li><b>Peitə</b> adds a jocular obscenity to the sentence: <b>peitə</b> <b>luki</b> <b>siənk!</b> ‘we’re fucking drinking!’
</ul>
With objects or predicate adjectives, <b>odu</b> ‘come’ and <b>æde</b> ‘stay, stand’ serve as <b><i>copulas</b></i>, the former representing a temporary condition (<b>oduk luki æba</b> ‘we’re sober’), the latter a (fairly) permanent one (<b>Æde Ussor</b> <b>ædelu </b>‘Ussor is a city’).
<h4>Pronouns</h4>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><i> </i></td>
<td><i>nom</td>
<td><i>acc</td>
<td><i>dat</i></td>
<td><i>poss</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>I</i></td>
<td><b>i</b></td>
<td><b>iəbu</td>
<td><b>iəm</b></td>
<td><b>æč</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>thou</i></td>
<td><b>lewku</td>
<td><b>lewkuŋ</td>
<td><b>lewkum</b></td>
<td><b>æglewku</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>he/she</i></td>
<td><b>a</b></td>
<td><b>æbu</b></td>
<td><b>æm</b></td>
<td><b>ægə</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>we</i></td>
<td><b>luki</td>
<td><b>luzis</b></td>
<td><b>luətəm</b></td>
<td><b>æčih</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>you</i></td>
<td><b>do</td>
<td><b>douŋ</td>
<td><b>doum</b></td>
<td><b>æŋu</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>they</i></td>
<td><b>ak</td>
<td><b>abu</b></td>
<td><b>æm</b></td>
<td><b>ægah</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>who</i></td>
<td><b>jegə</b></td>
<td><b>jeguŋ</td>
<td><b>jegum</b></td>
<td><b>æjegə</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The table lists the standalone forms. If two pronouns are to be used, a combination form is used (and normally cliticizes to the verb: <b>iənəndoi </b>‘I saw you’):
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><i></i></td>
<td><i>me</td>
<td><i>thee</i></td>
<td><i>him/her</i></td>
<td><i>us</td>
<td><i>you</i></td>
<td><i>them</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>I</i></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td><b>iəŋ</b></td>
<td><b>iša</b></td>
<td><b>igis</td>
<td><b>ius</b></td>
<td><b>išas</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>thou</i></td>
<td><b>doi</td>
<td></b></td>
<td><b>doga</b></td>
<td><b>dois</td>
<td><b>dous</b></td>
<td><b>dogas</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>he/she</i></td>
<td><b>ai</td>
<td><b>auŋ</b></td>
<td><b>asi</b></td>
<td><b>as</td>
<td><b>aus</b></td>
<td><b>agas</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>we</i></td>
<td><b>iči</td>
<td><b>idduŋ</b></td>
<td><b>iča</b></td>
<td><b></td>
<td><b>iddus</b></td>
<td><b>igas</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>you</i></td>
<td><b>doči</td>
<td><b>dodduŋ</b></td>
<td><b>doča</b></td>
<td><b>dočis</td>
<td></b></td>
<td><b>dogas</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>they</i></td>
<td><b>ači</td>
<td><b>adduŋ</b></td>
<td><b>ača</b></td>
<td><b>ačis</td>
<td><b>addus</b></td>
<td><b>asis</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><i></i></td>
<td><i>to me<br>to us</td>
<td><i>to thee<br>to you</i></td>
<td><i>to him/her<br>to them</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>I / we</i></td>
<td><b>iəm</b></td>
<td><b>ium</b></td>
<td><b>išæm</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>thou / you</i></td>
<td><b>doim</td>
<td><b>doum</b></td>
<td><b>doæm</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>he/she / they</i></td>
<td><b>ačim</td>
<td><b>aum</b></td>
<td><b>æm</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Reflexive verbs use the suffix -<b>či</b>: <b>sæŋči </b>‘to wash oneself’. The forms <b>asi </b>and <b>asis </b>thus refer to two different people: <b>sæŋenasi</b> would have to mean that person X washed person Y.
<p>To attribute possession to a noun phrase— X’s Y or the Y of X— Fáralo uses the construction Y <b>æm</b> X, e.g. l<b>u</b>-<b>jæn ægə</b> <b>lu-badew</b>, literally “the knife to him the father”.
<p>A formal/familiar distinction seems to be developing in Fáralo: the 3p forms are used as a second person when addressing nobles and royalty.
<h5>Quantifiers</h5>
Quantifiers always precede the noun, including its determiner. Thus <b>ege lu-gedéi</b> ‘all the trees’, <b>mi wa-kgatač</b> ‘none of these galleys’.
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>mi</b> </td>
<td>no, none </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>næme</b> </td>
<td>some, any</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mas</b></td>
<td>a few</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>as</b></td>
<td>many, much</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oubə </b></td>
<td>almost all</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ege</b> </td>
<td>all, every<i> </i></td>
<td><i></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h5>Interrogative, deictic, indefinite pronouns </h5>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>igə</b> </td>
<td>which one<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>waše</b></td>
<td>this one, this person</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kwaše</b></td>
<td>these things, these people</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>jæje</b></td>
<td>that one, that person<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gæje</b></td>
<td>those things, those people</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>næbə </b></td>
<td>someone, something<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mai</b></td>
<td>nobody, nothing </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>egew </b></td>
<td>everyone, everything </td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>malə </b></td>
<td>where<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>woul </b></td>
<td>here<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sirul</b></td>
<td>there</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mimalə </b></td>
<td>nowhere<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nælul </b></td>
<td>somewhere<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>egemalə </b></td>
<td>everywhere<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td><b>holə </b></td>
<td>when<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>weišo </b></td>
<td>now<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sišo</b> </td>
<td>then<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>næblo </b></td>
<td>sometimes</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ešo</b> </td>
<td>always<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mašo</b> </td>
<td>never<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b></b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edúgə </b></td>
<td>why<i> </i></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4>Prepositions</h4>
As the name indicates, prepositions precede their object, which takes the nominative.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><b></b></td>
<td><b><i>Location</b></i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>na</b></td>
<td>in, on, at</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nadír</b></td>
<td>in (containers), inside of, indoors </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hadír</b></td>
<td>outside, out of; outdoors </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>but</b></td>
<td>next to, near </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>umórdu</b></td>
<td>in front of, before </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ougə </b></td>
<td>behind, in back of </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wiəmu</b></td>
<td>above, over </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wægól</b></td>
<td>below, under </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>isə</b> </td>
<td>to, towards<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ugə </b></td>
<td>from</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>geirit</b></td>
<td>until, up to </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ræbe </b></td>
<td>along<i></i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>beibu</b></td>
<td>among, between </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etáše </b></td>
<td>surrounding, all around; throughout </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wætáŋ</b></td>
<td>beyond, past </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><b></b></td>
<td><b><i>Time</b></td>
<td></i></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>isə</b> </td>
<td>before</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ugə </b></td>
<td>after, since </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>geirit</b></td>
<td>until, up to </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ræbe </b></td>
<td>during, in, within <i></i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etáše </b></td>
<td>throughout, for the entire period of</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><b></b></td>
<td><b><i>Other</b></td>
<td></i></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>æm</b></td>
<td>of, for</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>algo</b></td>
<td>despite, against </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eté </b></td>
<td>with, by, using (instrumental)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ouŋu</b></td>
<td>without, except for </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pein </b></td>
<td>with (comitative), accompanied by, having</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ræpen </b></td>
<td>instead of, in place of <i></i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wætə</b> <b></b></td>
<td>about, concerning </td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4>Conjunctions</h4>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>ouwa</b> </td>
<td>and<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dada</b> </td>
<td>but<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boa</b></td>
<td>or <b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>guətu</b> </td>
<td>so, therefore<i> </i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>niən</b><i> </i></td>
<td>if/then conjunction <i></i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epóu</b> </td>
<td>because </td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The clitic form of and, -<b>oun</b>, is preferred when just two words are conjoined.
<h4>Numbers</h4>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td></td>
<td>x</td>
<td>10x</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">1</td>
<td><b>če</b></td>
<td>ro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">2</td>
<td><b>ŋi</b></td>
<td>ŋiro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">3</td>
<td><b>wos</b></td>
<td>wosro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">4</td>
<td><b>bu</b></td>
<td>buro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">5</td>
<td><b>dou</b></td>
<td>douro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">6</td>
<td><b>eš</b></td>
<td>ešro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">7</td>
<td><b>mæm</b></td>
<td>mæmro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">8</td>
<td><b>hude</b></td>
<td>hudero</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">9</td>
<td><b>nil</b></td>
<td>nilro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">10</td>
<td><b>ro</b></td>
<td><b>iəb</b></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4>Derivation</h4>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>-lo</b></td>
<td>location; membership in a place: <b>hadírlo</b> ‘open’, from ‘outside’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-ga</b></td>
<td>forms adverbs and adjectives: <b>isəga</b> ‘early’ </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-l</b></td>
<td>diminutive: <b>bašel</b> ‘twig’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>-<b>či</b></td>
<td>reflexive: <b>wabəči </b>‘hit oneself’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-bu</b></td>
<td>person: <b>alpobu</b> ‘craftsman’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-sa</b></td>
<td>female: <b>čaoksa</b> ‘queen’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-in</b></td>
<td>adjectivization: <b>kuin</b> ‘sacred’ </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-u</b></td>
<td>object used or affected” <b>leil</b> ‘row’ → <b>leilu</b> ‘rowboat’</td>
</tr>
</font><tr><td><b>lu-</b></td>
<td>abstraction: <b>lu-kuin</b> ‘holiness’; <b>lu-mate</b> ‘knowledge’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋa</b>-</td>
<td>participial adjective: <b>ŋa-tol</b> ‘shining’</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h3>Syntax</h3>
<h4>Word order</h4>
The basic sentence order is <b>Aux S O V</b>. When the basic conjugation is used, it’s VSO.
<p>Noun phrases follow the order <b>A Det N Phr</b>, where A is a single adjective, Det is the determiner and Phr is effectively anything else: more than one adjective; prepositional phrases; or relative clauses.
<blockquote>
<b>eigə</b> <b>azə </b>a good woman
<br><b>eigə lu-azə </b>the good woman
<br><b>lu-azə eigə iwmuoun </b>a good and beautiful woman
<br><b>lu-azə pein heipud egól </b>the woman with a deformed foot
<br><b>lu-azə roumə wære i </b>the woman I love
</blockquote>
Numbers normally precede both noun and determiner: <b>wos lu-krud </b>‘three men’.
<h4>Subordination</h4>
Relativization is accomplished using the particle <b>roumə</b>:
<blockquote>
<b>Čeken a lu-zelo</b> He threw the spear
<br>→ <b>lu-selo roumə čeken a </b> the spear he threw
</blockquote>
<p>Subordinated clauses generally use the basic conjugation. Since full references are often missing, they often use the subject-object clitics.
<p>Clauses referring to time take the form <b>sišo</b> <b>roumə</b> (subclause); to location, <b>sirul roumə</b> (subclause). They’re normally fronted.
<blockquote>
<b>Sišo roumə ezulendoga, madən lu-leč gouga.<br></b><i>when subord take-past-you.it / neg-just the-sword broke
<br></i>When you took it, the sword wasn’t yet broken.
</blockquote>
If a sentence is the object of a preposition, it’s nominalized, which is simply a matter of preceding the verb with a determiner: <b>nounen lewku</b> ‘you left’ → <b>ugə lu-nounen lewku </b>‘after you left’. Note that the past tense morpheme is preserved; number agreement however becomes optional.
<h4>Questions</h4>
Questions can be formed in several ways. Most formally, use the irrealis and front the verb:
<blockquote>
<b>Odu lu-čaok ebí. </b>The king is speaking.<b>
<br>→ Ebí ugodu lu-čaok</b>? Is the king speaking?
</blockquote>
Colloquially, questions are formed with the tag <b>loute</b> ‘correct’: <b>Odu lu-čaok ebí loute?</b>
<p>Or, use the negative and a rising intonation: <b>Modu lu-čaok ebí?</b>
<p>Interrogative words are normally fronted. Auxiliaries are avoided if possible.
<blockquote>
<b><u>J</b></u><b><u>eg</b></u><b><u>ə</b></u><b> etéše lu-mastač? </b>Who’s running the government?
<br><b>Holə epén lu-Moumušezə? </b>When did the Senate meet?
</blockquote>
<h3>Example</h3>
The example is from a stele erected outside Muəbaz (Momuva’e) by Siənčæn, the greatest of the ancient Edák emperors.
<table width="100%">
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td width="100%">
<br><b>Siš Siənčæn ebí, kraš lu-diágə æm lu-laš Kazəgad ouwa lu-meokát æm lu-iodol luŋ-iəboun, sip:</b>
<br>null.aux Siənčæn speak / brave the-Edák.ruler to.it the-land Kazəgad and the-younger.brother to.them the-sun the-moon-and / thus
<br><i><font color="#008000">Thus speaks Siənčæn, the brave king of the land of Kazəgad, younger brother of the Sun and Moon:
<br></i></font>
</td></tr><tr><td>
<br><b>Isə lu-epén i na epélo æm æč badew, ædešei ege lu-klaš heil iəm čosk.</b>
<br>before the-sit-past I in chair to.him my father, stay-past.pl all the.pl-land foreign to.me hostile
<br><i><font color="#008000">Before I sat on the throne of my father, all the foreign countries were hostile to me. </i></font>
</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>
<br><b>Sišen heil lu-klaš ebík sip:</b>
<br>null.aux-past foreign the.pl-land speak-pl thus:
<br><i><font color="#008000">The neighboring foreign countries spoke thus: </i></font>
</td></tr><tr><td>
<br><b> “Æden ægə badew kraš čaok, roumə hupísen a as edu-zlaš heil.</b>
<br>stay-past his father brave king that conquer-past.pl he many some-land foreign
<br>
<i><font color="#008000">“His father was a valiant king, who conquered many foreign countries. </i></font>
</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>
<br><b> Weišo hæpaben a nagə æde, dada odu a fizætud, lu-rud roumə epé a na lu-epélo æm ægə badew.”</b>
<br>now start-past he god stay / but come he rookie / the-man that sit he in the-chair to.him his father
<br>
<i><font color="#008000">Then he became a god. But the one who now sits on the throne of his father is a child.” </i></font>
</td></tr><tr><td>
<br><b>Sišo roumə epén i, lu-meokát æm lu-iodol lu-iəboun, na lu-epélo æm æč badew, isə lu-nounen i isə heil lu-klaš roumə ædešei išæm čosk,</b>
<br>then that sit-past I the-brother to.them the-sun the-moon-and in the-chair to.him my father / before the-go-past I to foreign the.pl-land that stay-past.pl-they.to.me hostile
<br>
<i><font color="#008000">When I, brother of the sun and moon, sat on the throne of my father, before I went to the foreign countries who were hostile to me, </i></font>
</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>
<br><b> Sišen i isə lu-gdemaš æm Ubáz noun.</b>
<br>null.aux-past I to the-pl.acc-feast to.her mother.goddess go
<br>
<i><font color="#008000"> I went to the feasts of the mother goddess. </i></font>
</td></tr><tr><td>
<br><b> Sišenišæm kečem, ouwa i æč toun isə ŋa-tol lu-oumu ulə. Ebín i sip:</b>
<br>null.aux-past-I.them honor and I my hand to shining the-mother lift. say-past I thus:
<br>
<i><font color="#008000"> I celebrated them and I lifted my hand toward the shining mother. I spoke thus: </i></font>
</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>
<br><b> Æč daz, lu-tol æm lu-gboéi, æde lu-klaš roumə sekaei ačim fizætud, ak æčih ksušin, iəbu jeipək.</b>
<br>my goddess, the-light to.them the-pl.star / stay the-pl.land [ that call-past they-to.me rookie / they our pl-neighbor ] me insult-pl
<br>
<i><font color="#008000"> "O my mistress, light of the stars, the neighboring countries who called me 'a child' continue to insult me.</i></font>
</td></tr><tr><td>
<br><b> Weišo hæpabei ak lu-skakloæm æglewku laš edewnin paduk, æč daz!</b>
<br>now start-past they the-pl.border to.it your holy land attack-pl, my goddess
<br>
<i><font color="#008000">Then, they started to attack the borders of your holy land, my mistress! </i></font>
</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>
<br><b> Esupís lu-zepúonim!”</b>
<br>imper-conquer the.acc-infidel
<br>
<i><font color="#008000">Strike the heathen down!" </i></font>
</td></tr><tr><td>
<br><b> Sišen Ubáz lu-zlega</b> <b>æm æč mabe rætu</b>.
<br>null.aux-past mother.goddess the-pl.acc-word to.it my mouth hear
<br>
<i><font color="#008000"> The mother goddess heard the words of my mouth. </i></font>
</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>
<br><b> Sišenai ulə ouwa uəmen a æč idwæ bæbur odu.</b>
<br>null.aux-past-she.me raise and cause-past she my arm strong come
<br>
<i><font color="#008000"> She raised me up and strengthened my arm. </i></font>
</td></tr><tr><td>
<br><b> Sišen i gæje roumə jeipəi ači ræbe ro kleid hupís epšoun.</b>
<br>null.aux-past i those that complain-past.pl they.me in ten pl-year defeat destroy-and
<br>
<i><font color="#008000">In ten years, I defeated and destroyed those who insulted me . </i></font>
</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>
<br><b> Sišen i edu-zmačud zbous zgeipšaoun kreota, ouwa pilanišas isə lu-laš Kazəgad.</b>
<br>null.aux-past i indef-pl.acc-slave pl.acc-ox pl.acc-sheep-and capture / and send-past-i-them to the-land Kazəgad
<br>
<i><font color="#008000">I captured prisoners, oxen and sheep, and I sent them back to the land of Kazəgad. </font></i>
</td></tr></table>
<h3>Lexicon</h3>
(aux) indicates auxiliary verbs; see the Morphology section for morphological irregularities. (pl) indicates nouns that are used in the plural only.
<p>Most roots can serve as nouns or verbs, depending on how they’re inflected. If you’re looking up an English verb, try the noun form, and vice versa. See <i>Derivation</i> for details.
<p>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>a</b> </td>
<td>he/she (3s nom) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>abu</td>
<td></b>them (2p acc) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>a</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>swamp </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>agu</b> </td>
<td>happy </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Agumosou</td>
<td></b>the chief city of the Dagæm islands </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ak</b> </td>
<td>they (3p nom) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>al </td>
<td></b>want, desire (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>alenin</b></td>
<td>civil (war) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>algo</td>
<td></b>despite, against </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>alóu</td>
<td></b>flower </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>alpo</b> </td>
<td>manufacture </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>alpobu</td>
<td></b>manufacturer, craftsman</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ammu</b> </td>
<td>steal </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ammubu</td>
<td></b>thief</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>an<b>æ'</b>n</b></td>
<td>dry </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>aoba</b></td>
<td>mason </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>aog</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>uncertainty, confusion </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>apo</td>
<td></b>fruit </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>as</td>
<td></b>many, much </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Asalé</td>
<td></b>the best-known city of Rathedān in the far west </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>asin</td>
<td></b>heavy </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ašu</b></td>
<td>chief, supreme </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ašubu</td>
<td></b>chieftain, leader</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ate</b> </td>
<td>keep </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>avávo</td>
<td></b>poor, miserable </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>az</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>woman </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>ba </b></td>
<td>sober </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>bu</td>
<td></b>him/her (2s acc) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>č</b></td>
<td>my (1s poss) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>čih</b></td>
<td>our (1p poss) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>k</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>air </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>da</b></td>
<td>need (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>da</b></td>
<td>corpse </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>de</b></td>
<td>stay, remain, stand; keep at, continue doing; be (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>delu</b></td>
<td>city </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>gah</b></td>
<td>their (3p poss) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>g</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>his/her (3s poss) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>glewku</b></td>
<td>thy (2s poss) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>góu</b> </td>
<td>awry, wrong, off <i></td>
<td></i><i></td></tr>
</i><tr><td><b>æ</b><b>góubu</b><b></td>
<td></b>eccentric, crank</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>æ</b><b>jeg</b><b>ə</td>
<td></b>whose </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>m</b></td>
<td>to him/her/them (3s/3p dat); of, for </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>m</b><b>ə</b><b>l</b></td>
<td>fly (insect) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>nal</td>
<td></b>downward; hold (of a ship) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>na</b></td>
<td>hungry </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>ŋéilo</b></td>
<td>military </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>nil</td>
<td></b>a hair (as a mass, use plural) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>ŋu</b></td>
<td>your (2p poss) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>ti</b></td>
<td>river </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>æ</b><b>tu</b></td>
<td>old </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bage</b></td>
<td>rough </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Balanin</td>
<td></b>the first ruling dynasty of imperial Huyfárah </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>b</b><b>æ</b><b>b </b></td>
<td>miss (not hit) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>b</b><b>æ</b><b>bu</td>
<td></b>root; anchor </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>b</b><b>æ</b><b>bur </b></td>
<td>strong </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>b</b><b>æ</b><b>na</b></td>
<td>beg, supplicate </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>b</b><b>æ</b><b>re</b></td>
<td>own (land) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>b</b><b>æ</b><b>ru</td>
<td></b>real estate, land holdings </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>badew</td>
<td></b>father </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>baobadew</td>
<td></b>uncle: father’s older brother </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>baogas</td>
<td></b>captain (of a ship) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>baomast</td>
<td></b>steward, majordomo </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>baosifa</td>
<td></b>admiral, naval commander </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>baoteka</td>
<td></b>commander </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Barnágo</td>
<td></b>a city on the upper Oltu </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bas</td>
<td></b>calm, even-tempered </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>baše </b></td>
<td>stick, branch; spine; keel </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bašel</td>
<td></b>twig</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>beibu</td>
<td></b>among, between </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>beibul</td>
<td></b>genitals </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>beibulsa</td>
<td></b>vagina </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>beiča </b></td>
<td>leg </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>beb</b></td>
<td>punish</td>
</tr>
</font><tr><td><b>bewšin</td>
<td></b>unlucky, unfortunate</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bi</b><b>ə</b><b>bu</b></td>
<td>scratch; massage </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boa</td>
<td></b>or </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boá</td>
<td></b>can </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boéi</b></td>
<td>star </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boéi</b><b>æ</b><b>g</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>declination (of a star); latitude </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boéimate</b></td>
<td>astronomy, naviation </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boéigur</b> </td>
<td>respect </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boéisti </b></td>
<td>orgy, debauchery </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Boí</b><b>ə</b><b>ba</b> </td>
<td>Oigôp'oibauxeu. a city in Lašumu; the river it’s on </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bom</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>wheat </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bou</b></td>
<td>again </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boug</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>back (side); stern </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boula</b></td>
<td>earth, soil </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bous</b></td>
<td>ox </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>boutu</td>
<td></b>pierce, penetrate </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bu </b></td>
<td>four </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bubiš </b></td>
<td>warm </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>but</td>
<td></b>next to, near </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>čaok</b></td>
<td>king </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>čaoksa</b></td>
<td>queen </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>č</b><b>æ</b><b>me </td>
<td></b>study </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>č</b><b>æ</b><b>n</td>
<td></b>fire; burn </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>č</b><b>æ</b><b>ŋlo</td>
<td></b>lavatory </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>č</b><b>æ</b><b>šum </td>
<td></b>powerful, great </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>če </td>
<td></b>one </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>čega</td>
<td></b>only, sole</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>čeil</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>teacher </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>čeino </td>
<td></b>ask </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>čeiŋ </b></td>
<td>walk </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ček </td>
<td></b>throw </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ček</b><b>ə</b><b>l </td>
<td></b>vomit </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>čelč </td>
<td></b>danger </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>či</b><b>ə</b><b>ba </b></td>
<td>tie </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>či</b><b>ə</b><b>n</td>
<td></b>marry </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>či</b><b>ə</b><b>nu</td>
<td></b>husband </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>čil</b><i></td>
<td></i>barley </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Čisse</td>
<td></b>a city on the eastern coast </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>čosk</b></td>
<td>threatening, hostile </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>čutu</td>
<td></b>spit </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>daba</b> </td>
<td>white </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dačaok</td>
<td></b>princess </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dada</b> </td>
<td>but </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dagane</td>
<td></b>camp </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Dag</b><b>æ</b><b>m</b></td>
<td>the islands east of Kasadgad </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>das</td>
<td></b>fight </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>daši</b><b>ə</b><b>m</b></td>
<td>hemp; canvas, sail </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dau</td>
<td></b>male, masculine </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dayadok</td>
<td></b>(person) from Rathedān, the western mountains </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>daz </b></td>
<td>goddess (of polytheistic religions) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>d</b><b>æ</b><b>ŋ</td>
<td></b>mountain </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>deidin</b> </td>
<td>numinous, awesome, frightening </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>deik</b><b>ə</b><b>lo</b> </td>
<td>holy place (in the wild), haunted area </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>deiŋ </td>
<td></b>finger </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>deip </td>
<td></b>young (of an animal) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>demaš</td>
<td></b>feast </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dewmuh </td>
<td></b>hunt </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>di</b><b>ə</b><b>bo </td>
<td></b>fat, grease, oil </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>diág</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>title of Edák rulers </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dizo </td>
<td></b>typical, ordinary </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>do </b></td>
<td>you (2p nom) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>dou</b> </td>
<td>five </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>doum </b></td>
<td>to you (2p dat) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>doumah</b></td>
<td>glass (substance) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>douŋ </b></td>
<td>you (2p acc) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>du</b><b>ə</b><b>bu</b> </td>
<td>smell </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>duk</b><b>ə</b><b>s</td>
<td></b>master, teacher </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eb<b>æ'</b>ru </b></td>
<td>bark (of tree), husk (of fruits) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebéd</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>order, arrange </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebewr</td>
<td></b>short </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebí</b></td>
<td>say, speak </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebíč</b></td>
<td>necessary </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebí</b><b>ə</b><b>be </td>
<td></b>sing </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebí</b><b>ə</b><b>bu</td>
<td></b>singer</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebíu </td>
<td></b>guilty </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eboáge</b> </td>
<td>push, impel </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebóp</b></td>
<td>music </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebóuta</b> </td>
<td>seed </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eboúr</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>strange, weird </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebréibo</td>
<td></b>ruins (esp. Edák ones) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebú</b><b>ə</b><b>we</b> </td>
<td>carry, hold </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ebúmu</b></td>
<td>belly </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edábo</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>corrupt, rotten </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edák </b></td>
<td>An ethnonym; the name of the people of Kazəgad </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edást</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>the Edák language, parent of Fáralo </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edé </b></td>
<td>rub; play (an instrument) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edébu</td>
<td></b>musician</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edéi </b></td>
<td>tree; mast </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edéin</b><b>æ</b> </td>
<td>live </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edewn</b> </td>
<td>pure </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edewnin</td>
<td></b>holy <i></td>
<td></i></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>edí</b><b>ə</b><b>mu </td>
<td></b>spare someone’s life; set free </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edúg</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>why </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>edu-</td>
<td></b>some (indefinite article clitic) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ege</b> </td>
<td>all, every </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>egéi </td>
<td></b>upward </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>egemal</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>everywhere </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>egew </td>
<td></b>everyone, everything </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>egól</b> </td>
<td>foot </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>egr</b><b>æ</b><b>n</b> </td>
<td>satisfy </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>egúgo</td>
<td></b>deceive, fool </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eib</td>
<td></b>freeze </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eib</b><b>ə</b><b>l</td>
<td></b>green </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eibur</b> </td>
<td>swim </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eidu</b> </td>
<td>fall (v); fail </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eig</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>good; name of the great river of Kazəgad and Lašumu </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eik</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>(land) animal</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eik</b><b>ə</b><b>mate</td>
<td></b>animal husbandry</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eiku </td>
<td></b>kill </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eim</b> </td>
<td>turn </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>einiš</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>fly (v) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eione</b> </td>
<td>obscure, hard to understand </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eiw</b><b>ə</b><b>l </td>
<td></b>west </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eioti</td>
<td></b>day, daytime </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ekéi</b> </td>
<td>egg </td>
</tr>
</font><tr><td><b>ekúi</td>
<td></b>blessing, benefit </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>elje</b> </td>
<td>clean </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eluoga</b> </td>
<td>abundant, common </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>en<b>æ'</b>d</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>feel (an emotion)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Enčélade</b> </td>
<td>Ngahêxôldod, a city in Lašumu </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>enóuno</td>
<td></b>mess up, get in trouble </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eobu</b> </td>
<td>sleep </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epaf</b> </td>
<td>light (not heavy) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epág</b> </td>
<td>far </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epág</b><b>æ</b><b>g</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>distance; longitude </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ep<b>æ'</b>m </b></td>
<td>cry </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ep<b>æ'</b>poge </td>
<td></b>curse </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epé</td>
<td></b>sit; meet (councils) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epélo</td>
<td></b>chair </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epéilu</b> </td>
<td>rain (v)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epél</td>
<td></b>rest </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epéiša</b> </td>
<td>fish, seafood </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epépe</b><i></td>
<td></i>breast </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epóu</b> </td>
<td>because </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epš </td>
<td></b>destroy </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>epúonim</b></td>
<td>pagan, polytheist, infidel </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>erólo</td>
<td></b>impotent </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>esé</b><i></td>
<td></i>bleed (v); ooze </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eš</b> </td>
<td>six </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eš<b>æ'</b>d</b> </td>
<td>much </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ešo</b> </td>
<td>always </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etá</b> </td>
<td>stop (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etáše </b></td>
<td>surrounding, all around; throughout </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>eté </b></td>
<td>with, by, using (instrumental) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etéiwa</b> </td>
<td>tiller; tail </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etéše</b> </td>
<td>sail (v); govern, run </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etéšu</b> </td>
<td>sailboat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etewg</b> </td>
<td>forest </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etí</b><b>ə</b><b>du</b> </td>
<td>metal </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>etúg</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>action, deeds; the main religion of Huyfárah </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ewa</b> </td>
<td>snake </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ewbu</b> </td>
<td>urchin, petty criminal </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ewmu</b> </td>
<td>reject, hate </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ewpa</b> </td>
<td>statue </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ezul</b> </td>
<td>take </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>fáralo</td>
<td></b>(person) from Huyfárah; the Fáralo language </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ferój</td>
<td></b>Feråjin (people to the east of the Faraghin) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>fiz</b><b>æ</b><b>tud</td>
<td></b>rookie, newbie, wet behind the ears </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>foga</td>
<td></b>make, create </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>gafač</td>
<td></b>crime </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gafaču</td>
<td></b>criminal</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>gaos</td>
<td></b>boat </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gašu</td>
<td></b>rabbit </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gatač</td>
<td></b>galley </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gate</b></td>
<td>wood </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gatel</td>
<td></b>plank, board</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>g</b><b>æ</b><b>je</td>
<td></b>those things, those people </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>geipša</b> </td>
<td>sheep </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>geirit</td>
<td></b>until, up to </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>geiru</td>
<td></b>atheist, cynic </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gis</td>
<td></b>dagger </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gissa</td>
<td></b>cut </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gonin</td>
<td></b>elder; elder brother </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gou</b></td>
<td>road </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>goul</b></td>
<td>path, way</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gouga </b></td>
<td>break </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>goum </b></td>
<td>high </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>goumoudu</b> </td>
<td>cross-staff (for measuring angles) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gourun </td>
<td></b>desert </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gout </td>
<td></b>dull (not sharp) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gozu </b></td>
<td>difficult </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>gu</b><b>ə</b><b>tu</b> </td>
<td>so, therefore </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>guru</b> </td>
<td>guts, intestines </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ha</td>
<td></b>meat </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hab</td>
<td></b>eat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hačiš</td>
<td></b>garlic </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hadír</td>
<td></b>outside, out of; outdoors </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hadírlo</td>
<td></b>open, overt, superficial </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Hagíb</b><b>ə</b><b>l</b></td>
<td>ancient or poetic name for Huyfárah </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>haglu</b> </td>
<td>gross, nasty </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>haran</td>
<td></b>Faraghin (person or language) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>h</b><b>æ</b><b>pabe </b></td>
<td>begin, start (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>h</b><b>æ</b><b>tud</td>
<td></b>veteran </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>hei</td>
<td></b>blue </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>heil</td>
<td></b>foreign </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>heipud</td>
<td></b>crooked, twisted; deformed </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>helkun </b></td>
<td>enemy </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hewe </b></td>
<td>water </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hewegou</b></td>
<td>dock </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>heweteka</td>
<td></b>navy, fleet </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hi</b><b>ə</b><b>m</b> </td>
<td>cloud </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hi</b><b>ə</b><b>wa </b></td>
<td>rotten </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hičid</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>misuse of office </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>his</b><b>ə</b><b>l</td>
<td></b>bequeath </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hislu</td>
<td></b>child, heir </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Histu</b><b>ə</b><b>n</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>an eastern nation, homeland of Etúgə<b> </b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hitug</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>physical necessity; the mundane world </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hol</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>when </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hou </td>
<td></b>coast </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>houzuŋ </b></td>
<td>left (side); port </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hu</b><b>ə</b><b>mu </b></td>
<td>wrong </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hude </td>
<td></b>eight </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>hupís </td>
<td></b>defeat, conquer </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Hutaba</b></td>
<td>the founder of Etúgə<b> </b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Huyfárah</b></td>
<td>the nation of the Fáralo </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>huz </td>
<td></b>mouse </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>huz<b>æ'</b>tug</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>immorality, vice, perversion, evil </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>i </b></td>
<td>I (1s nom) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ibe </b></td>
<td>touch, use </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ib</b><b>ə</b><b>l </b></td>
<td>north </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ič<b>æ'</b>m</b><b>ə</b><b>l</b></td>
<td>study; knowledge </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>id</b><b>ə</b><b>r</td>
<td></b>seem, appear (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>idú</b><b>ə</b><b>ŋ </b></td>
<td>sea, ocean </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>idw</b><b>æ</b></td>
<td>arm </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>i</b><b>ə</b><b>b </b></td>
<td>month, moon; one hundred </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>i</b><b>ə</b><b>bu</td>
<td></b>me (1s acc) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>i</b><b>ə</b><b>l</b><b>æ</b><b>n</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>catastrophe, disaster </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>i</b><b>ə</b><b>ma</b> </td>
<td>symbol, sign </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>i</b><b>ə</b><b>mu </td>
<td></b>head; top </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>i</b><b>ə</b><b>m</td>
<td></b>to me (1s dat)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>i</b><b>ə</b><b>n</b><b>ə</b><b></td>
<td></b>see, look</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ifis</b><b>æ</b><b>n</b><b>ə</b><b></td>
<td></b>the spiritual world; salvation; heaven </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ig</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>which one </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ilč</b> </td>
<td>black </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>im</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>sew </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>io </b></td>
<td>noble, lord </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>iodol</b></td>
<td>sun </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ioza</td>
<td></b>noblewoman, lady </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>iozal</td>
<td></b>girl of noble blood; figurehead or bow of a ship</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ip</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>straight </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ipi</b> </td>
<td>liver </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>is</td>
<td></b>should (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>is</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>to, towards; before (time) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>is</b><b>ə</b><b>ga</td>
<td></b>early; preceding </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>išo</b> </td>
<td>night </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>išonoun</td>
<td></b>journey, voyage </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>iwmu </b></td>
<td>beautiful </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>iwmusa</td>
<td></b>beautiful girl</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>j</b><b>æ</b><b>g</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>indignant, wrathful </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>j</b><b>æ</b><b>je </b></td>
<td>that one, that person </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>j</b><b>æ</b><b>n</b><i></td>
<td></i>knife </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>jeg</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>who, what </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>jeip</b><b>ə</b><b></td>
<td></b>insult </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ji</b><b>ə</b><b>ku </b></td>
<td>hard (not soft) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ji</b><b>ə</b><b>nih </td>
<td></b>iron </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>jibe </b></td>
<td>bad </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>jori</td>
<td></b>wake up </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>jos</td>
<td></b>awake, conscious </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>juma</td>
<td></b>complain, protest </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kada</td>
<td></b>amuse </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kadal</td>
<td></b>like, appreciate </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>k</b><b>æ</b><b>da</b></td>
<td>ashes (pl) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kaklo</td>
<td></b>border, boundary </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kaltó </b></td>
<td>wind (pl) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kaogádin</td>
<td></b>uncle: father’s younger brother </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kaog</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>fog, mist (pl) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kaotača</td>
<td></b>aunt </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kape </td>
<td></b>last year </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kaš</td>
<td></b>funny, amusing </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Kaz</b><b>ə</b><b>gad</b></td>
<td>Kasca, the ancient Edák nation, now ruled by Huyfárah </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kečem</b></td>
<td>honor </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>keip</b> </td>
<td>grass, herb (pl) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>keipmate</td>
<td></b>herblore</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>keize</b> </td>
<td>snow (pl) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>keoč</td>
<td></b>angry </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kepéilu</b> </td>
<td>rain (n; pl)<i></td>
<td></i><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kesé</b><i></td>
<td></i>blood (pl) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>k</b><b>ə</b><b>wú</td>
<td></b>(Etúgeist) priest [</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kiki</td>
<td></b>a spice from the eastern islands </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kipa</td>
<td></b>rice alcohol (pl) <i></td>
<td></i><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kol</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>absurd, crazy </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kouw</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>tongue; rudder </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kpu</b><b>ə</b><b>ma</td>
<td></b>smoke, steam (pl)<i></td>
<td></i><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kraš</td>
<td></b>bold, brave </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kreota</td>
<td></b>seize, capture </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ksoudu </b></td>
<td>sand (pl) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ku</td>
<td></b>spirit, mind </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ku</b><b>ə</b><b>ma </b></td>
<td>redo </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ku</b><b>ə</b><b>t</td>
<td></b>devil, demon </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kufas</td>
<td></b>(Etúgeist) temple </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kuin</td>
<td></b>holy, sacred </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kus</b><b>æ</b><b>p</td>
<td></b>worship </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kusr</b><b>æ</b><b>m</td>
<td></b>olive </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>kwaše</td>
<td></b>these things, these people </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>lad</td>
<td></b>healthy </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lade</td>
<td></b>not much </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ladmate</td>
<td></b>medicine</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>lalpo</td>
<td></b>heal, cure </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>lalpobu</td>
<td></b>doctor, physician</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>laoma</td>
<td></b>long </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>laš</td>
<td></b>land, country </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lašin</td>
<td></b>national</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Lašumu</b> </td>
<td>Axôltseubeu, the nation upriver from Kazəgad </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>l</b><b>æ</b><b>pu</b></td>
<td>bone </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>l</b><b>æ</b><b>pusa</td>
<td></b>penis </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>leč</td>
<td></b>sword </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>lega</td>
<td></b>word; language </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>legal </b></td>
<td>write </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>legéiša</b></td>
<td>poetry </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lei</td>
<td></b>bird </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>leid</td>
<td></b>year </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>leideiŋ </td>
<td></b>wing </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>leidin</td>
<td></b>annual</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>leil</td>
<td></b>flow, pour; row </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>leilu</td>
<td></b>rowboat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>leišo </td>
<td></b>cold </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lewku </b></td>
<td>thou (2s-T nom) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lewkuŋ </b></td>
<td>thee (2s-T acc) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lewkum</b></td>
<td>to thee (2s-T dat) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>li</b><b>ə</b><b>mu</b> </td>
<td>smile </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>loute</td>
<td></b>right, correct </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>loumo </td>
<td></b>visit </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lu-</td>
<td></b>the; abstract nominalizer (clitic) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>luba</td>
<td></b>lie </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lu</b><b>ə</b><b>t</b><b>ə</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>to us (1p dat) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>luki </b></td>
<td>we (1p nom) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>luzis </b></td>
<td>us (1p acc) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mabe</td>
<td></b>mouth </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mačud</b></td>
<td>slave </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>magač</td>
<td></b>loot, pillage </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mai</td>
<td></b>nobody, nothing </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>maiga</td>
<td></b>empty </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mal</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>where </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>malge </b></td>
<td>suck </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mardu</b></td>
<td>human </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mas</td>
<td></b>a few </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mastač</td>
<td></b>government </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mašo</b> </td>
<td>never </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mate</b> </td>
<td>know </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>matel</b> </td>
<td>think, suspect </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mateboéi</b></td>
<td>astrolabe </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>matib</b><b>ə</b><b>l </b></td>
<td>magnet; compass </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>matug</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>the impossible (to normal men); fantasy, spirituality </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>m</b><b>æ</b> </td>
<td>believe </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>m</b><b>æ</b><b>de </b></td>
<td>heart; feel (an emotion) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>m</b><b>æ</b><b>did</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>intelligence </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>m</b><b>æ</b><b>du </b></td>
<td>purposeless, pointless </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>m</b><b>æ</b><b>g</b> </td>
<td>today </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>m</b><b>æ</b><b>m</b> </td>
<td>seven </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>M</b><b>æ</b><b>medéi</td>
<td></b>a city on the mouth of the Oltu </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>m</b><b>æ</b><b>sa</td>
<td></b>cow </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mebe</b> </td>
<td>peasant, farmer </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mebelo</b> </td>
<td>farm </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mei</b> </td>
<td>trade </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>meibu</td>
<td></b>trader, merchant</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>meikut</td>
<td></b>bastard, sumbitch [</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>meil </b></td>
<td>read </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>menčaok</b></td>
<td>prince </td>
</tr>
</font><tr><td><b>mengaos</td>
<td></b>first mate </td>
</tr>
</font><tr><td><b>menio</td>
<td></b>young lord; boy of noble blood</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>meokát </b></td>
<td>younger brother, apprentice, cadet </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mewk </b></td>
<td>rebel </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>m</b><b>ə</b><b>lew</td>
<td></b>figure out, realize </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mi</b> </td>
<td>no, none </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Mi</b><b>ə</b><b>du</b> </td>
<td>the southernmost city in Huyfárah proper </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mimal</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>nowhere </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>miš</b> </td>
<td>modern, novel </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mišagu </b></td>
<td>holiday, day off </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>moge</b> </td>
<td>backward </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mola </td>
<td></b>full </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mol</b><b>ə</b><b>n </b></td>
<td>alert, vigilant </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mordu</td>
<td></b>front; chest (of a person) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mosin</td>
<td></b>civilized, urban, cultured </td>
</tr>
</font><tr><td><b>mosou</b></td>
<td>port, harbor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mospi</td>
<td></b>uncultured, provincial </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mou</b> </td>
<td>skin </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>moudu</b> </td>
<td>measure </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>moumušez</b><b>ə</b><b></td>
<td></b>council, senate </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mouru </b></td>
<td>narrow </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mowe</td>
<td></b>oral sex </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Mu</b><b>ə</b><b>baz</b> </td>
<td>a city in Kazəgad, modern Momuva’e </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mu</b><b>ə</b><b>bazin</td>
<td></b>lawless, anarchic </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>muba</b> </td>
<td>worm </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mube </b></td>
<td>foolish, rash </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mula</b></td>
<td>ice </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mus</b></td>
<td>grow</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>musmate</td>
<td></b>agriculture</td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>mušidut</b><b>ə</b><b></td>
<td></b>belief, philosophy, ideology </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>muymis</b></td>
<td>stupid </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>mwáogube</b></td>
<td>ponderous, grave </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>na</td>
<td></b>in (locations, substances, regions), inside; on </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nabe </td>
<td></b>red </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nača</td>
<td></b>lady, baroness </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nadír</td>
<td></b>in (containers), inside of, indoors </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nadírlo</td>
<td></b>secret, hidden </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>naga</td>
<td></b>inner, interior </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nag</b><b>ə</b><i></td>
<td></i>god (of polytheistic religions) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nagu</td>
<td></b>bear (animal) <i></td>
<td></i></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>naonu</b> </td>
<td>divide, separate </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>naoŋga</td>
<td></b>split </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>napóča</td>
<td></b>play (e.g. games), have fun </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>narór</td>
<td></b>horse </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>našiŋa </b></td>
<td>futile, in vain </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nat</td>
<td></b>lord, baron </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nata</td>
<td></b>the nobility, aristocray </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nayu</td>
<td></b>noodles (an eastern dish) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>naz</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>east </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>n</b><b>æ</b><b>b</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>someone, something </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>n</b><b>æ</b><b>b</b><b>æ</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>small </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>n</b><b>æ</b><b>blo </b></td>
<td>sometime </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>n</b><b>æ</b><b>lul </td>
<td></b>somewhere </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>n</b><b>æ</b><b>m</b> </td>
<td>illness, disease </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>n</b><b>æ</b><b>me</b> </td>
<td>some, any </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>n</b><b>æ</b><b>muh</b> </td>
<td>orange </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>n</b><b>æ</b><b>pe</b></td>
<td>swell (up) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>neča</b> </td>
<td>wife </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nege</b></td>
<td>the most; maximum; azimuth </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>neiŋ</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>leaf </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>neos</td>
<td></b>sick, ill </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ni</b><b>ə</b><b>n</b> <i></td>
<td></i>if/then conjunction </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nil</td>
<td></b>nine </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nioga</td>
<td></b>war </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>noš </b></td>
<td>die </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>noulo</td>
<td></b>street </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>noun </b></td>
<td>go (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nubázi</b></td>
<td>realization, enlightenment </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nuge</td>
<td></b>easy </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋa-</td>
<td></b>prefix forming a participial adjective: <i>ŋanoun</i> ‘going’ </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋad</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>make love, have sex </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋal</td>
<td></b>very </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋal</b><b>ə</b><b>r</td>
<td></b>too, too much; excessive </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋalleil</td>
<td></b>flood </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋastís </td>
<td></b>villain, rogue </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋapš</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>thick </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋ</b><b>æ</b><b>ne</td>
<td></b>neck </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋ</b><b>æ</b><b>ŋu </td>
<td></b>laugh </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋeib</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>toe </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋeide </td>
<td></b>wipe </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋi</b></td>
<td>two </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋi</b><b>ə</b><b>bu </b></td>
<td>sharp; acute, clever </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋi</b><b>ə</b><b>bul </b></td>
<td>needle </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋigatač</td>
<td></b>bireme </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋouru </td>
<td></b>ancient; also an ethnonym </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Ŋourlo</b> </td>
<td>a city in Kazəgad </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ŋura</td>
<td></b>cloves; brown </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oa </b></td>
<td>salt </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>o</b><b>æ</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>right (side), starboard </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>obo</td>
<td></b>for, for the purpose of </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>odu </b></td>
<td>come; (aux) be at the moment </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oltu </b></td>
<td>new; the name of the main river of Huyfárah </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Oltumosou</td>
<td></b>a city on the mouth of the Poráš </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>olyéna</td>
<td></b>commit a faux pas </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oŋ </b></td>
<td>squeeze </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>op</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>ear </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>opwo</td>
<td></b>a type of meal popular in Lašumu </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ordo </b></td>
<td>eye </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oslók </b></td>
<td>forget </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ote</td>
<td></b>run, hurry </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>otóun</b> </td>
<td>thin </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oub</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>almost all </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oug</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>behind, in back of </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oumol</b></td>
<td>younger sister </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oumu</b> </td>
<td>mother </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-oun </b></td>
<td>and </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ouŋu</td>
<td></b>without, except for </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oupu</b> </td>
<td>deep </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>oušu</b> </td>
<td>promise </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ouwa</b> </td>
<td>and </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ouz</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>suicide </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ouzu</b> </td>
<td>yesterday </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pabo</b> </td>
<td>analyze, categorize </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pačuna</td>
<td></b>count, reckon </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>padu</b> </td>
<td>attack </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Palge</td>
<td></b>a free city in Kazəgad, modern Pawé </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pap </b></td>
<td>defense </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>p</b><b>æ</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>round </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>p</b><b>æ</b><b>n </b></td>
<td>bite, chew </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pea </b></td>
<td>ready </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pei </td>
<td></b>big </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>peilbu</td>
<td></b>hourglass </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>peim</b><b>æ</b><b>b</b> </td>
<td>mystery </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Peimast</td>
<td></b>a city on the upper Poráš </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pein </b></td>
<td>with, accompanied by, having </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>peit</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>fucking do (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>peitu </td>
<td></b>apart </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pep</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>last, final </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>peras </b></td>
<td>knight, first rank of noble </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pi</td>
<td></b>fingernail </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pi</b><b>ə</b><b>m</b> </td>
<td>low; (v) abase; (refl) submit, lower oneself, sacrifice</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pig</b><b>ə</b><b>l </b></td>
<td>first </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pila </b></td>
<td>send; (as aux) have done, send for </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pir </td>
<td></b>goat </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>popu </b></td>
<td>fear </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>porat</td>
<td></b>trustworthy, sound </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Poráš</td>
<td></b>the river east of the Oltu</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>poun </b></td>
<td>island </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>pouni</b></td>
<td>plant, vegetation </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Puwa</td>
<td></b>a Naidda-speaking city in the far south </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>puw</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>nose </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>rari</td>
<td></b>addicted </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Rasedán</td>
<td></b>the western mountains </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>r</b><b>æ</b><b>be </td>
<td></b>along; during, in, within </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>r</b><b>æ</b><b>de </td>
<td></b>sky </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>r</b><b>æ</b><b>pen </td>
<td></b>instead of, in place of </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>r</b><b>æ</b><b>tu</b> </td>
<td>hear </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>rewebe </td>
<td></b>unable, useless </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>rewŋ</td>
<td></b>flat, smooth ‘plains’ </td>
</tr>
</font><tr><td><b>rewŋ</b><b>ə</b><b>l</b></td>
<td>platform; deck (of a ship) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>rewŋlo</td>
<td></b>plain, flatlands </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>rif</b><b>ə</b><b>s</td>
<td></b>ugly </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>rišo</td>
<td></b>con, defraud </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>ro</td>
<td></b>ten </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>robe</b><i></td>
<td></i>feather </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>roda</td>
<td></b>have, own (things) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>rodu</td>
<td></b>possessions, one’s things </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>rog</b><b>ə</td>
<td></b>perform, act </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>roul</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>care for, be devoted to </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>roum</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>that (relativizer) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>rud</td>
<td></b>man (male) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ru</b><b>ə</b><b>nah</b></td>
<td>priest (of the pagans) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>rulasa</td>
<td></b>whore, prostitute </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>rušan</td>
<td></b>blame; cast aspersions, sling mud </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>satug</b><b>ə</b></td>
<td>false knowledge, illusion </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>s</b><b>æ</b><b>či </b></td>
<td>soft </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>s</b><b>æ</b><b>ŋ</td>
<td></b>wash </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>s</b><b>æ</b><b>p</td>
<td></b>give </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>s</b><b>æ</b><b>tug</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>virtue, morality </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sečas</td>
<td></b>good luck, good fortune </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sečasin</td>
<td></b>lucky, fortunate</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>seiš </b></td>
<td>louse </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sek</td>
<td></b>name </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>seka</td>
<td></b>name, call </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>selo </b></td>
<td>spear </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>serčaok</td>
<td></b>emperor (title of the Fáralo ruler) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>serin</td>
<td></b>imperial </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sernat</td>
<td></b>minister (of state) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Sertek</td>
<td></b>a city on the mouth of the Poráš </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>si-</td>
<td></b>that (clitic) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>si</b><b>ə</b><b>n </b></td>
<td>drink </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Si</b><b>ə</b><b>nč</b><b>æ</b><b>n</b></td>
<td>the greatest of the Edák emperors <b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>silo </b></td>
<td>tooth, fang </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sirul </b></td>
<td>there </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sip </b></td>
<td>thus </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>siralo</td>
<td></b>brothel </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sis </b></td>
<td>dog </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sissa</td>
<td></b>bitch </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>siš</b></td>
<td>null (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sišo</b> </td>
<td>then </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>so</td>
<td></b>must, have to (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>soy </b></td>
<td>cause </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>soudul </b></td>
<td>powder, dust </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>souŋ</b> </td>
<td>knee </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sur </b></td>
<td>tomorrow </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>suš </td>
<td></b>near, nearby </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>sušin </td>
<td></b>neighbor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Šišin</td>
<td></b>the northern mountains </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>šu</b><b>ə</b><b>n</td>
<td></b>stab, slash </td>
<td><b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>šuys</td>
<td></b>merciful, compassionate </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ta</td>
<td></b>just did (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tača</td>
<td></b>older sister </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Tal</td>
<td></b>the western provinces of Huyfárah </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>talo</td>
<td></b>the people of Tal; the Tlaliolz</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>t</b><b>æ</b><b>di</b> </td>
<td>shelter </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>t</b><b>æ</b><b>dil</b> </td>
<td>oar </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>t</b><b>æ</b><b>m </td>
<td></b>south </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>teibe </b></td>
<td>together </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>teiŋu</b> </td>
<td>pull </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>teiŋgas</td>
<td></b>punt, flatboat </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>teitu</b> </td>
<td>wide </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>teka</td>
<td></b>army </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tesses</td>
<td></b>soldier </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tid</b> </td>
<td>flea </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tikóu</b> </td>
<td>stone, rock; anchor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tir</td>
<td></b>door </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>toba</b> </td>
<td>horn </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tol</b></td>
<td>shine </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tou</b> </td>
<td>lake </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>toun</b> </td>
<td>hand </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tu</b><b>ə</b><b>d</td>
<td></b>oversee, control </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tulas</td>
<td></b>cinnamon </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>tuma</td>
<td></b>pirate </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ubák </b></td>
<td>palace </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Ubáz</b></td>
<td>the Mother Goddess of the Edák </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ubu</td>
<td></b>soon </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>u</b><b>ə</b><b>m</td>
<td></b>cause (aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>u</b><b>ə</b><b>m</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>joke </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>u</b><b>ə</b><b>š</b> </td>
<td>blow, breathe </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>u</b><b>ə</b><b>ta</b> </td>
<td>humor, wit </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ug</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>from; after </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ug</b><b>ə</b><b>ga</td>
<td></b>late, later </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ul</b><b>ə</b><b> </td>
<td></b>rise, raise, lift </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ulg</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>taste </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ulgu </td>
<td></b>rope </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>umórdu</td>
<td></b>in front of, before (space) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>umóro</td>
<td></b>be picky </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>undribu</td>
<td></b>comedian </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Ussor</b> </td>
<td>capital of Huyfárah </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ušóbe</td>
<td></b>be horny </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>uw </td>
<td></b>cruel, savage </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>uwlo</td>
<td></b>barbarian </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>uwméi</b></td>
<td>yellow </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wa-</td>
<td></b>this (clitic) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wab</b><b>ə</b><b> </b></td>
<td>hit </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wagah </b></td>
<td>peace </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>waš </td>
<td></b>dig </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>waše </b></td>
<td>this one, this person</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>w</b><b>æ</b><b>gól</td>
<td></b>below, under </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>w</b><b>æ</b><b>re</td>
<td></b>love </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>w</b><b>æ</b><b>táŋ</td>
<td></b>beyond, past </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>w</b><b>æ</b><b>t</b><b>ə</b> <b></td>
<td></b>about, concerning </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>we</td>
<td></b>will (future aux) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wede </b></td>
<td>vegetable </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>weišo </b></td>
<td>now </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wi</b><b>ə</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>live </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wi</b><b>ə</b><b>mu</td>
<td></b>above, over </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wi</b><b>ə</b><b>ŋ </b></td>
<td>wet </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wilo</td>
<td></b>house </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wimés</b> </td>
<td>adjacent, adjoining </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wim</b><b>ə</b> </td>
<td>mud </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wim</b><b>ə</b><b>l</b> </td>
<td>dirty </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wos</b></td>
<td>three </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wošlo</td>
<td></b>dump, hick town </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wozgatač</td>
<td></b>trireme </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>woul </td>
<td></b>here </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>woupu</b> </td>
<td>remember </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>wugu</b> </td>
<td>condemn, find guilty </td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
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