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<td width="584"><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:16pt; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><font face="Arial">Joshia
O.</font><span style="font-size:16pt; mso-spacerun: yes"><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:16pt; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><font face="Arial">Osamba<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><font face="Arial">Abstract<o:p></o:p>s</b></font></span></b></b></p>
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<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in;text-align:justify'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent2><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Arial"><b> </b></font></span><font face="Arial"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>The Role of Multi-party Politics in Ethnic
Conflicts in Africa: The Kenyan Experience since 1991</b></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="justify" style="line-height:100%; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><font face="Arial">This paper analyzes the nexus between
multi-party politics and violent ethnic conflicts that characterized the Kenyan
political landscape in the 1990s. After providing a short historical background
of the genesis and the development of the multiparty politics in Kenya, the
paper discusses in detail the diverse experiences, reactions and impact of political
pluralism on Kenyans and how this stimulated their political actions, including
their propensity to conflict and violence. The paper demonstrates that the
re-introduction of political pluralism in Kenya in 1991 was a major
contributory factor to the ethnic conflict and violence in Kenya. Finally, the
paper makes recommendations on how ethnic conflict in Kenya could be
appropriately addressed.</font></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-.25in'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><font face="Arial"><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></font></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;
text-indent:.25in'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><font face="Arial"><b> Peacemaking in the Indigenous Systems: The Case of Pastoral
</b></font><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><font face="Arial"><b>Communities in Eastern Africa</b><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0in; line-height:100%; margin-top:0; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;" align="justify"><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><font face="Arial">From time immemorial pastoral
communities of Eastern Africa utilized their customs and values in conflict
resolution and peacemaking. These communities used their traditional norms and
values to sustain peace. Practices such as the use of symbols and rituals were
very vital in the process of conflict resolution and reconciliation. This paper
analyzes these indigenous mechanisms of conflict resolution as part of the
traditional value of pastoral communities in maintaining peace, harmony and
coexistence in the society. The paper concludes that the traditional values are
resilient and are still valuable and recognized by the society as appropriate
in conflict resolution.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
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