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<TITLE>F&aacute;ralo</TITLE>
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<h2>F&aacute;ralo</h2>

<h3>Introduction</h3>

<img src="http://www.zompist.com/huyfarah.gif" align="right">

F&aacute;ralo is the language of<b> Huyf&aacute;rah</b>, the dominant nation in this part of the world.  

<p>In ancient times, the <b>Oltu</b> river valley and the nearby seacoast were divided between two related peoples, the barbaric Faraghin and Fer&aring;jin.  The civilized world was to the south, along the great <b>Eig&#x0259;</b>.  The first civilized people were the <b>&#x014a;ouru</b>, who arose in the river delta&#8212; Kaz&#x0259;gad&#8212; about 4000 years ago.  The peoples and wars of the valley were many, but for our purposes the chief fact was the conquest of Kaz&#x0259;gad by the <b>Ed&aacute;k</b>, a people who lived upriver, in La&#x0161;umu (modern Ax&ocirc;ltseubeu).  

<p>The Ed&aacute;k were themselves conquered more than once, but their edge in population allowed them, each time, to expel or absorb their conquerors.  They emerged from the last of these episodes with a new imperial vigor, and set themselves the task of conquering the known world.  They reached their greatest extent 2000 years ago under the emperor Si&#x0259;n&#x010d;&aelig;n: the entire Eig&#x0259; valley, the southwestern mountains once held by their rivals the Gezoro, a wide stretch of the eastern seacoast, and the lands of the Feraghin and Fer&aring;jin.

<p>This latter region they called <b>Hag&iacute;b</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l</b>, the North Coast; they colonized the seacoast and river valleys, leaving the Faraghin (and to a lesser extent the Fer&aring;jin) to the mountains, forests, and pasturelands.  For some centuries the Ed&aacute;k remained as overlords; then they lost the hinterlands; then the empire collapsed, leaving the local Ed&aacute;k ruling the colonized areas.  The local balance of power reversed: the Faraghin hill tribes, accustomed to horses and frequent internecine war, raided the Ed&aacute;k and pillaged or even razed their main settlements.

<p>About 1500 years ago, the <b>Faraghin</b> put aside their usual disunity and conquered the Oltu valley and its capital, Ussor, and then the Ed&aacute;k littoral, which they renamed <b>Huyf&aacute;rah</b>, the Faraghin Coast.  This time, the horsemen were here to stay.  Ed&aacute;k society&#8212; highly stratified and urbanized&#8212; was transformed.  As nomads, the Faraghin believe not in real estate and civil protection but in moveable property and honor.  For the settled Ed&aacute;k, the archetypical villainy was murder; for the Faraghin it was theft.  (Murder of a peer was serious; but murder of an inferior was not much more than a property crime, which could be paid for.)

<p>If this seems &#8216;barbaric&#8217;, we should recognize as well that the Faraghin were much more individualistic and enterprising than the Ed&aacute;k, whose devotion to stability led less to peace than to stagnation.  It was possible to move up in Faraghin society, and trade and markets developed here, while the Eig&#x0259; valley was still dominated by archaic command economies.  

<p>The great vice of the Faraghin warrior class was a disinclination, on the death of a respected king, to support their unproven young heirs.  The unity of the Oltu lasted only a century; the region then became a squabbling patchwork of baronies; if some ambitious ruler unified them his kingdom would collapse in a few generations.  Once the littoral was even temporarily reconquered by a resurgent Kaz&#x0259;gad. 

<p>Nonetheless, trade continued to flourish, and the people of Huyf&aacute;rah developed a great skill in navigation, and explored the littoral a great distance to the east and south.  

<p>The turning point was the discovery of the nation of Histu&#x0259;n&#x0259;, to the east, and its religion <b>Et&uacute;g</b><b>&#x0259;</b>.  Its great sage Hutaba preached <i>nub&aacute;zi</i> &#8216;the realization&#8217;&#8212; the realization being that all knowledge is false; only action (<i>et&uacute;g</i><i>&#x0259;</i>) and belief (<i>mu&#x0161;itug</i><i>&#x0259;</i>) are real.  <i>Nub&aacute;zi </i>frees the spirit to live in <i>ifis</i>&aelig;<i>n</i><i>&#x0259;</i>, the spiritual world.  

<p>The explorers brought back Et&uacute;geist monks.  These were at first mocked, even persecuted and tortured; but their calm conviction and eloquence won respect.  Finally the entire country was won over, and the new doctrine not only consolidated F&aacute;ralo identity, but brought a new respect for unity and loyalty.   The Balanin dynasty, able generals and devout Et&uacute;geists, unified the country, and soon turned to empire-building.

<p>In the last centuries Huyf&aacute;rah has turned to <b>empire-building</b>.  First the Dag&aelig;m islands were occupied&#8212; a useful acquisition for a maritime empire; then the lands of the Fer&aring;jin just to the east, then Kaz&#x0259;gad&#8212; which was by now, however, only a poor shadow of its former glory.

<h4>The language</h4>

The people of Huyf&aacute;rah call themselves the <b>F&aacute;ralo</b>&#8212; essentially a form of &#8216;Faraghin&#8217;&#8212; and think of themselves as descendents of this warrior nation.  Nonetheless their language descends from that of the Ed&aacute;k, though with heavy Faraghin influence.

<p>The language of Si&#x0259;n&#x010d;&aelig;n is called Ed&aacute;st&#x0259;; it is the ancestor of the <b>Edastean</b> family, which besides F&aacute;ralo includes at least these languages:

<ul><li><b>Naidda</b>, the language of present-day Kaz&#x0259;gad (<i>Kasca</i>)
<li><b>Ndok Ais&ocirc;</b>, spoken in La&#x0161;umu (<i>Ax&ocirc;ltseubeu</i>)
<li><b>Ad&#x0101;ta</b>, spoken in Rased&aacute;n (<i>Rathed&#x0101;n</i>), the western mountains
<li><b>Qedik</b>, spoken on the other side of the northern mountains, has recently been recognized as belonging to the same family.   
</ul>

<h3>Phonology</h3>

<br>Vowels</b>

<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>i</td>
<td></td>
<td>u</td>
</tr>

<tr><td>ei</td>
<td></td>
<td>ou</td>
</tr>

<tr><td>e</td>
<td>&#x0259;</td>
<td>o</td>
</tr>

<tr><td>&aelig;</td>
<td>a</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

</table></blockquote>

<br>In standard F&aacute;ralo <b>ei</b> = closed /e/, <b>e</b> = open /<i>e</i>/, while <b>ou</b> = closed /o/, <b>o</b> = open /<i>o</i>/.  In some regions, however, <b>ei</b> and <b>ou</b> are diphthongs matching their transliteration.

<p><b>Consonants
<br></b>
<br>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>p</td>
<td>t</td>
<td></td>
<td>k</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td>b</td>
<td>d</td>
<td></td>
<td>g</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td></td>
<td></td>
<td>&#x010d;</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td>f</td>
<td>s z</td>
<td>&#x0161;</td>
<td></td>
<td>h</td>
</tr>

<tr><td></td>
<td>l</td>
<td>r</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td>m</td>
<td>n</td>
<td></td>
<td>&#x014b;</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td>w</td>
<td>y</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>


</table></blockquote>

<br><b>Stress</b> is placed on the first vowel, unless otherwise indicated.  E.g. <b>Eig&#x0259;</b> = /'e g&#x0259;], <b>&#x014b;i&#x0259;bu = </b>['ni &#x0259; bu],<b> heweteka = </b>['h<i>e</i> w<i>e</i> t<i>e</i> ka], Ed&aacute;k = [<i>e</i> 'dak].  

<p>Before or after a stressed vowel, <b>o</b> is an approximant&#8212;  <b>bo&eacute;i</b> = [bwe], <b>laoma</b> = ['law ma]&#8212; but the lips are in position for <b>o</b>, not <b>u</b>.  


<h3>Morphology</h3>
<h4>Declension</h4>
<h5>Prefixes</h5>

Nouns take prefixes for case and number, and determiners and deictics are cliticized.  The citation form of the noun is the singular <i>accusative</i> indefinite.  

<p>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td></td>
<td><i>prefix</i></td>
<td><i>&#8216;road&#8217;</i></td>
<td><i>&#8216;fruit&#8217;</i></td>
<td><i>&#8216;door&#8217;</i></td>
<td><i>&#8216;mud&#8217;</i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>s. nom.</i></td>
<td><b>+</b></td>
<td><b>gou</b></td>
<td><b>apo</b></td>
<td><b>dir</b></td>
<td><b>&#x0161;im&#x0259;</b> </td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>s. acc.</i></td>
<td><b>&#8212;</td>
<td><b>gou</b></td>
<td><b>apo</b></td>
<td><b>tir</b></td>
<td><b>wim&#x0259;</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>pl. nom.</i></td>
<td><b>k-</b></td>
<td><b>k&#x0259;gou</b></td>
<td><b>gapo</b></td>
<td><b>ktir</b></td>
<td><b>kwim&#x0259;</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>pl. acc.</i></td>
<td><b>z-</b></td>
<td><b>zgou</b></td>
<td><b>zapo</b></td>
<td><b>stir</b></td>
<td><b>zwim&#x0259;</b></td>
</tr>


</table></blockquote>

The <b><i>singular nominative</b></i> is marked only by the <b><i>consonant mutation</b></i>, a change which we will meet several times in F&aacute;ralo morphology.  

<ul><li><i>If preceded by a clitic</i> (see below), the initial consonant of the root changes according to these rules:
<ul>
<li>p t k &#x2192; b d g
<li>h &#x2192; s
<li>w &#x2192; &#x0161;
</ul>
</ul>

<p>The <b><i>plural nominative</b></i> is formed by prefixing <b>k</b>-.

<ul><li>This becomes <b>g</b>- before a vowel.

<li>It becomes <b>k&#x0259;</b>- before a voiced stop (b d g), j, or nasal (m n &#x014b;). 
</ul>

The <b><i>plural accusative</b></i> is formed by prefixing <b>z</b>-.
<ul>
<li>This becomes <b>s</b>- before a voiceless consonant (p t k f s).
<li>It changes an initial <b>&#x014b;</b>- of the root to n-: <b>&#x014b;eib&#x0259;</b> &#8216;toe&#8217; &#x2192; <b>zneib&#x0259;</b>
</ul>
</ul>

&#8216;Naked&#8217; plurals are not used as much as in English, but they can be found after numerals (<b>wos k&#x0259;dau </b>&#8216;three men&#8217;) or possessives (<b>&aelig;&#x010d; ksis</b> &#8216;my dogs&#8217;).

<p>Some words, referring to things deemed uncountable, occur only in the plural, e.g. <b>ksoudu</b><i> </i>&#8216;sand&#8217;, <b>keip</b> &#8216;grass&#8217;.  

<h5>Clitics</h5>

Articles (a, the) and deictics (this, that) are clitics in F&aacute;ralo.

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td></td>
<td></td>
<td><i>Example</i><b></b></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">Definite article </td>
<td> <b>lu</b>-</td>
<td><b>lu-gou</b></td>
<td>&#8216;the road&#8217;</td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">Indefinite article</td>
<td><b>edu-</b></td>
<td><b>edu-kgou</b></td>
<td>&#8216;roads&#8217;</td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">This</td>
<td><b>wa-</b></td>
<td><b>wa-gou</b></td>
<td>&#8216;this road&#8217;</td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">That</td>
<td><b>si-</b></td>
<td><b>si-zgou</b></td>
<td>&#8216;those roads&#8217; (acc.)</td>
</tr>


</table></blockquote>

<ul>
<li>In the s. acc. only, <b>lu</b>- becomes <b>lu&#x014b;</b>- before a vowel: <b>lu&#x014b;-apu</b> &#8216;the fruit (acc.)&#8217;
<li>The epenthetic schwa disappears after a clitic, as in <b>edu-kgou</b>
<li>None of these prefixes receive stress.   <b>Lu-kbo&eacute;i</b> &#8216;the stars&#8217; = /luk 'bwe/
<li>Remember the consonant mutation in the s. nom.: <b>wa-dir</b> &#8216;this door&#8217;
</ul>

It&#8217;s common to leave off the indefinite article in the singular: <b>edu-bir</b> and <b>pir</b> both mean &#8216;a goat&#8217;.  The plural <b>edu-spir </b>can be translated &#8216;goats&#8217; or &#8216;some goats&#8217;.  (This is an indefinite reference rather than a quantifier: in French it&#8217;s <i>des ch&egrave;vres</i>, not <i>quelques ch&egrave;vres</i>) 

<p>A conjoined phrase may take the determiners on just the first conjoint: <b>lu-gordo gop&#x0259;</b> &#8216;the eyes and ears&#8217;.

<p>Thus:

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><i>nom</td>
<td><i>acc</i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pir</b></td>
<td><b>pir</b></td>
<td>a goat</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lu-bir</b></td>
<td><b>lu-pir</b></td>
<td>the goat </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wa-bir</b></td>
<td><b>wa-pir</b></td>
<td>this goat</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>si-bir</b></td>
<td><b>si-pir</b></td>
<td>that goat</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>edu-kpir</b></td>
<td><b>edu-spir</b></td>
<td>goats</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lu-kpir</b></td>
<td><b>lu-spir</b></td>
<td>the goats</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wa-kpir</b></td>
<td><b>wa-spir</b></td>
<td>these goats</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>si-kpir</b></td>
<td><b>si-spir</b></td>
<td>those goats</td>
</tr>

<tr><td>&nbsp;
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ewa</td>
<td><b>ewa</b></td>
<td>a snake</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lu-ewa</b></td>
<td><b>lu&#x014b;-ewa</b></td>
<td>the snake</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wa-ewa</td>
<td><b>wa-ewa</b></td>
<td>this snake</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>si-ewa</b></td>
<td><b>si-ewa</b></td>
<td>that snake</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>edu-gewa</b></td>
<td><b>edu-zewa</b></td>
<td>snakes</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lu-gewa</b></td>
<td><b>lu-zewa</b></td>
<td>the snakes</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wa-gewa</b></td>
<td><b>wa-zewa</b></td>
<td>these snakes</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>si-gewa</b></td>
<td><b>si-zewa</b></td>
<td>those snakes</td>
</tr>

</table></blockquote>

F&aacute;ralo normally forms abstract nouns from verbs or adjectives without changing the root, but adding the definite article: <b>wi&#x0259;m</b> &#8216;live&#8217; &#x2192; <b>lu-&#x0161;i&#x0259;m</b> &#8216;life&#8217;; <b>goum</b> &#8216;high&#8217; &#x2192; <b>lu-goum</b> &#8216;height&#8217;.

<h4>Conjugation</h4>

Verbs have two conjugations, basic and auxiliary.  Though the latter is more common, we will start with the basic, which is easier and forms the basis for auxiliaries.

<p>(There are cliticized pronouns that may attach to the verb; these are discussed later on, under <i>Pronouns</i>.)

<p><h5>Basic conjugation</h5>

Verbs are inflected for number, tense, aspect, and mood.  

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td rowspan=2></td>
<td colspan=2><i>ending</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;come&#8217;</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;drink&#8217;</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;shine&#8217;</i></td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0">
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
</tr>

</i><tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>present</i></td>
<td><b>-</b></td>
<td><b>-k</b></td>
<td><b>odu</b></td>
<td><b>oduk</b></td>
<td><b>si&#x0259;n</b></td>
<td><b>si&#x0259;nk</b></td>
<td><b>tol</b></td>
<td><b>tolk</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>past</i></td>
<td><b>-en</b></td>
<td><b>-ei</b></td>
<td><b>odun</b></td>
<td><b>oduei</b></td>
<td><b>si&#x0259;nen</b></td>
<td><b>si&#x0259;nei</b></td>
<td><b>tolen</b></td>
<td><b>tolei</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>imperf</i></td>
<td><b>-ed</b></td>
<td><b>-ed</b></td>
<td><b>odud</b></td>
<td><b>odud</b></td>
<td><b>si&#x0259;ned</b></td>
<td><b>si&#x0259;ned</b></td>
<td><b>toled</b></td>
<td><b>toled</b></td>
</tr>


</table></blockquote>

The root of the verb is the <b><i>present singular</b></i>.  

<ul>
<li>The <b>singular</b> is the citation form of the verb.
<li>The <b>plural</b> is formed by adding -<b>k</b>; after /b d g &#x010d; m/ add -<b>ek</b> instead; e.g. <b>beb </b>&#8216;punish&#8217; has the present plural <b>bebek</b>.
</ul>

<p>The <b><i>past</b></i>, or past perfect, is used for completed past events.  

<ul><li>In the <b>singular</b>, if the root ends
<ul>
<li>in a vowel, add -<b>n</b>
<li>in a stop (p t k b d g), add -<b>e</b> (<b>beb</b> &#x2192; <b>bebe</b>) 
<li>otherwise, add -<b>en</b>
</ul></ul>

<ul><li>In the <b>plural</b>, add -<b>ei</b>, but if the root ends
<ul>
<li>in -<b>e</b> or -<b>ei</b>, add -<b>&#x0161;ei</b>: <b>ed&eacute;</b> &#8216;rub&#8217; &#x2192; <b>ed&eacute;&#x0161;ei</b>
<li>in<b> -&#x0259;</b>, remove this vowel first:<b> rog&#x0259;</b> &#8216;act&#8217; &#x2192; <b>rogei </b>
<li>in <b>p t k s</b>, voice to <b>b d g z</b> first: <b>das</b> &#8216;fight&#8217; &#x2192; <b>dazei</b>
</ul></ul>

The <b><i>imperfect</b></i> is used for ongoing past events; it&#8217;s used much like the English past progressive or the French imperfect.  The singular and plural forms are identical.  If the root ends

<ul>
<li>in a vowel, add -<b>d</b>
<li>otherwise, add -<b>ed</b> 
</ul>

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td rowspan=2></td>
<td colspan=2><i>ending</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;come&#8217;</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;drink&#8217;</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;shine&#8217;</i></td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0">
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
</tr>

</i><tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>imper</i></td>
<td><b>e-</b></td>
<td><b>e-k</b></td>
<td><b>eg&oacute;du</b></td>
<td><b>eg&oacute;duk</b></td>
<td><b>es&iacute;&#x0259;n</b></td>
<td><b>es&iacute;&#x0259;nk</b></td>
<td><b>ed&oacute;l</b></td>
<td><b>ed&oacute;lk</b></td>
</tr>


</table></blockquote>

The <b><i>imperative</b></i> is formed by prefixing <b>e</b>-.


<ul><li>There are singular and plural forms.  A subject of any person can be explicitly given; if it&#8217;s not, second person is assumed.
<ul><li>Before a vowel, use <b>eg</b>- instead.
<li>The <i>consonant mutation</i> applies.  Thus p t k &#x2192; b d g; h &#x2192; s; w &#x2192; &#x0161;.
</ul></ul>

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td rowspan=2></td>
<td colspan=2><i>ending</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;come&#8217;</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;drink&#8217;</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;shine&#8217;</i></td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0">
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>neg pres</i></td>
<td><b>ma-</b></td>
<td><b>ma-k</b></td>
<td><b>modu</b></td>
<td><b>moden</b></td>
<td><b>mas&iacute;&#x0259;n</b></td>
<td><b>masi&#x0259;nen</b></td>
<td><b>mad&oacute;l</b></td>
<td><b>mad&oacute;lk</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>neg past</i></td>
<td><b>ma-en</b></td>
<td><b>ma-ei</b></td>
<td><b>modun</b></td>
<td><b>moduei</b></td>
<td><b>mas&iacute;&#x0259;nen</b></td>
<td><b>mas&iacute;&#x0259;nei</b></td>
<td><b>mad&oacute;len</b></td>
<td><b>mad&oacute;lei</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>neg impf</i></td>
<td><b>ma-ed</b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td><b>modud</b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td><b>mas&iacute;&#x0259;ned</b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>mad&oacute;led</b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>neg impr</i></td>
<td><b>ema-</b></td>
<td><b>ema-k</b></td>
<td><b>emag&oacute;du</b></td>
<td><b>emag&oacute;duk</b></td>
<td><b>emas&iacute;&#x0259;n</b></td>
<td><b>emas&iacute;&#x0259;nk</b></td>
<td><b>emad&oacute;l</b></td>
<td><b>emad&oacute;lk</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>

The <b><i>negative</b></i> is formed by prefixing <b>ma</b>- to any of the previous tenses.
<ul><li>Before a vowel, use just <b>m</b>-.
<li>The <i>consonant mutation</i> applies.  Thus p t k &#x2192; b d g; h &#x2192; s; w &#x2192; &#x0161;.
<li>The negative imperative prefix is <b>ema</b>-, not <b>mae</b>-.
</ul>

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td rowspan=2></td>
<td colspan=2><i>ending</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;come&#8217;</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;drink&#8217;</i></td>
<td colspan=2><i>&#8216;shine&#8217;</i></td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0">
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
<td><i>s</i></td>
<td><i>pl</i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>pres irr</i></td>
<td><b>uga-</b></td>
<td><b>uga-k</b></td>
<td><b>ugodu</b></td>
<td><b>ugoden</b></td>
<td><b>uga&#x0161;in</b></td>
<td><b>uga&#x0161;ink</td>
<td><b>ugadol</b></td>
<td><b>ugadolk</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>past irr</i></td>
<td><b>uga-en</b></td>
<td><b>uga-ei</b></td>
<td><b>ugodun</b></td>
<td><b>ugoduei</b></td>
<td><b>ugasi&#x0259;nen</b></td>
<td><b>ugasi&#x0259;nei</b></td>
<td><b>ugadolen</b></td>
<td><b>ugadolei</b></td>
</tr>


</table></blockquote>

Finally, the <b><i>irrealis</b></i> is used to refer to conditional, unlikely, or hypothetical events.  (Future events, including wishes, may or may not take the irrealis, depending on whether the speaker considers them unlikely.  It&#8217;s valid to use the irrealis to express doubt or even simple lack of knowledge about whether a past or present situation is really the case.)

<p>It&#8217;s formed by prefixing <b>uga</b>- to the verb; but
<ul>
<li>Before i- e- ei- <b>&aelig;</b>-, use <b>u&#x010d;</b>-
<li>Before other vowels, use <b>ug</b>-.
<li>The <i>consonant mutation</i> applies.  Thus p t k &#x2192; b d g; h &#x2192; s; w &#x2192; &#x0161;.
<li>There is no past imperfect nor imperative irrealis.
<li>There is no negative irrealis; to the F&aacute;ralo, in fact, the negative is simply a stronger irrealis: a definite rather than a likely non-event.  
</ul> 

<h5>Auxiliary conjugation</h5>

The basic conjugation is never incorrect, but especially in speech, it tends to be replaced by the auxiliary conjugation, which is more complex but offers finer distinctions. 

<p>The basic auxiliary formula can be illustrated with <b>bo&aacute;</b> &#8216;can&#8217; and the sentence &#8216;we didn&#8217;t drink&#8217;:

<blockquote>
<b>mas&iacute;&#x0259;nei luki</b>  &#x2192;  <b>ebo&aacute; luki si&#x0259;nk</b><br>neg-drink-past.pl we &#x2192; neg-can-past we drink-pl
<br><i>We couldn&#8217;t drink.</i>
</blockquote>

<ul><li>The auxiliary takes the place of the verb at the beginning of the sentence
<li>The verb moves to the end
<li>The auxiliary takes all verb inflections except for number
<li>The verb is inflected only for number 
</ul>

This pattern is so ingrained in the language that (in speech, at least) it&#8217;s used even when there&#8217;s no &#8216;auxiliary meaning&#8217; to convey&#8212; the <b><i>null auxiliary</b></i> <b>si&#x0161;</b> can always be used.  For instance, <b>masi&#x0161;ei luki si&#x0259;nk</b> also means &#8216;we didn&#8217;t drink&#8217;.

<p>But what is this verb form <b>ebo&aacute;</b>?  It&#8217;s the negative singular past of <b>bo&aacute;</b>; as it happens, many auxiliary verbs are irregular.  Here&#8217;s a table of the commonest verbs, with irregular forms in red.  (Some of these verbs can be used as basic verbs too, e.g. &#8216;go&#8217;; they are irregular then too.  The present plural and the imperfect are always regular.) 

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td></td>
<td><i>pres s</td>
<td>past s</td>
<td>past pl</td>
<td>negative</i></td>
<td><i>irrealis</i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>&#8212;</i></td>
<td><b>si&#x0161;</td>
<td><b>si&#x0161;en</td>
<td><b>si&#x0161;ei</td>
<td><b>masi&#x0161;</b></td>
<td><b>ugasi&#x0161;</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>can</i></td>
<td><b>bo&aacute;</td>
<td><b>bo<b>&aelig;'</b>n</td>
<td><b>bo&aacute;ei</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">ebo&aacute;</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">ugabo</b></font><b><font color="#ff0000">&#x0259;</b></font><b></b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>should</i></td>
<td><b>is</td>
<td><b>isen</td>
<td><b>izei</td>
<td><b>mis</b></td>
<td><b>u&#x010d;is</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>must</i></td>
<td><b>so</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">soun</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>soei</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">es&oacute;</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">uga&#x0161;u</b></font><b></b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>will</i></td>
<td><b>we</td>
<td><b>wen</td>
<td><b>we&#x0161;ei</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">me</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">upe</b></font><b></b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>seems</i></td>
<td><b>id&#x0259;r</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">idr</b></font><b><font color="#ff0000">&aelig;</b></font><b><font color="#ff0000">n</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">idrei</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b>mid&#x0259;r</b></td>
<td><b>u&#x010d;id&#x0259;r</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>needs</i></td>
<td><b>&aelig;da</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;dan</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">&aelig;</b></font><b><font color="#ff0000">dei</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>m&aelig;da</b></td>
<td><b>u&#x010d;&aelig;da</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>wants </i></td>
<td><b>al</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">alin</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>alei</td>
<td><b>mal</b></td>
<td><b>ugal</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>starts</i></td>
<td><b>h&aelig;pabe </td>
<td><b>h&aelig;paben</td>
<td><b>h&aelig;pabei</td>
<td><font color="#ff0000"><b>m&aelig;pabe </b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">uss&aelig;pabe </b></font><b></b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>stops</i></td>
<td><b>et&aacute;</td>
<td><b>et&aacute;n</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">et&aacute;be</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>met&aacute;</b></td>
<td><b>u&#x010d;et&aacute;</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>causes</i></td>
<td><b>u&#x0259;m</td>
<td><b>u&#x0259;men</td>
<td><b>u&#x0259;mei</td>
<td><b>mu&#x0259;m</b></td>
<td><b>ugu&#x0259;m</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>goes</i></td>
<td><b>noun</td>
<td><b>nounen</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">noube</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>manoun</b></td>
<td><b>uganoun</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>just did</i></td>
<td><b>ta</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">t&aelig;n</b></font><b></td>
<td><b>taei<font color="#ff0000"></b></td>
<td></font><b><font color="#ff0000">mad&#x0259;</b></td>
<td></font><b><font color="#ff0000">ust&#x0259;</b></td>
<td></font></td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>has done</i></td>
<td><b>pila</td>
<td><b>pilan</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">pil&aacute;&#x0161;e</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">ep&iacute;la</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b>ugab&iacute;la</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>stays</i></td>
<td><b>&aelig;de</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;den</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;de&#x0161;ei</td>
<td><b>m&aelig;de</b></td>
<td><b>u&#x010d;&aelig;de</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>comes</i></td>
<td><b>odu</td>
<td><b>odun</td>
<td><b>oduei</td>
<td><b>modu<font color="#ff0000"></b></td>
<td></font><b>ugodu</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>fucking</i></td>
<td><b>peit&#x0259;</td>
<td><b>peit&#x0259;n</b></td>
<td><b>peitei</b></td>
<td><b><font color="#ff0000">ep&eacute;it&#x0259;</b></font><b></b></td>
<td><b>ugabeit&#x0259;</b></td>
</tr>


</table></blockquote>

<ul><li>As an auxiliary, <b>noun </b>&#8216;go&#8217; is much like English &#8216;going to&#8217; or &#8216;about to&#8217;; it implies immediate action: <b>noun luki</b> <b>si&#x0259;nk</b> &#8216;we&#8217;re about to drink&#8217;.
<br><li><b>Ta</b> indicates that one has just finished an action: <b>t&aelig;n luki si&#x0259;nk</b> &#8216;we just drank&#8217;.
<br><li><b>Et&aacute;</b> &#8216;stop&#8217; indicates that one is stopping an action: <b>et&aacute; luki</b> <b>si&#x0259;nk</b> &#8216;we&#8217;re stopping drinking&#8217;, &#8216;we&#8217;re not drinking any more&#8217;.
<br><li>As an auxiliary, <b>&aelig;de</b> &#8216;stay&#8217; indicates continued or habitual action: <b>&aelig;de&#x0161;e luki si&#x0259;nk</b> &#8216;we kept drinking&#8217;, &#8216;we were always drinking&#8217;
<br><li>As an auxiliary, <b>odu</b> &#8216;come&#8217; refers to the action in progress (while something else is going on): <b>oduei</b> <b>luki si&#x0259;nk</b> &#8216;we were drinking (at the time)&#8217;.  As such it&#8217;s a more specific alternative to the imperfect.
<br><li><b>Peit&#x0259;</b> adds a jocular obscenity to the sentence: <b>peit&#x0259;</b> <b>luki</b> <b>si&#x0259;nk!</b> &#8216;we&#8217;re fucking drinking!&#8217;
</ul>

With objects or predicate adjectives, <b>odu</b> &#8216;come&#8217; and <b>&aelig;de</b> &#8216;stay, stand&#8217; serve as <b><i>copulas</b></i>, the former representing a temporary condition (<b>oduk luki &aelig;ba</b> &#8216;we&#8217;re sober&#8217;), the latter a (fairly) permanent one (<b>&AElig;de Ussor</b> <b>&aelig;delu </b>&#8216;Ussor is a city&#8217;). 

<h4>Pronouns</h4>

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><i> </i></td>
<td><i>nom</td>
<td><i>acc</td>
<td><i>dat</i></td>
<td><i>poss</i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>I</i></td>
<td><b>i</b></td>
<td><b>i&#x0259;bu</td>
<td><b>i&#x0259;m</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;&#x010d;</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>thou</i></td>
<td><b>lewku</td>
<td><b>lewku&#x014b;</td>
<td><b>lewkum</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;glewku</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>he/she</i></td>
<td><b>a</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;bu</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;m</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;g&#x0259;</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>we</i></td>
<td><b>luki</td>
<td><b>luzis</b></td>
<td><b>lu&#x0259;t&#x0259;m</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;&#x010d;ih</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>you</i></td>
<td><b>do</td>
<td><b>dou&#x014b;</td>
<td><b>doum</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;&#x014b;u</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>they</i></td>
<td><b>ak</td>
<td><b>abu</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;m</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;gah</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>who</i></td>
<td><b>jeg&#x0259;</b></td>
<td><b>jegu&#x014b;</td>
<td><b>jegum</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;jeg&#x0259;</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>

The table lists the standalone forms.  If two pronouns are to be used, a combination form is used (and normally cliticizes to the verb: <b>i&#x0259;n&#x0259;ndoi </b>&#8216;I saw you&#8217;):

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><i></i></td>
<td><i>me</td>
<td><i>thee</i></td>
<td><i>him/her</i></td>
<td><i>us</td>
<td><i>you</i></td>
<td><i>them</i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>I</i></td>
<td><b></b></td>
<td><b>i&#x0259;&#x014b;</b></td>
<td><b>i&#x0161;a</b></td>
<td><b>igis</td>
<td><b>ius</b></td>
<td><b>i&#x0161;as</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>thou</i></td>
<td><b>doi</td>
<td></b></td>
<td><b>doga</b></td>
<td><b>dois</td>
<td><b>dous</b></td>
<td><b>dogas</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>he/she</i></td>
<td><b>ai</td>
<td><b>au&#x014b;</b></td>
<td><b>asi</b></td>
<td><b>as</td>
<td><b>aus</b></td>
<td><b>agas</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>we</i></td>
<td><b>i&#x010d;i</td>
<td><b>iddu&#x014b;</b></td>
<td><b>i&#x010d;a</b></td>
<td><b></td>
<td><b>iddus</b></td>
<td><b>igas</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>you</i></td>
<td><b>do&#x010d;i</td>
<td><b>doddu&#x014b;</b></td>
<td><b>do&#x010d;a</b></td>
<td><b>do&#x010d;is</td>
<td></b></td>
<td><b>dogas</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>they</i></td>
<td><b>a&#x010d;i</td>
<td><b>addu&#x014b;</b></td>
<td><b>a&#x010d;a</b></td>
<td><b>a&#x010d;is</td>
<td><b>addus</b></td>
<td><b>asis</b></td>
</tr>

</table></blockquote>

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><i></i></td>
<td><i>to me<br>to us</td>
<td><i>to thee<br>to you</i></td>
<td><i>to him/her<br>to them</i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>I / we</i></td>
<td><b>i&#x0259;m</b></td>
<td><b>ium</b></td>
<td><b>i&#x0161;&aelig;m</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>thou / you</i></td>
<td><b>doim</td>
<td><b>doum</b></td>
<td><b>do&aelig;m</b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0"><i>he/she / they</i></td>
<td><b>a&#x010d;im</td>
<td><b>aum</b></td>
<td><b>&aelig;m</b></td>
</tr>

</table></blockquote>

Reflexive verbs use the suffix -<b>&#x010d;i</b>: <b>s&aelig;&#x014b;&#x010d;i </b>&#8216;to wash oneself&#8217;.  The forms <b>asi </b>and <b>asis </b>thus refer to two different people:  <b>s&aelig;&#x014b;enasi</b> would have to mean that person X washed person Y.

<p>To attribute possession to a noun phrase&#8212; X&#8217;s Y or the Y of X&#8212; F&aacute;ralo uses the construction Y <b>&aelig;m</b> X, e.g. l<b>u</b>-<b>j&aelig;n &aelig;g&#x0259;</b> <b>lu-badew</b>, literally &#8220;the knife to him the father&#8221;. 

<p>A formal/familiar distinction seems to be developing in F&aacute;ralo: the 3p forms are used as a second person when addressing nobles and royalty.

<h5>Quantifiers</h5>

Quantifiers always precede the noun, including its determiner.  Thus <b>ege lu-ged&eacute;i</b> &#8216;all the trees&#8217;, <b>mi wa-kgata&#x010d;</b> &#8216;none of these galleys&#8217;.

<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>mi</b> </td>
<td>no, none  </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n&aelig;me</b> </td>
<td>some, any</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mas</b></td>
<td>a few</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>as</b></td>
<td>many, much</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oub&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>almost all</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ege</b> </td>
<td>all, every<i> </i></td>
<td><i></td></tr>

</table></blockquote>

<h5>Interrogative, deictic, indefinite pronouns </h5>

<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>ig&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>which one<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>

<tr><td><b>wa&#x0161;e</b></td>
<td>this one, this person</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kwa&#x0161;e</b></td>
<td>these things, these people</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>j&aelig;je</b></td>
<td>that one, that person<b></b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>g&aelig;je</b></td>
<td>those things, those people</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n&aelig;b&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>someone, something<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mai</b></td>
<td>nobody, nothing </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>egew </b></td>
<td>everyone, everything </td>
</tr>

<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>

<tr><td><b>mal&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>where<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>woul </b></td>
<td>here<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sirul</b></td>
<td>there</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mimal&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>nowhere<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n&aelig;lul </b></td>
<td>somewhere<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>egemal&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>everywhere<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>

<tr><td><b>hol&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>when<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wei&#x0161;o </b></td>
<td>now<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>si&#x0161;o</b>  </td>
<td>then<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n&aelig;blo </b></td>
<td>sometimes</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>e&#x0161;o</b> </td>
<td>always<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ma&#x0161;o</b> </td>
<td>never<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b></b></td>
<td><b></b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&uacute;g&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>why<i> </i></td>
</tr>

</table></blockquote>

<h4>Prepositions</h4>

As the name indicates, prepositions precede their object, which takes the nominative.

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><b></b></td>
<td><b><i>Location</b></i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>na</b></td>
<td>in, on, at</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nad&iacute;r</b></td>
<td>in (containers), inside of, indoors </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>had&iacute;r</b></td>
<td>outside, out of; outdoors </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>but</b></td>
<td>next to, near </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>um&oacute;rdu</b></td>
<td>in front of, before </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oug&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>behind, in back of </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wi&#x0259;mu</b></td>
<td>above, over </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>w&aelig;g&oacute;l</b></td>
<td>below, under </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>is&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>to, towards<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ug&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>from</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>geirit</b></td>
<td>until, up to </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>r&aelig;be </b></td>
<td>along<i></i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>beibu</b></td>
<td>among, between </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&aacute;&#x0161;e </b></td>
<td>surrounding, all around; throughout </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>w&aelig;t&aacute;&#x014b;</b></td>
<td>beyond, past </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><b></b></td>
<td><b><i>Time</b></td>
<td></i></td></tr>

<tr><td><b>is&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>before</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ug&#x0259; </b></td>
<td>after, since </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>geirit</b></td>
<td>until, up to </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>r&aelig;be </b></td>
<td>during, in, within <i></i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&aacute;&#x0161;e </b></td>
<td>throughout, for the entire period of</td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td><b></b></td>
<td><b><i>Other</b></td>
<td></i></td></tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;m</b></td>
<td>of, for</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>algo</b></td>
<td>despite, against </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&eacute; </b></td>
<td>with, by, using (instrumental)</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ou&#x014b;u</b></td>
<td>without, except for </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pein </b></td>
<td>with (comitative), accompanied by, having</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>r&aelig;pen </b></td>
<td>instead of, in place of <i></i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>w&aelig;t&#x0259;</b> <b></b></td>
<td>about, concerning </td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>

<h4>Conjunctions</h4>

<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>ouwa</b> </td>
<td>and<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dada</b> </td>
<td>but<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>boa</b></td>
<td>or <b></b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gu&#x0259;tu</b> </td>
<td>so, therefore<i> </i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ni&#x0259;n</b><i> </i></td>
<td>if/then conjunction <i></i></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&oacute;u</b> </td>
<td>because </td>
</tr>

</table></blockquote>

The clitic form of and, -<b>oun</b>, is preferred when just two words are conjoined.  


<h4>Numbers</h4>

<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td></td>
<td>x</td>
<td>10x</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">1</td>
<td><b>&#x010d;e</b></td>
<td>ro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">2</td>
<td><b>&#x014b;i</b></td>
<td>&#x014b;iro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">3</td>
<td><b>wos</b></td>
<td>wosro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">4</td>
<td><b>bu</b></td>
<td>buro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">5</td>
<td><b>dou</b></td>
<td>douro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">6</td>
<td><b>e&#x0161;</b></td>
<td>e&#x0161;ro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">7</td>
<td><b>m&aelig;m</b></td>
<td>m&aelig;mro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">8</td>
<td><b>hude</b></td>
<td>hudero</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">9</td>
<td><b>nil</b></td>
<td>nilro</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="C0C0E0">10</td>
<td><b>ro</b></td>
<td><b>i&#x0259;b</b></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>


<h4>Derivation</h4>

<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>-lo</b></td>
<td>location; membership in a place: <b>had&iacute;rlo</b> &#8216;open&#8217;, from &#8216;outside&#8217;</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>-ga</b></td>
<td>forms adverbs and adjectives: <b>is&#x0259;ga</b> &#8216;early&#8217; </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>-l</b></td>
<td>diminutive: <b>ba&#x0161;el</b> &#8216;twig&#8217;</td>
</tr>

<tr><td>-<b>&#x010d;i</b></td>
<td>reflexive: <b>wab&#x0259;&#x010d;i </b>&#8216;hit oneself&#8217;</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>-bu</b></td>
<td>person: <b>alpobu</b> &#8216;craftsman&#8217;</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>-sa</b></td>
<td>female: <b>&#x010d;aoksa</b> &#8216;queen&#8217;</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>-in</b></td>
<td>adjectivization: <b>kuin</b> &#8216;sacred&#8217; </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>-u</b></td>
<td>object used or affected&#8221; <b>leil</b> &#8216;row&#8217; &#x2192; <b>leilu</b> &#8216;rowboat&#8217;</td>
</tr>

</font><tr><td><b>lu-</b></td>
<td>abstraction: <b>lu-kuin</b> &#8216;holiness&#8217;; <b>lu-mate</b> &#8216;knowledge&#8217;</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;a</b>-</td>
<td>participial adjective: <b>&#x014b;a-tol</b> &#8216;shining&#8217;</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>

<h3>Syntax</h3>
<h4>Word order</h4>

The basic sentence order is <b>Aux S O V</b>.  When the basic conjugation is used, it&#8217;s VSO.

<p>Noun phrases follow the order <b>A Det N Phr</b>, where A is a single adjective, Det is the determiner and Phr is effectively anything else: more than one adjective; prepositional phrases;  or relative clauses.

<blockquote>
<b>eig&#x0259;</b> <b>az&#x0259;  </b>a good woman
<br><b>eig&#x0259; lu-az&#x0259;  </b>the good woman
<br><b>lu-az&#x0259; eig&#x0259; iwmuoun </b>a good and beautiful woman
<br><b>lu-az&#x0259; pein heipud eg&oacute;l  </b>the woman with a deformed foot
<br><b>lu-az&#x0259; roum&#x0259; w&aelig;re i  </b>the woman I love
</blockquote>

Numbers normally precede both noun and determiner: <b>wos lu-krud </b>&#8216;three men&#8217;.  


<h4>Subordination</h4>

Relativization is accomplished using the particle <b>roum&#x0259;</b>:

<blockquote>
<b>&#x010c;eken a lu-zelo</b>  He threw the spear
<br>&#x2192; <b>lu-selo roum&#x0259; &#x010d;eken a </b> the spear he threw
</blockquote>

<p>Subordinated clauses generally use the basic conjugation.  Since full references are often missing, they often use the subject-object clitics.

<p>Clauses referring to time take the form <b>si&#x0161;o</b> <b>roum&#x0259;</b> (subclause); to location, <b>sirul roum&#x0259;</b> (subclause).  They&#8217;re normally fronted.

<blockquote>
<b>Si&#x0161;o roum&#x0259; ezulendoga, mad&#x0259;n lu-le&#x010d; gouga.<br></b><i>when subord take-past-you.it / neg-just the-sword broke
<br></i>When you took it, the sword wasn&#8217;t yet broken.
</blockquote>

If a sentence is the object of a preposition, it&#8217;s nominalized, which is simply a matter of preceding the verb with a determiner: <b>nounen lewku</b> &#8216;you left&#8217; &#x2192; <b>ug&#x0259; lu-nounen lewku </b>&#8216;after you left&#8217;.  Note that the past tense morpheme is preserved; number agreement however becomes optional.

<h4>Questions</h4>

Questions can be formed in several ways.  Most formally, use the irrealis and front the verb: 

<blockquote>
<b>Odu lu-&#x010d;aok eb&iacute;.  </b>The king is speaking.<b>
<br>&#x2192; Eb&iacute; ugodu lu-&#x010d;aok</b>?  Is the king speaking?
</blockquote>

Colloquially, questions are formed with the tag <b>loute</b> &#8216;correct&#8217;: <b>Odu lu-&#x010d;aok eb&iacute; loute?</b> 

<p>Or, use the negative and a rising intonation:  <b>Modu lu-&#x010d;aok eb&iacute;?</b>

<p>Interrogative words are normally fronted.  Auxiliaries are avoided if possible.

<blockquote>
<b><u>J</b></u><b><u>eg</b></u><b><u>&#x0259;</b></u><b> et&eacute;&#x0161;e lu-masta&#x010d;?  </b>Who&#8217;s running the government?
<br><b>Hol&#x0259; ep&eacute;n lu-Moumu&#x0161;ez&#x0259;?  </b>When did the Senate meet?
</blockquote>



<h3>Example</h3>

The example is from a stele erected outside Mu&#x0259;baz (Momuva&#8217;e) by Si&#x0259;n&#x010d;&aelig;n, the greatest of the ancient Ed&aacute;k emperors.

<table width="100%">

	<tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td width="100%">

<br><b>Si&#x0161; Si&#x0259;n&#x010d;&aelig;n eb&iacute;, kra&#x0161; lu-di&aacute;g&#x0259; &aelig;m lu-la&#x0161; Kaz&#x0259;gad ouwa lu-meok&aacute;t &aelig;m lu-iodol lu&#x014b;-i&#x0259;boun, sip:</b>

<br>null.aux Si&#x0259;n&#x010d;&aelig;n speak / brave the-Ed&aacute;k.ruler to.it the-land Kaz&#x0259;gad and the-younger.brother to.them the-sun the-moon-and / thus

<br><i><font color="#008000">Thus speaks Si&#x0259;n&#x010d;&aelig;n, the brave king of the land of Kaz&#x0259;gad, younger brother of the Sun and Moon:
<br></i></font>

	</td></tr><tr><td>

<br><b>Is&#x0259; lu-ep&eacute;n i na ep&eacute;lo &aelig;m &aelig;&#x010d; badew, &aelig;de&#x0161;ei ege lu-kla&#x0161; heil i&#x0259;m &#x010d;osk.</b>

<br>before the-sit-past I in chair to.him my father, stay-past.pl all the.pl-land foreign to.me hostile

<br><i><font color="#008000">Before I sat on the throne of my father, all the foreign countries were hostile to me. </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>

<br><b>Si&#x0161;en heil lu-kla&#x0161; eb&iacute;k sip:</b>

<br>null.aux-past foreign the.pl-land speak-pl thus:

<br><i><font color="#008000">The neighboring foreign countries spoke thus: </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr><td>

<br><b> &#8220;&AElig;den &aelig;g&#x0259; badew kra&#x0161; &#x010d;aok, roum&#x0259; hup&iacute;sen a as edu-zla&#x0161; heil.</b>

<br>stay-past his father brave king that conquer-past.pl he many some-land foreign
<br>

<i><font color="#008000">&#8220;His father was a valiant king, who conquered many foreign countries. </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>

<br><b> Wei&#x0161;o h&aelig;paben a nag&#x0259; &aelig;de, dada odu a fiz&aelig;tud, lu-rud roum&#x0259; ep&eacute; a na lu-ep&eacute;lo &aelig;m &aelig;g&#x0259; badew.&#8221;</b>

<br>now start-past he god stay / but come he rookie / the-man that sit he in the-chair to.him his father 
<br>

<i><font color="#008000">Then he became a god. But the one who now sits on the throne of his father is a child.&#8221; </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr><td>

<br><b>Si&#x0161;o roum&#x0259; ep&eacute;n i, lu-meok&aacute;t &aelig;m lu-iodol lu-i&#x0259;boun, na lu-ep&eacute;lo &aelig;m &aelig;&#x010d; badew, is&#x0259; lu-nounen i is&#x0259; heil lu-kla&#x0161; roum&#x0259; &aelig;de&#x0161;ei i&#x0161;&aelig;m &#x010d;osk,</b>

<br>then that sit-past I the-brother to.them the-sun the-moon-and in the-chair to.him my father / before the-go-past I to foreign the.pl-land that stay-past.pl-they.to.me hostile
<br>

<i><font color="#008000">When I, brother of the sun and moon, sat on the throne of my father, before I went to the foreign countries who were hostile to me, </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>

<br><b> Si&#x0161;en i is&#x0259; lu-gdema&#x0161; &aelig;m Ub&aacute;z noun.</b>

<br>null.aux-past I to the-pl.acc-feast to.her mother.goddess go
<br>

<i><font color="#008000"> I went to the feasts of the mother goddess. </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr><td>

<br><b> Si&#x0161;eni&#x0161;&aelig;m ke&#x010d;em, ouwa i &aelig;&#x010d; toun is&#x0259; &#x014b;a-tol lu-oumu ul&#x0259;.  Eb&iacute;n i sip:</b>

<br>null.aux-past-I.them honor and I my hand to shining the-mother lift.  say-past I thus:
<br>

<i><font color="#008000"> I celebrated them and I lifted my hand toward the shining mother. I spoke thus: </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>

<br><b> &AElig;&#x010d; daz, lu-tol &aelig;m lu-gbo&eacute;i, &aelig;de lu-kla&#x0161; roum&#x0259; sekaei a&#x010d;im fiz&aelig;tud, ak &aelig;&#x010d;ih ksu&#x0161;in, i&#x0259;bu jeip&#x0259;k.</b>

<br>my goddess, the-light to.them the-pl.star / stay the-pl.land [ that call-past they-to.me rookie / they our pl-neighbor ] me insult-pl 
<br>

<i><font color="#008000"> "O my mistress, light of the stars, the neighboring countries who called me 'a child' continue to insult me.</i></font>

	</td></tr><tr><td>

<br><b> Wei&#x0161;o h&aelig;pabei ak lu-skaklo&aelig;m &aelig;glewku la&#x0161; edewnin paduk, &aelig;&#x010d; daz!</b>

<br>now start-past they the-pl.border to.it your holy land attack-pl, my goddess
<br>

<i><font color="#008000">Then, they started to attack the borders of your holy land, my mistress! </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>

<br><b> Esup&iacute;s lu-zep&uacute;onim!&#8221;</b>

<br>imper-conquer the.acc-infidel
<br>

<i><font color="#008000">Strike the heathen down!" </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr><td>

<br><b> Si&#x0161;en Ub&aacute;z lu-zlega</b> <b>&aelig;m &aelig;&#x010d; mabe r&aelig;tu</b>.

<br>null.aux-past mother.goddess the-pl.acc-word to.it my mouth hear
<br>

<i><font color="#008000"> The mother goddess heard the words of my mouth. </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>

<br><b> Si&#x0161;enai ul&#x0259; ouwa u&#x0259;men a &aelig;&#x010d; idw&aelig; b&aelig;bur odu.</b>

<br>null.aux-past-she.me raise and cause-past she my arm strong come
<br>

<i><font color="#008000"> She raised me up and strengthened my arm. </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr><td>

<br><b> Si&#x0161;en i g&aelig;je roum&#x0259; jeip&#x0259;i a&#x010d;i r&aelig;be ro kleid hup&iacute;s ep&#x0161;oun.</b>

<br>null.aux-past i those that complain-past.pl they.me in ten pl-year defeat destroy-and
<br>

<i><font color="#008000">In ten years, I defeated and destroyed those who insulted me . </i></font>

	</td></tr><tr bgcolor="C0C0E0"><td>

<br><b> Si&#x0161;en i edu-zma&#x010d;ud zbous zgeip&#x0161;aoun kreota, ouwa pilani&#x0161;as is&#x0259; lu-la&#x0161; Kaz&#x0259;gad.</b>

<br>null.aux-past i indef-pl.acc-slave pl.acc-ox pl.acc-sheep-and capture / and send-past-i-them to the-land Kaz&#x0259;gad 
<br>

<i><font color="#008000">I captured prisoners, oxen and sheep, and I sent them back to the land of Kaz&#x0259;gad. </font></i>

	</td></tr></table>


<h3>Lexicon</h3>

(aux) indicates auxiliary verbs; see the Morphology section for morphological irregularities.  (pl) indicates nouns that are used in the plural only.

<p>Most roots can serve as nouns or verbs, depending on how they&#8217;re inflected.  If you&#8217;re looking up an English verb, try the noun form, and vice versa.  See <i>Derivation</i> for details.


<p>
<blockquote><table>

<tr><td><b>a</b> </td>
<td>he/she (3s nom) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>abu</td>
<td></b>them (2p acc) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>a</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>swamp </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>agu</b> </td>
<td>happy </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Agumosou</td>
<td></b>the chief city of the Dag&aelig;m islands </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ak</b> </td>
<td>they (3p nom) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>al </td>
<td></b>want, desire (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>alenin</b></td>
<td>civil (war) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>algo</td>
<td></b>despite, against </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>al&oacute;u</td>
<td></b>flower </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>alpo</b> </td>
<td>manufacture </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>alpobu</td>
<td></b>manufacturer, craftsman</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ammu</b> </td>
<td>steal </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ammubu</td>
<td></b>thief</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>an<b>&aelig;'</b>n</b></td>
<td>dry </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>aoba</b></td>
<td>mason </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>aog</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>uncertainty, confusion </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>apo</td>
<td></b>fruit </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>as</td>
<td></b>many, much </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Asal&eacute;</td>
<td></b>the best-known city of Rathed&#x0101;n in the far west </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>asin</td>
<td></b>heavy </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>a&#x0161;u</b></td>
<td>chief, supreme </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>a&#x0161;ubu</td>
<td></b>chieftain, leader</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ate</b> </td>
<td>keep </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>av&aacute;vo</td>
<td></b>poor, miserable  </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>az</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>woman </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>ba  </b></td>
<td>sober </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>bu</td>
<td></b>him/her (2s acc) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x010d;</b></td>
<td>my (1s poss) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x010d;ih</b></td>
<td>our (1p poss) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>k</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>air </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>da</b></td>
<td>need (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>da</b></td>
<td>corpse </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>de</b></td>
<td>stay, remain, stand; keep at, continue doing; be (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>delu</b></td>
<td>city </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>gah</b></td>
<td>their (3p poss) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>g</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>his/her (3s poss) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>glewku</b></td>
<td>thy (2s poss) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>g&oacute;u</b> </td>
<td>awry, wrong, off <i></td>
<td></i><i></td></tr>

</i><tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>g&oacute;ubu</b><b></td>
<td></b>eccentric, crank</td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>jeg</b><b>&#x0259;</td>
<td></b>whose </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>m</b></td>
<td>to him/her/them (3s/3p dat); of, for </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>m</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l</b></td>
<td>fly (insect) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>nal</td>
<td></b>downward; hold (of a ship) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>na</b></td>
<td>hungry </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x014b;&eacute;ilo</b></td>
<td>military </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>nil</td>
<td></b>a hair (as a mass, use plural) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x014b;u</b></td>
<td>your (2p poss) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>ti</b></td>
<td>river </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&aelig;</b><b>tu</b></td>
<td>old </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bage</b></td>
<td>rough </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Balanin</td>
<td></b>the first ruling dynasty of imperial Huyf&aacute;rah </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>b</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>b </b></td>
<td>miss (not hit) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>b</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>bu</td>
<td></b>root; anchor </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>b</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>bur </b></td>
<td>strong </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>b</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>na</b></td>
<td>beg, supplicate </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>b</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>re</b></td>
<td>own (land) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>b</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>ru</td>
<td></b>real estate, land holdings </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>badew</td>
<td></b>father </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>baobadew</td>
<td></b>uncle: father&#8217;s older brother </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>baogas</td>
<td></b>captain (of a ship) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>baomast</td>
<td></b>steward, majordomo </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>baosifa</td>
<td></b>admiral, naval commander </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>baoteka</td>
<td></b>commander </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Barn&aacute;go</td>
<td></b>a city on the upper Oltu </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bas</td>
<td></b>calm, even-tempered </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ba&#x0161;e </b></td>
<td>stick, branch; spine; keel </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ba&#x0161;el</td>
<td></b>twig</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>beibu</td>
<td></b>among, between </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>beibul</td>
<td></b>genitals </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>beibulsa</td>
<td></b>vagina </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bei&#x010d;a </b></td>
<td>leg </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>beb</b></td>
<td>punish</td>
</tr>

</font><tr><td><b>bew&#x0161;in</td>
<td></b>unlucky, unfortunate</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bi</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>bu</b></td>
<td>scratch; massage </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>boa</td>
<td></b>or </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bo&aacute;</td>
<td></b>can </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bo&eacute;i</b></td>
<td>star </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bo&eacute;i</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>g</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>declination (of a star); latitude </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bo&eacute;imate</b></td>
<td>astronomy, naviation </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bo&eacute;igur</b> </td>
<td>respect </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bo&eacute;isti </b></td>
<td>orgy, debauchery </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Bo&iacute;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>ba</b> </td>
<td>Oig&ocirc;p'oibauxeu. a city in La&#x0161;umu; the river it&#8217;s on </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bom</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>wheat </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bou</b></td>
<td>again </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>boug</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>back (side); stern </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>boula</b></td>
<td>earth, soil </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bous</b></td>
<td>ox </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>boutu</td>
<td></b>pierce, penetrate </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bu </b></td>
<td>four </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>bubi&#x0161; </b></td>
<td>warm </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>but</td>
<td></b>next to, near </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;aok</b></td>
<td>king </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;aoksa</b></td>
<td>queen </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>me </td>
<td></b>study </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>n</td>
<td></b>fire; burn </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x014b;lo</td>
<td></b>lavatory </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x0161;um </td>
<td></b>powerful, great </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;e </td>
<td></b>one </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;ega</td>
<td></b>only, sole</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;eil</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>teacher </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;eino </td>
<td></b>ask </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;ei&#x014b; </b></td>
<td>walk </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;ek </td>
<td></b>throw </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;ek</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l </td>
<td></b>vomit </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;el&#x010d; </td>
<td></b>danger </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>ba </b></td>
<td>tie </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>n</td>
<td></b>marry </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>nu</td>
<td></b>husband </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;il</b><i></td>
<td></i>barley </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010c;isse</td>
<td></b>a city on the eastern coast </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>&#x010d;osk</b></td>
<td>threatening, hostile </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x010d;utu</td>
<td></b>spit </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>daba</b> </td>
<td>white </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>da&#x010d;aok</td>
<td></b>princess </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dada</b> </td>
<td>but </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dagane</td>
<td></b>camp </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Dag</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>m</b></td>
<td>the islands east of Kasadgad </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>das</td>
<td></b>fight </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>da&#x0161;i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>m</b></td>
<td>hemp; canvas, sail </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dau</td>
<td></b>male, masculine </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dayadok</td>
<td></b>(person) from Rathed&#x0101;n, the western mountains </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>daz </b></td>
<td>goddess (of polytheistic religions) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>d</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x014b;</td>
<td></b>mountain </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>deidin</b> </td>
<td>numinous, awesome, frightening </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>deik</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>lo</b> </td>
<td>holy place (in the wild), haunted area </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dei&#x014b; </td>
<td></b>finger </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>deip </td>
<td></b>young (of an animal) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dema&#x0161;</td>
<td></b>feast </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dewmuh </td>
<td></b>hunt </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>di</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>bo </td>
<td></b>fat, grease, oil </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>di&aacute;g</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>title of Ed&aacute;k rulers </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dizo </td>
<td></b>typical, ordinary </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>do </b></td>
<td>you (2p nom) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dou</b> </td>
<td>five </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>doum </b></td>
<td>to you (2p dat) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>doumah</b></td>
<td>glass (substance) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>dou&#x014b; </b></td>
<td>you (2p acc) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>du</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>bu</b> </td>
<td>smell </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>duk</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>s</td>
<td></b>master, teacher </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb<b>&aelig;'</b>ru </b></td>
<td>bark (of tree), husk (of fruits) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&eacute;d</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>order, arrange </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ebewr</td>
<td></b>short </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&iacute;</b></td>
<td>say, speak </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&iacute;&#x010d;</b></td>
<td>necessary </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&iacute;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>be </td>
<td></b>sing </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&iacute;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>bu</td>
<td></b>singer</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&iacute;u </td>
<td></b>guilty </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ebo&aacute;ge</b> </td>
<td>push, impel </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&oacute;p</b></td>
<td>music </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&oacute;uta</b> </td>
<td>seed </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ebo&uacute;r</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>strange, weird </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ebr&eacute;ibo</td>
<td></b>ruins (esp. Ed&aacute;k ones) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&uacute;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>we</b> </td>
<td>carry, hold </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eb&uacute;mu</b></td>
<td>belly </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&aacute;bo</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>corrupt, rotten </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&aacute;k </b></td>
<td>An ethnonym; the name of the people of Kaz&#x0259;gad </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&aacute;st</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>the Ed&aacute;k language, parent of F&aacute;ralo </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&eacute; </b></td>
<td>rub; play (an instrument) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&eacute;bu</td>
<td></b>musician</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&eacute;i </b></td>
<td>tree; mast </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&eacute;in</b><b>&aelig;</b> </td>
<td>live </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>edewn</b> </td>
<td>pure </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>edewnin</td>
<td></b>holy <i></td>
<td></i></td></tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&iacute;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>mu </td>
<td></b>spare someone&#8217;s life; set free </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ed&uacute;g</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>why </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>edu-</td>
<td></b>some (indefinite article clitic) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ege</b> </td>
<td>all, every </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eg&eacute;i </td>
<td></b>upward </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>egemal</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>everywhere </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>egew </td>
<td></b>everyone, everything </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eg&oacute;l</b> </td>
<td>foot </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>egr</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>n</b> </td>
<td>satisfy </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eg&uacute;go</td>
<td></b>deceive, fool </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eib</td>
<td></b>freeze </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eib</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l</td>
<td></b>green </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eibur</b> </td>
<td>swim </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eidu</b> </td>
<td>fall (v); fail </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eig</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>good; name of the great river of Kaz&#x0259;gad and La&#x0161;umu </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eik</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>(land) animal</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eik</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>mate</td>
<td></b>animal husbandry</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eiku </td>
<td></b>kill </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eim</b> </td>
<td>turn </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eini&#x0161;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>fly (v) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eione</b> </td>
<td>obscure, hard to understand </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eiw</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l </td>
<td></b>west </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eioti</td>
<td></b>day, daytime </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ek&eacute;i</b> </td>
<td>egg </td>
</tr>

</font><tr><td><b>ek&uacute;i</td>
<td></b>blessing, benefit </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>elje</b> </td>
<td>clean </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eluoga</b> </td>
<td>abundant, common </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>en<b>&aelig;'</b>d</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>feel (an emotion)</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>En&#x010d;&eacute;lade</b> </td>
<td>Ngah&ecirc;x&ocirc;ldod, a city in La&#x0161;umu </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>en&oacute;uno</td>
<td></b>mess up, get in trouble </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>eobu</b> </td>
<td>sleep </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>epaf</b> </td>
<td>light (not heavy) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&aacute;g</b> </td>
<td>far </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&aacute;g</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>g</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>distance; longitude </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep<b>&aelig;'</b>m </b></td>
<td>cry </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep<b>&aelig;'</b>poge </td>
<td></b>curse </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&eacute;</td>
<td></b>sit; meet (councils) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&eacute;lo</td>
<td></b>chair </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&eacute;ilu</b> </td>
<td>rain (v)</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&eacute;l</td>
<td></b>rest </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&eacute;i&#x0161;a</b> </td>
<td>fish, seafood </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&eacute;pe</b><i></td>
<td></i>breast </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&oacute;u</b> </td>
<td>because </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&#x0161; </td>
<td></b>destroy </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ep&uacute;onim</b></td>
<td>pagan, polytheist, infidel </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>er&oacute;lo</td>
<td></b>impotent </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>es&eacute;</b><i></td>
<td></i>bleed (v); ooze </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>e&#x0161;</b> </td>
<td>six </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>e&#x0161;<b>&aelig;'</b>d</b> </td>
<td>much </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>e&#x0161;o</b> </td>
<td>always </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&aacute;</b> </td>
<td>stop (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&aacute;&#x0161;e </b></td>
<td>surrounding, all around; throughout </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&eacute; </b></td>
<td>with, by, using (instrumental) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&eacute;iwa</b> </td>
<td>tiller; tail </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&eacute;&#x0161;e</b> </td>
<td>sail (v); govern, run </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&eacute;&#x0161;u</b> </td>
<td>sailboat</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>etewg</b> </td>
<td>forest </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&iacute;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>du</b> </td>
<td>metal </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>et&uacute;g</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>action, deeds; the main religion of Huyf&aacute;rah </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ewa</b> </td>
<td>snake </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ewbu</b> </td>
<td>urchin, petty criminal </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ewmu</b> </td>
<td>reject, hate </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ewpa</b> </td>
<td>statue </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ezul</b> </td>
<td>take </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>f&aacute;ralo</td>
<td></b>(person) from Huyf&aacute;rah; the F&aacute;ralo language </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>fer&oacute;j</td>
<td></b>Fer&aring;jin (people to the east of the Faraghin) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>fiz</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>tud</td>
<td></b>rookie, newbie, wet behind the ears </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>foga</td>
<td></b>make, create </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>gafa&#x010d;</td>
<td></b>crime </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gafa&#x010d;u</td>
<td></b>criminal</td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>gaos</td>
<td></b>boat </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ga&#x0161;u</td>
<td></b>rabbit </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gata&#x010d;</td>
<td></b>galley </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gate</b></td>
<td>wood </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gatel</td>
<td></b>plank, board</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>g</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>je</td>
<td></b>those things, those people </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>geip&#x0161;a</b> </td>
<td>sheep </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>geirit</td>
<td></b>until, up to </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>geiru</td>
<td></b>atheist, cynic </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gis</td>
<td></b>dagger </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gissa</td>
<td></b>cut </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gonin</td>
<td></b>elder; elder brother </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gou</b></td>
<td>road </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>goul</b></td>
<td>path, way</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gouga </b></td>
<td>break </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>goum </b></td>
<td>high </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>goumoudu</b> </td>
<td>cross-staff (for measuring angles) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gourun </td>
<td></b>desert </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gout </td>
<td></b>dull (not sharp) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gozu </b></td>
<td>difficult </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>gu</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>tu</b> </td>
<td>so, therefore </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>guru</b> </td>
<td>guts, intestines </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ha</td>
<td></b>meat </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hab</td>
<td></b>eat</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ha&#x010d;i&#x0161;</td>
<td></b>garlic </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>had&iacute;r</td>
<td></b>outside, out of; outdoors </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>had&iacute;rlo</td>
<td></b>open, overt, superficial </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Hag&iacute;b</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l</b></td>
<td>ancient or poetic name for Huyf&aacute;rah </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>haglu</b> </td>
<td>gross, nasty  </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>haran</td>
<td></b>Faraghin (person or language) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>h</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>pabe </b></td>
<td>begin, start (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>h</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>tud</td>
<td></b>veteran </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>hei</td>
<td></b>blue </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>heil</td>
<td></b>foreign </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>heipud</td>
<td></b>crooked, twisted; deformed </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>helkun </b></td>
<td>enemy </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hewe </b></td>
<td>water </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hewegou</b></td>
<td>dock </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>heweteka</td>
<td></b>navy, fleet </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hi</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>m</b> </td>
<td>cloud </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hi</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>wa </b></td>
<td>rotten </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hi&#x010d;id</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>misuse of office </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>his</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l</td>
<td></b>bequeath </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hislu</td>
<td></b>child, heir </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Histu</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>n</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>an eastern nation, homeland of Et&uacute;g&#x0259;<b> </b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hitug</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>physical necessity; the mundane world </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hol</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>when </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hou </td>
<td></b>coast </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>houzu&#x014b; </b></td>
<td>left (side); port </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hu</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>mu </b></td>
<td>wrong </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hude </td>
<td></b>eight </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>hup&iacute;s </td>
<td></b>defeat, conquer </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Hutaba</b></td>
<td>the founder of Et&uacute;g&#x0259;<b> </b></td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Huyf&aacute;rah</b></td>
<td>the nation of the F&aacute;ralo </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>huz </td>
<td></b>mouse </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>huz<b>&aelig;'</b>tug</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>immorality, vice, perversion, evil </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i </b></td>
<td>I (1s nom) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ibe </b></td>
<td>touch, use </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ib</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l </b></td>
<td>north </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i&#x010d;<b>&aelig;'</b>m</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l</b></td>
<td>study; knowledge </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>id</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>r</td>
<td></b>seem, appear (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>id&uacute;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>&#x014b; </b></td>
<td>sea, ocean </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>idw</b><b>&aelig;</b></td>
<td>arm </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>b </b></td>
<td>month, moon; one hundred </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>bu</td>
<td></b>me (1s acc) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>n</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>catastrophe, disaster </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>ma</b> </td>
<td>symbol, sign </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>mu </td>
<td></b>head; top </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>m</td>
<td></b>to me (1s dat)</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>n</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b></td>
<td></b>see, look</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ifis</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>n</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b></td>
<td></b>the spiritual world; salvation; heaven </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ig</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>which one </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>il&#x010d;</b> </td>
<td>black </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>im</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>sew </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>io </b></td>
<td>noble, lord </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>iodol</b></td>
<td>sun </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ioza</td>
<td></b>noblewoman, lady </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>iozal</td>
<td></b>girl of noble blood; figurehead or bow of a ship</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ip</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>straight </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ipi</b> </td>
<td>liver </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>is</td>
<td></b>should (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>is</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>to, towards; before (time) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>is</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>ga</td>
<td></b>early; preceding </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i&#x0161;o</b> </td>
<td>night </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>i&#x0161;onoun</td>
<td></b>journey, voyage </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>iwmu </b></td>
<td>beautiful </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>iwmusa</td>
<td></b>beautiful girl</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>j</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>g</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>indignant, wrathful </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>j</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>je </b></td>
<td>that one, that person </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>j</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>n</b><i></td>
<td></i>knife </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>jeg</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>who, what </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>jeip</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b></td>
<td></b>insult </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ji</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>ku </b></td>
<td>hard (not soft) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ji</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>nih </td>
<td></b>iron </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>jibe </b></td>
<td>bad </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>jori</td>
<td></b>wake up </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>jos</td>
<td></b>awake, conscious </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>juma</td>
<td></b>complain, protest </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kada</td>
<td></b>amuse </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kadal</td>
<td></b>like, appreciate </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>k</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>da</b></td>
<td>ashes (pl) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kaklo</td>
<td></b>border, boundary </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kalt&oacute; </b></td>
<td>wind (pl) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kaog&aacute;din</td>
<td></b>uncle: father&#8217;s younger brother </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kaog</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>fog, mist (pl) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kaota&#x010d;a</td>
<td></b>aunt </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kape </td>
<td></b>last year </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ka&#x0161;</td>
<td></b>funny, amusing </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Kaz</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>gad</b></td>
<td>Kasca, the ancient  Ed&aacute;k nation, now ruled by Huyf&aacute;rah </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ke&#x010d;em</b></td>
<td>honor </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>keip</b> </td>
<td>grass, herb (pl) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>keipmate</td>
<td></b>herblore</td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>keize</b> </td>
<td>snow (pl) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>keo&#x010d;</td>
<td></b>angry </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kep&eacute;ilu</b> </td>
<td>rain (n; pl)<i></td>
<td></i><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kes&eacute;</b><i></td>
<td></i>blood (pl) </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>k</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>w&uacute;</td>
<td></b>(Et&uacute;geist) priest [</td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kiki</td>
<td></b>a spice from the eastern islands </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kipa</td>
<td></b>rice alcohol (pl) <i></td>
<td></i><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kol</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>absurd, crazy </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kouw</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>tongue; rudder </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kpu</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>ma</td>
<td></b>smoke, steam (pl)<i></td>
<td></i><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kra&#x0161;</td>
<td></b>bold, brave </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>kreota</td>
<td></b>seize, capture </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ksoudu </b></td>
<td>sand (pl) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ku</td>
<td></b>spirit, mind </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ku</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>ma </b></td>
<td>redo </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ku</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>t</td>
<td></b>devil, demon </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kufas</td>
<td></b>(Et&uacute;geist) temple </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kuin</td>
<td></b>holy, sacred </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kus</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>p</td>
<td></b>worship </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kusr</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>m</td>
<td></b>olive </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>kwa&#x0161;e</td>
<td></b>these things, these people </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>lad</td>
<td></b>healthy </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lade</td>
<td></b>not much </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ladmate</td>
<td></b>medicine</td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>lalpo</td>
<td></b>heal, cure </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>lalpobu</td>
<td></b>doctor, physician</td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>laoma</td>
<td></b>long </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>la&#x0161;</td>
<td></b>land, country </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>la&#x0161;in</td>
<td></b>national</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>La&#x0161;umu</b> </td>
<td>Ax&ocirc;ltseubeu, the nation upriver from Kaz&#x0259;gad </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>l</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>pu</b></td>
<td>bone </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>l</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>pusa</td>
<td></b>penis </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>le&#x010d;</td>
<td></b>sword </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>lega</td>
<td></b>word; language </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>legal </b></td>
<td>write </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>leg&eacute;i&#x0161;a</b></td>
<td>poetry </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lei</td>
<td></b>bird </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>leid</td>
<td></b>year </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>leidei&#x014b; </td>
<td></b>wing </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>leidin</td>
<td></b>annual</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>leil</td>
<td></b>flow, pour; row </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>leilu</td>
<td></b>rowboat</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lei&#x0161;o </td>
<td></b>cold </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lewku </b></td>
<td>thou (2s-T nom) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lewku&#x014b; </b></td>
<td>thee (2s-T acc) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lewkum</b></td>
<td>to thee (2s-T dat) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>li</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>mu</b> </td>
<td>smile </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>loute</td>
<td></b>right, correct </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>loumo </td>
<td></b>visit </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lu-</td>
<td></b>the; abstract nominalizer (clitic) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>luba</td>
<td></b>lie </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>lu</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>t</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>to us (1p dat) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>luki </b></td>
<td>we (1p nom) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>luzis </b></td>
<td>us (1p acc) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mabe</td>
<td></b>mouth </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ma&#x010d;ud</b></td>
<td>slave </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>maga&#x010d;</td>
<td></b>loot, pillage </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mai</td>
<td></b>nobody, nothing </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>maiga</td>
<td></b>empty </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mal</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>where </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>malge </b></td>
<td>suck </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mardu</b></td>
<td>human </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mas</td>
<td></b>a few </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>masta&#x010d;</td>
<td></b>government </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ma&#x0161;o</b> </td>
<td>never </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mate</b> </td>
<td>know </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>matel</b> </td>
<td>think, suspect </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>matebo&eacute;i</b></td>
<td>astrolabe </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>matib</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l </b></td>
<td>magnet; compass </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>matug</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>the impossible (to normal men); fantasy, spirituality </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>m</b><b>&aelig;</b> </td>
<td>believe </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>m</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>de </b></td>
<td>heart; feel (an emotion) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>m</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>did</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>intelligence  </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>m</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>du </b></td>
<td>purposeless, pointless </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>m</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>g</b> </td>
<td>today </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>m</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>m</b> </td>
<td>seven </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>M</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>med&eacute;i</td>
<td></b>a city on the mouth of the Oltu </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>m</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>sa</td>
<td></b>cow </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mebe</b> </td>
<td>peasant, farmer  </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mebelo</b> </td>
<td>farm </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mei</b> </td>
<td>trade </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>meibu</td>
<td></b>trader, merchant</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>meikut</td>
<td></b>bastard, sumbitch [</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>meil </b></td>
<td>read </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>men&#x010d;aok</b></td>
<td>prince </td>
</tr>

</font><tr><td><b>mengaos</td>
<td></b>first mate </td>
</tr>

</font><tr><td><b>menio</td>
<td></b>young lord; boy of noble blood</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>meok&aacute;t </b></td>
<td>younger brother, apprentice, cadet </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mewk </b></td>
<td>rebel </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>m</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>lew</td>
<td></b>figure out, realize </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mi</b> </td>
<td>no, none  </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Mi</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>du</b> </td>
<td>the southernmost city in Huyf&aacute;rah proper </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mimal</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>nowhere </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mi&#x0161;</b> </td>
<td>modern, novel </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mi&#x0161;agu </b></td>
<td>holiday, day off </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>moge</b> </td>
<td>backward </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mola </td>
<td></b>full </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mol</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>n </b></td>
<td>alert, vigilant </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mordu</td>
<td></b>front; chest (of a person) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mosin</td>
<td></b>civilized, urban, cultured </td>
</tr>

</font><tr><td><b>mosou</b></td>
<td>port, harbor</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mospi</td>
<td></b>uncultured, provincial </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mou</b> </td>
<td>skin </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>moudu</b> </td>
<td>measure </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>moumu&#x0161;ez</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b></td>
<td></b>council, senate </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mouru </b></td>
<td>narrow </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mowe</td>
<td></b>oral sex </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Mu</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>baz</b> </td>
<td>a city in Kaz&#x0259;gad, modern Momuva&#8217;e </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mu</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>bazin</td>
<td></b>lawless, anarchic </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>muba</b> </td>
<td>worm </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mube </b></td>
<td>foolish, rash </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mula</b></td>
<td>ice </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mus</b></td>
<td>grow</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>musmate</td>
<td></b>agriculture</td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>mu&#x0161;idut</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b></td>
<td></b>belief, philosophy, ideology </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>muymis</b></td>
<td>stupid </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>mw&aacute;ogube</b></td>
<td>ponderous, grave </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>na</td>
<td></b>in (locations, substances, regions), inside; on </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nabe </td>
<td></b>red </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>na&#x010d;a</td>
<td></b>lady, baroness </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nad&iacute;r</td>
<td></b>in (containers), inside of, indoors </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nad&iacute;rlo</td>
<td></b>secret, hidden </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>naga</td>
<td></b>inner, interior </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nag</b><b>&#x0259;</b><i></td>
<td></i>god (of polytheistic religions) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nagu</td>
<td></b>bear (animal) <i></td>
<td></i></td></tr>

<tr><td><b>naonu</b> </td>
<td>divide, separate </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nao&#x014b;ga</td>
<td></b>split </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>nap&oacute;&#x010d;a</td>
<td></b>play (e.g. games), have fun </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>nar&oacute;r</td>
<td></b>horse </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>na&#x0161;i&#x014b;a </b></td>
<td>futile, in vain </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nat</td>
<td></b>lord, baron </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nata</td>
<td></b>the nobility, aristocray </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nayu</td>
<td></b>noodles (an eastern dish) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>naz</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>east </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>b</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>someone, something </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>b</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>small </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>blo </b></td>
<td>sometime </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>lul </td>
<td></b>somewhere </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>m</b> </td>
<td>illness, disease </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>me</b> </td>
<td>some, any </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>muh</b> </td>
<td>orange </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>n</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>pe</b></td>
<td>swell (up) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ne&#x010d;a</b> </td>
<td>wife </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nege</b></td>
<td>the most; maximum; azimuth </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nei&#x014b;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>leaf </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>neos</td>
<td></b>sick, ill </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ni</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>n</b> <i></td>
<td></i>if/then conjunction </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nil</td>
<td></b>nine </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nioga</td>
<td></b>war </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>no&#x0161; </b></td>
<td>die </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>noulo</td>
<td></b>street </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>noun </b></td>
<td>go (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nub&aacute;zi</b></td>
<td>realization, enlightenment </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>nuge</td>
<td></b>easy </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;a-</td>
<td></b>prefix forming a participial adjective: <i>&#x014b;anoun</i> &#8216;going&#8217; </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;ad</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>make love, have sex </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;al</td>
<td></b>very </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;al</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>r</td>
<td></b>too, too much; excessive </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;alleil</td>
<td></b>flood </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;ast&iacute;s </td>
<td></b>villain, rogue </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;ap&#x0161;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>thick </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>ne</td>
<td></b>neck </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x014b;u </td>
<td></b>laugh </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;eib</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>toe </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;eide </td>
<td></b>wipe </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;i</b></td>
<td>two </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>bu </b></td>
<td>sharp; acute, clever </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;i</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>bul </b></td>
<td>needle </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;igata&#x010d;</td>
<td></b>bireme </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;ouru </td>
<td></b>ancient; also an ethnonym </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014a;ourlo</b> </td>
<td>a city in Kaz&#x0259;gad </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x014b;ura</td>
<td></b>cloves; brown </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oa </b></td>
<td>salt </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>o</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>right (side), starboard </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>obo</td>
<td></b>for, for the purpose of </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>odu </b></td>
<td>come; (aux) be at the moment </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oltu </b></td>
<td>new; the name of the main river of Huyf&aacute;rah </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Oltumosou</td>
<td></b>a city on the mouth of the Por&aacute;&#x0161; </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oly&eacute;na</td>
<td></b>commit a faux pas </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>o&#x014b; </b></td>
<td>squeeze </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>op</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>ear </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>opwo</td>
<td></b>a type of meal popular in La&#x0161;umu  </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ordo </b></td>
<td>eye </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>osl&oacute;k </b></td>
<td>forget </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ote</td>
<td></b>run, hurry </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ot&oacute;un</b> </td>
<td>thin </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oub</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>almost all </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oug</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>behind, in back of </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oumol</b></td>
<td>younger sister </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oumu</b> </td>
<td>mother </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>-oun </b></td>
<td>and </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ou&#x014b;u</td>
<td></b>without, except for </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>oupu</b> </td>
<td>deep </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ou&#x0161;u</b> </td>
<td>promise </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ouwa</b> </td>
<td>and </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ouz</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>suicide </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ouzu</b> </td>
<td>yesterday </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pabo</b> </td>
<td>analyze, categorize </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pa&#x010d;una</td>
<td></b>count, reckon </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>padu</b> </td>
<td>attack </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Palge</td>
<td></b>a free city in Kaz&#x0259;gad, modern Paw&eacute; </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pap </b></td>
<td>defense </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>p</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>round </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>p</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>n </b></td>
<td>bite, chew </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pea </b></td>
<td>ready </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pei </td>
<td></b>big </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>peilbu</td>
<td></b>hourglass </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>peim</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>b</b> </td>
<td>mystery </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Peimast</td>
<td></b>a city on the upper Por&aacute;&#x0161; </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pein </b></td>
<td>with, accompanied by, having </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>peit</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>fucking do (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>peitu </td>
<td></b>apart </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pep</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>last, final </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>peras </b></td>
<td>knight, first rank of noble </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pi</td>
<td></b>fingernail </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pi</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>m</b> </td>
<td>low; (v) abase; (refl) submit, lower oneself, sacrifice</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pig</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l </b></td>
<td>first  </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pila </b></td>
<td>send; (as aux) have done, send for </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pir </td>
<td></b>goat </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>popu </b></td>
<td>fear </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>porat</td>
<td></b>trustworthy, sound </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Por&aacute;&#x0161;</td>
<td></b>the river east of the Oltu</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>poun </b></td>
<td>island </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>pouni</b></td>
<td>plant, vegetation </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Puwa</td>
<td></b>a Naidda-speaking city in the far south </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>puw</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>nose </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>rari</td>
<td></b>addicted </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Rased&aacute;n</td>
<td></b>the western mountains </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>r</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>be </td>
<td></b>along; during, in, within </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>r</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>de </td>
<td></b>sky </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>r</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>pen </td>
<td></b>instead of, in place of </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>r</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>tu</b> </td>
<td>hear </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>rewebe </td>
<td></b>unable, useless </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>rew&#x014b;</td>
<td></b>flat, smooth &#8216;plains&#8217; </td>
</tr>

</font><tr><td><b>rew&#x014b;</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l</b></td>
<td>platform; deck (of a ship) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>rew&#x014b;lo</td>
<td></b>plain, flatlands </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>rif</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>s</td>
<td></b>ugly </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>ri&#x0161;o</td>
<td></b>con, defraud </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>ro</td>
<td></b>ten </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>robe</b><i></td>
<td></i>feather </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>roda</td>
<td></b>have, own (things) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>rodu</td>
<td></b>possessions, one&#8217;s things </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>rog</b><b>&#x0259;</td>
<td></b>perform, act </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>roul</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>care for, be devoted to </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>roum</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>that (relativizer) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>rud</td>
<td></b>man (male) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ru</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>nah</b></td>
<td>priest (of the pagans) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>rulasa</td>
<td></b>whore, prostitute </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>ru&#x0161;an</td>
<td></b>blame; cast aspersions, sling mud </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>satug</b><b>&#x0259;</b></td>
<td>false knowledge, illusion </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>s</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x010d;i </b></td>
<td>soft </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>s</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>&#x014b;</td>
<td></b>wash </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>s</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>p</td>
<td></b>give </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>s</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>tug</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>virtue, morality </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>se&#x010d;as</td>
<td></b>good luck, good fortune </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>se&#x010d;asin</td>
<td></b>lucky, fortunate</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sei&#x0161; </b></td>
<td>louse </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sek</td>
<td></b>name </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>seka</td>
<td></b>name, call </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>selo </b></td>
<td>spear </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ser&#x010d;aok</td>
<td></b>emperor (title of the F&aacute;ralo ruler) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>serin</td>
<td></b>imperial </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sernat</td>
<td></b>minister (of state) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Sertek</td>
<td></b>a city on the mouth of the Por&aacute;&#x0161; </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>si-</td>
<td></b>that (clitic) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>si</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>n </b></td>
<td>drink </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Si</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>n&#x010d;</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>n</b></td>
<td>the greatest of the Ed&aacute;k emperors <b></td>
<td></b></td></tr>

<tr><td><b>silo </b></td>
<td>tooth, fang </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sirul </b></td>
<td>there </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sip </b></td>
<td>thus </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>siralo</td>
<td></b>brothel </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sis </b></td>
<td>dog </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sissa</td>
<td></b>bitch </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>si&#x0161;</b></td>
<td>null (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>si&#x0161;o</b>  </td>
<td>then </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>so</td>
<td></b>must, have to (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>soy </b></td>
<td>cause </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>soudul </b></td>
<td>powder, dust </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sou&#x014b;</b> </td>
<td>knee </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>sur </b></td>
<td>tomorrow </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>su&#x0161; </td>
<td></b>near, nearby </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>su&#x0161;in </td>
<td></b>neighbor</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>&#x0160;i&#x0161;in</td>
<td></b>the northern mountains </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>&#x0161;u</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>n</td>
<td></b>stab, slash </td>
<td><b></td></tr>

</b><tr><td><b>&#x0161;uys</td>
<td></b>merciful, compassionate </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ta</td>
<td></b>just did (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ta&#x010d;a</td>
<td></b>older sister </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Tal</td>
<td></b>the western provinces of Huyf&aacute;rah </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>talo</td>
<td></b>the people of Tal; the Tlaliolz</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>t</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>di</b> </td>
<td>shelter </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>t</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>dil</b> </td>
<td>oar </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>t</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>m </td>
<td></b>south </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>teibe </b></td>
<td>together </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tei&#x014b;u</b> </td>
<td>pull </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tei&#x014b;gas</td>
<td></b>punt, flatboat </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>teitu</b> </td>
<td>wide </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>teka</td>
<td></b>army </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tesses</td>
<td></b>soldier </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tid</b> </td>
<td>flea </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tik&oacute;u</b> </td>
<td>stone, rock; anchor</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tir</td>
<td></b>door </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>toba</b> </td>
<td>horn </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tol</b></td>
<td>shine </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tou</b> </td>
<td>lake </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>toun</b> </td>
<td>hand </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tu</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>d</td>
<td></b>oversee, control </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tulas</td>
<td></b>cinnamon </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>tuma</td>
<td></b>pirate </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ub&aacute;k </b></td>
<td>palace </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Ub&aacute;z</b></td>
<td>the Mother Goddess of the Ed&aacute;k </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ubu</td>
<td></b>soon </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>u</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>m</td>
<td></b>cause (aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>u</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>m</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>joke </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>u</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>&#x0161;</b> </td>
<td>blow, breathe </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>u</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>ta</b> </td>
<td>humor, wit </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ug</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>from; after </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ug</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>ga</td>
<td></b>late, later </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ul</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </td>
<td></b>rise, raise, lift </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ulg</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>taste </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>ulgu </td>
<td></b>rope </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>um&oacute;rdu</td>
<td></b>in front of, before (space) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>um&oacute;ro</td>
<td></b>be picky </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>undribu</td>
<td></b>comedian </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>Ussor</b> </td>
<td>capital of Huyf&aacute;rah </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>u&#x0161;&oacute;be</td>
<td></b>be horny </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>uw </td>
<td></b>cruel, savage </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>uwlo</td>
<td></b>barbarian </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>uwm&eacute;i</b></td>
<td>yellow </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wa-</td>
<td></b>this (clitic) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wab</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b> </b></td>
<td>hit </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wagah </b></td>
<td>peace </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wa&#x0161; </td>
<td></b>dig </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wa&#x0161;e </b></td>
<td>this one, this person</td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>w</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>g&oacute;l</td>
<td></b>below, under </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>w</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>re</td>
<td></b>love </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>w</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>t&aacute;&#x014b;</td>
<td></b>beyond, past </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>w</b><b>&aelig;</b><b>t</b><b>&#x0259;</b> <b></td>
<td></b>about, concerning </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>we</td>
<td></b>will (future aux) </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wede </b></td>
<td>vegetable </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wei&#x0161;o </b></td>
<td>now </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wi</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>m </b></td>
<td>live </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wi</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>mu</td>
<td></b>above, over </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wi</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>&#x014b; </b></td>
<td>wet </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wilo</td>
<td></b>house </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wim&eacute;s</b> </td>
<td>adjacent, adjoining </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wim</b><b>&#x0259;</b> </td>
<td>mud </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wim</b><b>&#x0259;</b><b>l</b> </td>
<td>dirty </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wos</b></td>
<td>three </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wo&#x0161;lo</td>
<td></b>dump, hick town </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wozgata&#x010d;</td>
<td></b>trireme </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>woul </td>
<td></b>here </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>woupu</b> </td>
<td>remember </td>
</tr>

<tr><td><b>wugu</b> </td>
<td>condemn, find guilty </td>
</tr>

 
</table></blockquote>

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