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<center><h1><!--title-->One-word sentences
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<p>Posted by <b><!--poster-->Nikolai</b>
on <!--date-->15:52 7/31/02
<p>In reply to: <a href="453.html">One-word sentences</a> posted by Jonathana Tegire</b> on 12:24 7/2/02
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<p>
<DIV>You don't even need markers to show their usage within one one-word
sentences, as the Uto-Aztec language, Classical Nahuatl (spoken by the Aztecs),
shows. Instead, it relies on order of infixes, similar to word order.</DIV>
<DIV><EM></EM> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#000000>Firstly, I should describe the verb
in more detail. It is a word that will <U>always</U> end with a vowel in its
present, singular tense. The standard dictionary display is in third person
singular (no subject prefix). /miki/ (spelt <EM>miqui</EM>,
btw) means, 'he dies.' To say, 'they die,' we pluralise the verb. Which is
done with a glottal stop at the final point of the verb, represented by h, or as
I like to represent /'/: he dies, <EM>miqui</EM> /miki/ they
die <EM>miquih</EM> /miki/ (which also coincides pluraling nouns,
confer: <EM>Mexicatl</EM>, <EM>Mexicah</EM>--the x is like the English
sh).</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>The compulsory perfect prefix is the first thing we find, used only in
prefect tenses. (though there's also the negative and optative markers). He
died is <EM>omic </EM>/omik/. The second thing we find is the subject of a
noun, which is repesented by a prefix (plural prefixes must agree with
the plural ending).</DIV>
<DIV>I die: <EM><U>ni</U>miqui</EM> (ni-)</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>You die: <EM><U>ti</U>miqui</EM>
(ti-)</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>He/she/it dies: <EM>miqui</EM>
(-)</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>We die:
<EM><U>ti</U>miqui<U>h</U></EM> (ti-...-h)</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>Y'all die:
<EM><U>am</U>miqui<U>h</U></EM> (am-...-h)</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>They die: <EM>miqui<U>h</U></EM>
(-h)</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV>(note that the is dropped if any of the following infixes begins with a
vowel)</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="MS Sans Serif" color=#ff0000
size=1><STRONG></STRONG></FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>However, 'to die' is intransitive,
so by giving it the causative marker, -tia, we make a transitive
verb 'to cause to die, kill' <EM>mictia</EM> /miktia/ The object pronouns
thus follow:</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>He kills me:
<EM><U>nech</U>mictia</EM> (nech- /ne:ch/)</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>He kills you:
<EM><U>mitz</U>mictia</EM> (mitz- /mits/)</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>He kills him: <EM><U>qui</U>mictia
</EM>(qui- /ki/ if followed by verb, c-, qu- /k-/ if followed by vowel. nb: qui
and que /ki/ and /ke/ respectivily).</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV>He kills us: <EM>techmictia</EM> (tech- /te:ch/</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>He kills y'all: <EM>amechmictia</EM>
(amech- /ame:ch-/)</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT size=1><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=3>He kills them: <EM>quimmictia</EM>
(quim- /kim-/)</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Mind you this is not the extent: the actual <STRONG>object</STRONG> of the
verb can replace the object pronoun. <EM>o am<U>ocelo</U>mictihqueh</EM>
(ocelotl, ocelot) /o amoce:lo:mikt'ke'/, y'all killed the
Ocelot. <EM>ti<U>huehxolo</U>ma </EM>(huehxolotl,
turkey)<EM> </EM>/anwe'sho:lo:ma/, you carry the turkey.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>And after the object (pronoun or word) we find the
directional marker, either <EM>on</EM> /on/ or <EM>hual </EM>/wa:l/, thither and
hither, then and now.</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><EM>�Tocelohualmictia!</EM> /toce:lo:wa:lmiktia/ Now you
kill the ocelot!</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>Coma
</EM>/koma/, he carries it there. (Assimilation: n + m = m)</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif" color=#ff0000
size=1><STRONG></STRONG></FONT></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Finally, we get to
the last pre-verbal infix, the reflexive. Which is no/to for 1st person singular
and plural, and mo for all other persons. After the verb we find various tense
suffixes and alterations (in one of four tight groupings, like the perfect stem,
used for perfect, pluperfect, and the optative (also called the vetative and
admontative), which the verb remains unchanged in first group, the final vowel
is dropped in the 2nd, the final is dropped and replaced by a glottal stop in
the 3rd, and in the fourth group we take on a glottal stop
final.)</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT face="Times New Roman">And finally, the
only other suffixes a verb can take are <U>derivational</U>, the irregular
passive, the causative, and the applicative (which allows the verb to take a
beneficial object, for <EM>something</EM>). And, using an applicative and
reflexive in conjuction (which really negate themselves) make a verb
'reverential.'</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>in noteuc
momictilia </EM>/in notekw momiktilia/ My lord kills (for himself).
Mind you, there is one factor about the object I never stated. The object within
the verb can either be the direct, indirect, or benefactive. An order of
succession (based upon word order) shows which object finds itself in the
verb:</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Direct Object -
Indirect Object - Benefecative Object.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV>The <EM>rightmost</EM> is used. Remember than a verb must an applicative
before it can take the third object.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>This verbal system can make some obsenely long words, especially since most
of it is prefix-heavy:</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><EM>Tlacamotimopipilhuamomictililih in
toteuctzin</EM> /tla:camo:timopipilwa:momiktilili'</FONT></FONT></FONT><FONT
face="MS Sans Serif"><FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> in notekwtsin/ Let
it not be you to kill our lord for your children (in reverential form). Mind you
if we were to omit 'our lord' from the sentence, it would read, 'Let it not be
you him for your children.'<BR><BR>By the way, the word is stressed on the
2nd-to-last syllable. Yea, funny, isn't it? It's a good idea to study highly
polysynthetic languages, there are worse languages than Nahuatl here, and I bet
one can make worse (to think, try to place all three objects in a verb. Now
that'll be a tax on phonetics).<BR><BR>Mind you, the modern
Nahuatl dialects have created a simplistic rule: replace the object with a
pronoun that agrees with it. Such as, "I kill the lord," because Nikimiktia
notekw, sometimes the subject/object is written as a seperate word: Niki miktia
notekw. (Some linguistics gloat happily that Spanish has affected Nahuatl word
order, using SOV with pronouns--sadly they don't bother to look at Classical
Nahuatl).</FONT></FONT></FONT>
</DIV>
<hr><i>Mark responds:
<p>Neat. Perhaps you could give a morpheme breakdown for that 'obscenely long word'?
<p>Quechua-- and Klingon-- incorporate object pronouns into the verb,
but not actual nouns.
</i>
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<b>Nikolai</b>
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