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<h1>Dhekhnami</h1>
<i>© 2014 by Mark Rosenfelder · <A HREF="default.html">zompist.com</a></i>
<!-- Table of Contents -->
<hr/>
<p><img src="LokhDhekh.gif" align="right"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>
<p><a href="#Phonology">Phonology</a> — <i> <a href="#Writing">Writing system</a>
</i>
<p><b>Morphology</b> —
<a href="#Verbs">Verbs</a> — <i> <a href="#Rank">Rank</a> — <a href="#present">The simple present</a> —
<a href="#past">Past</a> — <a href="#future">Future</a> — <a href="#negative">Negative</a> — <a href="#iterative">Iterative</a> —
<a href="#Affixes">Affixes</a> — <a href="#Imperatives">Imperatives</a>
</i>
<br><a href="#Nominal">Nominal morphology</a> — <i> <a href="#Plural">Plural</a> — <a href="#Tense">Tense</a> —
<a href="#Derivational">Derivational affixes</a>
</i>
<br><a href="#Pronouns">Pronouns</a> — <i> <a href="#Personal">Personal pronouns</a> — <a href="#Deictics">Deictics</a> —
<a href="#Interrogatives">Interrogatives</a> —
<a href="#Quantifiers">Quantifiers</a>
</i>
<br><a href="#Numbers">Numbers</a> — <i> <a href="#Octal">Octal system</a> — <a href="#Decimal">Decimal system</a> —
<a href="#Arithmetic">Arithmetic</a> —
</i>
<a href="#Prepositions">Prepositions</a>
<p><b>Syntax</b> —
<a href="#Sentence">Sentence order</a> — <i> <a href="#Topic">Topic and comment</a> — <a href="#arguments">Other arguments</a> — <a href="#modifiers">Verb modifiers</a> —
</i>
<a href="#NP">NP order</a> — <i> <a href="#Appositives">Appositives</a> —
</i>
<a href="#Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</a> — <i> <a href="#Comparatives">Comparatives</a> — <a href="#Passives">Passives</a>
</i>
<br><a href="#Questions">Questions</a> — <i> <a href="#YesNo">Yes-no questions</a> — <a href="#Interrogatives">Interrogatives</a> —
</i>
<a href="#Negatives">Negatives</a> —
<a href="#Coordination">Coordination</a>
<br><a href="#Subordination">Subordination</a> — <i> <a href="#Sentential">Sentential objects</a> — <a href="#Miniclauses">Mini-clauses</a> — <a href="#Nominalization">Nominalization</a> — <a href="#Relative">Relative clauses </a> —
<a href="#Causatives">Causatives</a> —
</i>
<br><a href="#Adverbials">Adverbials</a> — <i> <a href="#Time">Time expressions</a> — <a href="#Place">Place expressions</a>
</i>
<br><a href="#Semantic">Semantic fields</a> — <i> <a href="#day">The day</a> — <a href="#Calendar">Calendar</a> — <a href="#Pejoratives">Pejoratives</a> — <a href="#Names">Names</a>
</i>
<p><a href="#Examples">Examples</a> — <a href="#Conversation">Conversation</a> — <a href="#Letter">Letter to Mútkün</a> — <i> <a href="#Liturgy">Liturgy</a> </i>
<br><a href="#Lexicon"><b>Lexicon</b></a>
<hr/>
<h2><a name="Introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<img align="right" src="Dhekhnam.png">
<b>Dhekhnami </b>(<i>lokh Dhêçnam</i>) is the official language of <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/almeo.html?Dhekhnam">Dhekhnam</a>, the contemporary <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/almeo.html?Ktuvok_empire">ktuvok empire</a>; it’s the direct descendant of <a href="munkhashi.htm">Munkhâshi</a>. The map at right is labeled in Dhekhnami.
<p><a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/almeo.html?Dem%C3%B3shimor">Demóshimor</a> was occupied by the Caďinorians after the victory of Ervëa and Attafei; but Caďinas lost control of the area following the civil war of 1894-1910. The area was conquered by the Carhinnoi, nomadic followers of Jippirasti, around 2100. Finally it became independent in 2375. The two occupations each affected the Demoshi profoundly; it can be said that they learned the market economy from the Caďinorians, and a zealous monotheism from the Carhinnoi.
<p>Dhekhnam was reconstituted in 2537, at first incorporating only Tyellakh; it didn’t reincorporate Demóshimor till 2712, and then on terms which promised a more symbiotic relationship between the ktuvoks and the Demoshi; the new ktuvok empire has certainly relied on their dynamism. It steadily expanded over the centuries until it occupies the entire area between the Ctelm Mountains and the Forbidden Sea.
<p>There are really four distinct <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/almeo.html?Eynleyni">Eynleyni</a> languages, each descendants of Munkhâshi or its sisters:
<ul>
<li><b>Demoshi</b>, the language of Demóshimor
<br><li><b>Tyellakhi</b>, the language of Tyellakh in the south
<br><li><b>Baburili</b>, the language of the Eynleyni in Carhinnia
<br><li><b>Loghdakh</b> ’west language’, spoken south and east of Sarnáe
<br>
</ul>
These are not the only languages spoken in Dhekhnam; there’s also Sarroc and Monkhayu, spoken in Sarnáe; Carhinnian; Irqarau spoken in the far east; and Kazule spoken in the southern Ctelm mountains.
<p>The language described in this sketch is the standard language, used for administration and communication between ethnic groups, for education, technology, and other writing, as well as in proselytization of the Gelalhát religion (<b>gelatwo</b>) outside the empire. In particular it’s the dialect of the capital, Ornakh.
<p>Dhekhnami has been influenced— much more than Munkhâshi— by the languages of other human groups, especially <a href="native.htm">Caďinor</a>, <a href="sarroc.htm">Sarroc</a>, and Carhinnian.
<p>Dhekhnami is most easily understood if you start with a clear understanding of <b>Munkhâshi</b>. Therefore this sketch concentrates on the differences between the two languages; anything not mentioned can be assumed to work the same way.
<p><b><i>Philological note</i></b>: <i>Dhêçnam</i> means ’pure land’; the representation <i>Dhekhnam</i> is based on Verdurian sources and predates our scholarly knowledge of the language. Anyway, it’s convenient to have a simple representation without diacritics or unusual characters.
<center><i>Language map of eastern Ereláe</i><br/>
<img src="langs-3480.jpg">
</center>
<h2><a name="Phonology">Phonology</a></h2>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3">
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="4"><i>Consonants</i></td>
<td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="100px" rowspan="2"> </td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><i>vowels</i></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3">
<td><i>labial</i></td>
<td><i>dental</i></td>
<td><i>palato<br>alveolar</i></td>
<td><i>velar</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3" rowspan="2"><i>stops</i></td>
<td>p</td>
<td>t</td>
<td></td>
<td>k</td>
<td></td>
<td>i</td>
<td></td>
<td>u</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>b</td>
<td>d</td>
<td></td>
<td>g</td>
<td></td>
<td>e</td>
<td></td>
<td>o</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3" rowspan="2"><i>affricates</i></td>
<td></td>
<td>tl (dl)</td>
<td>ts dz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>(ê)</td>
<td></td>
<td>(ô)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>ch j</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td> a </td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3" rowspan="2"><i>fricatives</td>
<td>f v</td>
<td>s z
<td>sh zh</td>
<td>kh gh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>th dh</td>
<td>(ç)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>nasals</i></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>n</td>
<td></td>
<td>(ŋ)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>liquids</i></td>
<td></td>
<td>l</td>
<td>r</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>semivowels</i></td>
<td>w</td>
<td>y</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Most of these are self-explanatory. <b>tl</b> is an unvoiced lateral fricative [ɬ]. <b>Ch j sh</b> are [tʃ dʒ ʃ] as in English; <b>zh kh gh th dh</b> are [ʒ x γ θ ð].
<p>(Note that the place of articulation for <b>ts dz ch j</b> does not match that of <b>t</b>; it’s further back. You could say that Dhekhnami has English <b>ch</b> but French <b>t</b>.)
<p>The sounds in parentheses are marginal as phonemes:
<ul>
<li><b>dl</b> is voiced [ɮ], appearing mostly as a result of the consonant mutation.
<br><li><b>ç</b> is a fronted version of <b>kh </b>[x] appearing next to front vowels.
<br><li><b>ŋ</b> is almost always just a variant of <b>n</b> before <b>g</b>, but it’s phonemic in a few words such as <b>aŋŋa</b> ’hand’, <b>ŋêthno</b> ’wretch’.
<br><li>The phonemic distinction between <b>e/ê</b> and <b>o/ô</b> in Munkhâshi has been largely lost in favor of a conditioned variation, <b>ê/ô</b> appearing in closed syllables. There are a few exceptions though, such as <b>enlo</b> ’remote relative’, and a few minimal pairs such as <b>posh </b>’think’ / <b>pôsh </b>’below’.
</ul>
The only sound Dhekhnami has entirely lost is <b>â</b>, merged with <b>a</b> (and occasionally <b>ê</b>). Besides the mostly-allophones mentioned, it’s innovated <b>s z gh y</b>.
<p>Double consonants should be pronounced doubly long.
<p>Diphthongs can be formed with <b>w</b> or <b>y</b> (cf. <b>shiçaydo </b>’rocky’, <b>shmaw</b> ’north’). <b>Y</b> doesn’t palatalize a preceding consonant— <b>nyakh </b>’hide’ is [njax], not [n<font size=1><sup>j</sup></font>ax]. To Verdurians it sounds like the Dhekhnami are lingering on the <b>y</b>— they write <i>nyyaḣ</i>— but this may just reflex that <ny> is always [n<font size=1><sup>j</sup></font>] in Verdurian.
<p><b><i><grn>Stress</b></i></grn> generally follows the same rule as Munkhâshi: it falls on the first syllable of the root, never on affixes or reduplicated syllables.
<p>Quite a few initial clusters have been supplied with an unstressed epenthetic vowel, spelled <b>e</b> but pronounced with a lax [ə]: <i>Tmôtimor</i> > <b>Demóshimor </b>[də 'mo ʃi mɔr].
<h3><a name="Writing">Writing system</h3>
The Eynleyni were introduced to writing by the Caďinorians in the 1700s. Only fitful attempts were made to write Munkhâshi; what writing was done by natives was mostly in Caďinor. However, the idea took root.
<p>During their period of independence, the Demoshi worked out an alphabetic writing system (<b>teshir</b>); the consonants were largely based on Jippirasti letterforms, the vowels on Caďinor. The standard forms were worked out by the merchants of Ornakh in the 2500s.
<blockquote><center>
<img src="Demoshi-Alphabet.gif">
</center></blockquote>
The <b><blu>blue</b></blu> forms represent the original script.
<ul>
<li>Consonants <b>p t d ch j k g f s z sh zh m n l r</b> are all based on the Jippirasti letters.
<p><li><b>th kh</b> as well as vowels <b>a e i o u</b> are borrowed from the Caďinor alphabet.
<p><li><b>tl dl</b> combine <b>t d</b> with the Jippirasti symbol used for C<i>l</i>- clusters. Similarly <b>ts dz</b> add the Jippirasti diacritic for <i>s</i>C- clusters.
<p><li><b>w y</b> aren’t found in either model, and both are formed on the ”kind of sounds like these two things” principle: <b>w</b> from <b>p</b> + <b>r</b> (Jippirasti combining form, not independent r); <b>y</b> from <b>r</b> + <b>i</b>.
<p><li><b>b v gh dh</b> are all formed with the Cuêzi/Caďinor trick of adding a superscript line for voicing.
<p><li><b>ê ô</b> are formed by appending the Jippirasti -<i>a</i> diacritic.
<br>
</ul>
About a century later, however, the Demoshi started writing downward rather than rightward. (This was the traditional direction used for numeric tallies.) Instead of simply writing the letter symbols in a different direction, however, they rotated each sign 90° to the right. The <b><red>red</b></red> forms are the resulting letterforms as they’ve simplified under use.
<p>Note that <b>ç</b> is written <kh>, and <b>ŋ</b> is written <ng>.
<p>Words are separated with a small line <b>-</b>, largely but not entirely matching the use of spaces in this grammar. In particular <b>zh</b> is usually conjoined to the next word, and compounds are sometimes separated. Clauses are separated with a longer line —, which is doubled for the end of a sentence.
<p>Not shown are a number of special forms used, somewhat in the Jippirasti manner, for writing clusters. These are optional and their use has declined over time.
<p>Rather than use either Caďinorian or Jippirasti numerals, the Demoshi numbers were based on the tally marks used on the clay tablets used for the Munkhâshi accounting system. However, for writing decimal numbers the Caďinorian symbols are used.
<h2><a name="Morphology">Morphology</a></h2>
<h3><a name="Verbs">Verbs</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Rank">Rank</a></h4>
The five-rank system was ruined by sound change. The fricativization of syllable-final stops merged ranks C and D. The change of #C<b>r</b> to #C<b>y</b> may have made rank A harder to distinguish; in any case it had disappeared by about 3000. (It persists in Tyellakhi, at least.)
<p>Thus Dhekhnami was left with a three-rank system. Though the social hierarchy is not much different, its grammaticalization has changed.
<ul>
<li>Rank B is now the <b><i><grn>submission</b></i></grn> form, used for very high-status subjects: gods; all ktuvoks; those in charge of an institution. The lower the speaker’s rank, the larger this category is.
<br><li>Rank D is now the <b><i><grn>respect</b></i></grn> form, used for subjects higher in rank.
<br><li>Rank E is now the <b><i><grn>inferior</b></i></grn> form, used for all subjects lower in rank.
<br>
</ul>
This is within spitting distance of the European languages of a hundred years or so back— the <i>inferior/respect</i> distinction is similar to the T/V distinction, with the major exception that two people are never of the same rank.
<p>As almost any conversation will have more than three personal referents involved, there is no longer any attempt to distribute the rank affixes to disambiguate references. Munkhâshi rank assignments could change whenever the rank situation in the room changed— e.g. if a commander came upon a conversation between soldiers, or again if a ktuvok joined in. Instead each speaker simply follows the above rules: the verbs use respect forms if the subject is higher in rank— submission forms if they’re <i>much</i> higher in rank.
<p>A pronoun system has evolved for disambiguation. As a corollary, the Dhekhnami system, unlike Munkhâshi, allows conflicting status claims— i.e. two persons may each claim superiority by both using D forms. In a more urban civilization there are social situations where this is expected. (Both using E forms isn’t unheard of— e.g. two slaves, unknown to each other, meeting in a city.)
<p>The introduction of writing means that one may be addressing unknown persons. The convention is for authors to take the respect form, using the inferior form for readers— after all, if you don’t know more than your readers, why are you writing a book? If you’re writing to a specific person, of course you use the forms appropriate to your relative ranks.
<p>It’s worth noting that this system, with identical usage rules, has spread to Sarroc, Carhinnian, and Monkhayu.
<h4><a name="present">The simple present</a></h4>
For compatibility with the Munkhâshi lexicon, the D form has been retained as the <b>citation form</b>. More precisely it’s the simple present tense.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>’be’</i></td>
<td><i>’want’</i></td>
<td><i>’come’</i></td>
<td><i>’think’</i></td>
<td><i>’be near’</i></td>
<td><i>’cry’</i></td>
<td><i>’be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>khath</td>
<td>khyith</td>
<td>kthuth</td>
<td>wôsh</td>
<td>roth</td>
<td>zhash</td>
<td>thêsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td><red>kath</red></td>
<td><red>khyith</red></td>
<td><red>kshuth</red></td>
<td><red>pôsh</red></td>
<td><red>roth</red></td>
<td><red>dzash</red></td>
<td><red>têts</red></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>gath</td>
<td>ghyith</td>
<td>gzhuth</td>
<td>bôsh</td>
<td>roth</td>
<td>dzash</td>
<td>dêts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.p</td>
<td>khatha</td>
<td>khyithi</td>
<td>kthuthu</td>
<td>wôsho</td>
<td>rotho</td>
<td>zhasha</td>
<td>thêshe</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.p</td>
<td>kada</td>
<td>khyidi</td>
<td>kshudu</td>
<td>pôjo</td>
<td>rodo</td>
<td>dzaja</td>
<td>têtse</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.p</td>
<td>gada</td>
<td>ghyidi</td>
<td>gzhudu</td>
<td>bôjo</td>
<td>rodo</td>
<td>dzaja</td>
<td>dêtse</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The Munkhâshi dual forms have been lost.
<p>The basic rules are these:
<ul>
<li>If the root begins with a single consonant, the <b>B</b> form fricativizes it; note the special rules <b>dz — zh, ts — sh, p — w</b> (the latter despite the fact that Dhekhnami has an <b>f</b>).
<br>If it begins with a cluster, the results are less predictable; the initial letters will be given in the lexicon.
<br><li>The <b>E</b> form voices the initial consonant(s). Note <b>ç </b> and <b>kh — gh</b>.
<br><li>The <b>plural</b> forms add a copy of the root vowel (but <b>ô — o, ê — e</b>).
<br>But in addition, a fricative final will <i>defricativize and voice</i> in the D and E forms— i.e. <b>f th sh kh</b> — <b>b d j g</b>. However, a few verbs in -<b>sh</b>, such as <b>khash</b> ’be rich’, retain <b>sh</b> in the plural D/E; these are marked in the lexicon.
<br>
</ul>
If a transformation can’t be applied, skip it; note from the table that the three forms don’t always vary.
<h4><a name="past">The past</a></h4>
The past is formed by infixing -<b>wa</b> for B, -<b>ba</b> for D/E, before the final consonant:
<br>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>’be’</i></td>
<td><i>’want’</i></td>
<td><i>’come’</i></td>
<td><i>’think’</i></td>
<td><i>’be near’</i></td>
<td><i>’cry’</i></td>
<td><i>’be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>kha<blu>wa</blu>th</td>
<td>khyiwath</td>
<td>kthuwath</td>
<td>wôwash</td>
<td>rowath</td>
<td>zhawash</td>
<td>thêwash</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td>ka<blu>ba</blu>th</td>
<td>khyibath</td>
<td>kshubath</td>
<td>pôbash</td>
<td>robath</td>
<td>dzabash</td>
<td>têbats</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>ga<blu>ba</blu>th</td>
<td>ghyibath</td>
<td>gzhubath</td>
<td>bôbash</td>
<td>robath</td>
<td>dzabash</td>
<td>dêbats</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="future">The future</a></h4>
The future is similarly formed by infixing -<b>thô</b> for B, -<b>dô</b> for D/E:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>’be’</i></td>
<td><i>’want’</i></td>
<td><i>’come’</i></td>
<td><i>’think’</i></td>
<td><i>’be near’</i></td>
<td><i>’cry’</i></td>
<td><i>’be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>kha<blu>thô</blu>th</td>
<td>khyithôth</td>
<td>kthuthôth</td>
<td>wôthôsh</td>
<td>rothôth</td>
<td>zhathôsh</td>
<td>thêthôsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td>ka<blu>dô</blu>th</td>
<td>khyidôth</td>
<td>kshudôth</td>
<td>pôdôsh</td>
<td>rodôth</td>
<td>dzadôsh</td>
<td>têdôts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>ga<blu>dô</blu>th</td>
<td>ghyidôth</td>
<td>gzhudôth</td>
<td>bôdôsh</td>
<td>rodôth</td>
<td>dzadôsh</td>
<td>dêdôts</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="negative">The negative</a></h4>
The negative affix is an invariable -<b>ru</b>; it can follow the past or future infix.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>’be’</i></td>
<td><i>’want’</i></td>
<td><i>’come’</i></td>
<td><i>’think’</i></td>
<td><i>’be near’</i></td>
<td><i>’cry’</i></td>
<td><i>’be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>kha<blu>ru</blu>th</td>
<td>khyiruth</td>
<td>kthuruth</td>
<td>wôrush</td>
<td>roruth</td>
<td>zharush</td>
<td>thêrush</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td>ka<blu>ru</blu>th</td>
<td>khyiruth</td>
<td>kshuruth</td>
<td>pôrush</td>
<td>roruth</td>
<td>dzarush</td>
<td>têruts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>ga<blu>ru</blu>th</td>
<td>ghyiruth</td>
<td>gzhuruth</td>
<td>bôrush</td>
<td>roruth</td>
<td>dzarush</td>
<td>dêruts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>khawaruth</td>
<td>khyiwaruth</td>
<td>kruthuwaruth</td>
<td>wôwarush</td>
<td>rowaruth</td>
<td>zhawarush</td>
<td>thêwarush</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td>kabaruth</td>
<td>khyibaruth</td>
<td>kshubaruth</td>
<td>pôbarush</td>
<td>robaruth</td>
<td>dzabarush</td>
<td>têbaruts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>gabaruth</td>
<td>ghyibaruth</td>
<td>gzhubaruth</td>
<td>bôbarush</td>
<td>robaruth</td>
<td>dzabarush</td>
<td>dêbaruts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>khathôruth </td>
<td>khyithôruth</td>
<td>kthuruthôth</td>
<td>wôthôrush</td>
<td>rothôruth</td>
<td>zhathôrush</td>
<td>thêthôrush</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td>kadôruth </td>
<td>khyidôruth</td>
<td>kshudôruth</td>
<td>pôdôrush</td>
<td>rodôruth</td>
<td>dzadôrush</td>
<td>têdôruts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>gadôruth </td>
<td>ghyidôruth</td>
<td>gzhudôruth</td>
<td>bôdôrush</td>
<td>rodôruth</td>
<td>dzadôrush</td>
<td>dêdôruts</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The Munkhâshi dubitative has been lost. To some extent the future has taken over, as in conditionals or statements of doubt.
<h4><a name="iterative">The iterative</a></h4>
The iterative has been lost as part of the inflectional morphology, but some instances have been retained as new lexical roots— for instance <b>dzajash</b> ’bawl, cry intensely’.
<h4><a name="Affixes">Affixes</a></h4>
The following affixes may be applied to most verbs (including adjectives):
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">diminutive</td>
<td><b>wi-</b></td>
<td><b>widzash</b> cry a little</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">augmentative</td>
<td><b>she-</b></td>
<td><b>shedzash</b> cry a lot</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">inceptive</td>
<td><b>me-</b></td>
<td><b>medzash</b> begin to cry</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">terminative</td>
<td><b>me- -ru-</b></td>
<td><b>medzarush</b> stop crying</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">active participle</td>
<td><b>-iw</b></td>
<td><b>dzazhiw</b> crying</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">passive participle</td>
<td><b>-ogh</b></td>
<td><b>khyidhogh</b> wanted</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">causative</td>
<td><b>ôs-</b></td>
<td><b>ôzdzash </b>make someone cry<b></b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Dhekhnami verb roots are largely a closed class, so derivations are often used where we’d use a separate verb:
<blockquote>
<br><b>toth</b> ’go’ — <b>ôstoth</b> ’send away’, <b>medoth</b> ’leave’, <b>widoth</b> ’visit’, <b>zontoth</b> ’return’, <b>bodoth</b> ’enter’...
<br><b>shikh </b>’be thin’ — <b>sheshikh </b>’be gaunt’, <b>wishikh </b>’be lean’, <b>ôsshikh </b>’thin down’...
</blockquote>
The terminative is just the inceptive plus the negative. (I.e., by convention <b>medzarush</b> is taken as ’began to not-cry’ rather than ’didn’t begin to cry’.)
<p>Causative <b>ôs</b>- assimilates in voicing to the following consonant.
<p>The prefixes <b>wi- shê- me-</b> voice the following consonant(s). Note that this merges the D and E forms, and changes the B form:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>’be’</i></td>
<td><i>’want’</i></td>
<td><i>’come’</i></td>
<td><i>’think’</i></td>
<td><i>’be near’</i></td>
<td><i>’cry’</i></td>
<td><i>’be cold’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">B.s</td>
<td>wighath</td>
<td>wighyith</td>
<td>wigdhuth</td>
<td>wiwôsh</td>
<td>wiroth</td>
<td>wizhash</td>
<td>widhêsh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">D.s</td>
<td><red>wigath</red></td>
<td>wighyith</td>
<td>wigzhuth</td>
<td>wibôsh</td>
<td>wiroth</td>
<td>widzash</td>
<td>widêts</td>
</tr>
</b></blu><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">E.s</td>
<td>wigath</td>
<td>wighyith</td>
<td>wigzhuth</td>
<td>wibôsh</td>
<td>wiroth</td>
<td>widzash</td>
<td>widêts</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The participles voice the final consonants: <b>kat</b> ’be’ — <b>kadiw</b>, <b>mets</b> ’be good’ — <b>medziw</b>.
<p>The other Munkhâshi prefixes are often found lexically— e.g. <b>shôntoth</b> ’trespass’ from <i>shuntot </i>’go where it is forbidden’, <b>wôytsin</b> ’sneak’ from <i>wortsin </i>’walk carefully’— but can’t really be called inflectional.
<h4><a name="Imperatives">Imperatives</a></h4>
There are four kinds of imperative.
<ul>
<li>For clear inferiors, use the future: <b>gzhudôth!</b> ’come!’
<br><li>For fellow students, siblings, workers, or soldiers— prefix <b>po</b>- to the bare verb. Note that the verb is still inflected by rank. Thus <b>Po-kshuth!</b> ’come (D form, to a superior)’, <b>Po-gzhuth!</b> ’come (E form, to an inferior)’.
<br><li>For clear superiors, suffix -<b>in</b>, thus <b>kshudhin</b>! ’please come (D form, to a superior)’, <b>kthudhin</b>! ’please come (B form, to a far superior)’. Note the voicing of the final.
<br><li>In a set of written instructions, where one is addressing unknown persons, use the bare D form without a subject: <b>kshuth</b> ’come’.
<br>
</ul>
<h3><a name="Nominal">Nominal morphology</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Plural">Plural</a></h4>
Dhekhnami has lost the dual as a morphological category, though it’s retained for things that come in pairs— e.g. <b>dzêtsêth</b> ’a pair of shoes’.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>’estate’</i></td>
<td><i>’lake’</i></td>
<td><i>’skirt’</i></td>
<td><i>’human’</i></td>
<td><i>’bone’</i></td>
<td><i>’girl’</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">singular</td>
<td><b>chyem</b></b></td>
<td><b>dhmeçi</b></b></td>
<td><b>bedha</b></td>
<td><b>dzoshiw</b></td>
<td><b>sakh</b></td>
<td><b>iwniso</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">plural</td>
<td><b>techyem</b></td>
<td><b>dhedhmeçi</b></td>
<td><b>bebedha</b></td>
<td><b>dzojoshiw</b></td>
<td><b>satsakh</b></td>
<td><b>niwniso</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<ul>
<li>For words beginning with a single consonant (including the affricates <b>ts dz tl dl ch j</b>), the plural is formed as in Munkhâshi: duplicate the first syllable.
<br><li>If the word begins in a cluster, the rule is to duplicate only the first consonant; but sometimes the results are distorted by sound change, in which case the beginning of the plural is shown in the lexicon.
<li>If the word begins in a vowel, generally only the first consonant is duplicated. But there are many exceptions, so it’s best to check the lexicon.
<br>
</ul>
Often an epenthetic vowel has been inserted into a Munkhâshi cluster, e.g. <i>pnakil </i>— <b>benaçiw</b><b><blu> </b></blu>’pitchfork’. In the plural, the epenthetic <b>e</b> is replaced by the main vowel (e.g. <b>banaçiw</b>).
<h4><a name="Tense">Tense</a></h4>
The suffixes -<b>ba</b> and -<b>dô</b> (after unvoiced consonants, -<b>pa</b> and -<b>tô</b>) can be applied to nouns, indicating that the description applied in the past or future but not the present. Note that these are now suffixes, not infixes.
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>pêkso</b></td>
<td>wife</td>
<td></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>pêkso<blu>ba</blu></b></td>
<td>ex-wife</td>
<td></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>pêkso<blu>dô</blu></b></td>
<td>fiancée</td>
<td></td></tr>
</b><tr><td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>rish</b></td>
<td>home</td>
<td></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>rish</b><b><blu>pa</b></blu><b></b></td>
<td>former home</td>
<td></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>rish</b><b><blu>tô</b></blu><b></b></td>
<td>future home</td>
<td></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="Derivational">Derivational affixes</a></h4>
Some of these, especially those beginning with a consonant, have been made irregular by sound change.
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>-shiw</b></td>
<td>place</td>
<td><b>gwejiw</b><b><blu> </b></blu>market</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-no</b></td>
<td>male</td>
<td><b>pêçno</b> husband</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-so</b></td>
<td>female</td>
<td><b>pêkso </b>wife</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-agh</b></td>
<td>diminutive</td>
<td><b>pêksogh</b> wifey</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-dzu</b></td>
<td>augmentative</td>
<td><b>klawdzu</b> big lion</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-la</b></td>
<td>object, substance</td>
<td><b>nêgla</b> bridge</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>-wo</b></td>
<td>process, instance</td>
<td><b>mônwo</b> strength</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>çir- -iw</b></td>
<td>prone to</td>
<td><b>çirgemighiw </b>irritable<b></b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Pronouns">Pronouns</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Personal">Personal pronouns</a></h4>
As the rank system simplified, the deictics, already in use to identify participants in a conversation, solidifed into personal pronouns. The ’this’ forms became first person, the proximal forms became second person, and the distal forms became third person.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td colspan="2"><i>singular</i></td>
<td colspan="2"><i>plural</i></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>respect</i></td>
<td><i>inferior</i></td>
<td><i>respect</i></td>
<td><i>inferior</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>1</i></td>
<td>wigo</td>
<td>bigo</td>
<td>wiwigo</td>
<td>khuba</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>2</i></td>
<td>shidhe</td>
<td>dzide</td>
<td>shishidhe</td>
<td>kebá</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>3m</i></td>
<td>shono</td>
<td>zono</td>
<td>shoshono</td>
<td>zodzono</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>3f</i></td>
<td>shozho</td>
<td>zozho</td>
<td>shoshozho</td>
<td>zodzozho></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>3</i></td>
<td></td>
<td>zozh</td>
<td></td>
<td>zodzozh</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Plurals were formed by the normal Dhekhnami pluralizing process; however, the inferior forms of ’we’ and ’you’ were borrowed from Carhinnian.
<p>Unlike Munkhâshi, Dhekhnami allows the -<b>no</b> forms to be used for groups of mixed gender.
<p>The use of respect and inferior forms works the same as the verb forms, except that there are no superior forms. There is no diffidence about using <b>(wi)wigo</b>; if you’re speaking to inferiors it’s mandatory.
<p>Pronouns are usually supplied, but they’re not quite as necessary as in English, especially in the third person. E.g. <b>Toth </b>’he goes’ is perfectly fine if there’s no doubt who ’he’ is.
<p><b><i><grn>Possessives</b></i></grn> are formed with <b>dzan</b> ’of’: <b>dzan zono</b> ’his’. There are three suppletive abbreviations:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>nan</b></td>
<td><b>= dzan wigo</b> <b></b></td>
<td>my (resp.)</td>
<td></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>din</b></td>
<td><b>= dzan shidhe</b></td>
<td>your (resp.)</td>
<td></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>wen</b></td>
<td><b>= dzan dzide</b></td>
<td>your (inf.)</td>
<td></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
These are more useful than they may seem, in that common possessions notionally belong to the superior. To put it another way, ’our’ can often be expressed as ’my’ or ’your’.
<p>In addition, don’t supply a possessive if it’s obvious, e.g. one’s own body part. E.g. <b>ôzbwen ŋaŋŋa</b> ’he’s washing his hands’ needs no explicit possessive.
<h4><a name="Deictics">Deictics</a></h4>
As the old deictics were co-opted as pronouns, new ones were innovated for persons and things, based on the deictic adjectives.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>adjective</i></td>
<td><i>male</i></td>
<td><i>female</i></td>
<td><i>thing</i></td>
<td><i>place</i></td>
<td><i>time</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>this</i></td>
<td>mim</td>
<td>mivno</td>
<td>minso</td>
<td>mimla</td>
<td>bigoshiw</td>
<td>eraw</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>that near</i></td>
<td>nom</td>
<td>novno</td>
<td>nonso</td>
<td>nomla</td>
<td>dzideshiw</td>
<td>mêgle</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>that far</i></td>
<td>chor</td>
<td>tsôyno</td>
<td>tsôyso</td>
<td>tsôyla</td>
<td>zojiw</td>
<td>pôkwe</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
Dhekhnami is looser about using -<b>no</b> for mixed male and female groups, especially if males predominate. For a very mixed group it’s still better to conjoin (e.g. <b>mivno zh minso</b> ’these men and women’.)
<p><b>Pôkwe</b> refers to an earlier time, <b>mêgle</b> to a later time. In the past this is the same as the Munkhâshi rule (<i>pâkwe</i> is farther from the present), but in the future it’s opposite.
<h4><a name="Interrogatives">Interrogatives</a></h4>
The interrogatives are:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>adj</i></td>
<td><i>person</i></td>
<td><i>thing</i><b></b></td>
<td><i>place</i></td>
<td><i>time</i></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>which</i></td>
<td><i>who</i></td>
<td><i>what</i></td>
<td><i>when</i></td>
<td><i>where</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>interrogative</i></td>
<td>tlajiw</td>
<td>tlashno</td>
<td>tlash</td>
<td>ruju</td>
<td>zhan</td>
</tr>
</b>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="Quantifiers">Quantifiers</a></h4>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>adj</i></td>
<td><i>male</i></td>
<td><i>female</i></td>
<td><i>thing</i></td>
<td><i>place</i></td>
<td><i>time</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>any, one</i></td>
<td>at</td>
<td>zhêthno</td>
<td>zhêthso</td>
<td>zhêdla</td>
<td>zhejiw</td>
<td>aneleth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>two</i></td>
<td>êgath</td>
<td>dhakhno</td>
<td>dhôkso</td>
<td>dhôgla</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>some</i></td>
<td>tlôr</td>
<td>tlôyno</td>
<td>tlôyso</td>
<td>tlôyla</td>
<td>tlôyshiw</td>
<td>chadza</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>many</i></td>
<td>bwath</td>
<td>bwathno</td>
<td>bwathso</td>
<td>bwadla</td>
<td>bwajiw</td>
<td>bwaneleth</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>all, every</i></td>
<td>she</td>
<td>sheno</td>
<td>sheso</td>
<td>shela</td>
<td>sheshiw</td>
<td>nashye</td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><i>none</i></td>
<td>pwashi</td>
<td>pwashino</td>
<td>pwashiso</td>
<td>pwashila</td>
<td>pwashiw</td>
<td>ôkhpa</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<br>Munkhâshi’s god/ktuvok forms have been lost.
<h3><a name="Numbers">Numbers</a></h3>
Dhekhnami has retained base eight while also adopting base ten for international trade and science.
<h4><a name="Octal">Octal system</a></h4>
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>x</i></td>
<td><i>8+x</i></td>
<td><i>8x</i></td>
<td><i>xth</i></td>
<td><i>1/x</i></td>
<td><i>8<font size=1><sup>x</sup></blu></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">0 </td>
<td><b>shwêm</b></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>tath</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">1</td>
<td><b>tath</b></td>
<td>nêbwi</td>
<td>bazh</td>
<td>tath</td>
<td></td>
<td>bazh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">2</td>
<td><b>dhakh</b></td>
<td>dêç</td>
<td>bajath</td>
<td>wôkh</td>
<td>rêm</td>
<td>dleç</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">3</td>
<td><b>kash</b></td>
<td>zhgash</td>
<td>kabazh</td>
<td>kashkath</td>
<td>genôksha</td>
<td>sev</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">4</td>
<td><b>inçi</b></td>
<td>zhinçi</td>
<td>impazh</td>
<td>inçigath</td>
<td>dzôghye</td>
<td>gzhaghne</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">5</td>
<td><b>khyi</b></td>
<td>zhgi</td>
<td>khyibazh</td>
<td>khyigath</b></td>
<td>ôshkhyi</td>
<td>najêth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">6</td>
<td><b>plêç</b></td>
<td>zhlêç</td>
<td>plebazh</td>
<td>plêkath</b></td>
<td>ôshweç</td>
<td>siklo</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">7</td>
<td><b>benath</b></td>
<td>zhnath</td>
<td>bembazh</td>
<td>benathkath</b></td>
<td>ôshnath</td>
<td>chôth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">8</td>
<td><b>bazh</b></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>bazhgath</td>
<td>ôshbazh</td>
<td>ôyjo</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<br>Numbers above 20<font size=1>8</font> are formed with the formula <8x><8+x>, thus:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>bazh zhgash</b></td>
<td>8 + 3 = 11</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bazh zhinçi</b></td>
<td>8 + 4 = 12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bazh zhlêç</b></td>
<td>8 + 6 = 14 </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bajath zhinçi</b></td>
<td>16 + 4 = 20</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>khyibazh zhgi</b></td>
<td>40+ 5 = 45</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bembazh nêbwi</b></td>
<td>56+ 1 = 57</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<b>Nêbwi</b> and <b>dêç</b> were taken from Caďinor; note that in compounds they have the meanings ”plus one” and ”plus two”.
<p>Higher numbers follow the Munkhâshi model, omitting the <b>zh</b>; e.g.
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>kash-dleç</b></td>
<td>3*64 = 192</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kash-dleç kash</b></td>
<td>3*64 + 3 = 195</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>kash-dleç bajath zhgash</b></td>
<td>3*64 + 16 + 3 = 211</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="Decimal">Decimal system</a></h4>
The Caďinorian administration imposed the decimal system, but this was discarded when the Carhinnians took over. But in recent centuries trade with Eretald and Xengiman, and reading their books on science and technology, have made it necessary to become familiar with the decimal system. </a></h4>Naturally this is an educational achievement; most Dhekhnami speakers don’t know the decimals.
<p>Rather than using the same numbers in two ways, Dhekhnami simply borrowed the base 10 numbers from Sarroc. (Note that this created doublets for 9 and 10.)
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>x</i></td>
<td><i>10x</i></td>
<td><i>10<font size=1><sup>x</sup></blu></i></td>
</tr>
</i><tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">1 </td>
<td><b>aw</b></td>
<td>dêth</td>
<td>dêth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">2</td>
<td><b>dhu</b></td>
<td>dudêth</td>
<td>syekakh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">3</td>
<td><b>di</b></td>
<td>didêth</td>
<td>myol</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">4</td>
<td><b>pawor</b></td>
<td>pawordêth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">5</td>
<td><b>panthu</b></td>
<td>panthudêth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">6</td>
<td><b>syêç</b></td>
<td>syêçdêth</td>
<td>peron</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">7</td>
<td><b>khêp</b></td>
<td>khêpdêth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">8</td>
<td><b>yosi</b></td>
<td>yosidêth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">9</td>
<td><b>nyêbri</b></td>
<td>nyêbridêth</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">10</td>
<td><b>dêth</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<br>Two-digit numbers follow the formula <10x> <b>zh</b> <x>, e.g. <b>syekhdêth zh pawor</b> 64.
<p>Numbers with one significant digit are <multiplier><power of 10>, thus <b>panthu syekakh</b> 500, <b>khêp myol</b> 7000, <b>yosi peron</b> ’8 million’. But anything else is usually named just by naming the digits; e.g. 3480 is <b>di-pawor-yosi-shwêm</b>.
<p>The Sarroc ordinals were not borrowed. For numbers up to 10, the octal ordinals can be used; after that you use the preposition <b>dzan</b>— e.g. <b>neleth dzan dudêth zh yosi</b> ’the 28th day’.
<h4><a name="Arithmetic">Arithmetic</a></h4>
The basic arithmetic operations:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>plêç zh dhakh</td>
<td></b>’and’</td>
<td>6 + 2</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>plêç pêwkho dhakh</td>
<td></b>’without’</td>
<td>6 - 2</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>plêç rush dhakh</td>
<td></b>’against’</td>
<td>6 x 2</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>plêç lith dhakh</td>
<td></b>’for’</td>
<td>6 / 2</td>
<td></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
These can be used with either octal or decimal numbers.
<h3><a name="Prepositions">Prepositions</a></h3>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td></blu><b>denor</td>
<td></b>between </td>
<td></b></td></tr>
</b><tr><td><b>nêç</td>
<td></b>across</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>go</td>
<td></b>outside</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bo</td>
<td></b>in</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çin</td>
<td></b>away from</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>çir</td>
<td></b>toward, to</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zon</td>
<td></b>back to</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>shne</td>
<td></b>in front of, next to</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>uççi</td>
<td></b>in back of, behind</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>gway</td>
<td></b>above, on top of</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pôsh</td>
<td></b>below, on the bottom of</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tlath</td>
<td></b>with (accompanying)</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>zhidhiw</td>
<td></b>with (having)</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>penath</td>
<td></b>using</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>pêwkho</td>
<td></b>without</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>jath</td>
<td></b>around, surrounding</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dhi</td>
<td></b>containing, including</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dzan</td>
<td></b>of, belonging to</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lith</td>
<td></b>for, for the purpose of</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>rush</td>
<td></b>against</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>shêv</td>
<td></b>by order of, according to</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>oma</td>
<td></b>through</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>shmaw</td>
<td></b>north of</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>lim</td>
<td></b>east of</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>dakh</td>
<td></b>west of</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>chyow</td>
<td></b>south of</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>nêsh</td>
<td></b>like, as</td>
<td></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
There aren’t separate prepositions for something touching an object on one side, and just being near it (cf. English ’on’ vs. ’above’).
<p>Time moves towards us, so <b>çin</b> is ’before, until’, <b>çir </b>is ’after, since’. If something occurs within a time period use <b>bo</b>. As with the place prepositions, there’s no distinction between ”at some point after X” and ”ever since X”.
<p>English likes to use parentheticals giving the speaker’s attitude, in the form of clauses. In Dhekhnami these are normally prepositional phrases with <b>shêv</b>:
<blockquote>
<b>Dzawa gogobethno muchyero <blu>shêv bigo</blu> go beginla.
<br></b>exist.E-pl pl-envoy Verduria-adj according.to I.inf outside door
<br><i>The Verdurian ambassadors are, <blu>I believe,</blu> at the door.</i>
</blockquote>
For using clauses as objects of a preposition, see <a href="#Sentential"><i>Sentential objects</i></a>.
<h2><a name="Syntax">Syntax</a></h2>
<h3><a name="Sentence">Sentence order</a></h3>
The basic sentence order is VSO:
<blockquote>
<b>Pekiban shujyoshno khyibosh.
<br></b>open.D.past court-man manuscript
<br><i>The lawyer opened the manuscript.</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Topic">Topic and comment</a></h4>
Mere movement is no longer enough for topicalization; instead you use the invariable <b>kshêç</b><b><blu> </b></blu>’mention’:
<br>
<blockquote>
<b><blu>Kshêç</blu> <blu>shujyoshno</blu>, pekiban khyibosh.
<br></b>mention.D court-man / open.D.past manuscript
<br><i>As for the lawyer, he opened the manuscript.</i>
</blockquote>
<b>At</b> ’any, one’ is often used to introduce new referents, much as our article ’a/an’. Note that it can be used with the plural.
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>çimpaban shujyoshno <blu>wawaja at</blu>.
<br></b>discard.D court-man pl-paper any
<br><i>The lawyer tossed out some papers.</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="arguments">Other arguments</a></h4>
Some arguments are marked by prepositions, notably <b><i><grn>datives</b></i></grn>; these come after the direct object:
<blockquote>
<b>Gwêbath gemano mim otedit <blu>çir bigo</blu> bo rigla dzan tlôkwo.
<br></b>sell.past.D grandfather this watch to me in bed of death
<br><i>My grandfather, on his deathbed, sold <blu>me</blu> this watch.</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="modifiers">Verb modifiers</h4>
An adverb or participle directly modifying the verb appears right after it:
<blockquote>
<b>Dhef <blu>shedhiw</blu> dzide.
<br></b>eat.E too.much you.inf
<br><i>You eat too much.</i>
<p><b>Zombeth <blu>tsoriw</blu> liçchaniw.
<br></b>respond.E slow-act.part barbarian
<br><i>The barbarian responded slowly.</i>
</blockquote>
As shown above, the active participle corresponds to our -<i>ly</i> adverbs; but as we’ll see it also can modify nouns.
<h3><a name="NP">NP order</a></h3>
General NP order is
<blockquote>deictic quantifier <blu>noun</blu> quantifier/numeral adjectives <grn>PrepP relative-clause</grn></blockquote>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu></td>
<td></b>the dog</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu><b> at</td>
<td></b>a dog, any dog</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mim </b><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu></td>
<td></b>this dog</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzajadh</b></blu><b> khyi</td>
<td></b>five dogs</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu><b> wen</td>
<td></b>my dog</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mim </b><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu><b> khyi</td>
<td></b>those five dogs</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzadh </b></blu><b>khyi wen</b><b><blu></td>
<td></b></blu>my five dogs</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzajadh</b></blu><b> bwath </td>
<td></b>many dogs</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>bwath </b><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu></td>
<td></b>many of fhe dogs</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>tlôr </b><b><blu>dzadh </b></blu><b>khyi</b><b><blu></td>
<td></b></blu>some of the five dogs</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu><b> deneçiw</td>
<td></b>the blue dog</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu><b> </b><b><grn>bo kodo dzan denôyla</b></grn></td>
<td></b>the dog in the middle of the road</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu><b> </b><b><grn>kijozh giniw</b></grn></td>
<td></b>the dog who hunts</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>mim</b> <b><blu>dzadh </b></blu><b>tsoth </b><b><grn>kijozh giniw</b></grn><b></td>
<td></b></blu>this little dog who hunts</td>
<td></td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
If the quantifier precedes the noun, the focus in on the quantity— as the glosses suggest, it’s the same as the distinction between ”some dogs” and ”some of the dogs”. Only the fronted quantifier can co-occur with a numeral, and the noun isn’t pluralized with it.
<h4><a name="Appositives">Appositives</a></h4>
Nouns giving a name, title, or direction can be simply added to the NP:
<br>
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>erêth Orom</b></td>
<td>the river Orum</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>bênên Dagêsh</b></td>
<td>the Dagêsh mountains</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Demóshimor dakh</b></td>
<td>west Demóshimor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ôtlar Uvno</b></td>
<td>Mayor Umno</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lokh Munkhâsh</b></td>
<td>the speech of Munkhâsh</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
A limited number of attributes of a <b><i><grn>geographical area</b></i></blu> can be named by compounding the noun with the name of the area:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b>lokh Dhêçnam</b></td>
<td>the Dhekhnami language</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>nakh Shkónoro</b></td>
<td>the mouth of the Shkónoro</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>lashna Shaynow</b></td>
<td>the people of Sarnáe</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>chaynappa Erinant</b></td>
<td>the capital of Érenat</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
But a prepositional phrase would always be appropriate: <b>nakh dzan Shkónoro, chaynappa dzan Erinant</b>, etc.
<p>The above about exhausts the possibiliites for noun modifiers— everything else should be expressed using prepositions. That includes both examples that would sound fine in English (<i>river town, army unit</i>) as well as appositives of composition or origin which were acceptatble in Munkhâshi (<i>wood house, Tyellakh peasant</i>).
<h3><a name="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</a></h4>
There is a wide range of auxiliaries, larger than in Munkhâshi.
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>do</td>
<td><b>pow</b></td>
</tr>
</b><tr><td>want to</td>
<td><b>khyith</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>fear to</td>
<td><b>klosh</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>know how to, can</td>
<td><b>çish</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>is allowed to</td>
<td><b>pits</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>must</td>
<td><b>shêftoth</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>should</td>
<td><b>demêth</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>may, might</td>
<td><b>gepukh</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>be expected to</td>
<td><b>kshor</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>intend to</td>
<td><b>toth</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>consider doing</td>
<td><b>posh</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>keep doing</td>
<td><b>sash</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>do intensely</td>
<td><b>pon</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>do sloppily</td>
<td><b>têts</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>more than</td>
<td><b>shêth</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>less than</td>
<td><b>pwakh</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>passive</td>
<td><b>gwôth</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>topicalizer; about</td>
<td><b>kshêç</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
As in Munkhâshi, the auxiliary follows the main verb, and <i>both </i>verbs are conjugated.
<blockquote>
<b>Nyin <blu>khyith</blu> wigo.
<br></b>dance.D want.D I.resp
<br><i>I want to dance.</i>
<p><b>Ghimpibats <blu>gepubakh</blu> chêdhnadzu.</b>
<br>escape.E.past may.E.past pl-icëlan
<br><i>The icëlan may have escaped.</i>
<p><b>Ghyakh<blu> </blu><blu>demêruth</blu> dzide.</b>
<br>complain.E should.E.not you.s.inf
<br><i>You shouldn’t complain.</i>
</blockquote>
If they fit together logically, multiple auxiliaries are possible:
<blockquote>
<b>Sivi <blu>sazhi shêftodhi</blu> wiwigo.
<br></b>sing.D-pl keep.D-pl must.D-pl we.resp
<br><i>We must keep singing.</i>
</blockquote>
For first-person declarations about the future, it’s more common to use the intent auxiliary (<b>Gemath toth wigo </b>’I intend to win’) rather than the future tense (<b>Gemathôth wigo </b>’I’ll win’), but this doesn’t extend to the other persons.
<p>Usually the negative is applied to both verbs: <b>Nyi</b><b><blu>ru</b></blu><b>n khyi</b><b><blu>ru</b></blu><b>th wigo</b> ’I don’t want to dance’. One can make fussy distinctions though: <b>Nyin klo</b><b><blu>ru</b></blu><b>sh wigo</b> ’I’m not afraid of dancing’, <b>Nyi</b><b><blu>ru</b></blu><b>n klosh wigo</b> ’I’m afraid of not dancing’.
<h4><a name="Comparatives">Comparatives</a></h4>
Comparatives use the auxiliaries <b>shêth</b> ’exceed’ and <b>pwakh </b>’be less than’:
<blockquote>
<b>Ghith <blu>zhêth</blu> khuvna awthak.
<br></b>cunning.E exceed.E snake fox
<br><i>The snake is more cunning than the fox.
<p></i><b>Têngath <blu>bwakh</blu> êtwegash ôznarno.
<br></b>water-be.E less.than.E wetland-great drunk-man
<br><i>The Great Wetlands is less wet than the drunkard.</i>
</blockquote>
Without an object, the implication is that the subject exceeds everyone— that is, the sentence becomes a superlative: <b>Ghith zhêth khuvna</b>, the snake is the most cunning.
<p>A comparative can be used as an adverbial or modifier— <b>Bebath</b> <b>çidhiw shêdhiw</b> ’he spoke more cunningly’; <b><blu>gêglêdlagh </b></blu><b>çidhiw shêdhiw</b> ’more cunning words’. No object can be supplied; if you need one, use a relative clause instead.
<p>Expressions of the form <i>The more X the more Y</i> can be translated <i>Exceeds (fut.) X, therefore Y</i>— more loosely ”If it’s exceedingly X, then it’s Y.”
<blockquote>
<b>Ghidôth <blu>zhêdôth</blu> tlôv, shin wigo.
<br></b>cunning.E.fut exceed.E.fut enemy / happy.D I.resp
<br><i>The cleverer the enemy, the happier I will be. </i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Passives">Passives</a></h4>
The passive is technically an auxiliary (using <b>gwôth</b> ’hit’), but the auxiliary and promoted object are fronted:
<blockquote>
<b>Gwêbath denifno sôthoghno.
<br></b>sell.D.past merchant prisoner
<br><i>The merchant sold the captive.</i>
<p><b>— <blu>Gwôbath sôthoghno</blu> gwêbath denifno.
<br></b>hit.E.past prisoner sell.D.past merchant
<br><i>The captive was sold by the merchant.</i>
</blockquote>
The original verb agrees with the original subject if it’s expressed; but if not, it appears in E form:
<blockquote>
<b>— <blu>Gwôbath sôthoghno</blu> bebath.
<br></b>hit.E.past prisoner speak.to.E.past
<br><i>The captive was spoken to.</i>
</blockquote>
(As a corollary, avoid such expressions when referring to superiors.)
<h3><a name="Questions">Questions</a></h3>
<h4><a name="YesNo">Yes-no questions</a></h4>
Questions use the question particle <b>bo</b> (which derives from Munkhâshi <i>pol</i> ’do’). It appears before the verb(s):
<blockquote>
<b><blu>Bo </blu>kada shushujyoshno mêmêtloro?</b>
<br>Q be.E.pl pl-court-man pl-scale.thing
<br><i>Are lawyers reptiles?</i>
<p><b><blu>Bo</blu> bwêç çish dzide?</b>
<br>Q read.E know.E you.s.inf
<br><i>Can you read?</i>
<p><b><blu>Bo</blu> dzabaruw char bo lim?</b>
<br>Q exist.E.past.not city in east
<br><i>Wasn’t the city in the east?</i>
</blockquote>
You answer <b>shetsu</b> ’yes’ or <b>poruw </b>’no’.
<p>In the case of a negative question, <b>shetsu </b>agrees with the negative (”Right, it wasn’t in the east”), while to deny it you say <b>Gepurukh</b> (”No, it <i>is</i> in the east”), similar to French <i>si </i>or German <i>doch</i>.
<h4><a name="Interrogatives"</a></h4>
The interrogatives are fronted (except for <b>tlajiw</b> which precedes its NP):
<blockquote>
<b><blu>Tlashno</blu> shnedemabaf shêvdobath sôthoghno?
<br></b>who watch.E.past must.E.past prisoner
<br><i>Who had to watch the prisoner?</i>
<p><b>Gabath zono bo <blu>tlajiw</blu> zôdla?</b>
<br>be.E.past he.inf in which cage
<br><i>Which cell was he in?</i>
<p><b><blu>Tlash</blu> mwabath zono? </b>
<br>what steal.E.past he.inf
<br><i>What did he steal?</i>
<p><b><blu>Ruju</blu> dobath zono?</b>
<br>where go.E.past he.inf
<br><i>Where did he go?</i>
<p><b><blu>Zhan</blu> meribakh dzide?</b>
<br>when incep-sleep.E.past you.s.inf
<br><i>When did you fall asleep?</i>
</blockquote>
<b>Tlashno</b> always takes E forms, unless it’s specifically associated with a high-status group—e.g. <b>tlashno dzan shishidhe </b>’who among you (superiors)’.
<p>A question <i><interrogative> V NP</i> is technically ambigious between SVO and OVS. Generally context will make it clear— e.g. it’s unlikely we’re asking who the prisoner had to watch, and semantically ’steal’ takes an animate subject so <b>tlash</b> in the third sentence must be the object. If there could be confusion, use a deictic like <b>mivno</b> ’this one’ in the OVS case:
<blockquote>
<b><blu>Tlashno </blu>demabaf dzide?
<br></b>who see.E.past you.s.inf
<br><i>Who did you see?</i>
<p><b><blu>Tlashno </blu>demabaf mivno dzide?</b>
<br>who see.E.past this.one you.s.inf
<br><i>Who saw you?</i>
</blockquote>
Other interrogatives can be formed from prepositions, e.g. <b>lith tlash </b>’what for, why’; <b>penath tlash</b> ’with what, how’; <b>dzan tlashno</b> ’of what, whose’.
<h4><a name="Negatives">Negatives</a></h4>
As in Munkhâshi, negative sentences are formed by negating the verb(s):
<blockquote>
<b>Gwaygemoba<blu>ru</blu>r çiba<blu>ru</blu>sh wigo ibwo wen!
<br></b>put.D.past.neg I.sup can.D.past.neg book your
<br><i>I could not put your book down!</i>
</blockquote>
If negative pronouns are used, the verb is negated if the action didn’t happen, and E forms are used if the subject does’t exist:
<blockquote><b>Po zombeth ghyi<blu>ru</blu>th <blu>pwashino</blu>?</b>
<br>Q answer.E want.E.neg nobody
<br><i>Nobody wants to answer?</i>
<p><b>The<blu>ru</blu>f <blu>ôkhpa</blu> wigo rôrôghne.</b>
<br>eat.D.neg I.resp pl-turnip
<br><i>I never eat turnips.</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Coordination">Coordination</h3>
These conjunctions are allowed for <b><i><grn>constituents</b></i></grn> within a sentence:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>and</td>
<td><b>zh</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>or</td>
<td><b>wa</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>but not</td>
<td><b>pêwkho</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<b>yeshthil <blu>zh</blu> dayno
<br></b><i>pen and paper
<p></i><b>ôznarno bwozhiw <blu>zh</blu> çenighiw
<br></b><i>a farting and snoring drunkard
<p></i><b>Demabaf <blu>pêwkho</blu> pshobarun wigo.
<br></b>see.D.past without listen.D.past.neg I.resp
<br><i>I was watching but not listening.</i>
</blockquote>
<b>Zh</b> assimilates to <b>sh</b> before an unvoiced consonant, as in the last two examples; it’s not written differently however. (Dhekhnami write <b>zh</b> and <b>wa</b> as part of the following word, but I’ve avoided this as leading to confusion.)
<p>Note that <b>pêwkho </b>requires negating a following verb.
<p>Entire <b><i><grn>clauses</b></i></grn> have their own set of conjunctions:
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td>and</td>
<td><b>zhmin</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>or</td>
<td><b>wamin</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>however</td>
<td><b>ôwmin</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>despite, although</td>
<td><b>ruzhmin</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>moreover, plus</td>
<td><b>gwaymin</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>therefore</td>
<td><b>razh</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>because</td>
<td><b>denish</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>then, next</td>
<td><b>çirga</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>before</td>
<td><b>çiŋga</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>likewise</td>
<td><b>chôchwin</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>if/then</td>
<td>(fut.)<b> / razh</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>in order that</td>
<td><b>lithmin</b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
For instance:
<blockquote>
<b>Yebawsh dzide <blu>razh</blu> medludôkh rôkso
<br></b>fail.E.past you.inf therefore die.E.fut maiden
<br><i>You have failed, so the girl will die.</i>
</blockquote>
<b><i><grn>Conditional</b></i></grn> statements are marked by the future, no matter what the tense of the narrative.
<blockquote>
<b>Medludôkh zono <blu>razh</blu> bo nzhith bits bigo zhakh dzan zono?
<br></b>die.E.fut he.inf therefore Q own.E may.E I.inf sword of he.inf
<br><i>If he dies, can I have his sword?</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Subordination">Subordination</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Sentential">Sentential objects</a></h4>
A sentential subject or object is represented by the pronoun <b>nikla</b>, and actually placed either before or after the sentence:
<blockquote>
<b>Posh wigo <grn>nikla</grn>, <blu>ghibaç gonavno dzide</blu>.</b>
<br>think.D I.resp this.idea / outsmart.E.past foreigner you.inf
<br><i>I think the foreigner has outsmarted you.</i>
<p><b><blu>Ghibaç gonavno dzide</blu>, posh wigo <grn>nikla</grn>.</b>
<br>outsmart.E.past foreigner you.inf / think.D I.resp this.idea
<br><i>The foreigner has outsmarted you, I think.</i>
<p><b>Pôshtson <grn>nikla</grn> wigo, <blu>khyêf dzide she mwoja nan</blu>.</b>
<br>disappoint.D this.idea I.resp / drink.E.past you.inf all beer my.resp
<br><i>It disappoints me that you drank all of my beer.</i>
</blockquote>
Same for sentential subjects, which always take E forms:
<blockquote>
<b>Jyin <grn>nikla</grn>, <blu>ghish gonavno lokh Dhêçnam</blu>.
<br></b>weird.E this.idea / know.E foreigner speech Dhekhnam
<br><i>It’s weird that the foreigner knows Dhekhnami.</i>
<p><b><blu>Ghish gonavno lokh Dhêçnam</blu>, jyin <grn>nikla</grn>.
<br></b>know.E foreigner speech Dhekhnam / weird.E this.idea
<br><i>That the foreigner knows Dhekhnami, that’s weird.</i>
</blockquote>
<b>Nikla</b> may be supplemented with <b>nomnikla</b> ’that idea’ if more than one concept is in play.
<p>The same mechanism may be used to make an entire clause the object of a preposition:
<blockquote>
<b>Geniç wigo dzôthno bo çiylimla <blu>lith dhman nikla</blu>, shnedemaf wigo tlôkwo dzan zono.
<br></b>kill.D.past I.resp man in çiylimla for only this.idea / watch I.resp death of he.inf
<br><i>In çiylimla I killed a man, just to watch him die.</i>
<p><b>çimpibats shono <blu>penath nikla</blu>, seban ziw nêth lithdêçno.
<br></b>escape.D.past he.resp using this.idea / use.D.past clothes like priest
<br><i>He escaped by dressing as a priest.</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Miniclauses">Mini-clauses</a></h4>
An entire clause may be topicalized with <b>kshêç. </b>This may be used to set the scene:
<blockquote>
<b><blu>Kshêç dhmebaw</blu>, dzôban joro.
<br></b>mention.D.past rain.E / dark.E.past sky
<br><i>It was raining, and the sky was gray.</i>
</blockquote>
Often the subject is the same as the main sentence (and thus omitted); these mini-clauses are similar to our use of an introductory or final participial clause.
<blockquote>
<b><blu>Kshêç bzhoban geglêdlagh</blu><blu> </blu><blu>mim, </blu>gzhabaf dzoshiw.
<br></b>mention.D hear.E.past pl-word this / shudder.E.past human
<br><i>Hearing these words, the human shuddered.</i>
</blockquote>
A different subject may be used, but the sentence shouldn’t be too long. Such clauses are an alternative to using <b>zhmin</b> ’and’, but feel more closely tied to the main clause. And in the spirit of topicalization, they shouldn’t be used to introduce important information— as in the above sentences, they refer to previous events or add minor details.
<h4><a name="Nominalization">Nominalization</a></h4>
A sentence may be nominalized with the subject stated with <b>dzan</b> and the object with <b>rush</b>:
<blockquote>
<b>Chawash gogodat wiwigo.</b>
<br>educate.B.past-pl pl-ktuvok we.resp
<br><i>The ktuvoks educated us.</i>
<p><b>— dlachwo <blu>dzan</blu> gogodat <blu>rush</blu> wiwigo.</b>
<br>education of pl-ktuvok to we.resp
<br><i>The ktuvoks’ education of us</i>
</blockquote>
An alternative is a where-clause:
<blockquote>
<b>— eraw kath <blu>chawash gogodat wiwigo</blu>.</b>
<br>here being educate.B.past-pl pl-ktuvok we.resp
<br><i>where the ktuvoks educated us</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Relative">Relative clauses </a></h4>
Relative clauses can be formed in two ways. One is to use the participles -<b>iw</b> and -<b>ogh</b>, much as in Munkhâshi:
<blockquote>
<b>Thewaf godat shujyoshno. </b>
<br>eat.B ktuvok court-man
<br><i>The ktuvok ate the lawyer.</i>
<p><b>— godat <blu>thewadiw (shujyoshno)</blu></b>
<br>ktuvok eat.B.past-pres.part court-man
<br><i>The ktuvok who ate (the lawyer)</i>
<p><b>— shujyoshno <blu>thebavogh (godat)</blu></b>
<br>court.man eat-D.past.-past.part (ktuvok)
<br><i>the lawyer who was eaten (by the ktuvok)</i>
</blockquote>
The choice of participle tells you the case role of the head noun— e.g. <b>thewat</b><b><blu>ogh</b></blu> in the last sentence tells you that the lawyer was eaten, not eating.
<p>The participle can be marked for tense, negated, or affixed as usual. It’s not marked for rank, except in the choice of tense infix— and that agrees with the head noun, not its subject. Note the difference between <b>the</b><b><blu>wa</b></blu><b>diw</b> and <b>the</b><b><blu>ba</b></blu><b>vogh</b> above, agreeing with the ktuvok and the lawyer respectively, though the eating was done by the ktuvok in both cases.
<p>Though -<b>iw/-ogh</b> can be compared to our present/past participles, the distinction is really active vs. passive, as each can take tense infixes.
<p>The other method is an appositive phrase
<blockquote><b>kath</b> (sentence with 3rd person referring to head)</blockquote>
which may be rendered ”being the one who...”
<blockquote>
<b>Gwêbath pêkso dzan shujyoshno khôkshe dzan zono.</b>
<br>sell.D.past wife of lawyer boat of 3s.resp
<br><i>The lawyer’s wife sold his boat.</i>
<p><b>— khôkshe <blu>kath gwêbath pêkso zozh</blu></b>
<br>boat being sell.D.past wife it
<br><i>the boat which the wife sold.</i>
<p><b>— pêkso <blu>kath gwêbath shozho khôkshe</blu> </b>
<br>wife being sell.D.past she.resp boat
<br><i>The wife who sold the boat</i>
</blockquote>
In this usage <b>kath</b> is not declined.
<p>The <b>kath</b> method is more colloquial, and more suited to complex sentences. The participle method sounds more formal and concise, but sounds awkward if the clause is very complex (e.g. it has multiple constituents, or subclauses of its own).
<h4><a name="Causatives">Causatives</a></h4>
The causative <b>ôs</b>- (<b>ôz</b>- before a voiced consonant) changes the argument structure of a verb:
<br>C causes [V S O] — <b>ôs</b>V C S <b>rush</b> O
<blockquote>
<b>Globam zhghôno shiŋgera.</b>
<br>drop.E.past sailor anchor
<br><i>The sailor dropped the anchor.</i>
<p><b><blu>Osklobam</blu> okhôkshe zhghôno rush shiŋgera.</b>
<br>cause-drop.D.past captain sailor against anchor
<br><i>The captain made the sailor drop the anchor.</i>
</blockquote>
The verb of course agrees in rank and number with the new subject.
<p>The <b>rush</b> clause can be omitted if the original object is obvious (i.e. where we’d use ’it’).
<h3><a name="Adverbials">Adverbials</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Time">Time expressions</a></h4>
Single-word time expressions go after the verb:
<blockquote>
<b>Bôtladôruda <blu>ôkhpa</blu> wiwigo. Bôtladôda <blu>mêgneleth</blu> wiwigo.</b>
<br>invade.D.future.not-pl never we.resp / invade.D.future-pl tomorrow we.resp
<br><i>We will <blu>never</blu> invade. We will invade <blu>tomorrow</blu></i>.
</blockquote>
while prepositional phrases go after the subject and direct object:
<blockquote>
<b>Podôwo gepukh wiwigo <blu>bo lachwath mêglero</blu>.</b>
<br>do.D.future-pl may.D we.resp in early.summer later
<br><i>We may do it <blu>next summer</blu>.</i>
</blockquote>
A bare NP can’t be a time expression; a preposition must be supplied, like <b>bo</b> in the example. Compare <b>çin lachwath </b>’before/until summer’, <b>çir lachwath </b>’after/since summer’.
<p>A time clause is a <b>kath</b> relative clause. This is most easily seen when it modifies a time noun:
<blockquote>
<b>Dhmebaw bo <blu>neleth kath zôkh dzide.</blu></b>
<br>rain.E.past in day being be.born.E.past you.inf
<br><i>It rained on <blu>the day you were born</blu>.</i>
</blockquote>
If there’s no noun, use one of the time deictics and move it to the end of the sentence:
<blockquote>
<b>Jabach miso wen <blu>mêgle kath zôkh dzide.</blu></b>
<br>cry.D.past mother your.inf that.time being be.born.E.past you.inf
<br><i>Your mother cried <blu>when you were born</blu>.</i>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Place">Place expressions</a></h4>
Place expressions work the same way: single words after the verb; prepositions and <b>kath</b> clauses at the end of the sentence.
<blockquote>
<b>Pebaga <blu>bigoshiw</blu> wiwigo.</b>
<br>mate.D.past-pl here we.resp
<br><i>We had sex <blu>here</blu>.</i>
<p><b>Pebaga wiwigo <blu>gway</blu> <blu>myedet</blu>.</b>
<br>mate.D.past-pl we.resp on table
<br><i>We had sex <blu>on the table</blu>.</i>
<p><b>Pebaga wiwigo <blu>zojiw kath ribaç dzide.</blu></b>
<br>mate.D.past-pl we.resp there.distal being sleep.E.past you.inf
<br><i>We had sex <blu>over there where you were sleeping</blu>.</i>
<p><b>Meçirush wigo <blu>rêgh kath sôbakh.</blu></b>
<br>incep-know.D.past.neg I.resp house being be.born.D.past
<br><i>I’ve forgotten <blu>the house where I was born.</blu></i>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="Semantic">Semantic fields</a></h2>
<h3><a name="day">The day</a></h3>
The day (<b>neleth</b>) is divided into 32 hours (<b>khora</b>). The day runs from sunrise to sunset, which are always hours 0 and 16— that is, the length of the hours varies over the year, and daytime hours are different length than nighttime. The earliest clocks (<b>shernu</b>) were Kebreni imports with fixed hours, but now variable-hour clocks are made.
<p>Thus, at the equinoxes only, the <b>khora </b>is 3/4 of a Verdurian hour or 9 <i>meguî</i>, about 46 of our minutes.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td><i>hour</i></td>
<td><i>time</i></td>
<td><i>gloss</i></td>
<td><i>Verdurian</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">0</td>
<td><b>ragla</b></td>
<td>sunrise</td>
<td><i>0h</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">0 - 8</td>
<td><b>gzhôgle</b></td>
<td>morning</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">8</td>
<td><b>gwaykosh</b></td>
<td>noon</td>
<td><i>6h</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">8 - 16</td>
<td><b>tôkli</b></td>
<td>afternoon</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">16</td>
<td><b>denagla</b></td>
<td>sunset</td>
<td><i>12h</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">16 - 24</td>
<td><b>çirnagla</b></td>
<td>evening</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">24</td>
<td><b>kodojama</b></td>
<td>midnight</td>
<td><i>18h</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">24 - 32</td>
<td><b>tsama</b></td>
<td>night</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
For precise work the hour is divided into 64 <b>dlêpwogh </b>or ’movements’ of about 43 seconds each, and these can be subdivided again into 64 <b>ôshdleç </b>about 2/3 second each.
<p>For scientific work it’s common to use the 24 hours of Eretald, using terms borrowed from Kebreni (<b>mur</b> ’hour’, <b>graymnu</b> ’megua, 1/12 hour’) with the decimal numbers.
<h3><a name="Calendar">Calendar</a></h3>
The calendar is essentially the Munkhâshi one, but leap days have been regularized. (Due to the time this was done, the year starts a few days after the vernal equinox.) The preference is to add two days every ten years, so the calendar is still apt to be a day off from the Verdurian one.
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td></td>
<td><i>name</i></td>
<td><i>season</i></td>
<td><i>Verdurian</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">1 </td>
<td><b>dzupwo</b></td>
<td>spring</td>
<td><i>6 olašu to 15 cuéndimar</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">2</td>
<td><b>lachwath</b></td>
<td>early summer</td>
<td><i>16 cuéndimar to 24 calo</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">3</td>
<td><b>iycho</b></td>
<td>late summer</td>
<td><i>25 calo to 6 želea</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">4</td>
<td><b>zhgatwo</b></td>
<td>fall</td>
<td><i>7 želea to 15 šoru</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#BCCFB3">5</td>
<td><b>zhmath</b></td>
<td>winter<b> </b></td>
<td><i>16 šoru to 21 bešana</i></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
The year (<b>jan</b>) is divided into five ’months’ (<b>dleç</b>, 64-day periods) and 41 eightdays (<b>nelêdzu</b>). The last of these doesn’t belong to any month and is called a <b>nelêdzu seruriw</b> ’loose week’; the leap days if any are <b>teneleth seruriw </b>’loose days’.
<p>Years are numbered from the <b>medhêkwo</b> (’repurification’), the incorporation of Demóshimor into the empire in 2712. Thus the current year 3480 is 768 = 1400<font size=1>8</font> = <b>sev inçi-dleç</b>.
<h3><a name="Pejoratives">Pejoratives</a></h3>
Though all of the pejorative resources of Munkhâshi are available, some are less used, and some new ones have developed. The most productive current methods:
<ul>
<li>Insulting or metonymic substitutions:
<blockquote>
<b>siblaghine </b>bird perched on horse — nomad, barbarian<br><b>muchye</b> coyote — <b>muchyeno</b> Verdurian<br><b>ser</b> tight — angry<b>
<br>kthe </b>mouth — person<br><b>dwasha </b>tip — spear<b>
<br>kshinshil</b><b><blu> </b></blu>urethra — vagina<br><b>sakh</b> bone — penis
</blockquote>
<li>Sarcastic exaggerations:
<blockquote>
<b>kashno</b> hero <br><b>osanno</b> lord of beautiful men<br><b>tsêksowat</b> divine sister
</blockquote>
<li>Punning substitutions:
<blockquote>
<b>dzêtsno</b> member of elite + <b>dzits</b> crazy — <b>dzitsno<br>gonavno</b> foreigner + <b>gom</b> noisy — <b>gomavno</b> <br><b>Kshama </b>waterfall (a name) + <b>kshim </b>piss — <b>Kshima</b><br><b>lithdêçno </b>priest + <b>deneç </b>blue — <b>lithdeneçno<br>pêkso </b>wife + <b>pekin </b>open — <b>pêkinso<br>rêglano </b>relative + <b>rigla </b>bed — <b>riglano<br>shivno </b>companion + <b>shikh </b>thin — <b>shikhno<br>zhakh </b>sword — <b>sakh </b>bone<b><br>zhghôno</b> sailor — <b>zhêgwe </b>rabbit
</blockquote>
<li>Voice the initial:
<blockquote>
<b>pêkso</b> wife — <b>bêkso</b><br><b>char</b> city — <b>jar</b>
</blockquote>
<li>Reduplication of the last syllable, with the previous syllable drawn out; this particularly expresses mockery.
<blockquote>
<b>pêksóooooso</b> wifey-wife<br><b>muchyéeeeye</b> Verdurian
</blockquote>
<li>Add the affixes -<b>gên, -ŋêth</b>, <b>posh</b>- or the even stronger <b>wôm</b>-:
<blockquote>
<b>pêksogên</b> damn wife<br><b>wômpêkso</b> goddamn wife
<br><b>tsôthnoŋeth</b> friggin’ shorty
</blockquote>
<li>Use diminutives or augmentatives: <b>genakhnogh</b> ’little idiot’, <b>pêçnodzu</b> ’big fat husband’. (Context or tone of voice will distinguish these from other uses of these derivations.)<p>
<li>Obscenities like <b>blawth</b> ’shit’, <b>kshim</b> ’piss’, <b>bwosh</b> ’fart’, <b>gêgh</b> ’fuck’, may be inserted <i>within</i> a word:
<blockquote>
<b>pêç</b><b><blu>gêgh</b></blu><b>no</b> fucking husband<br><b>shuzh</b><b><blu>blawth</b></blu><b>no</b> the shitty iliu<br><b>cha</b><b><blu>bwosh</b></blu><b>ar</b> this farting city
</blockquote>
</ul>
Saying words backwards as in Munkhâshi is no longer used colloquially, though a number of slang words derive from the process.
<p>These can be combined, in the order shown (e.g. <b>bêksoblawthgên</b>) but the effect is more humorous than angry.
<h3><a name="Names">Names</a></h3>
In Demóshimor there’s a relatively small stock of personal names— generally you only need enough to disinguish the hundred-odd people who live in a village. Names tend to be simple and traditional, and clearly indicate the sex. Some examples:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td colspan="2"><i>Male</i></td>
<td colspan="2"><i>Female</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Aŋgithno </b>bold one</td>
<td><b>Awthak</b> fox</td>
<td><b>Badla </b>snow</td>
<td><b>Bligra </b>dream<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>çidhiw </b>cunning<b></b></td>
<td><b>Dheghiw </b>pure</td>
<td><b>Denagla </b>sunset</td>
<td><b>Dharash </b>silver<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Dlôkwo </b>honor<b></b></td>
<td><b>Dwinwo </b>luck</td>
<td><b>Dhmeçi </b>lake</td>
<td><b>Dhmew </b>rain<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>çighiw </b>outsmarter<b></b></td>
<td><b>Dzotsu </b>viper</td>
<td><b>Dwajakh </b>stream</td>
<td><b>Dwibla </b>cloud<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Dzônwo </b>gray<b></b></td>
<td><b>Gemadhiw </b>winner</td>
<td><b>Dwidha </b>wing</td>
<td><b>êtwe </b>wetlands<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Genir </b>gold<b></b></td>
<td><b>Gomiw </b>noisy</td>
<td><b>Gedha </b>raven</td>
<td><b>Gemodhiw </b>laugher<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Gwatwo </b>victory<b></b></td>
<td><b>Gzhôgle </b>morning</td>
<td><b>êrêth </b>river</td>
<td><b>Glizmu </b>calm<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Iycho </b>late summer<b></b></td>
<td><b>Khashno </b>rich man</td>
<td><b>Klapso </b>pine girl</td>
<td><b>Klaw </b>lion<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Khuvna </b>snake<b></b></td>
<td><b>Kinno </b>hunter</td>
<td><b>Klisso </b>quiet girl</td>
<td><b>Kshama </b>waterfall<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Kor </b>spider<b></b></td>
<td><b>Kwadhiw </b>fiery</td>
<td><b>Lajwar </b>lapis lazuli</td>
<td><b>Medziw </b>good<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Madhe </b>oak<b></b></td>
<td><b>Mêtlo </b>scale</td>
<td><b>Môŋge </b>woods</td>
<td><b>Nadeghogh </b>given<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Morno </b>homelander<b></b></td>
<td><b>Mwôdhiw </b>fattie</td>
<td><b>ôstêghiw </b>enricher</td>
<td><b>ôthyotso </b>attractive<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>ôkwe </b>falcon<b></b></td>
<td><b>Pshighogh </b>esteemed</td>
<td><b>Pidziw </b>flier</td>
<td><b>Plachyu </b>wood<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Pwoghiw </b>finder<b></b></td>
<td><b>Rishno </b>home man</td>
<td><b>Sable </b>jewel</td>
<td><b>Sansogh </b>little beauty<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Rodhiw </b>near one<b></b></td>
<td><b>Seghiw </b>fighter</td>
<td><b>Sibla </b>bird</td>
<td><b>Siviw </b>singer<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Shiçar </b>stone<b></b></td>
<td><b>Shidziw </b>sharp</td>
<td><b>Taji </b>deer</td>
<td><b>Tlêfna </b>snail<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Tlôkhno </b>pleasant<b></b></td>
<td><b>Tsama </b>night</td>
<td><b>Tleso </b>sea girl</td>
<td><b>Tsegeth</b> rapids<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Tsigaro </b>sandy<b></b></td>
<td><b>Tsimno </b>spear man</td>
<td><b>Tsônso </b>dark girl</td>
<td><b>Uda </b>star<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Uvno </b>iron<b></b></td>
<td><b>Wôkhno </b>second </td>
<td><b>Zhêgwe </b>rabbit</td>
<td><b>Zhgatwo </b>autumn<b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Zhakhno </b>swordsman<b></b></td>
<td><b>Zontodhiw </b>returner</td>
<td><b>Zhmath </b>winter</td>
<td><b>Zogat </b>little Sogat<b></b></td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
There’s also a stock of ancient names of unknown meaning, such as these:
<blockquote><table>
<tr bgcolor="#BCCFB3"><td colspan="2"><i>Male</i></td>
<td colspan="2"><i>Female</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Awka</b></td>
<td><b>Khajaw</b></td>
<td><b>Benaja</b></td>
<td><b>Pibwa</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>Manshu</b></td>
<td><b>Thôgwa</b></td>
<td><b>Shatla</b></td>
<td><b>Tleja</b></td>
</tr>
</b>
</table></blockquote>
Almost everyone will have a nickname as well, despective or punning, used by their superiors.
<p>If more specification is needed, add the name of the <b>dhlêç</b> or clan, in the plural: <b>Shiçar Kokor</b>, Shiçar of the Spiders, <b>Tsegeth</b> <b>Gegedha</b> Tsegeth of the Ravens.
<p>Ktuvok names tend to have two elements, eg. <b>Dzotsunariw</b> ’red viper’. As they give their names to the <i>trêm</i>, these can be used to give someone’s origin: <b>Shiçar dzan Dzotsunariw</b>, Shiçar of the Dzotsunariw <i>trêm</i>.
<p>In cities, where there are many more people, it’s common to give children two names— e.g. <b>Genir Mêtlo</b>. The second can then be reduced to a single syllable: <b>Genir-mê</b>. Curiously, the second name often belongs to the other sex, though with -<b>no/-so</b> ’corrected’; e.g. <b>Morno Klino</b>.
<p>City dwellers can also be identified by their clan or <i>trêm</i>. If they move to another city, however, they’re likely to be known by their origin: <b>Morno-kli çin Baykhan</b>, Morno Klino from Baykhan.
<p>As noted above, <b><i><grn>titles</b></i></grn> precede the name: <b>ôtlar Genir</b>, mayor Genir. Such a person is never addressed by the name alone, except by far superiors. For direct address, the title alone is also rare: you call the judge <b>oshujyosh Madhe</b>, not just <b>oshujyosh</b>.
<h2><a name="Examples">Examples</a></h2>
See also the <a href="http://www.almeopedia.com/almeo.html?Dhodhnora">set of sample sentences</a> set by ZBB members as a translation challenge.
<h3><a name="Conversation">Conversation</a></h3>
If you’ve carefully read and absorbed this grammatical sketch and then visit Ornakh, a typical encounter with a resident might go like this.
<blockquote>
<b><i>Demothno:</i> Dzaw bigoshiw dzide.</b>
<br>Demoshi-man / exist.E. here you.inf
<br><i>Demoshi: Hello. (Lit., You are here.)</i>
<p><b><i>Dzide:</i> Shetsu dzaw bigo. </b>
<br>you.inf / indeed exist.E I.inf <br>To be polite, you accept the inferior (E) role. The Demoshi does not demur.
<br><i>You: Hello. (Lit., Yes I am.)</i>
<p><b>Ruju dzaw dhnêsh<blu> </blu>wen?</b>
<br>where exist.E tattoo your.inf
<br><i>D: Where is your tattoo?</i>
<p><b>Tlash klêth shidhe?</b>
<br>what say.D you.resp
<br><i>You: What?</i>
<p><b>Dhnêsh<blu> </blu>wen. Nzhith tlajiw chyem dzide?</b>
<br>tattoo your.inf / own.E which trêm you.inf
<br><i>D: Your tattoo. What trêm do you belong to?</i>
<p><b>Uy, gwôruth wigo nzhith chyem pwashi, denish gzhuth çin Oykumene kath udadzu tlim.</b>
<br>oh / hit.E.not I.inf own.E.not trêm no / because come.E away Oikumene being planet another<br>Note the passive in the first sentence.
<br>’Oikumene’ is a nonce word you borrow from Verdurian.
<br><i>You: Oh! I don’t have a trêm, I’m from Oikumene. Another planet.</i>
<p><b>Ne, gath dzide gonavno. Bo bwakh dzide nam nan?</b>
<br>ah / be.E you.inf foreigner / Q enjoy.E you.inf country my.resp
<br><i>D: Ah. You’re a foreigner. How do you like our country?</i>
<p><b>Megzhuth bigoshiw bigo. Giruch eraw bigo.</b>
<br>begin-come.E here I.inf / know.E.not now I.inf
<br><i>You: I just arrived here. I don’t know yet.</i>
<p><b>Kath tsaruliw, tsôyla kath glêthe mumuchyeno nikla. Zhin zh ghash nam.</b>
<br>true.E.not-pl that.far.thing being say.E.pl pl-Verdurian that.idea / peaceful.E and rich.E country
<br><i>D: It is nothing like what the Verdurians say. It’s peaceful and prosperous.</i>
<p><b>Bo shawa bigoshiw gogodat? Demaf ghyith godat at.</b>
<br>Q exist.B-pl here pl-ktuvok / see.E want.E ktuvok one
<br><i>You: Are there ktuvoks here? I want to see a ktuvok.</i>
<p><b>Porush wigo. Nadha bo êdêtwegash sheno.</b>
<br>believe.D.not I.resp / live.A-pl in pl-wetlands-great everyone
<br><i>D: I don’t think so. They all live in the Great Wetlands.</i>
<p><b>Bo dzaw widotwo chutogh?</b>
<br>Q exist.E visit help-pass.part
<br><i>You: Is there a tour?</i>
<p><b>Poruw.</b>
<br>no
<br><i>D: No.</i>
<p><b>Tlash dzaw kath demaf shêfdoth bo Ornakh?</b>
<br>what exist.E being see.E must.E in Ornakh
<br><i>You: What is there to see in Ornakh?</i>
<p><b>Gwejiw zh Tsenatkash zh Dlôgla lith bebeŋgenighogh dzan shushuzhno zh Chajiw dzan shômmapwo.</b>
<br>market and temple-great and monument for pl-murder-past.part of pl-iliu and college of espionage
<br><i>D: The market, the Great Temple, the monument to the victims of the iliu, the Spy College.</i>
<br>
<p><b>Ne, mets shidhe.</b>
<br>ah good.D you.resp
<br><i>You: Ah, thank you. (Lit., you are good)</i>
<p><b>Glêth medziw dzide lokh Dhêçnam.</b>
<br>speak.E good-act.part you.inf language Dhekhnam
<br><i>D: You speak Dhekhnami well.</i>
<p><b>Mets shidhe.</b>
<br>good.D you.resp
<br><i>You: Thank you.</i>
<p><b>Toth wigo. Po-bwakh gochwo wen.</b>
<br>go.D I.resp / imp-enjoy stay your.inf
<br><i>D: Goodbye (lit., I go). Enjoy your stay.</i>
<p><b>Mets shidhe, doth bigo.</b>
<br>good.D you.resp / go.E I.resp
<br><i>You: Thank you, goodbye.</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Letter">Letter to Mútkün</a></h3>
This is a diplomatic letter from the <b>Rêghkash lith Gogonavno</b>, the Mansion for Foreigners— the diplomatic headquarters of Dhekhnam in Ornakh— to the <i>nashtori</i> of Mútkün, the Dhekhnami client state on the Eärdur, in 3462. It was intercepted by the Verdurian Palace Guard on a dark night in an inn in the town of Asciu, in the Western Wild. Spies prefer to land at Cama to minimize their transit through Verdurian territory, but as there is no effective authority in the Western Wild there’s also no obstacle to the activities of the Guard.
<p>By Almean standards it was a surgical operation. The carrier was quietly killed; the letter was taken to Verduria to be translated. It was determined that the contents were not worth a show of force that would make the Guard’s interception obvious; the letter was given to a shady agent who gave it to another, who was simply told to deliver it to the <i>nashtori</i>. No reply was found, but this was not unusual; it was exceptional to intercept such a letter.
<p>The letter refers to raids conducted along the Nämbo/Nao river, always a point of interest for Verduria because there is a tiny swath of Verdurian-speaking territory just north of the border, the town of Fsernáe, lost in Utu’s reign. Tomao erected the castle of Venceo (’victory’) at the border; Mútkün calls it Naokalen ’Nao castle’. The local place names are nonce imports from Barakhinei, excepf for <i>Eradwor</i> which is Sarroc.
<p>The Verdurians considered the political advice in the letter to be cynical or propagandistic— the Dhekhnami were hardly beneficient overlords in Sarnáe, were they? But to the Dhekhnami, Sarnáe was under misrule— i.e. under human rule— and had to be reduced before it was remade as a prosperous ktuvok empire. Mere oppression was no goal of the ktuvoks; they pointed to human tyrants and warlords are evidence that humans left to their own devices would do evil to their own.
<p>The verbs are a good illustration of the relative nature of the rank hierarchy: the <i>nashtori </i>is a king, but as he’s subservient to Dhekhnam he gets the inferior (E) forms.
<blockquote>
<b>Shêv gogodat zh Gelat moniw kath ghodho shoshono dhakhno, çir pwithno dzan Mutkhin.</b>
<br>by.order.of pl-ktuvok and Gelalh strong-act.part being rule.B-pl they.resp both / to ruler of Mútkún
<br>Typical opening line of a letter.<br><i>Pwith</i> is to govern in accordance with ktuvok rule— i.e. legitimately—so <i>pwithno</i> is a title for allied leaders; non-allied kings are referred to with the borrowed <i>dawlo</i>. Compare <i>goth </i>also seen here, which is to rule as gods and ktuvoks do.
<br><i>In the name of the Masters and of Gelálh who rules us both.</i>
<p><b>ôzzhin nikla wiwigo, rushgêbaç dzide bo tabwi Naw.</b>
<br>please.E this.idea we.resp / provoke.E.past you.inf in valley Nämbo
<br><i>We are pleased with your provocations along the Nämbo valley. </i>
<p><b>ôzmwidôç nikla awksim dzan mumuchyeno.</b>
<br>make-busy.E.fut this.idea army of pl-Verdurian
<br>Verdurians are ’coyotes’, from the use of the coyote as a standard by Estdorot; the coyote is admired by Verdurians, despised by Dhekhnami.
<br><i>They will keep the Verdurian army busy.</i>
<p><b>Gath nomnikla nyoja aw; bodôrush nikla, mebwidôth dzide char Nawkalen.</b>
<br>be.E that.idea goal one / think-E.fut.not this.idea / conquer.fut.E you.inf city Venceo
<br><i>This is the sole purpose; do not think that you will conquer Venceo.</i>
<p><b>Wisedôç dzide dzadh razh benudôkh; nzhithi ghyidi shêç mumuchyeno tabwi Eradwor.</b>
<br>tease.fut.E you.inf dog therefore bite.fut.E / own.E-pl want.E-pl much pl-Verdurian valley Eärdur
<br>Future + <i>razh</i> is the sign of a conditional, which makes it clear that this isn’t an order to tease.
<br><i>If you tease a dog he will bite; the Verdurians would love to control the Eärdur.</i>
<p><b>Zhwôtho pepenatwo wen rush ayayfar.</b>
<br>solid-E-pl pl-method your.inf against pl-baron
<br><i>Your methods with the barons are sound. </i>
<p><b>ôwmin çindemadôruf dzide gatwo dzan katsukh.</b>
<br>however ignore-fut.E.not you.inf status of rabble
<br><i>However, do not neglect the condition of the rabble.</i>
<p><b>Garuth gnêmwo dzan Gelat nikla, gath dzide ruchino.</b>
<br>be.E.not command of Gelálh this.idea / be.E you.inf bandit
<br><i>It is not the way of Gelálh to be a bandit.</i>
<p><b>Bwith dzide zh nzhith dzide shela kath nzhidi zodzono; razh lith tlash mwadôth çin zodzono?</b>
<br>rule.E you.inf and own.E you.inf everything being own.E-pl they.inf / therefore for what steal.E.fut away.from they.inf
<br><i>You are a ruler and all they own, you own; why then steal from them?</i>
<p><b>ôzbodôth ruzhnikla dzide zodzono rush ayayfar, lithmin dzakha katsukh dzide klêthe dwêçno.</b>
<br>protect.fut.E instead you.inf they.inf against pl-baron / in.order.to name.E.fut-pl rabble you.inf say.E-pl save-man
<br><i>Instead, protect them from the barons, so that they see you as a deliverer.</i>
<p><b>Mebwêdôruç shêftodôth dzide tsenat bo Khavuy.</b>
<br>begin-build.E.fut.not must.E.fut you.inf temple in Kgavuy
<br>The formidable first word is just the imperative terminative of ’build’.
<br><i>You must also finish the temple in Kgavuy.</i>
<p><b>Rushjêbe zhêruthe ayayfar, ôwmin zhêthe Endawo.</b>
<br>oppose.E-pl exceed.E.not-pl pl-baron / however exceed.E Enäron
<br><i>The barons are not your worst enemy; Enäron is.</i>
<p><b>Demathôf penath dhnala roromat bigo.</b>
<br>see.B.fut-pl using mercy pl-god I.inf
<br>A direct quote from the liturgy (see next example) and a common letter closing.
<br><i>May the gods look kindly on us.</i>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></h3>
This is the same text as used in the Munkhâshi grammar, presented for comparison. It’s not entirely a fair comparison, as the syntax and word choices are rather archaic— indeed, such texts are some of our evidence for Munkhâshi lexicon and syntax.
<p>Modern Gelalhát is largely monotheistic, due to the influence of Jippirasti; references to the Six Gods are taken as aspects of Gelálh... or simply ignored. Note that in the modern passage above, only Gelálh is mentioned.
<blockquote>
<b>Kshudu bigoshiw lithmin dzôdôtho bigo roromat plêç.</b>
<br>come.D-pl here in.order.to worship.D.fut-pl I.inf pl-god six
<br>Modern usage would require <i>khuba</i> ’we’, but this is closer to the Munkhâshi use of pure deictics.
<br>The Munkhâshi <i>bin</i>- construction was no longer understood; the modern <i>lithmin </i>was substituted for it.
<br><i>We come here to worship the Six Gods.</i>
<p><b>Nadhewaçe gogodat dzojôgla dzan shono, zhmin shukhu lith dzojoshiw.</b>
<br>give.B.past-pl pl-ktuvok pl-name of he.resp and intercede.B-pl for pl-human
<br><i>Tsukh</i> now means ’care for (medically)’ except in liturgy.
<br><i>The Masters taught us their names and constantly intercede for humans.</i>
<p><b>Katha gogodat roromat nan, chôchwin katha roromat plêç roromat dzan gogodat.</b>
<br>be.B-pl pl-ktuvok pl-god my.resp / likewise be.B-pl pl-god six pl-god of pl-ktuvok
<br><i>The Masters are our gods; the Six Gods likewise are gods to the Masters.</i>
<p><b>Shaw gway shela Gelat moniw; demadôf dzoshiw shono razh tzajadôruw.</b>
<br>exist.B above everything Gelálh strong-act.part / see.E.dubit human he.resp therefore live.E.fut.not
<br>In modern usage the locative should appear after <i>Gelat moniw</i>.
<br><i>Above all is Gelálh the mighty; a human who sees him will not live.</i>
<p><b>Shne shono shaw Sogat ôsshôwagiw pôsh the roromat tlim.</b>
<br>next.to he.resp exist.B Tsôkálh bear.B.past-act.part below sea pl-god other
<br><i>At his side is Tsôkálh who bore the other gods under the sea.</i>
<p><b>Khath Ogash romat dzan gzhimu zh zômwo, zhmin ôsshaw çidhiw Koykash.</b>
<br>be.B Ulgâsh lord of war and destruction / and create.B be.cunning-act.part Korkâsh
<br>Due to semantic change, Korkâsh now sounds decidedly underhanded.
<br><i>Ulgâsh is the lord of war and destruction, Korkâsh the crafty creator.</i>
<p><b>Nzhith Khuvnakh rafne ôthefiw zh nzhith Tsakhwashi Tlegash demôshiw.</b>
<br>own.B Kumnatnâk soil make-eat-act.part / own.B Chakprashi sea ancient-act.part
<br>To modern ears this sounds like the ocean is being called Demoshi rather than primeval.
<br><i>The fertile soil belongs to Kumnatnâk, the primeval sea to Chakprashi.</i>
<p><b>ôzzhinin lilithdêkwo shidhe; ôzzhinin dzojôkwo dzan gogodat shithe.</b>
<br>make-favorable.E-request pl-sacrifice you.resp / make-favorable.E-request pl-intercession of pl-ktuvok you.resp
<br>As the deictics became pronouns, this has moved from 3rd to 2nd person.<br><i>Dzôkwo</i> is now usually ’medicine’.
<br><i>May our sacrifices please you; may the prayers of the Masters please you.</i>
<p><b>ôswothin bigo zh sôrumin; ôzdzothin gwikwo dzan shide.</b>
<br>protect.B-request I.inf and destroy.B.not-request / abate.E-request anger of you.resp
<br><i>May you protect us and not destroy us; may your anger abate.</i>
<p><b>Bobwotho bigo kath kakatsukh gwôzhiw.</b>
<br>iter-stray.D-pl I.inf being pl-hair weak-act.part
<br>The iterative survived in very early texts such as this one.
<br><i>We are prone to sin, being weak animals. </i>
<p><b>Oydzôtho bigo gogodat lithmin demathôf penath dhnala roromat bigo.</b>
<br>order-worship.D-pl I.resp pl-ktuvok in.order.to see.B.fut-pl using mercy pl-god I.inf
<br>Another rare survival: the imperative <i>oy</i>- from Munkhâshi <i>or-</i>. The use of singular <i>bigo</i> is an anachronism based on the Munkhâshi.
<br><i>May we be fitting servants of the Masters so the gods look kindly on us.</i>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></h2>
To save space, only the D form of verbs is indexed. If you’re looking up a verb beginning with a fricative or voiced consonant, remember the consonant mutations.
<p><i><blu>Blue italics</i></blu> in the etymology indicate Munkhâshi forms; <i>black italics</i> refer to Dhekhnami forms unless another language is cited.
<p>The second column gives irregular or unexpected forms.
<ul>
<li>For <b>verbs</b>,
<ul>
<li>the beginning of the B.s form is given, 0 if it’s unchanged.
<li>(sh) indicates verbs where final -<b>sh</b> doesn’t change to -<b>j</b>- in the pl.D and pl.E
</ul>
<li>For <b>nouns</b>, irregular plurals are given.
<ul>
<li>If the material ends in a hyphen, it’s prefixed to the root.
<li>If it ends in a slash it replaces the first syllable.
</ul></ul>
<p><b>Word count</b>: 1155
<blockquote><table>
<tr><td><b><blu>addhmanno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>monotheist, strong believer in Jippirasti-inspired reformation of Gelalhát </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>addhmanwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>monotheism, revivalism [<i>at dhman </i>’only one’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>af</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ab-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>horde, mass [<i><blu>ap</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ançêm</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>belly, guts (desp. slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>aneleth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>at any time [’any day’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>aŋgêth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>aŋkh/</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>bother, infuriate, get on one’s nerves [<i><blu>ngêt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>aŋgith</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be brave, bold [<i><blu>ngit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>aŋgitwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ŋ-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bravery, courage, valor; boldness [<i><blu>ngitmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>aŋŋa</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>n-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hand [<i><blu>ankna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>at</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>a, an, one [<i><blu>alh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>aw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>1 [Sarroc <i>au</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Awel</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Avéla, capital of Érenat [Ver.]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Awka</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>male name [<i><blu>Alka</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>awksim</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>p-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>army; in particular, a unit of 40,000 to 80,000 troops [<i><blu>apktsem</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Awndor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Andor, the crypto-Gelálhist god of the 1800s [Sarroc <i>Aondor</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>awthak</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>p-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fox [<i><blu>althak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ayfar</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ay-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>baron, foreign feudal lord [Sarroc <i>aifar</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>badhno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>father [<i><blu>badno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>badhnomu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>parenthood, fatherhood [<i><blu>badnomu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>badla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>snow [<i><blu>bâtla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bajath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>sixteen [<i><blu>bajat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>barkh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ford [<i><blu>barkh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>snow [<i><blu>bât</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Baykhan</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a city on a tributary of the Tmekh [<i><blu>Barkhran</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bazh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>eight [<i><blu>baj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>beçar</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>goat [<i><blu>bekhar</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bedha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>skirt [<i><blu>bêdha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Bedhódnam</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Qaraumia [<i><blu>pdhótnonam</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bedhoth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be shamed or shameful; be naked [<i><blu>pdhot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bedhôthno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>bo/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Qarau [<i><blu>pdhotno</i></blu>’naked man’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bedhôtwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>bo/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>shame; nakedness, nudity [<i><blu>bdhotmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>beginla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>bi/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>door [<i><blu>bkenla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>beje</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>skin [<i><blu>bêche</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bembazh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>56 [<i><blu>pnapaj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bemêgla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>be/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>platform, stage [<i><blu>bmêkla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bemêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>flatness [<i><blu>bmêkmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bemêç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be flat [<i><blu>pmêk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bemôth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>solve, fix [<i><blu>pmôt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benakh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>extend, thrust into [<i><blu>pnak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benaçiw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>be/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pitchfork [<i><blu>pnakil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Benaja</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>female name [<i><blu>Pnacha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>seven [<i><blu>pnat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bendemaf</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>see falsely, be deluded (into seeing) [’see falsely’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bendemapwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>illusion, delusion </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benên</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>be/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mountain [<i><blu>pnân</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benichwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>smell, odor [<i><blu>bnichmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benim</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>stink [<i><blu>bnim</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benimo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>stink, stench</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benish</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>smell [<i><blu>pnich</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benith</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>buy [<i><blu>pnit</i></blu><i> </i>’acquire’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benitwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>purchase [<i><blu>bnitmu</i></blu><i> </i>’acquisition’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benôgla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>be/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cape (of land); extrusion, point [<i><blu>bnakla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benôkh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>follow</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benôghash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be zealous (esp. religiously)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benôghashwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>zeal, ardor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benôghashno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>zealot, patriot, one especially devoted to the ktuvoks and/or Gelálh (with some connotation of excess)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benorath</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>bu/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>immature ktuvok [<i><blu>pnurat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benukh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>bite; chew [<i><blu>pnuk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benuth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>serve, work for [<i><blu>pnut</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benuthno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>servant, employee [<i><blu>pnutno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>benutwo</b></blu><b><i><blu></b></i></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>service, employment [<i><blu>bnutmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>beŋgeniç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>murder [<i><blu>pneknik</i></blu><i> </i>’kill falsely’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>beŋgenighogh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>murder victim, martyr</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bigo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>I (inf.) [<i><blu>biko</i></blu> ’this one’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bigoshiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>here [<i><blu>bikoshil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>biŋgwêshmo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>privilege, right [<i>bingwêchmu</i>]<br><i>biŋgwêshmo shêv bonavno</i><b><blu> </b></blu>right (as a citizen)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bitle</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>louse [<i><blu>bilhe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bitsmo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>flight; permission [<i><blu>bitsmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>blawejiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>shithole; shitty neighborhood [<i><blu>blawechil</i></blu> ’dung heap’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>blawth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>shit [<i><blu>blawet</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>blêchwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>condescension [<i>blêchmu </i>’graciousness’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bligra</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>dream [<i><blu>blhikla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bludla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mill, any very large mechanical installation [<i><blu>blutla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bludlagh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>device, machine [’little machine’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>blutwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>milling; assimilation (of conquered peoples) [<i><blu>blutmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pt</td>
<td>question particle [<i><blu>pol</i></blu> ’do’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>in, inside [<i><blu>bô</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bodêchwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fullness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bodhêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>conscience [’inner morality’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bodojiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>entrance [<i><blu>bôtochil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bodoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>enter [<i><blu>bôtot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bogemor</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>insert, put inside [’put in’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>boghnêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be empty [’inside-white’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>boghnêtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>emptiness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bokshuth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>bokth-</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>come inside, enter</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bômwon</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>penetrate [<i><blu>bômron</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Bômwôndo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a city on the Orum [<i><blu>Bômrondo</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bonamiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>domestic, national [’inside country’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bonavno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>citizen</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bônwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>heat [<i><blu>bunmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bopliç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>dream [intens. of <i><blu>plhik</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>boshela</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>entirely, completely [’in everything’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>botêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be full (contents take <i>penath</i>) [’in-black’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bôtlath</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>invade [<i><blu>bôtlhat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>botlôv</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>traitor [’inner enemy’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bôtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>safety [<i><blu>botmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Brakhún</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Barakhún [Barakhinei]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>brêtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>connection; implication, deduction [<i><blu>bdêtmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwadla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>pa-</blu></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>many things [<i><blu>pwatla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwajiw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>pa-</blu></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>many places [<i><blu>pwachil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>enjoy, have fun [<i><blu>pwâk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwaneleth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>at most times, mostly [’most days’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>q</td>
<td>many [<i><blu>pwat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwathno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>many men [<i><blu>pwatno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>read [Caď. <i>ivrec</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwêçna</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>face; attitude, spirit [<i><blu>brêkna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>architecture, construction [<i><blu>brêkmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwen</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be clean [<i><blu>pwên</i></blu>[</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwenwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cleanliness [<i><blu>bwênmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwitwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>human government, rule [<i><blu>britmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwôkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>enjoyment, fun [<i><blu>bwâkmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwosh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fart [<i><blu>pwuch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>sin, commit a crime [<i><blu>pwot</i></blu><i> </i>’wander, sin’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>bwôtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sin, vice [<i><blu>bwotmu</i></blu><i> </i>’wandering, sin’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chadza</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ta-</blu></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>sometimes [<i><blu>tlatsa</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chaf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be standing; be situated or located [<i><blu>tlap</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chajiw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ta-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>school [<i><blu>tlachil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>char</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ta-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>city, town [<i><blu>tlar</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>raise (crops or children), grow, educate [<i><blu>tlach</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chashno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ta-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>teacher [<i><blu>tlachno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>bow; submit [<i><blu>tlat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chaynappa</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ta-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>capital [<i><blu>tlarnampa</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chêdhna</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mole [<i><blu>tledna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chêdhnadzu</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>icëlan [<i><blu>tlednadzu</i></blu> ’big mole’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>move, act; behave; (objects) work, function [<i><blu>tlêp</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>cheje</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ktuvok’s head frill; (metaphorically) reach, glory [<i><blu>tleche</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chejeno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>army general [’frill-man’] </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chejero</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>frilled; glorious [<i><blu>tlechedo</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chêkwi</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cavalry [<i><blu>tlekmi</i></blu> ’horse’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chêkwino</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>horseman, rider [<i><blu>tlekmino</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chêkwiso</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>horsewoman, female rider [<i><blu>tlekmisho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chino</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>barley beer [<i><blu>tleno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chith</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>cut [<i><blu>tlit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>that (distal) [<i><blu>tlor</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chorush</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be different [neg. of <i>chosh</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be the same [<i><blu>tloch</i></blu>]<i></i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chôchwin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>likewise, in the same way [<i><blu>tlochmen</i></blu>]<i></i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chôth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td><i>x</i><i><font size=1><sup>8 = </i></sup></font>2,097,152 [<i><blu>shtôt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chukh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>remove [<i><blu>tluk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Chwol</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Cuoli [Xurnese]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Chyelagh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Tyellakh (the Almeological spelling is the local pronunciation) [<i><blu>Trêlag </i></blu>’little south’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chyelaghno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Tyellakhi [<i><blu>trêlagno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chêkhyith</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>magnet [<i><blu>trêlkrit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chyêsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>ally [<i><blu>trêch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chyin</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be weird, strange [<i><blu>trin</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chyem</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the estate or territory of a single ktuvok [<i><blu>trêm</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chyemdenif</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the estate you were deemed to belong to for ktuvok status (under <i>shelasnawo</i>) [‘counting estate’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chyôsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>need, lack [<i><blu>trôch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>chyow</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>south [<i><blu>trêl</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çemath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a river in Demóshimor [<i><blu>Khmâth</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çêçke</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>savanna, scrubland [<i><blu>khekke</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çeniç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>snore [<i><blu>khnik</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çeth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>farm [<i><blu>khet</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çiç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>outsmart, outdo [<i><blu>thkik</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çima</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>shi-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pig; (slang) farmer [<i><blu>shkhima</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çimpan</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>toss out, discard, abandon, throw away [<i>’</i>throw away’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çimpits</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>escape [’fly away’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>away from; before, until (in time) [<i><blu>khin</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çinchêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>move away, back off</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çindemaf</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>ignore, fail to pay attention [’away-observe’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çindenif</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>count backwards, count down</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çindo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>far</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çinnadeç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>çinnadh-</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>give away </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çinshemo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>distinctness, particularity, eccentricity [’away from all-ness’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çinshero</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>distinct, particular, eccentric; egregious</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çinsin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>walk away</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çintaf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>grab, snatch [’away-take’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çintoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>go away, leave</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çiŋga</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>before [’before’ + Mun. time subordinator]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çiŋkath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be far away [<i><blu>kinkath</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>to, toward; after, since (in time) [<i><blu>kir</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çir-</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>prone to, tending to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çirnagla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>evening [’after sunset’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çirga</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>then, subsequently [’after’ + Mun. time subordinator]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çish</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>know, know how; can, able to [<i><blu>kich</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çith</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be cunning, underhanded [<i><blu>shkit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çiylimla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a city on the eastern Demoshi coast [<i><blu>Kirlimla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>çiyz</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mare [Tžuro <i>kirz</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Dagêsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mountains west of Demóshimor [<i><blu>Dakêsh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>west [<i><blu>dak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dapwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>seizure [<i><blu>dapmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>darath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>island [<i><blu>darat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dawlo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>foreign non-allied (thus not really legitimate) king [Sarroc <i>daolo</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dawlonam</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>kingdom </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dayno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>paper [Sarroc <i>daino</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>demaf</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>see [<i><blu>tmap</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>demapwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>vision, sight </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Demêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the Tmekh river in central Dhekhnam [<i><blu>Tmêkh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>demêth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>should [<i><blu>tmêt</i></blu> ’must’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>demitlo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>di/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>plateau [<i><blu>tmilho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Demóshimor</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>do/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a region of Dhekhnam [<i><blu>Tmôtimor</i></blu> ’Demoshi-home’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Demôshiw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>do/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a city in Demoshimor [<i><blu>tmôtil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>demôth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be first or ancient; an ethnonym (be Demoshi) [<i><blu>tmôt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>demôthno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>do/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a male Demoshi [<i><blu>tmôtno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>demotso</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>do/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a female Demoshi [<i><blu>tmôtsho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denagla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>da/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>setting (of an astronomical body); sunset [<i><blu>dnakla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denakh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be old [<i><blu>tnâk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denakwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>da/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>oldness, age [<i><blu>dnakmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denath</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be heavy, weigh; be a duty [<i><blu>tnat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denatwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>da/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>heaviness, weight; duty</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>deneç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be blue [<i><blu>tnek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denetha</b></blu><i><blu></i></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>moon [<i><blu>tnetna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Denêthnom</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Iliažë, the brightest moon [<i><blu>Tnetnanum</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Denêtlor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Iliacáš, the second-brightest moon [<i><blu>Tnetnatlor</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denif</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>count [<i><blu>tnip</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denifno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>trader, merchant [<i><blu>tnipno</i></blu><i> </i>’accountant’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denish</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>because [<i><blu>tnish</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>between [<i><blu>tnur</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>denôyla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>du/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>road [<i><blu>tnurla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>ten, plus-two (in octal system) [Caď. <i>dect</i>] </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>10 [Sarroc]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhada</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>da-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>dust [<i><blu>ddhata</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>two [<i><blu>dhak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhakhno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>a couple, a pair (men) [<i><blu>dhakno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dharash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>silver [<i><blu>dharach</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dheç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be pure; be moral [<i><blu>dhek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Dhêçnam</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Dhekhnam [<i><blu>Dheknam</i></blu> ’pure land’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhegat</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>chief priest [<i><blu>dhekalh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>purity; morality, goodness [<i><blu>dhekmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhêpwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>eating [<i><blu>dhepmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>containing, including [<i><blu>tdhi</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhlêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>clan, work unit (Munkhâshi <i>kukla</i>); flock, herd; squadron of about 16 troops [<i><blu>dhlêk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhman</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>only, merely [<i><blu>dhman</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhmeçi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lake [<i><blu>dhmeki</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhmew</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>rain [<i><blu>dhmel</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhmêwla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>rain [<i><blu>dhmella</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhnala</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mercy, compassion, forbearance [<i><blu>dhnala</i></blu><blu>]</blu></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhnêsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pattern; tattoo [<i><blu>dhnêsh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhôgla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>a pair of things [<i><blu>dhakla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhôkso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>a couple, a pair (women) [<i><blu>dhaksho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhnora</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mold (for making things), model [<i><blu>dhnuda</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhnoradzu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>archetype, template [’big model’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhôsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>robe, wrapped upper garment [<i><blu>dhôch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>2 [Sarroc <i>ďu</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dhwosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>flax [<i><blu>dhewush</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>di</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>3 [Sarroc]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>din</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>your (resp.) [-<i><blu>din</i></blu> D possessive]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dlachwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>education [<i><blu>dlachmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dlatwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bow; submission</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dleç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>2</sup></font> = 64 [<i><blu>dlhek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dlêpwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>movement, action [<i><blu>dlêpmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dlêpwogh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>instant, moment; 1/64 of a <i>khora </i>[’little movement’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dlôchwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sameness [<i><blu>dlochmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dlôkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>honor, prestige [<i><blu>dlhukmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dlôgla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>monument [’honor thing’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dwajakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>stream, brook [<i><blu>twachak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dwasha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>tip, end, butt; (slang) spear [<i><blu>twasha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dwêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>save, rescue, liberate [<i><blu>twêk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dwêçno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>liberator, rescuer</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dwêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>saving, rescue, liberation [<i><blu>twêkmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dweron</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be unlucky, be unfortunate [<i><blu>twerun</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dwibla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ti-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cloud [<i><blu>twipla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dwidha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wing [<i><blu>dwidha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dwin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be lucky, be fortunate [<i><blu>twen</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dwinwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>di-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>luck [<i><blu>twenmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzadh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>dzaj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>dog [<i><blu>jadh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzajash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>bawl, cry intensely </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzan</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>of, belonging to [<i><blu>jan</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>cry [<i><blu>jach</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzawmu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>life, existence [<i><blu>jalmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzêts</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>dzej-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>shoe, boot [<i><blu>jêts</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzêtsno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>member of the elite [’shoe-man’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Dzibir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Jippir [Tžuro]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzibirwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Jippirasti</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzibla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>dzij-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>projectile [<i><blu>jipla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzide</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>you (s. inf.) [<i><blu>jite </i></blu>’that one’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzideshiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>there (proximal) [<i><blu>jiteshil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzinkwe</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>dzij-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>neck [<i><blu>jinkwe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzits</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be crazy, mad [<i><blu>jits</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dziymo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lightness; clarity [<i><blu>jirmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzôghye</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>1/4 [<i><blu>jôkre</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzôgla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>dzoj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>name [<i>jakla</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzôkwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>dzoj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>medicine [<i><blu>jukmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzômwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>leg [<i><blu>jômro</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzônwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>darkness; grayness [<i><blu>jônmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzoshiw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>dzoj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>human [<i><blu>jôtil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzosho</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>human female, woman</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzôth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>worship [<i><blu>jôt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzôthno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>human male, man </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzotsu</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>dzoj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>viper [<i><blu>jotsu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzôtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>worship [<i><blu>jôtmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzupwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sowing; spring [<i><blu>jupmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>dzutwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>help, assistance; guidance, arrangement [<i><blu>jutmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>êgath</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>êd-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pair, couple [<i><blu>etgat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>êgath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>both, a couple, a pair (male and female) [<i><blu>etgat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Endawo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Enäron; (by metonym) Caď. paganism [Sarroc]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>enle</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>en-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>remote relative (farther than first cousin) [<i><blu>ênle</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>enleno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>en-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Eynleyni (i.e. a people related to the Demoshi) [<i><blu>ênleno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>eraw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>now [<i><blu>eral</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>erêth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>r-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>river [<i><blu>êrêt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Eradwor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Eärdur river [Sarroc]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Erebath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a river in Sarnáe [‘remote snow’ or ‘snow river’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Erinant</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Erenát [Caď. <i>Erenantos</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>êtwe</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>êd-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wetlands, swamp [<i><blu>etme</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>êtwegash</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>êd-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ktuvok habitat [<i><blu>etmekâsh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>êtwegashdakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>the western ktuvok habitat [<i><blu>Etmekâshdak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>êtwegashlim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>the eastern ktuvok habitat [<i><blu>Etmekâshlim</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gaga</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cliff [<i><blu>gâka</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gaŋkhyi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>heart [<i><blu>gankri</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gatwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>status, situation, case [’beingness’]<br><i>bo gagatwo she </i>in all cases, universally</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gedha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>raven [<i><blu>gedha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gêgh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fuck [<i><blu>gêg</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>geghiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fucker, bastard [<i><blu>gêgil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Gelat</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the chief god of Munkhâshi paganism [<i><blu>Gelalh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gelatwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Gelalhát</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemaf</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>learn, study [<i><blu>kmap</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemafno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>student [<i><blu>kmapno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemano</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ga/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>grandfather [<i><blu>kmano</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemaso</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ga/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>grandmother [<i><blu>kmasho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemath</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>defeat, beat, win [<i><blu>kmât</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemeba</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>smoke [<i><blu>kmêba</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemêç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>break; destroy by accident, torture to death [<i><blu>kmêk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemêsh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>outrank, be superior to [<i><blu>kmêch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemêshno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>superior, someone higher in rank [<i><blu>kmêchno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemiç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be angry, mad [<i><blu>kmik</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemits</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>scratch [<i><blu>kmits</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemor</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>put, set, place [<i><blu>kmur</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gemoth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>laugh; mock [<i><blu>kmot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gên</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>pejorative suffix [<i><blu>gân</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>genakh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be foolish or stupid [<i><blu>knâk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>genakhno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fool, idiot [<i><blu>knâkno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>genath</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be fast, quick [<i><blu>knât</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>genem</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>order, command [<i><blu>knêm</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>genêsh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0 (sh)</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be bad or evil [<i><blu>knêsh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>geniç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>kill, execute [<i><blu>knik</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>genir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>gold [<i><blu>knir</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>genokh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>be big, large, tall [<i><blu>knok</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>genôksha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>1/3 [<i><blu>knuksha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gepughiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>perhaps, maybe</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gepukh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>gew-</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>may, might [<i><blu>gpuk</i></blu> ’can’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gepurukh </b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pt</td>
<td>on the contrary (denying a negative question [’can’t (be)’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gew</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be holy, numinous, frightening [<i><blu>gel</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ghiçan</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cat [Tžuro <i>ŋiyan</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ghine</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>horse [Carhinnian <i><font size=1>G</font>inə</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ghyêbla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>drink, beverage [<i>krêpla</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>glaja</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>spring (of water) [<i><blu>glaja</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>glêdla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sentence [<i><blu>glhêtla</i></blu> ’word’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>glêdlagh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>word [dim. of <i>glêdla</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gleshu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ankle, wrist [<i><blu>glêtu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>glibla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>air, breath [<i><blu>glipla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>glizmu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>quiet, calm [<i><blu>glishmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>glôchwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fear [<i><blu>glochmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>glôpwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>feeling, emotion [<i><blu>glopmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gnatwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>quickness, speed [<i><blu>gnâtmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gnejiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wilderness, wasteland [<i><blu>gnêchil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gnêmwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>order, command [<i><blu>gnêmmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gnêshmu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>badness, evil [<i><blu>gnêshmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gnêth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be white; good-for-nothing, nasty [<i><blu>gnêt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gnikwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>killing [<i><blu>gnikmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gnôkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>size, amount; division of army (about 8192 troops) [<i><blu>gnokmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>go</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>outside [<i><blu>go</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>goban</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>send out, launch (e.g. an invasion) [<i><blu>gopan</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Gobando</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Govanro, a city at the mouth of the Shkónoro [<i><blu>Gopando</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gobeth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>send as an envoy [’out-speak’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gobethno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>envoy, ambassador, delegate</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gochwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>stay, rest, sojourn [<i><blu>gochmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>godat</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ktuvok [<i><blu>gotalh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>godojiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>exit [<i><blu>gotochil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>godoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>exit [<i><blu>gotot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gom</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be noisy [<i><blu>gshum</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gonamiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>foreign [<i><blu>gonamil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gonavno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>foreigner [<i><blu>gonamno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gopshon</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>overhear [’hear outside’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>goshiwno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>(human male) master [<i><blu>gotilno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>goshiwso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>(human female) mistress [<i><blu>gotilsho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>goth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>rule, dominate, master (used of gods or ktuvoks) [<i><blu>got</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gôtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>divine rule, mastery [<i><blu>gotmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Gshomagh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a tributary of the Shkónoro [<i><blu>Gshumag</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwatwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>victory [<i><blu>gmâtmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gway</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>above, on top of [<i><blu>kwar</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwaygemor</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>set down, put down [’put-top’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwaykosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>noon [<i><blu>kwarkoch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwaykshêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>touch [’above-touch’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwaymin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>moreover, plus, on top of that [’above’ + <i>-min</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwaytoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>climb, rise [<i><blu>kwartot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwejiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>market [<i><blu>kwêchil</i></blu> ’quay’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwêshmu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>rank, hierarchy [<i><blu>gmêchmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>sell [<i><blu>kwêt</i></blu> ’deliver’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwêthno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>merchant, vendor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwëtwi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sale [<i><blu>gwêtmu</i></blu>’delivery’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwikwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>anger [<i><blu>gmikmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwôsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be weak, wimpy [<i><blu>gwôch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwôshno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wimp [<i><blu>gwôchno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gwôth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>hit; passive marker [<i><blu>kwôt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gzhaghne</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>4</sup></font> = 4096 [<i><blu>kdhagne</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gzhapwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>shudder, shiver, tremble [<i><blu>bzhapmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gzhimu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>war [<i><blu>gdirmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gzhitwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>desire [<i><blu>gditmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gzhôgle</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>morning [<i><blu>kdhakle</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>gzhugla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>vomit </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ibwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>book [Caď. <i>ibro</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Idhanash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Idanieȟa, capital of Sarnáe [Caď. <i>Ilďaneas</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>igera</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>dressage, horse training [Tžuro <i>ikera</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>impazh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>32 [<i><blu>empaj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>iŋgew</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ŋ-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Englishman [<i><blu>Engel</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>inçi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>four [<i><blu>enki</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ishto</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>feather [<i><blu>ichto</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>iwni</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>n-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>child [<i><blu>inwi</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>iwnigath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be childish [<i><blu>inwikat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>iwnino</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>n-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>boy [<i><blu>inwino</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>iwniso</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>n-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>girl [<i><blu>inwisho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>iycho</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>late summer (third <i>dlhek</i> of the year) [<i><blu>ircho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>izgeche</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>footnote, comment [Ver. <i>izgečë</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Izmay</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Ismahi [Ver.]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>jan</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>da-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>year [<i><blu>dshan</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>janshe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>yearly, annual [<i><blu>dshanshê</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>japwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>placement, environment; context [’standing’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>jath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>around, surrounding [<i><blu>tezhat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>je</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ge-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fire [<i><blu>gshê</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>jôgwa</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>du-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>seagull [<i><blu>dshugwa</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Jôgwashiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>an island off the coast of Visecra [<i><blu>Dshugwashil </i></blu>’seagull place’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>joro</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sky [<i><blu>dshodo</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>jyabwa</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>da-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>horseradish [<i><blu>drabma</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>jyêchwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>de-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>alliance, coalition [<i><blu>drêchmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>jyêthda</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>de-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hat, headgear [<i><blu>dretda</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>jyinwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>di-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>strangeness, weirdness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>jyôchwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>do-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>need, lack [<i><blu>drôchmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>jyon</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>back, in revenge or opposition [<i><blu>drun</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kabazh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>24 [<i><blu>kapaj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kadhin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>Caďinorian (after the conquest) [<i><blu>kadhin</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Kadhinash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Caďinas (after the conquest) [<i><blu>Kadhinash</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kakha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>eye [<i><blu>kakha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>three [<i><blu>kach</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kash</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>(sh)</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be great or proud [<i><blu>kâsh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kashno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>great man, hero [<i><blu>kâshno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be (predicative) [<i><blu>kat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu></b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>being, the one who (subordinator)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>katsugiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mammal (must have fur, thus does not include ktuvoks, iliu); insulting term for humans [<i><blu>katsukil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>katsukh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hair, fur; rabble, lower class [<i><blu>katsuk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>katsukhdo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>furry, hairy; (metaphorically) ragged, poorly done [<i><blu>katsukdo</i></blu> ]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kaykhon</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a Carhinnian [<blu><i>karkhon</i><blu>, from Carh.]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kebá</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>we (inferior) [Carh. <i>ə</i><i>qba</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Kebre</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Kebri [Caď. <i>Kevrei</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kêchya</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>village [<i><blu>kêttra</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Khajaw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>male name [<i><blu>Khachal</i></blu>]</td>
<td><blu></td></tr>
</blu><tr><td><b><blu>khash</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>(sh)</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be rich, prosperous<blu> </blu>[<i><blu>khâsh</i></blu>]<blu></blu></td>
<td><blu></td></tr>
</blu><tr><td><b><blu>khashk</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>(slang) be a stiff, be dead as nails</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khêp</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>7 [Sarroc <i>ȟaip</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khinç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>knife [imitative]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khôgla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>group, squad, team [<i><blu>kukla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khokoy</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Caďinorian prophet or dissident [Sarroc <i>ȟoacoi</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khôkshe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>boat [<i><blu>khakshe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khol</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lingo, slang</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khono</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>magician, sorceror [<i><blu>khulno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khora</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hour [Caď. <i>ȟora</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khoso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>female magician, sorceress [<i><blu>khulsho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khsowor</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>kth-</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be unexpected; ambush [<i><blu>kturur</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khuba</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>we (inferior) [Carh. <i><font size=1>R</i></blu><i>uba</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khukh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>work, labor [<i><blu>kuk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khukhno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>worker, team member; private (non-officer) [<i><blu>kukno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khukwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>job; career [’work-ness’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khuvna</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>snake [<i><blu>kumna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Khuvnakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>name of a god associated with the earth [<i><blu>Kumnatnâk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Khuvnagh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a city on the Shkónoro [<i><blu>Kumnag </i></blu>’little snake’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khuw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>magic, arcane power [<i><blu>khul</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khuzh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>spit [Tžuro <i>huj</i> ‘phlegm’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyagash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>berate, rail against [augm. of ’complain’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>complain [<i><blu>krak</i></blu><i> </i>’grate’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>drink [<i><blu>krêp</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>five [<i><blu>kri</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyibazh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>forty [<i><blu>kribaj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyibosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>manuscript, scroll [Caď. <i>crivos </i>’scroll’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyith</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>want, desire [<i><blu>krit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyiv</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>write [Caď. <i>crivan</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyokh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>forage, pillage [<i><blu>krok</i></blu> ]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>khyoçiw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ko-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the Monkhayu [<i><blu>krokil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kijozh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>who [<i><blu>katil</i></blu><i> </i>’being’<i> + </i><i><blu>dzoj</i></blu> ’that one’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kimbe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ear [<i><blu>kembe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>hunt [<i><blu>ken</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kinno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hunter [<i><blu>kenno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Kinshiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a city along the Tmêkh [<i><blu>Kenshil</i></blu> ’hunting place’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>klav</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pine [<i><blu>klhab</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>klaw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lion [<i><blu>klal</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>klêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>say, state (object is speech act) [<i><blu>klhêt</i></blu>] <br><i>klêth khyith</i> mean, intend</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>klif</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>breathe, blow [<i><blu>klip</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>klis</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0 (sh)</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be quiet [<i><blu>klish</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>klof</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>feel [<i><blu>klop</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>klolash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>shout, yell (things) [<i><blu>klolash</i></blu><i> </i>intensive of ’shout’]]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>klom</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fall [<i><blu>klum</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>klosh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fear [<i><blu>kloch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kluga</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>grass[<i><blu>klukâ</i></blu> ]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kôchiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>camp; company of 128 troops [<i><blu>kochshil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kodo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>center, middle [<i><blu>koto</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kodojama</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>midnight [<i><blu>kotochama</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Kodoro</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>central; name of a Demoshi city [<i><blu>kótodo</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>spider (a favored animal) [<i><blu>kor</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>rest, stay, camp [<i><blu>koch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Koykash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a god; a city on the Shkónoro [<i><blu>Korkâsh </i></blu>’proud spider’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>krawkha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>reason, argument [Sarroc <i>curaoȟa</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>krawkharo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>reasoning</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshaf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>shudder, shiver, tremble [<i><blu>pshap</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be dead [<i><blu>pshak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Kshalogh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Naunai, the smallest moon [<i><blu>Kthalogh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshama</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>waterfall [<i><blu>kshama</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Kshamarêkshe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a waterfall and its off-flowing river in Sarnáe [‘fog falls’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>mention, talk about, consider[<i><blu>pshêk</i></blu> ’touch’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu></b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>about; topic marker </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshesh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be dry [<i><blu>ktech</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>piss, urinate [<i><blu>pshim</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshimla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>piss [<i><blu>pshimla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshinshil</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>urethra opening; (slang) vagina [’piss-place’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>go to war [<i><blu>ktir</i></blu><i> </i>’fight’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be expected, normal [<i><blu>ktur</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>stop, halt, end [<i><blu>pshot</i></blu> ]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshukh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>vomit [<i><blu>pshuk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kshuth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>kth-</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>come [<i><blu>ktut</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kthe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mouth; (slang) person [<i><blu>kthe</i></blu> ’hole’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kusno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>commander (of several ships) [Keb. <i>kulseu</i> + ‘person’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>kwath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>burn, be on fire; be enraged [<i><blu>kpat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lachwath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>early summer [<i><blu>lâchmât</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lajwar</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lapis lazuli [<i><blu>lajwar</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lakhte</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>back [<i><blu>lakte</i></blu>]<br><i>rush lakhte </i>(carrying) on the back</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lashna</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>people, population [<i><blu>lachna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>latwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hill [<i><blu>latwe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lavne</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>type, kind, class [<i><blu>labne</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lêthni</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fruit [<i><blu>letni</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>east [<i><blu>lim</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>liçcha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>saddle [<i><blu>likcha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>liçchaniw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>barbarian [<i><blu>likchanil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>liçchano</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>barbarian, nomad (non-Jippirasti) [<i><blu>likchano </i></blu>’saddleman’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lith</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>for, for the purpose of [<i><blu>lit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lithdêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sacrifice [<i><blu>litndekmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lithdeç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>sacrifice [<i><blu>litndek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lithdêçno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>priest [<i><blu>litndekno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lithgemor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>organize, arrange [’for-put’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lithgemormo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>organization, structure</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lithmin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>in order that [’for’ + -<i>min</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>litwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>purpose, meaning [’for-ness’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lokh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>tongue; speech, language [<i><blu>lok</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>lônka</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wall [<i><blu>lonka</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>madhe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>oak [<i><blu>madhe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>magash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>saddlebag [Tžuro <i>makaš</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Manshu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>male name [<i><blu>Mantu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>marin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>corn (maize) [<i><blu>marin</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>math</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>swim [<i><blu>mat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mebath</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>mew-</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>push; haze, pick on inferiors [<i>mbat</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mebatwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pushing; hazing [<i><blu>mbatmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mebitla</b></blu></td>
<td><b><blu></b></blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>dirt, dirtiness [<i><blu>mbitsla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mebits</b></blu></td>
<td><b><blu></b></blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be dirty [<i><blu>mbits</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mebwith</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>conquer [’begin to rule’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>meça</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>branch; legion, corps (ideally of 1024 troops) [<i><blu>mekha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>meçirush</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>forget [negative inceptive of ’know’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêçna</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>belly, stomach [<i><blu>mekna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>medhêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>reform; reintegrate [incep. of ’pure’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>medhêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>reform, reintegration; incorporation of Demóshimor into Dhekhnam</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>medzir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>become clear, sink in [incep. of ’clear’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêgle</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>at that time, later [<i><blu>megle</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêglero</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>next, later</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêggath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be later, be late</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêgneleth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>tomorrow [’later day’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mejaf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>stand up</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mejaw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>appear; come to be, come into existence [<i><blu>mechal</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mejaruw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>disappear, vanish, go away</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mepwêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>lie down, recline [’start to lie’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mepworukh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>lose (something) [’start to be not-found’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Merinwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a river in Sarnáe [Sarroc ‘fire’ + ‘source’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>meshwath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>sit down </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>meshwôth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>set, firm up [’start to be solid’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be important [<i><blu>mêt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>importance [<i><blu>mêtmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêtlo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>scale [<i><blu>melho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêtloro</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>any scaly animal: reptiles, amphibians, ktuvoks [<i><blu>melhodo</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu></b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>scaly; bare, hairless; (metaphorically) elegant, smooth, well done ]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>metlukh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>die [’begin to be dead’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mets</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be good [<i><blu>mets</i></blu>]<br><i>Mets shidhe.</i> Thank you (lit., you are good)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mêtswo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>goodness [<i><blu>metsmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mewêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>root [<i><blu>mewek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mezen</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>put on (clothing), get dressed [incep. of ’wear’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>this [<i><blu>mim</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mimla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>this thing </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Minedh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a river in eastern Dhekhnam [<i><blu>Minedh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Minedhiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a city on the Minedh [<i><blu>Minedhil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>minso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>this female </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>miso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mother [<i><blu>misho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mivno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>this male </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>môkwa</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>shell [<i><blu>makma</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mon</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be strong [<i><blu>mun</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mônwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>strength [<i><blu>munmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>môŋge</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>forest, woods [<i><blu>mônge</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Mônkhash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Munkhâsh [<i><blu>Munkhâsh</i></blu>’strong-rich’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>home; homeland [<i><blu>mor</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Mornakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a river in Sarnáe [‘homeland entrance’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mots</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be green</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Môyinwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>river passing through the Sarcainor marshes [<i><blu>Morrinwe </i></blu>’home-source’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>muchye</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>coyote; (insulting) Verdurian [<i><blu>mutre</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>muchyero</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>Verdurian</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>muchyeno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Verdurian [after some Prežeon flags featuring coyotes, a despised beast in Dhekhnam]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Múchyenam</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Verduria</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Mutkhin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Mútkün [from Barakhinei]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Mwádhonam</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>name of NW Demóshimor [<i><blu>Mrátnonam</i></blu>’thief-land’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwaf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>stab, pierce [<i><blu>mrap</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be at high tide [<i><blu>mrach</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwachwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>tide [<i><blu>mrachmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwath</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>steal [<i><blu>mrat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwathno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>thief [<i><blu>mratno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwatwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>theft [<i><blu>mratmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mweth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>start, begin [<i><blu>mret</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwiç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be busy, swarm [<i><blu>mrik</i></blu> ’buzz’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwikwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>business; swarm of bees [<i><blu>mrikmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwima</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>field [<i><blu>mrima</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwivno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>peasant [<i><blu>mrimno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwôkh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>lose, be defeated [<i><blu>mrôk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwoja</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>maize beer [<i><blu>mruja</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwon</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>grow; reach [<i><blu>mron</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwosh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu><b></b></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>wriggle, wiggle [<i><blu>mruch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwoshla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>maggot [’wriggler’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>mwôth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu><b></b></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be fat, thick [<i><blu>mrôt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>myedet</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>table [Sarroc <i>miedet</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>myol</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>1000 [Sarroc <i>miol</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nadêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ne/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>gift, offer [<i><blu>ndekmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nadeç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>nadh-</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>give, offer [<i><blu>ndek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nadh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>trousers [<i><blu>nadh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>najêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>5</sup></font> = 32768 [<i><blu>najêt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>delta; orifice [<i><blu>nâk</i></blu> ’mouth’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nam</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>land, country [<i><blu>nam</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>namshe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Almea, the world [’every land’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>namshekash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the world of the gods; universe, cosmos [’great world’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nan</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>my (resp.) [-<i><blu>nan</i></blu> C possessive]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nappa</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>head [<i><blu>nampa</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nappashim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>someone from Xengiman [<i><blu>nampapshim</i></blu>’piss-head’, i.e. blond]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nappat</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the ktuvok who owns a <i>chyem</i> [<i><blu>nampálh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nar</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be red [<i><blu>nar</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nashye</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>always [<i><blu>nashrê</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>live, reside, inhabit [<i><blu>nat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>natwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>place of residence [<i><blu>natmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ne</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>interj</td>
<td>ah, OK (expresses agreement or understanding)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nêbwi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>nine, plus-one (in octal system) [Caď. <i>nebri</i>] </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>across [<i><blu>nêk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nedabla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>na/</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>container [<i><blu>ndapla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nedaf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>hold, contain [<i><blu>ndap</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nêghzêpwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>intense, extreme [’across the border’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nêgla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bridge [<i><blu>nêkla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nelêdzu</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>eightday (’week’) [<blu>tneledzu</blu>]<br><i>nelêdzu seruriw </i>end-of-year monthless week</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>neleje</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>daily; during the daytime [<i><blu>tnelechê</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>neleth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>te-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>day [<i><blu>tnelet</i></blu>]<br><i>teneleth seruriw </i>leap day</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nêsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>like, as</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nêynêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sheep [<i><blu>nernêk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nikla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>this (refers to clauses only) [<i><blu>niko </i></blu>+ -<i><blu>la</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nom</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>that (proximal) [<i><blu>num</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nomla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>this near thing </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nomnikla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>that (refers to clauses only) [<i>nom + nikla</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nonso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>that near female </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>novno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>that near male </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nujath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>smart, intelligent, wise [Tžuro <i>nujat</i>] </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nyakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>hide [<i><blu>nrak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nyagla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hiding place; lair, den [<i><blu>nrakla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nyêbri</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>9 [Sarroc <i>niebri</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nyif</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>toss [<i><blu>nrip</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nyin</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>dance [<i><blu>nrin</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nyinwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>dance [<i><blu>nrinmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nyoja</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pumpkin, gourd; target, goal [<i><blu>nrocha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nyukhta</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>slime; snot, semen [<i><blu>nrukta</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nzhith</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>own, have, possess [<i><blu>ndit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>nzhitwo</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>ownership, possession [<i><blu>nditmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>-ŋêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>pejorative suffix [from <i>gnêth </i>’nasty’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ŋêthno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>good-for-nothing, scoundrel [<i><blu>gnêtno </i></blu>’wretch’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ochyêm</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ul-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>governor, leader of a <i>chyem </i>[<i>ultrêm</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ogash</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ul-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>name of a god, associated with war [<i><blu>ulgâsh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>okêchya</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ul-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>village chief [<i><blu>ulkêttra</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>okhôkshe</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ul-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ship or boat captain [<i><blu>ulkhakshe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôkhpa</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>never [<i><blu>ôkpa</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>okukh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ul-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sergeant (lowest-level officer) [<i><blu>ulkuk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôkwe</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ôk-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>falcon, hawk [<i><blu>akme</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>oma</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>through [<i><blu>oma</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>omala</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>m-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pipe, tube [<i><blu>omala</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>omeça</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ul-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>commander of a <i>meça </i>(corps or legion) [<i><blu>ulmekha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>onçêp</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hubby (desp. slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ondhab</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>dad (desp. slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>onifno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ul-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>treasurer [<i><blu>ultnipno</i></blu><i> </i>’chief accountant’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>onkhath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>boss (desp. slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>onshach</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>teach, prof (desp. slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Ornakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the capital of Dhekhnam [<i><blu>Orumnâk</i></blu>’Orum mouth’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Orom</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the major river in Demoshimor [<i><blu>Orum</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>oron</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>colonel, leader of a division [Tžuro <i>aruŋ</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôs-</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>causative [<i><blu>ôth-</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôschêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>operate (a machine); make someone work </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôsh-</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>fraction [<i><blu>ôsh-</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôshbazh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>1/8 [<i><blu>ôshbaj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôshdleç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>1/64; a unit of time, about 2/3 second </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôshkêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>tear [<i><blu>ôthshkêp</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôshkhyi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>1/5 [<i><blu>ôshkri</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôshnath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>1/7 [<i><blu>ôshpnat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>oshujyosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>judge [’lord of court’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôshweç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>1/6 [<i><blu>ôshplhek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôskhash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>enrich [’make rich’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôskhyêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>irrigate; set out water (for animals) [’make drink’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>osim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ma, Mom (desp. slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>oskêp</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wifey (desp. slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôsklis</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0 (sh)</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>quiet down, shut someone up [’make quiet’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôsklom</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>drop [’make fall’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôsklosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>terrify [’make fear’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôskshesh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>dry, dry out </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôskshoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>finish, make something stop </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôskwath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>burn, set on fire; inspire, exhort [’make burn’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôspek</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>marry off, find a mate for [’make marry’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôspon</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>heat [’make hot’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôspôsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>prove, demonstrate [<i>ôthpôch </i>’convince’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôspoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>protect, guard [<i><blu>ôthpot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôspwêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>lay down; seduce [’make lie down’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôspwen</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>clean, wash [<i><blu>pwên</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôsshin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>please, make happy [<i>othshtin </i>’assuage’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôstêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>blacken; enrich</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôstoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>send away [’make go’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôstsaw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>make, create [<i><blu>ôthchal</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôstsir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>lighten; clarify</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôstsôk</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>bear, give birth [<i><blu>ôthtsôk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôstsoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>lessen, reduce, abate [<i><blu>ôthchot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôthef</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>feed [<i><blu>ôththep</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôthyoth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>bring near, attract [<i><blu>ôthrot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôtlar</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mayor [<i><blu>ultlar</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôwmin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>however [<i><blu>ôlmen</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôydemaf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>behold, look [archaic imperative of ’see’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzbedhoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>shame; strip [’make naked’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzboghnêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>empty, empty out </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzbôshwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>proof, demonstration</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzbotêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fill, fill up (contents take <i>penath</i>)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzbotwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>protection</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzbwen</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>clean, wash [’make clean’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzdêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fulfillment, enrichment</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzdhêç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>purify [’make pure’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzdzawmu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>creation, crafting [<i><blu>othjalmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzgemiç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>anger, madden [’make angry’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzgwôsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>weaken [’make weak’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzmon</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>strengthen; fortify, build up [<i><blu>ôthmun</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzmônla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>th-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fort, castle [<i><blu>ôthmunla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzmwiç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>make or keep busy, occupy [’make busy’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzmwôth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fatten</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôznar</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>redden; get drunk [’make red’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôznarno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>drunkard</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>oznas</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hottie, ho (desp. slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzrakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be initiated as an adult, come of age [<i><blu>ôthrak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzrakwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>initiation [<i><blu>ôthrakmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôzroth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>bring near, bring together </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ôyjo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>8</sup></font> = 16,777,216 [<i><blu>urjô</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pâdhe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>barrier; the Ctelm mountains [<i><blu>pakdhe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pan</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>throw, launch [<i><blu>pan</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>panthu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>5 [Sarroc <i>panṫ</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pawor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>4 [Sarroc]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>peç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>marry, mate, have sex [<i><blu>pek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pêçno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>husband [<i><blu>pekno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pekin</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>pekh-</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>open [<i><blu>pken</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pêkso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wife [<i><blu>peksho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>peja</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>blood [<i><blu>pecha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>penath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>using [<i><blu>prênat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>penatwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>method, means; (in pl.) strategy [’usingness’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>peron</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>million [Verdurian <i>perun</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pet</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>tree [<i><blu>pelh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>peth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>talk to, speak to [<i><blu>pet</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pêwkho</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>without [<i><blu>pelkho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pêwkhola</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>absence; hole [’without-ness’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Pibwa</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>female name [<i><blu>Pipra</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>piviso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>calculus [Ver. <i>piyaviso</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pigo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>this one [<i><blu>piko</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pishno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>believer in Jippirasti [Tžuro </i>apič</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pits</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fly; (aux) be allowed to, have permission to [<i><blu>pits</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>plachyu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wood [<i><blu>plâtru</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>plakhne</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bark (of tree); hide (of animals) [<i><blu>plakne</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>plebazh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>48 [<i><blu>plhepaj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>plêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>six [<i><blu>plhek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>plêsh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be condescending [<i><blu>plêch</i></blu><i> </i>’be gracious’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pliç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be bitter [<i><blu>plik</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>plondo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>coin [Sarroc <i>plaondo</i>}</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pluth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>mill, grind; assimilate (conquered peoples) [<i><blu>plut</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pluw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>worm [<i><blu>plhul</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>po-</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>peer imperative [<i>pol</i> ’do’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pôgneleth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>yesterday [’previous day’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pôkkath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be earlier, sooner</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pôkwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>then, earlier [<i><blu>pakwe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pôkwero</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>previous; earlier </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pon</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be hot; (aux) do intensely [<i><blu>pun</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>poragh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pigeon, dove [<i><blu>pudag</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Poraghnam</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Eretald [<i><blu>Pudagnam</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>poraghno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>from Eretald [<i><blu>pudagil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>poraghno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>someone from Eretald [<i><blu>pudagno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>porôkso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>woman from Eretald [<i><blu>pudagsho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>poruw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pt</td>
<td>no, not at all [<i><blu>porul</i></blu><i> </i>neg. of ’do’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>posh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>think, believe; (aux) consider doing, think about doing [<i><blu>poch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pôsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>below [<i><blu>pôch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pôshla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>vagina, vulva [’below-thing’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pôshno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>inferior, someone lower in rank [<i><blu>pôchno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pôshtoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>lower, go down, climb down [<i><blu>pôchtot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pôshtson</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>disappoint [’pull down’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>poth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be safe [<i><blu>pot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pow</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>do [<i><blu>pol</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pshêth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>lead to, connect; imply, mean [<i><blu>ptêt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pshiç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>esteem, value [<i><blu>ptit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pshon</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>listen, hear [<i><blu>ptun</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pshonno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>assistant; ensign [‘listener’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be nothing, be less than</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwashi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>q</td>
<td>none [<i><blu>prashi</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwashila</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>nothing [<i><blu>prashila</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwashino</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>no man, no one [<i><blu>prashino</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwashiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>nowhere [<i><blu>prashil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwêgla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>building [<i><blu>prêkla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwêç</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>build, construct, erect [<i><blu>prêk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be prone, be lying down [<i><blu>prêp</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwith</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>rule, govern (as humans but under ktuvoks) [<i><blu>prit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwithno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>human male master or ruler; king of an allied state [<i><blu>pritno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwicho</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>human female mistress or ruler; queen of an allied state [<i><blu>pritsho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>pwokh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>find [<i><blu>pruk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rafne</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ground, soil, earth [<i><blu>rapne</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ragla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>rising (of an astronomical body); sunrise, dawn [<i>rakla</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be new or young [<i><blu>rak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rakhno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>young man [<i><blu>rakno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ran</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cow, bull, ox [<i><blu>ran</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>razh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>therefore [<i><blu>râj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rêdhna</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>foot; (insulting) guy, bloke [<i><blu>redna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rêgh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>house [<i><blu>rêg</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rêghkash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mansion, office [’great house’]
<br/> <i>Rêghkash lith Gogonavno</i> Office for Foreigners (Foreign Office)
<br/> <i>Rêghkash lith Tlutlubawvno</i> Railway Agency
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rêgla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>family [from ’house’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rêglano</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>male relative </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rêglaso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>female relative</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rêkshe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fog [<i><blu>rêkshe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rêm</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>1/2 [<i><blu>rêm</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>riç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>sleep [<i><blu>rik</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rikwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sleep, rest </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rigla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bed [<i><blu>rikla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rinegh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lucre, scratch, moolah (slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rinwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>source [<i><blu>rinwe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rish</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>home [<i><blu>rish</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rôchwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>dullness, bluntness [<i><blu>rochmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rogam</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>breast [<i><blu>rogam</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rôghne</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>turnip [<i><blu>rôgne</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rojam</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cotton [<i><blu>rojam</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rôkhni</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>guts, intestines; base nature, id; the self </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rôkhniro</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>following one’s base instincts; selfish</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rôkso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>young woman, maiden [<i><blu>raksho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rôkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>newness, youth [<i><blu>rakmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>romat</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>god [<i><blu>rumalh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be dull, blunt [<i><blu>roch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>roth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be near [<i><blu>rot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rôtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>nearness [<i><blu>rotmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ruchino</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bandit, gangster [<i><blu>ruchsheno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ruju</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>where [<i><blu>ruju</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rush</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>against; marker of original object in causatives [<i><blu>ruch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rushchêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>oppose, counter [’move against’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rushchêpwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>opposition</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rushkêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>challenge, provoke [’against’ + <i><blu>ktêk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rushkêkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>challenge, provocation</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rushim</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>wrestle [’against’ + <i>shtim</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>rushimwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wrestling</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Ruyeth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a river in Sarnáe [Caď. <i>Ruetes</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ruzhmin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>despite, although [’against’ + -<i>min</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ruzhnikla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>instead, rather [’against that’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sable</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>sats-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>jewel, gem [<i><blu>tsaple</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sakh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>sats-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bone; (slang) penis; sword [<i><blu>tsak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>san</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be beautiful [<i><blu>tsan</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sanno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>sats-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>handsome man [<i><blu>tsanno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sanso</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>sats-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>beautiful woman [<i><blu>tsansho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>persevere, continue; (aux) keep doing [<i><blu>tsach </i></blu>’march’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>block, obstruct [<i><blu>tsat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>seda</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>sets-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>egg [<i><blu>tsêta</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>seç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fight [<i><blu>tsek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sên</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>use; (clothes) wear [<i><blu>tsên</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ser</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be tight; (slang) be angry [<i><blu>tser</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>serur</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be loose [’not tight’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sev</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>3</sup></font> = 512 [<i><blu>tseb</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sêzh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>mine [<i><blu>tsêj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>tie, fasten, knot [<i><blu>shak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Shatla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>female name [<i><blu>Shalha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Shaynow</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Sarnáe [<i><blu>Sharnôl</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shaynôwno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Sarnáean [<i><blu>Sharnôlno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>she</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>q</td>
<td>all, every [<i><blu>shê</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>she-</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>augmentative</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shebenôkh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>stalk, haunt [augm. of ’follow’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shebotêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be packed [augm. of ’full’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>very, much, a lot [<i><blu>shêk</i></blu> ’too much’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shedhiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>too much [’exceeding’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shedweron</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be miserable, be awful [augm. of ’unlucky’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shedzits</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be stark raving mad, be bonkers [augm. of ’crazy’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shêftoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>must; be necessary [’order’ + ’go’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sheghith</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>deceive, trick [augm. of ’be cunning’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sheghyakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fume, seethe [augm. of ’complain’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sheglêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>chatter, prattle [augm. of ’say’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sheglof</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be in pain [augm. of ’feel’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sheglosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be terrified [augm. of ’fear’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shegosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>stay as refugees or exiles [augm. of ’stay’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shejath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>kowtow, prostrate oneself [augm. of ’bow’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shekhôkshe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ship [augm. of ‘boat’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shêksha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>tail; penis [<i><blu>shêgtha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shela</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>everything [<i><blu>shêla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Shemwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Xengi river [<i>shenorimwe</i> ‘source of all’, folk etymology]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shemwosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>thrash, twist [augm. of ’wiggle’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shemwôth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be obese, bloated [augm. of ’fat’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sheno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>every man, everyone [<i><blu>shêno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shêsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>peak, summit [<i><blu>shech</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sheshikh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be skinny, gaunt, emaciated [augm. of ’thin’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sheshiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>everywhere [<i><blu>shêshil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>exceed, be more than [’be too much’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shetôsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>obsess about, over-focus on [augm. of ’perceive’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shetsu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>yes, of course [<i><blu>shêtsu </i></blu>’entirely’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shêv</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>by order of, according to [<i><blu>shêb</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shiçar</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>rock, stone [<i><blu>shikhar</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shiçaydo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>rocky [<i><blu>shikhardo</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shide</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>you (s. resp.) [<i><blu>shit(h)e</i></blu> ’that one’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shikh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be thin [<i><blu>tik</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shikhno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>thin man; (slang) mate, pal</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>march; travel for work (e.g. trading) [<i><blu>tim</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>be content, happy; peaceful [<i>shtin </i>’favorable’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shiŋgera</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>anchor [Caď. <i>tindigeda</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pad, home (desp. slang)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shish</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>leaf [<i><blu>shich</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shishidhe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>you (pl. resp.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shits</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be sharp [<i><blu>tits</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shivno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>companion, mate [<i><blu>timno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shivnodzu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>age cohort within a <i>kukla </i>[augm. of <i>shivno</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shivnomu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>companionship, brotherhood</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shkath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>harvest, reap [<i><blu>shkat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shkêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be torn, ragged; dilapidated, worn [<i><blu>shkêp</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shkhôn</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>row [<i><blu>tkun</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shkono</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>earth magic [<i><blu>shkono</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Shkónoro</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the main river of Sarnáe [<i><blu>Shkónodo</i></blu> ’magical’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shmats</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>smear; insult [<i><blu>shmats</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shmaw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>north [<i><blu>shmal</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shmeth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>poncho, tunic [<i><blu>shmet</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shne</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>in front of, next to [<i><blu>shne</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shnedemaf</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>watch, monitor observe; tend (flocks) [’next.to-see’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shnejaw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>accompany, suit, fit [<i><blu>shnechal</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shnegemor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>place next to; add</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shnegzhuth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>approach, come closer [<i><blu>shnektut</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shôkla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>desert [<i><blu>shaklha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shôklaniw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>Tžuro [<i><blu>shaklhanil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shôklano</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a Tžuro or Lenani <i><blu>shaklhano</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shomala</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cannon [calque on Xurnese <i>čejijuy<i> ‘big pipe’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shômmaf</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>peek at, peep at, spy [’observe below’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shômmafno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>spy </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shômmapwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>espionage</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shômpeç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>rape [’forbidden-mate’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shono</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>he (resp.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shôntoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>trespass, go outside the boundaries [’forbidden-go’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shôŋklêth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>blaspheme, speak treacherously [’forbidden-speak’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shora</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>wheat [<i><blu>shora</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Shora</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Šura, Skouras [Tžuro]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Shorno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Xurno [Xurnese, influenced by <i>shora</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shoshono</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>they (m. resp.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shoshozh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>they (resp.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shoshozho</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>they (f. resp) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Shôtle</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the Forbidden Sea [‘forbidden sea’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shozho</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>she (resp.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Shpakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a river between Sarnáe and Érenat, the Sfaic </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shrenu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>clock [Keb. <i>śerenu</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shtêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be enough, sufficient</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shtêruç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>not be enough, be insufficient</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shtêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>change, vary [<i><blu>shtêt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shujyosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>court [Caď. <i>sudros</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shujyoshno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lawyer, court official</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shuzh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>paddle, splash around [<i><blu>tuj</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shuzhno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>iliu [<i><blu>tujno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shuzho</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ilisea, iliu female [<i><blu>tujsho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shwath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>be sitting [<i><blu>shpât</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shwêm</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>zero [<i><blu>shpêm</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>shwôth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be solid, be firm [<i><blu>shpôt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sibla</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>sits-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bird [<i><blu>tsipla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>siblaghine</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>barbarian (despective term) [’horse-bird’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sif</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>sing [<i><blu>dzip</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sifno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>male singer</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>siklo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>8<font size=1><sup>6</sup></font> = 262144 [<i><blu>tsiklho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>walk [<i><blu>tsin</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sipso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>female singer </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sith</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be variegated in pattern, like a snake’s skin [<i><blu>tsit</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Sogat</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a goddess, wife of Gelálh [<i><blu>Tsôkálh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sôkh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be born [<i><blu>tsôk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sôm</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>destroy, ruin [<blu>tsôm</blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>som</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be loud [<i><blu>tsum</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sor</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>sots-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>harness [<i><blu>tsor</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sôth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>capture; imprison [<i><blu>tsot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sôthoghno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>prisoner, captive</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sukh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>know (persons), be acquainted with [<i><blu>tsuk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>sush</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>rot, spoil [<i><blu>tsuch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>syekath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>100 [Sarroc <i>siecaȟ</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>syêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>6 [Sarroc <i>sieȟ</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tabwi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>valley [<i><blu>tabmi</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tadha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bay, gulf [<i><blu>tatha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>taf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>seize, take [<i><blu>tap</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tadaf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>loot, pillage [intensive of <i><blu>tap</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tadapwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>loot, pillaging</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>taji</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>deer [<i><blu>tachi</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>takh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>lead (a team), manage, boss [<i><blu>tâk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>takhno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>(male) boss [<i><blu>tâkno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tarash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bridle [Tžuro <i>taraš</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>one [<i><blu>tat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>têç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be black; be full or rich (in flavor etc.) [<i><blu>tek</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tedit</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pocket watch [Keb. <i>otedit</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tên</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>water [<i><blu>tân</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>têndo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>watery [<i><blu>tândo</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tênka</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ice [<i><blu>tênka</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tênkano</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>elcar [<i><blu>tênkano</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tênkath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be wet, liquid</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>teshir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>alphabet [Tžuro <i>tettir</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>têts</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be cold; (aux) do sloppily or unenthusiastically [<i><blu>têts</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>têwgha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>nose [<i><blu>telgra</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>thef</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>eat [<i><blu>thep</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Thôgwa</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>male name [<i><blu>Thagma</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>thôm</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>to the right of [<i><blu>thom</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>thômno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lieutenant (below ship’s captain) [’right hand man’, calque on Kebreni]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlajiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>which </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>what [<i><blu>lhach</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlashno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>who [<i><blu>lhach</i></blu> + -<i><blu>no</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>with (accompanying) [<i><blu>lhât</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlathpeth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>consult with [’speak with’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>attack [<i><blu>tlhat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tle</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sea, ocean [<i><blu>tlhe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Tleçer</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a tributary of the Shkónoro (V. <i>Lëbo</i>) [<i><blu>Lhekher</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlêçta</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>reed [<i><blu>lhekta</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlêfna</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>snail [<i><blu>llepna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Tlegash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>the Mišicama ocean [<i><blu>Tlhekâsh</i></blu>’great sea’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Tleja</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>female name [<i><blu>Lheja</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlêkath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be rude, impertinent, uncivilized [<i><blu>lhektakath</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tletsim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>navy [’sea spear’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlew</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>admiral [‘sea lord’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tliçna</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>animal [<i><blu>lhikna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>other, another [<i><blu>lhim</i></blu>]<br><i>tlim she </i>one another </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlôkh</b></blu><i><blu></i></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be easy; comfortable, pleasant [<i><blu>lhôk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlôkhmo</b></blu><i><blu></i></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ease; comfort, pleasantness</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlôkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>death [<i><blu>lhukmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlôr</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>q</td>
<td>some [<i><blu>lhôr</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tloruth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>not even that [’not at least’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tloth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be yellow [<i><blu>lhot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlôth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>at least [<i><blu>lhôt</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlôv</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>enemy [<i><blu>lhôb</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlôyla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>some things [<i><blu>lhôrla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlôyno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>some men [<i><blu>lhôrno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlôyshiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>some places [<i><blu>lhôrshil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tluba</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>path, trail, way [<i><blu>lhuba</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlubawvno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>railroad, railway [‘iron path’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tluchyêm</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>collar [<i><blu>lhutrêm</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tlukh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be dead [<i><blu>lhuk </i></blu>’die’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tôkli</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>afternoon [<i><blu>taklhi</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tôkso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>(male) boss [<i><blu>tâkno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tono</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>paragraph [Sarroc <i>touno</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tôsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>perceive, notice; learn about [<i><blu>tôch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>toth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>go; (aux) intend to, be taking care of [<i><blu>tot</i></blu>]<br><i>Toth wigo.</i> Goodbye (sup.)<br><i>Doth bigo.</i> Goodbye (inf.)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tôtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>departure [<i><blu>totmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsajaw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>live, be alive [<i><blu>chachal</i></blu><i> </i>’keep existing’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>name, call [<i><blu>chak</i></blu>]<br><i>tsakh A B klêth C</i> A names B ’C’</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Tsakhwashi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a goddess, associated with the sea [<i><blu>Chakprashi</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsaliw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>true, real [<i><blu>chalil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsaruliw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>false, unreal [<i><blu>charulil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsama</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsaj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>night [<i><blu>chama</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsamashe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>nightly; nocturnal [<i><blu>chamashê</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsaragh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>stirrup [Tžuro <i>čarag</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsasakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>stallion [Tžuro <i>časak</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsatwe</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsaj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ashes [<i><blu>chatme</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsaw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be (existential), exist; there is/are [<i><blu>chal</i></blu>]<br><i>Dzaw bigoshiw dzide. </i>Hello (to inf.)<br><i>Tsaw bigoshiw shide.</i> Hello (to sup.)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsaydesh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsaj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>compass [Tžuro <i>čardeše</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsegeth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsej-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>rapids [<i><blu>cheket</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsêkso</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsej-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sister [<i><blu>cheksho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsêm</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsej-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>ass, buttocks; (insulting) slut, piece of tail [<i><blu>châm</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsen</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsej-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>place, location [<i><blu>chên</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsenat</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsej-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>temple [<i><blu>chênalh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsêçno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsej-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>brother [<i><blu>chekno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsêwpa</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>book [Tžuro <i>čelepa</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsidha</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>tooth [<i><blu>chidha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsif</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>shoot or fire (projectiles) [<i><blu>chip</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsiftlôk</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>machine gun [‘fire death’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsiga</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsij-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sand [<i><blu>chika</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsigaro</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sandy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsim</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsij-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>spear [<i><blu>ktsem</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>light; clear, understandable [<i><blu>chir</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsitsir</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lightning; electricity [redup. ‘light’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsôm</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fondle, handle [<i><blu>chôm</i></blu> ’hug’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tson</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>pull, tug [<i><blu>chun</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsôn</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be dark; be gray [<i><blu>chôn</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be slow [<i><blu>chur</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be small, little [<i><blu>chot</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsothash</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be tiny [intensive of ’small’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsôthno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsoj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>shorty [<i><blu>chotno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsôyla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>that near thing </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsôyno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>that far male </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsôyso</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>that far female </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsuf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>sow [<i><blu>tsup</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsukh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>care for (medically) [<i><blu>chuk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsukhno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>tsuj-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>physician [<i><blu>chukno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsuth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>help, assist; guide [<i><blu>chut</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tsuthno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>helper, guide; mentor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>tuyza</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>crap, poop [Sarroc <i>tuiza </i>’shit’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>uççi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>in back of, behind [<i><blu>ukki</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>uççigêgh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fuck in the ass </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>uda</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>star [<i><blu>uta</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>udadzu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>planet [<i><blu>utadzu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Uluw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a city in Sarnáe, Woulo [‘lords’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>uvno</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>m-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>iron [<i><blu>umno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>uvnomets</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>steel [‘good iron’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Uvnorinwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>a river in western Demóshimor [<i><blu>Umnorinwe </i></blu>’iron source’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>uw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>ul-</blu></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>lord [<i><blu>ul</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>uy</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>interj</td>
<td>oh (indicates recognition or surprise or marks dispreferreds)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>vawtlaka</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>claim, boast [Sarroc <i>vaotlaca</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wa</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>or [<i><blu>wa</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>waja</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>clay; paper (informal for document) [<i><blu>wacha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wamin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>or (for clauses) [<i><blu>wamen</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wêdla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>lizard [<i><blu>wetla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wen</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>your (inf.) [-<i><blu>wên</i></blu> E possessive]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wêtla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>stake, pole [<i><blu>welha</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wêyga</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>bread; meal, food [<i><blu>werga</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wi-</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>diminutive (weakens meanings of verbs) [<i><blu>wi-</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wibedoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be embarrassed, be embarrassing [dim. of ’shame’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wibenakh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>poke, push [dim. of ’thrust’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wibon</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be warm [dim. of ’hot’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wibwoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>stray, be naughty or wayward [dim. of ’sin’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wiçish</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>doubt, be unsure [dim. of ’know’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>widêç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be dark; be comfortable </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>widênkath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be moist, humid [dim. of ’wet’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>widêts</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be cool; do sketchily or breezily</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>widoth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>visit [dim. of ’go’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>widotwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>visit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>widzits</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be wacky, whimsical [dim. of ’crazy’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wigemoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>smile at, find amusing [dim. of ’mock’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wighindemaf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>neglect, barely attend to [dim. of ’ignore’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wighyith</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>hope [dim. of ’want’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wighyitwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>hope </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wiglom</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>stumble [dim. of ’fall’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wignêth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be pale; be of little use [dim. of ’white’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wigo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>I (s. resp.) [<i><blu>wiko</i></blu> ’this one’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wighzowor</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>wikdh-</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>surprise, be somewhat odd [dim. of ’unexpected’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wijosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be similar [<i><blu>witloch</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wijimla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>request [dim. + <i><blu>jimla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wimets</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be nice, be all right [dim. of ’good’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wimwôkh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fall back, retreat [dim. of ’lose’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wimwôth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be portly, stout [dim. of ’fat’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>winyif</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>flick, snap [dim. of ’toss’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wiriç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>nap, rest [dim. of ’sleep’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wiseç</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>tease [dim. of ’fight’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>Wíshegôr</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>Visecra [<i><blu>Wishekôr</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wishikh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be lean [dim. of ’thin’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wishim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>wander, roam [dim. + ’march’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wishomala</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>gun, rifle [‘small cannon’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>witsim</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>ask for, request [dim. + <i><blu>chim</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wiwigo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>we (resp.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wôkh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>be second [<i><blu>wôk</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wôm-</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>+</td>
<td>extreme pejorative prefix [<i><blu>wum-</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>woçiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>a</td>
<td>second [<i><blu>wôkil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wôychêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>respect, defer to [’act carefully’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wôyjêpwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>respect, deference; dignity</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>wôytsin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>sneak; tread carefully [<i>wortsin</i> ’walk carefully’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>yeshthil</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>pen [Sarroc <i>yesṫil</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>yewsh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>fail, lose [Sarroc <i>ieswir</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>yosi</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>#</td>
<td>8 [Sarroc <i>yoisi</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zankho</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>zadz-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>throat [<i><blu>dzankho</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zêjiw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>zedz-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>mine [<i><blu>dzêjshil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zekwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fight, fighting </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zênwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>usage [<i><blu>dzênmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zêpwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>edge, border [<i><blu>dzêpwe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zeragh</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>zedz-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>shirt, blouse [<i><blu>dzerag</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>and [<i><blu>zh</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhakh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sword [<i><blu>kzhak</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhakhno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>swordsman, soldier [<i><blu>kzhakno</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhan</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>when [<i><blu>zhan</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhdêtwu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>change, variation [<i><blu>zhdêtmu</blu></i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhdosh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>also, as well [<i>zh chosh </i>’and the same’ = likewise]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhêdla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>anything, something [<i><blu>zhêtla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhêgwe</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>rabbit [<i><blu>zhêkwe</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhejiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>anywhere, somewhere [<i><blu>zhêchil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhêthno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>anyone, someone (m.) [<i><blu>zhêtno </i></blu>]<br><i>zhêthno at</i> a person, an individual</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhetsu</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>adv</td>
<td>well, uh huh, sure (extends turn, fills gaps in speech, exrpesses mild agreement) [’and yes’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhidhiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>with, having [<i>nzhidhiw</i> ’owning’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhgatwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>harvest; fall, autumn [<i><blu>zhgatmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhghôno</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>sailor, seaman [<i><blu>dgunno</i></blu> ’rower’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhghônla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>oar [<i><blu>dgunla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhiçne</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>arrow [<i><blu>zhikne</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhithna</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>seed [<i><blu>ditna</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhmath</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>winter [<i><blu>zhmat</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhmin</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>cj</td>
<td>and, moreover (for clauses) [<i><blu>zhmen</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhôgla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>rope [<i><blu>zhakmla</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zhôkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>knot, tie, fastening [<i><blu>zhakmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zipwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>song, singing [<i><blu>dzipmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>ziw</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>zidz-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>clothes, clothing; outfit [<i><blu>dzil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zôdla</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>cage, cell [’capture-thing’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zodzono</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>they (m. inf.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zodzozh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>they (inf.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zodzozho</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>they (f. inf) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zôfto</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>zodz-</blu></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>fish; also includes iliu and šipomi [<i><blu>dzôpto</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zojiw</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>there (distal) [<i><blu>dzojil</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zôkwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>birth [<i><blu>dzôkmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zombeth</b></blu></td>
<td><blu>0</blu></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>respond, answer [<i><blu>dzunpet</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zombetwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>response, answer [<i><blu>dzunbetmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zômwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>destruction, ruin [<i><blu>dzômmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zon</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>prep</td>
<td>back to [<i><blu>dzun</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zonchêf</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>respond (to an action), take counter-measures [’back-move’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zontoth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>move back to, return to </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zono</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>he (inf.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zoŋgemor</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>replace, put back </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zoŋkshuth</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>v</td>
<td>come back, return </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zôtwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>capture; imprisonment [<i><blu>dzotmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zozh</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pron</td>
<td>it [<i><blu>dzoj</i></blu> ’that one’]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zozho</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>pr</td>
<td>she (inf.) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b><blu>zuchwo</b></blu></td>
<td></td>
<td>n</td>
<td>rottenness, spoilage [<i><blu>dzuchmu</i></blu>]</td>
</tr>
</table></blockquote>
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