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<img src="cyrotitle.gif">
<br><i>February 2011</i>
<h2>Overview</h2>
Cyroman is an alphabet used in the α Centauri system in the <a href="incatena.html">Incatena</a>, on Euko and Novorossiya.
<p>Its peculiarity is that it is <i>simultaneously</i> a Roman and Cyrillic alphabet.
<blockquote><img src="cyroman.gif"></blockquote>
The red letters are Cyrillic, the blue Roman, and the black Cyroman. I’ll give <a href="#Individual">details below</a>, but you can see the basic principle: letters shared by the source alphabets are retained, while the others are a graphic compromise designed to be correctly interpreted by readers used to just one of them.
<p>The names of the letters in English are those of the corresponding Roman letter, or the name shown; but read <font color="#0000FF">šč</font> as <i>shcha</i>, <font color="#0000FF">\</font> as <i>hard</i>, and <font color="#0000FF">j</font> as <i>soft</i>. To avoid confusion, U is pronounced <i>oo</i>.
<p>Numbers and punctuation are the same in both source alphabets, so I haven’t drawn them.
<h2>Lowercase</h2>
There are lowercase letters too, as both source alphabets have these.
<blockquote><img src="cyrolc.gif"></blockquote>
For the most part Cyroman shares the Cyrillic habit of making the lowercase letter a smaller version of the uppercase one, except when both alphabets have a different form. However, some letters have extenders above or below the baselines in order to add recognizability and variety.
<h2>The two vowel sets</h2>
Cyroman follows Russian Cyrillic in having two versions of the vowels. The top set are used after unpalatalized consonants, the bottom set after palatalized ones. Beginning a word, the latter are also used for an initial [j] glide— you can think of them as <i>ya ye yi yo yu</i>.
<blockquote><img src="cyrovowels.gif"></blockquote>
<p>Unlike Cyrillic, however, the bottom vowels in Cyroman are designed as close variants of the corresponding top vowel. For A O U the difference is a C-like curve on the bottom vowel; for I this curve is put on the top vowel instead. The E’s are of course reversed. The idea here is to be close enough to the Cyrillic originals to be recognizable, but to suggest the correct vowel to readers used to Roman.
<p>If you’re not used to Russian, let me explain a bit further. /da/ ‘yes’ is written да; /dʲadʲa/ ‘uncle’ is written дядя. Phonetically the difference is in the <i>consonants</i>, but Cyrillic very cleverly saves the hassle of having a load of consonants, or an intrusive diacritic, by marking the palatalization on the vowel letter. (The vowel <i>sound</i> is still just /a/.)
<p>And to further save letters, /ja/ is also written я. (What if you want /dja/? That’s where the letter <i>hard</i> comes in; you write дъя. <i>Soft</i> is used if you need to end a word with a palatalized consonant, e.g. брать /bratʲ/ ‘take’.)
<p>The problem with the Cyrillic characters is that they’re opaque to Roman-trained readers, who will assume that я is related to R. The Cyroman <img src="cyroya.gif"> is more obviously related to A.
<h2>For Russian</h2>
Here’s a few Russian terms in Cyroman and Cyrillic. If I’ve done this right, the Cyroman column will serve as its own transliteration, being immediately readable by Roman-trained readers.
<blockquote><img src="cyrorussian.gif"></blockquote>
(For those who know Russian, the rightmost column is a transliteration, not a phonetic representation. Several of these words are affected by special phonetic rules; e.g. ‘Moscow’ is pronounced [maskvá].)
<h2>For English</h2>
And here’s some English terms in Cyroman and Roman.
<blockquote><img src="cyroenglish.gif"></blockquote>
Now, Cyroman is an alphabet, not a spelling reform— you can just use the letters corresponding to the Roman alphabet if you like. But I envision the whole alphabet being taught, which invites the use of Cyroman single letters in place of digraphs.
<p>E.g. instead of
<blockquote><img src="cyrochicago.gif"></blockquote>
<p>you could write
<blockquote><img src="cyrochicago2.gif"></blockquote>
<h2><a name="Individual">Individual letters</a></h2>
Here’s the alphabet again; I’ll discuss what I did with each letter.
<blockquote><img src="cyroman.gif"></blockquote>
<font color="#0000FF">A E K M O T X</font> are the same in both alphabets, so they can be used as is. Letters that occur only in one alphabet (<font color="#0000FF">W Q</font> <font color="#FF0000">Ч Ш Щ ъ ь</font>) can also be left alone.
<p>For <font color="#0000FF">B</font>, the top of the Cyrillic character <font color="#FF0000">Б</font> was curved and extended just enough to suggest a B to Roman-trained readers.
<p><font color="#0000FF">V</font> is based on the Cyrillic lowercase handwritten character <img src="cyrov-lc.gif">, which is easier to turn into something that looks like a V.
<p><font color="#0000FF">D</font> is narrower on top to suggest the same characteristic on <font color="#FF0000">Д</font>.
<p>Cyrillic for some reason doesn’t bother to have a real letter for <i>yo</i>, but uses <font color="#FF0000">Ё</font>. Following the principle that ‘bottom-row’ letters should suggest the corresponding ‘top-row’ letter, I made the Cyroman character a variant of O, but also vaguely like ë.
<p><font color="#0000FF">J</font> is zh (<font color="#FF0000">Ж</font>) in Russian, but I tried to double up letters where possible. For the Cyroman, think of a handwritten J with a heavy serif.
<p>The doubled <font color="#0000FF">I</font> is not only closer to Cyrillic <font color="#FF0000">И</font>, but solves an old typographic problem— the extreme narrowness of the Roman letter I.
<p><font color="#0000FF">Y</font> is a graphic compromise, but it does unfortunately lose the relation of <font color="#FF0000">И</font> to <font color="#FF0000">Й</font>.
<p><font color="#0000FF">L</font> and <font color="#FF0000">Л</font> are hard to merge, at least until you conceptualize <font color="#FF0000">Л</font> as a variant of Λ. Then it’s a matter of interpolating between the rotations.
<p><font color="#0000FF">N</font> and <font color="#FF0000">Н</font> can be merged by slightly rotating the crossbar; to avoid conflict <font color="#0000FF">H</font> is given an opposite rotation.
<p>What’s the counterpart of Cyrillic <font color="#FF0000">С</font>, S or C? I’ve chosen <font color="#0000FF">S</font> since <font color="#FF0000">С</font> is always /s/. If I used C it would give Roman-trained readers the wrong idea about words like Союз.
<p>Similarly, Cyrillic <font color="#FF0000">У</font> can’t be equated with Roman Y, as we have to communicate that it’s a <font color="#0000FF">U</font>. Note that the tail is longer in <font color="#0000FF">Y</font>.
<p><font color="#0000FF">C</font> for <font color="#FF0000">Ц</font> is suggested by e.g. Polish, as well as the graphic similarity; it's a blockier curve in Cyroman. I considered matching <font color="#FF0000">Ц</font> to Q instead, but that seemed like a stretch; or matching C to <font color="#FF0000">Ч</font>, but that would get in the way of encouraging the use of new letters to replace digraphs.
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