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<HTML> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text-html; charset=utf-8"> <HEAD><TITLE>English Words from Arabic</TITLE></HEAD> <BODY BODY BGCOLOR="#FFC040" TEXT="#221100"> <IMG Align=Top SRC="alhambra.jpg"> <h2>English Words from Arabic</h2> As with <a href="indianwd.html">the list of Amerindian words</a>, this list isn’t exhaustive-- the OED has over 900 words; but the others are obscure (words like <i>enam, sulham, zibib</i>). I’ve omitted speculative and less likely derivations, and also words borrowed in ancient times from some unspecified Semitic language (e.g. <i>cumin, myrrh, sesame</i>). I’ve also omitted Arabic place names, but included a few astronomical names. <p>After a second hyphen I give (if possible) the further derivation (Greek, Persian, etc.), or the verbal root (glossed as an infinitive; but the citation form of Arabic roots is actually the 3sg past). <p>Some words are borrowed directly from Arabic; but most of these words have taken the scenic route, through Spanish, Italian, and/or French; or through Turkish, Persian, or Urdu; or through Hebrew or Latin. This produces a good deal of phonological deformation; as does the dialect variation within Arabic. <p>Finally Unicoded. The transliteration generally comes from Wiktionary, though not all the etymologies do. <p>--M.R. <hr> <b>admiral</b> - <i>ʾamīru l-baḥr</i> ‘ruler of the seas’ (and other similar expressions) - <i>amara</i> command <br><b>adobe</b> - <i>aṭ-ṭūb</i> ‘the brick’ <br><b>albacore</b> - <i>al-bakūra</i> ‘the young camels’ <br><b>alchemy</b> - <i>al-kīmīyā - </i> from Greek <br><b>alcohol</b> - <i>al-kuḥl</i> ‘the <b>kohl</b>’ <br><b>alcove</b> - <i>al-qubbah</i> ‘vault’ - <i>qubba</i> vault <br><b>alembic</b> - <i>al-ʾimbīq</i> ‘the still’ - from Greek <br><b>alfalfa</b> - <i>al-faṣfaṣa</i> ‘fodder’ <br><b>algebra</b> - <i>al-jabr</i> ‘reintegration’ - <i>jabara</i> reunite <br><b>Algol</b> - <i>al-ḡūl</i> ‘the <b>ghoul</b>’ <br><b>algorithm</b> - <i>al-Khwārizmī</i> ‘the (man) of Khiva’ <br><b>alkali</b> - <i>al-qaliy</i> ‘calx’ - <i>qalay</i> fry, roast <br><b>Allah</b> - <i>ʾaḷḷāh</i>, from contraction of <i>al-ʾilāh</i> ‘the god’ <br><b>Almagest</b> - <i>al-majisṭiyy</i> - from Greek ‘greatest’ <br><b>almanac</b> - (Andalucian Arabic) <i>al-manāḵ</i>, of uncertain origin <br><b>amber</b> - <i>ʿanbar </i>‘ambergris’ <br><b>antimony</b> - <i>al-ithmid</i> ‘antimony trisulphide’ - perhaps from Greek <br><b>apricot</b> - <i>al-burqūq</i> - from Greek <br><b>Arab</b> - <i>ʿarab</i> <br><b>arsenal</b> - <i>dār aṣ-ṣināʿa</i> ‘house of making’, i.e. ‘factory’ - <i>ṣanaʾa</i> make<i> <br></i><b>artichoke</b> - <i>al-ḵuršūf</i> <br><b>assagai</b> - <i>az-zaḡāya</i> - from Berber <br><b>assassin</b> - <i>ḥaššāšīn</i> ‘hashish eaters’, from the Ismaʾili sectarians <br><b>attar</b> - <i>’atir</i> ‘aroma’ <br><b>ayatollah</b> - <i>ʾāyatu llāh</i> ‘sign of God’ <br><b>azimuth</b> - <i>as-sumūt</i> ‘the paths’; see also <b>zenith</b> <br><b>azure</b> - <i>al-lāzaward</i> ‘lapis lazuli’ - from Persian <p><b>barbican</b> - (possibly) <i>bâb-al-baqara</i> ‘gate with holes’ <br><b>berdache</b> - (possibly) <i>bardaj</i> ‘slave’ <br><b>Betelgeuse</b> - <i>bīt al-jawzā</i> ‘shoulder of the Giant’ <br><b>bezoar</b> - <i>bāzahr</i> - from Persian <br><b>bint</b> - <i>bint</i> ‘daughter <br><b>bled</b> - <i>bilād</i> ‘vast open country’ <br><b>borax</b> - <i>bawraq</i> - from Persian <br><b>burka</b> - <i>burquʿ</i> <br><b>burnouse</b> - <i>burnus</i> <p><b>caliber</b> - <i>qālib</i> ‘mold, last’ <br><b>calico</b> - <i>Qāliqūṭ </i>‘Calicut’, city in India, now Kozhikode <br><b>caliph</b> - <i>ḵalīfa</i> ‘successor’ - <i>ḵalafa</i> ’succeed’ <br><b>camise</b> - <i>qamīs</i> ‘shirt’ - from Latin <br><b>camphor</b> - <i>kāfūr</i> - from Malay <br><b>candy</b> - short for ‘sugar candy’, from <b>sugar</b> + <i>qandiyy</i> ‘candied’, from <i>qand</i> ‘cane sugar’ - from a Dravidian language <br><b>carat</b> - <i>qīrāṭ</i> ‘small weight’ - from Greek <br><b>caraway</b> - <i>karāwiyyā</i> - probably from Greek <br><b>carafe</b> - <i>ḡurfa</i> - ḡarafa ‘dip’ <br><b>carmine</b> - <i>qirmazī</i> ‘crimson’ <br><b>carob</b> - <i>ḵarrūb</i> <br><b>cassock</b><i> - kazāḡand </i>‘padded jacket’ - from Persian <br><b>check</b> - <i>šāh</i> ‘king’ - from Persian <br><b>checkmate</b> - <i>šāhu māta</i> ‘the king is dead’ from Persian <br><b>chemistry</b> - see <b>alchemy</b> <br><b>chess</b> - from Old French <i>eschecs</i>, plural of <b>check <br>cipher</b> - <i>şifr</i> ‘empty’ <br><b>civet</b> - <i>zabād</i> <br><b>coffee</b> - <i>qahwa</i> <br><b>Copt</b><i> </i>- <i>quft</i> - from Greek ‘drachma’ <br><b>cork</b> - <i>qūrq</i> <br><b>cotton</b> - <i>quṭn</i> <br><b>couscous</b> - <i>kuskus</i> - <i>kaskasa</i> pound, bruise <br><b>crimson</b> - <i>qirmazī</i>, related to the <i>qirmiz</i>, the insect that provided the dye <p><b>Deneb</b> - <i>ḏanab ad-dajāja</i> ‘tail of the hen’ <br><b>dhow</b> - <i>dāw</i> <br><b>dinar</b> - <i>dīnār</i> - from Latin <br><b>dirham</b> -<i> dirham</i> - from Greek <br><b>dragoman</b> - <i>turjumān</i> - <i>tarjama</i> interpret <br><b>drub</b> - <i>ḏaraba</i> ‘beat’ <br><b>dura mater</b> - Latin calque on <i>umm al-ghalīḏah</i> ‘hard mother’ <p><b>efreet</b> - <i>ʿifrīt</i> ‘monster’ <br><b>El Cid</b> - <i>al-Sayyid</i> ‘the lord’ <br><b>elixir</b> - <i>al-ʾiksīr</i> ‘philosopher’s stone’ - from Greek <br><b>emir</b> - <i>ʾamīr </i>- <i>amara</i> command <p><b>fakir</b> - <i>faqīr</i> ‘poor man’ - <i>faqura</i> be poor <br><b>fardel</b> - <i>farda</i> ‘load’ <br><b>Farsi</b> - <i>Fārs</i> ‘Pars’, a province of Iran - from Persian <br><b>fatwa</b> - <i>fatwā - ʾaftā </i>instruct by a legal decision<i> <br></i><b>fedayeen</b> - <i>fidāʾiyyūn</i> ‘commandos’ - <i>fidā`</i> redemption <br><b>felafel</b> - <i>falāfil</i> <br><b>fellah</b> - <i>fallāḥ</i> ‘husbandman’ - <i>falah’a</i> till <br><b>felucca</b> - <i>falūka</i> ‘ship’ - <i>falaka</i> be round <br><b>Fomalhaut</b> - <i>famu l-ḥūt</i> ‘mouth of the fish’ <p><b>garble</b> - <i>ḡarbala </i>‘sift’ - perhaps from Latin <br><b>gazelle</b> - <i>ḡazāl</i> <br><b>genie</b> - <i>jinnī</i> ‘spirit’ <br><b>gerbil</b> - <i>jarbūʿ</i> <br><b>ghoul</b> - <i>ğul</i> ‘demon’ - <i>ğāla</i> take suddenly <br><b>giraffe</b> - <i>zarāfa</i> <br><b> <br>hadith</b> - <i>ḥadīṯ </i>‘tradition’ <br><b>haj</b> - <i>ḥajj</i> ‘pilgrimage’ - <i>ḥajja </i>go on a pilgrimage <br><b>halal</b> - <i>ḥalāl</i> ‘lawful’ <br><b>halvah</b> - <i>ḥalāwa</i>, from ‘sweet’ <br><b>harem</b> - <i>ḥaram</i> ‘prohibited, set apart’ - <i>h’arama</i> prohibit <br><b>hashish</b> - <i>ḥašīš</i> ‘dried herbs, hemp’ <br><b>hazard</b> - <i>az-zahr</i> ‘dice’ <br><b>hegira</b> - <i>hijra </i>‘departure’ - <i>hajara</i> separate, go <br><b>henna</b> - <i>ḥinnāʾ</i> - from Persian <br><b>Hezbollah</b> - <i>ḥizbu llāh</i> ‘party of God’ <br><b>hookah</b> - <i>ḥuqqa </i>‘water bottle (through which smoke is drawn)’ <br><b>houri</b> - <i>ḥūriyya</i>‘with eyes like gazelles’ - <i>h’awura</i> have eyes like gazelles <p><b>imam</b> - <i>ʾimām</i> ‘leader’ - <i>amma</i> precede <br><b>Islam</b> - <i>ʾislām</i> ‘submission’ - <i>aslama</i> submit oneself <p><b>jar</b> - <i>jarra</i> ‘large earthen vase’ <br><b>jasmine</b> - <i>yāsamīn</i> - from Persian <br><b>jinn</b> - <i>jinn</i> ‘spirits’, plural of <b>genie <br>julep</b> - <i>julāb</i> ‘rose water’ - from Persian <p><b>Kaaba</b> - <i>kaʿba</i> ‘square house’ <br><b>kabob</b> - <i>kabāb</i> - from Persian <br><b>kaffir</b> - <i>kāfir</i> ‘infidel’ - <i>kafara</i> conceal, deny <br><b>keffiyeh</b> - <i>kūfiyya</i> <br><b>khamsin</b> - <i>ḵamsīn </i>‘fifty (days)’ <br><b>kismet</b> - <i>qisma</i> ‘portion, lot’ - <i>qasama</i> divide <br><b>kohl</b> - <i>kuḥl</i> ‘kohl’ - <i>kah’ala</i> stain, paint <br><b>Koran</b> - <i>al-qurʾān</i> ‘recitation’ - <i>qaraʾa</i> read <p><b>lilac</b> - <i>līlāk</i> - from Persian <br><b>lemon</b> - <i>laymūn </i>- from Persian <br><b>lime</b> - <i>līmah</i> ‘citrus fruit’ <br><b>loofah</b> - <i>lūfa</i> a plant whose pods were used as sponges <br><b>lute</b> - <i>al-ʿūd</i> ‘wood’ <p><b>macramé</b> - <i>miqrama</i> ‘striped cloth’ <br><b>magazine</b> - <i>maḵāzin</i> ‘storehouses’ - <i>ḵazana</i> store <br><b>Mahdi</b> - <i>mahdiyy</i> ‘one who is guided aright’ - <i>hadā</i> lead <br><b>majlis</b> - <i>majlis</i> ‘council’ <br><b>mancala</b> - <i>manqala</i> - <i>naqala</i> move <br><b>marzipan</b> - <i>marṭabān</i>, possibly Mottama in Burma <br><b>mask</b> - perhaps <i>masḵara</i> ‘buffoon’ - <i>saḵira</i> ridicule <br><b>mattress</b> - <i>maṭraḥ</i> ‘place where something is thrown, mat, cushion’ - <i>ṭaraḥa</i> throw <br><b>minaret</b> - <i>manāra - nār</i> fire <br><b>mohair</b> - <i>muḵayyar </i>‘choice (goats’-hair cloth)’ - <i>ḵayyara</i> select <br><b>monsoon</b> - <i>mawsim</i> ‘eason’ - <i>wasama</i> mark <br><b>mosque</b> - <i>masjid - sagada</i> worship <br><b>Mozarabic</b> - <i>mustaʿrib </i>‘would-be <b>Arab</b>’ <br><b>muezzin</b> - <i>muʾaḏḏin</i> ‘criers’ - <i>adhana</i> proclaim <br><b>mufti</b> - <i>muftī</i> ‘one who gives a <b>fatwa</b>’ <br><b>mujahedeen</b><i> - mujāhidīn</i> ‘fighters in a <b>jihad</b>’ <br><b>mullah</b> - <i>mawlan </i>‘master’ <br><b>mummy</b> - <i>mūmiyā</i> ‘embalmed body’ - <i>mūm</i> ’(embalming) wax’ <br><b>Muslim</b> - <i>muslim</i> ‘submitter’ - <i>aslama</i> submit oneself <br><b>muslin</b> - <i>Mauşil</i> ‘Mosul’ <p><b>nadir</b> - <i>naẓīr as-samt</i> ‘opposite the zenith’ <br><b>natron</b> - <i>naṭrūn </i>- from Greek <br><b>nizam</b> - <i>niḏam</i> ‘government’ <p><b>orange</b> - <i>nāranj</i> - from Sanskrit <br><b>ottoman</b> - <i>ʿUthmān</i>, a proper name <p><b>pia mater</b> - Latin calque on <i>umm raqīqah</i> ‘tender mother’ <br><b>popinjay</b> - <i>babḡāʾ</i> ‘parrot’ <br></i><b>Primum Mobile</b> - Latin calque on <i>al-muh’ arrik al-awwal </i>‘the first mover’ <p><b>racket</b> - <i>rāḥa</i> ‘palm of the hand’ <br><b>Ramadan</b> - <i>ramaḍān</i> meaning perhaps ‘the hot month’ - <i>ramaḍa</i> be heated <br><b>realgar</b> - <i>rahj al-ḡār</i> ‘powder of the cave’ <br><b>ream</b> (of paper) - <i>rizma</i> ‘bundle’ <br><b>rebec</b> - <i>rebāb</i> <br><b>Rigel</b> - <i>rijl</i> ‘foot (of Orion)’ <br><b>roc</b> - <i>ruḵḵ</i> <br><b>rook</b> (chess) - <i>ruḵḵ </i>- from Persian <br></i><b>Rubaiyyat</b> - <i>rubāʾīya</i> ‘quatrain’ <p><b>safari</b> - <i>safarīy </i>‘journey’ - <i>safara</i> travel <br><b>saffron</b> - <i>zaʿfarān</i> <br><b>Sahara</b> - <i>ṣaḥārā</i> ‘desert’ <br><b>sahib</b> - <i>ṣāḥib </i>‘friend’ <br><b>salaam</b> - <i>as-salām `alaikum</i> ‘peace be on you’ <br><b>saluki</b> - <i>salūḵī </i>‘from Saluḵ’ <br><b>Saracen</b> - <i>sharqīyīn</i> ‘easterners’ - <i>shāraqa</i> rise <br><b>sash</b> - <i>šāš</i> ‘muslin’ <br><b>satin</b> - probably <i>zaytūnī</i> ‘of Zaytūn’ (a city in China) <br><b>scarlet</b> - <i>siklāt</b> </i>‘(cloth) adorned with images’ - from Latin <br><b>sequin</b> - <i>sikka</i> ‘die for coinmaking’ <br><b>Sharia</b> - <i>šarīʿa </i> ‘path’ <br><b>sheikh</b> - <i>šayḵ </i>‘old man’ - <i>šāḵa </i>grow old <br><b>sherbet</b> - <i>šarba</i> - <i>shariba </i>drink <br><b>Shiite</b> - <i>šiyaʿīy</i>, from <i>šiyāʿ</i> ‘following, sect’ - <i>šaʿa</i> follow <br><b>shrub</b> [drink] - <i>širāb</i> ‘a drink’ - <i>šariba </i>drink <br><b>sine</b> - Latin <i>sinus, </i>mistranslation of <i>jayb </i>‘chord of an arc, sine’, through confusion with <i>jayb </i>‘fold of a garment’ <br><b>sirocco</b> - <i>šarq</i> ‘east (wind)’ - <i>shāraqa</i> rise <br><b>sofa</b> - <i>ṣuffa</i> ‘raised dais with cushions’ <br><b>souk</b> - <i>sūq</i> ‘marketplace’ <br><b>spinach</b> - <i>isfānāḵ</i> <br><b>Sufi</b> - <i>ṣūfiyy</i> ‘man of wool’ <br><b>sugar</b> - <i>sukkar</i> - from Sanskrit <br><b>sultan</b> - <i>sulṭān</i> ‘sovereign’ <br><b>sumac</b> - <i>summāq</i> <br><b>Sunni</b> - <i>sunnī</i> ‘lawful’, from <i>sunnāh</i> ‘rule, course’ <br><b>sura</b> - <i>sūra</i> <br><b>syrup</b> -<i> šarāb</i> ‘beverage’ - <i>šariba </i>drink <p><b>tabbouleh</b> - <i>tabbūla</i> <br><b>tabby</b> - <i>ʿattābiyy</i>, a neighborhood in Baghdad where taffeta was made <br><b>tahini</b> - <i>ṭaḥīna</i> crush <br><b>Taliban</b> - <i>ṭālib </i>‘student’ - <i>ṭalaba</i> study <br><b>talisman</b> - <i>ṭilasm</i> - from Greek <br><b>tamarind</b> - <i>tamr-hindī </i>‘date of India’ <br><b>tambourine</b> - a small tambour, from <i>ṭunbūr </i>- from Persian <br><b>tandoori</b> - <i>tannūr </i>‘oven’ <br><b>tarboosh</b> - <i>ṭarbūš</i> <br><b>tare</b> [weight] - <i>ṭarḥa </i>‘rejected’ - <i>ṭaraḥa </i>reject <br><b>tariff</b> - <i>taʿrifa</i>‘notification’ - <i>ʿarafa</i> notify <br><b>tarragon</b> - <i>ṭarḵūn</i> - possibly from Greek <br><b>tell</b> [mound] - <i>tall </i>‘hillock’ <p><b>ujamaa</b> - <i>jamāʿa </i>‘community’ <br><b>ulema</b> - <i>ʿulamāʾ </i>‘the learned ones’ - <i>ʿalama</i> know <p><b>Vega</b> - <i>an-nasr al-wāqiʿ</i> ‘the falling vulture’ <br><b>vizier</b> - <i>wazīr</i> ‘porter, public servant’ - <i>wazara </i>carry <p><b>wadi</b> - <i>wādīn</i> <br><b>Waqf</b> - <i>waqf</i> ‘religious foundation’ <br><b>wisdom tooth</b> - from a Latin calque on <i>aḏrāsu ’l ḥikmi</i> - calqued from Greek <p><b>zenith</b> - <i>samt </i>‘path’ <br><b>zero</b> - <i>şifr</i> ‘empty’ <hr> <center><A HREF="default.html"> <img src="homey.gif" title="Back to Metaverse"> </A></center> </BODY></HTML>