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<title>Green Power Marketing in Rhode Island</title>
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<p align="center"><font color="#008000" size="6" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>Green Power
Marketing in Rhode Island</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><strong><font size="4" face="Bookman Old Style">by Gayle L.Gifford,
Principal</font><font color="#008000" size="4" face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Cause
& Effect</font><font color="#008000" size="4" face="Bookman Old Style"> </font><font
size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">for</font><font color="#0000FF" size="3"
face="Bookman Old Style"> Save The Bay</font></strong></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.powermarketers.com/green.zip"><img
src="..\images/cball.gif" border="0"><font color="#0000A0" size="2"
face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>Download</a> this article in Microsoft Word™ format
(.zip file)</strong></font></p>
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.powermarketers.com/hilites.htm"><img
src="..\images/cball.gif" border="0"><font color="#0000A0" size="2"
face="Bookman Old Style">HIGHLIGHTS OF DEREGULATION LEGISLATION IN RHODE ISLAND</font></a></p>
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<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">In the 1996 legislative session, the RI General
Assembly passed landmark legislation introducing retail competition into the electric
industry, becoming the first state in the country to deregulate the electricity
generation. The first consumers will choose the supplier of their generated electricity in
July 1997. Full consumer choice could occur as early as January 1998 and absolutely by
July 1998.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">For the first time since the oil embargo of the
1970’s, environmental organizations have the opportunity to place US energy policy in
the forefront for public discussion. According to the US Department of Energy, energy
transformation and consumption are the primary sources of the most harmful air pollutants
and greenhouse gases: <i>"Because our environmental regulatory system tends to focus
on individual technologies, we have made more progress reducing the pollution produced per
unit of energy use . . . compared with the slower pace of reducing overall levels of
pollution."</i> </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Rapid energy deregulation brings with it
serious questions for the health of our environment. Will falling prices increase the
demand for electricity? Will increased demand be met with more reliance on fossil fuels ?
Will deregulation speed the arrival of new, less costly generation technologies putting
older, higher emissions plants out of business? Will the marketplace champion or destroy
our substantial investments in energy efficiency technologies? What is the fate of slowly
developing clean renewable technologies in a world which looks unfavorably on high capital
cost suppliers?</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Environmental organizations cannot leave the
fate of our air, land, and water —</font><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font><font
size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">and our health and quality of our lives — solely to
the invisible hand of the market. Instead, we must be driving forces within the
marketplace to protect our environmental gains and bring us closer to our vision of a
clean and sustainable energy future.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>BACKGROUND ON THE PROJECT</b></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Save The Bay, with technical support from the
Conservation Law Foundation (CLF), has been the lead environmental organization working on
energy deregulation in Rhode Island. Energy work is not new to Save The Bay. Since its
inception, Save The Bay has intervened in energy-related issues including facility siting,
water withdrawals, thermal discharges, and air and water emissions. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Working with CLF, Save The Bay was able to
convince the leadership of the RI General Assembly that protecting the environment should
be part of utility restructuring legislation. An environmental systems benefit charge of
2.5 mills per kilowatt hour for five years will continue to fund demand side management
(DSM) programs and investments in renewable energy resources. This fund approximately
preserves the existing $16.5 million of funding for DSM programs in Rhode Island. However,
it is simply not enough to make radical changes in electricity generation. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Theoretically, the new deregulated marketplace
introduces the ability of large numbers of consumers to exercise the power of their
pocketbooks to influence where their electricity is generated. For the first time,
customers can use their purchases to demand a cleaner electricity product —</font><font
face="Bookman Old Style"> </font><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">a product called
"green power."</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">With start-up funding from the Center for
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies (CEERT), Save The Bay was able to initiate
its investigation into the emerging power marketplace to learn what role Save The Bay
might play in accelerating the demand of Rhode Island customers for green power.
Specifically, this project was designed to <i>identify key information that would
facilitate power purchase choices that will improve the environment</i>. This report
presents our findings on that issue. </font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>WHAT WE LEARNED</b></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">As a result of our investigation, five key
areas emerged as the most important issues to be addressed in designing subsequent stages
of this project.</font></p>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>1. Marketers selling green
power will clearly emerge on their own. Therefore, the challenge for environmental
organizations is not to create the market for green power but instead to push demand to a
level which affects future power generation.</b></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">In preparation for deregulation, NEES (New
England Energy Systems) has already been researching and testing a green power product.
Surprisingly, NEES foresees green power as one of the few opportunities for product
branding in the market. Working Assets, which already has a database of socially
responsible customers purchasing its long-distance telephone and credit card services, is
developing products in California and is testing demand in New Hampshire and
Massachusetts. Foresight Energy is developing a product in California. Northeast Utilities
is offering a 100% hydro product in Massachusetts tests. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">There is already a green product marketplace in
the United States. Green retailers such as Seventh Generation, Real Goods, Whole Foods
supermarkets (Bread & Circus), and Organic Gardening magazine and the highly
successful Rodale operation come to mind. Nationwide and in New England, the electricity
market is large enough for green power marketers to develop profitable niches, even
without commanding large market share. Although we have not yet been able to secure
information on the results of the market testing occurring, it is anticipated that between
3-15% of customers <u>making a choice</u> will choose a green power option. In fact, we
may see additional non-energy green retailers (like Working Assets) with strong mail
programs or commodity purchasing operations enter the green power marketplace.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">However, the history of long distance telephone
service deregulation has shown that inertia plays a powerful role in consumer selection.
NEES and others report that over 60% of customers have remained with AT&T, despite the
massive amount of advertising by competitors. In its Massachusetts "choice"
pilot, NEES had only signed up 3,000 of its desired 10,000 residential customers by the
cutoff date of October 31, 1996, requiring an extension of the enrollment period until the
pilot is filled. (Small business customers, however, quickly filled their pilot slots.)</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Therefore, it is unlikely that the assumed
niche marketplace for green power will be enough to change the regional generation mix.
Our challenge as environmental organizations will be to strategically direct our actions
to achieve gains in green power selection that move electricity generation from its
current mix to one more desirable for the health of the environment. What those levels are
has yet to be established.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>2. The new marketplace
created by energy restructuring presents opportunities and dangers to a clean energy
future. In order to take maximum advantage of the opportunities, New England environmental
organizations must move quickly to establish shared energy outcomes and values. </b></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Our long term goal is to reduce pollution by
using the power of the consumer marketplace to affect the generation of electricity. In
our market vision, consumers will select an electricity product which maximizes energy
efficiencies; significantly reduces air pollutants, water pollutants and greenhouse gases;
substantially reduces our dependence on fossil fuels; and is safe, sustainable and
affordable. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">It is absolutely critical that Save The Bay and
other major environmental organizations throughout New England work together to build a
common vision of energy success. Short and long term goals must be established in order to
reach the level of customer demand necessary to impact the electricity generation mix
supplying this region.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Establishing such a measure will not be easy,
but it must be done. The measure most likely will include separate components for
renewable and DSM investments and reductions in emissions. The Union of Concerned
Scientists (UCS) has already put forward a proposal to add new renewables equal to at
least 4% of total New England electricity sales within 10 years. This level was
established by UCS as an appropriate regional contribution to a national renewables
development plan. This would double the rate of new renewables development outlined in
Rep. Dan Shaefer’s bill H.R. 3790.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">A regional planning group should meet to set
this goal. Once established, the goal must guide all future efforts for influencing the
green power marketplace in Rhode Island and New England. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">New England environmental organizations have
limited resources to spend on influencing the energy marketplace, especially compared to
the marketing power of vested energy interests. Therefore, it is critical that we use
those limited dollars in ways which will bring us the greatest return for the least cost.
Shall we invest our resources in market surveys? Green power aggregation programs? Public
information campaigns? State and municipal purchasing initiatives? </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">We need to assure that our individual efforts
build synergy and not lead to fragmentation and confusion for the public. We must create
shared understandings of the clean power hierarchy (cleanest to dirtiest). We must work in
coordinated efforts toward common goals. National, regional and state organizations must
find common ground so that the sound of our individual voices will resonate in harmony
rather than be drowned in the cacophony of competing agendas.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>3. The public can be
confused about what power is green. Therefore, environmental organizations need to be
active players in helping the public understand the environmental impacts/benefits of
different types of energy production.</b></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Defining a credible green power product is one
of the most critical and difficult aspects of building a green power customer base.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">In pilot "choice" projects taking
place in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, a number of green power products are being
tested. These green power products include electricity generated from all existing sources
in New England: coal, gas, nuclear, hydro (with or without Hydro Quebec), oil, and some
"renewable" technologies, primarily landfill gases. It appears that the green
part of the product is defined in part by its generation mix, but more so by promises of
future investments, additional environmental services such as household efficiency
services and premiums like contributions to environmental organizations. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Ironically, despite whatever power is purchased
by consumers, the actual electrons delivered to any customer’s home are a mix of
power on the regional grid at any given time. Therefore, unless consumers generate their
electricity at home, what they are actually purchasing through their power selection is an
<i>investment</i> in electricity generating sources rather than the actual electricity
itself.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Further complicating product definition is the
anticipated development of a commodity market for electricity. The successful electricity
retailers will be those companies with the best mastery of the commodities market. Because
most companies will be buying commodities futures</font><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font><font
size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">— a commitment to deliver a certain volume of
electricity on a specified future date — sellers seeking the best prices will be
unable to distinguish their purchases by type of power generated. If there is enough
demand, a "chain of title" can be established, but it would be costly.
Commodities trading may make it difficult for green power retailers without substantial
customer bases to survive in the marketplace.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Another factor complicating the greenness of
the power product is the need for <i>balancing</i>. Balancing is a service the
distributing utility provides in managing the amount of electricity delivered to them by
suppliers and the amount of electricity they deliver to the consumer to meet daily
demands. Purchases to make up shortfalls will be made on the spot market, regardless of
power source, and charged back to the retailer. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">To resolve this purity problem, CEERT and
others are investigating a certification program for green power marketers. Another option
would be to legislatively require all retailers to disclose the generation sources of
their power and let the buyer beware. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">An important element in defining green power is
the consumer. We do not know what consumers already know about where their power comes
from, what they know about the environmental impacts of various power options, and if they
already have expectations of what a green power product might be.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Rhode Island consumers wishing to buy a green
power product which is largely made up of renewable technologies will be seriously
disappointed. Throughout New England, approximately 4% of electricity is generated by
non-hydro renewables: primarily landfill gases and high emission, decidedly unclean, trash
burning incinerators. If you discount the incinerators, then the amount of clean renewable
technology in New England is minimal. Nationally, non-hydro renewables contribute 2% of US
electricity, with close to 90% of that generated in California.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">With this lack of clarity of a green product,
and the prospects for significant renewable technologies dependent upon the deregulated
market, consumers wishing to make green power choices will need guidance. Therefore,
environmental organizations will need to help customers understand how "green is
green." Specifically, public education campaigns are needed to help consumers to: </font></p>
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<ul>
<li><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">understand where their power currently comes
from, </font></li>
<li><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">understand the environmental impacts of each
type of power generation in New England, </font></li>
<li><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">understand that their selection of an energy
product can influence the <i>future</i> generation of electricity and with it the quality
of the environment, and </font></li>
<li><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">sustain their green choices over time.</font></li>
</ul>
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<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">These educational programs need to begin well
before competition reaches the retail consumer and need to continue until our
environmental goals are realized.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>4. Residential customers are
the most likely target for green marketing. However, residential customers only represent
about 36% of total power sold in Rhode Island. Therefore, strategies must be developed to
move commercial, industrial and municipal customers to select green power options.</b></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Commercial and industrial customers who are
high volume users of electricity are most likely to choose their energy on the basis of
per kWh pricing. Some of the largest business consumers are expected to purchase their
electricity directly on the commodities market. Convincing companies to choose green will
be difficult when profits can be increased by shrinking energy costs. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Residential customers, with smaller price
benefits forecast as a result of deregulation, are more likely to be receptive to green
power purchases. Well organized green power purchasing cooperatives may actually become a
viable way to serve customers who lack enough purchasing power to otherwise obtain
favorable rates. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">However, with residential customers accounting
for just 36% of total megawatt hours sold in Rhode Island (see table below), even high
percentages of green power purchasers among residential customers may not be enough to tip
the scales in favor of green power generation.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" width="534" bordercolor="#000000">
<tr>
<td width="29%"><p align="center"><font color="#008000" size="1" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>TOTAL
MWh sold; year ending 12/31/95</b></font></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="center"><font color="#008000" size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>Residential
Customers</b></font></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="center"><font color="#008000" size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>All
Customers</b></font></td>
<td width="28%"><p align="center"><font color="#008000" size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>Residential
customers as % of all customers</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29%"><strong><font size="1" face="Bookman Old Style">Narragansett Electric<sup>1</sup></font></strong></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">1,804,457</font></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">4,760,142</font></td>
<td width="28%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">37.9%</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29%"><font size="1" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>Pascoag Fire District</strong></font></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">21,655</font></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">35,089</font></td>
<td width="28%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">61.7%</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29%"><font size="1" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>Blackstone Valley Electric</strong></font></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">397,727</font></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">1,316,088</font></td>
<td width="28%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">30.2%</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29%"><font size="1" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>Newport Electric</strong></font></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">195,762</font></td>
<td width="21%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">517,056</font></td>
<td width="28%"><p align="right"><font size="1" face="Arial">37.9%</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29%" height="13"><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>TOTAL</b></font></td>
<td width="21%" height="13"><p align="right"><font color="#008000" size="1" face="Arial"><b>2,419,601</b></font></td>
<td width="21%" height="13"><p align="right"><font color="#008000" size="1" face="Arial"><b>6,628,375</b></font></td>
<td width="28%" height="13"><p align="right"><font color="#008000" size="1" face="Arial"><b>36.5%</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><font size="1" face="Bookman Old Style">1 Based on rate classes identifiable as
residential. Information obtained from RI PUC.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Strategies will need to be developed to attract
municipal, commercial and industrial customers to a green power product. The middle range
of companies, which represent the greatest profit margins for power retailers, may require
additional incentives such as creative use of DSM system benefits charges or other
efficiency technologies. Another approach would be to study and model the successful
efforts of the South Africa divestiture movement to influence purchasing decisions of
educational institutions and public facilities. Legislative strategies may need to be
employed to assure that state and municipal purchases include significant investments in
green power products. </font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>5. The high quality/high
price of green power products may create a "boutique" effect. Environmental
organizations must develop strategies to make green power attractive across customer
bases. </b></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Lower prices and customer rebates have played a
key role in customer selection in both the New Hampshire and Massachusetts pilots and in
gas deregulation in N.J. This parallels the competition which developed in long-distance
telephone marketing. As long as surplus electricity exists, this buyer’s market puts
tremendous downward price pressures on suppliers.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Based on current choice pilots, green power
products have not been among the lowest priced options offered to consumers. Pricing may
be comparable to other choices or up to 1.5�/kWh higher</font><font
face="Bookman Old Style">. </font><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Environmental
organizations working on this issue throughout the country assume that the price of the
green power product will be higher, largely representing a premium to be paid by the
consumer for reinvestments in renewable technologies. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">The history of green product retailing in this
country shows that consumers are willing to purchase green products at higher prices when
those products have a higher perceived value. In fact, many non-green marketing strategies
and profit margins are built on higher quality pricing (e.g. Volvo, Calvin Klein jeans). </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">However, the higher prices of designer products
allow profit margins to be built on smaller volume sales. Our challenge is to prevent
green power from being perceived as decidedly more costly and therefore only available to
higher income customers.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">It is unknown how green power pricing will
compare to the price of the standard offer which will be offered to customers who do not
choose an alternative power supplier. We may find that green power products are highly
competitive with the standard offer. In fact, green power aggregation through green
purchasing cooperatives may present itself as a significant means to introduce some rate
reductions to residential customers.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">We need to keep in mind that the higher green
power unit cost is a modest amount of total bill for residential customers. With
approximately 30% of electricity costs subject to market prices (as long as transition
charges are in effect), the annual savings from deregulation for the average residential
consumer will be $40. At just over $3/month, a strong case can be made that investing that
money in a healthier environment is well worth the return.</font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Environmental organizations need to develop
strategies to keep the price of green power perceived as a competitive price by the
public. One way is to focus educational campaigns on the value of investing in a cleaner
environment that yields benefits to human health. Market research will play a critical
role in developing effective strategies for green power marketing.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>CONCLUSION</b></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">When we began this study, we assumed that
environmental organizations would need to aggregate consumers to convince energy retailers
to market a green power product. Clearly, we have learned that green power retailers stand
ready to enter any market in which they can make a suitable profit. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Instead, we have learned that environmental
organizations need to look beyond pilots. We must develop and measure all future
activities against a common regional goal for clean energy generation. We must speak to
consumers, with one voice, to guide the marketplace to our final destination. </font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">We must move quickly. Effective public
information campaigns are costly and must compete with the highly funded marketing
programs of power retailers. The budgets of local and regional non-profit organizations
like Save The Bay, those very organizations which are closest to electricity consumers and
in the best position to develop statewide and local strategies, will be hard pressed to
detour existing resources to green power strategies. We are left, ultimately, with three
funding options: to seek support from grantmaking bodies which share our objectives, to
form alliances with energy retailers and risk compromising our trustworthiness with the
public, or to do little or nothing and let our energy future fight unaided for its place
in the market. The future of clean energy rests on all of us making the right decisions.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p align="left"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>Gayle L. Gifford</strong> <em>is
a principal of </em></font><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>Cause
& Effect,</strong></font><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><em> a consulting
firm serving non-profits in their communications, funding, policy and management needs. </em></font></p>
<p align="left"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><em>Prior to starting her
consulting firm, Ms. Gifford spent over 15 years in management and marketing positions for
local, regional and national non-profit organizations. </em></font></p>
<p align="left"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><em>Ms. Gifford can be reached at
the following address:</em></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="center"><font color="#008000" size="5" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>Cause &
Effect</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>178 Ninth Street,
Providence, RI 02906</strong></font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">401-331-2272 Fax: 401-621-9572 </font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>Email:</strong> <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><em>The paper was prepared for: </em></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#0000FF" size="5" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>Save The Bay</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>434 Smith Street,
Providence, RI 02908</strong></font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">401-272-3540 Fax: 401-273-7153 </font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style">Email: <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>Contact:</strong> Marvin
Ronning, Director of Program, Planning & Administration</font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">Narragansett Bay, an estuary of national
signficance, has no voice, but it does have one guardian angel: Save The Bay. Founded in
1970, Save The Bay is one of New England's premiere environmental organizations. With over
20,000 members, 1,500 volunteers and a professional staff of over 20, the organization
relies on individual and corporate support to sustain and enhance its education, volunteer
and advocacy programs. </font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">The mission of Save The Bay is to ensure that
the environmental quality of Narragansett Bay and its watershed is restored and protected
from the harmful effects of human activity. Save The Bay seeks carefully planned use of
the Bay and its watershed to allow the natural system to function normally and healthfully
both now and for the future.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#0000FF" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><strong>Save The Bay</strong></font><font
size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"> would like to thank <b>The Center for Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Technologies</b>, 1100 Eleventh Street, Suite 311, Sacramento, CA 95814 for
their financial support of this project.</font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>REFERENCES USED IN THIS
REPORT:</b></font></p>
<p> </p>
<p><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>Papers and publications:</b></font></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">A. Nogee, <i>Massachusetts Electric
Restructuring Settlement - Renewables</i>, Union of Concerned Scientists<i>,</i> memo
10/9/96.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">J.J. Romm and C.B. Curtis, <i>Mideast Oil
Forever?,</i> <u>The Atlantic Monthly</u>, article April 1996. </font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">A. B. Lovins, <i>Negawatts: Twelve Transitions,
Eight Improvements, and One Distraction</i>, Rocky Mountain Institute, paper 1995.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><i>Summary of Rates</i>, Narragansett Electric
Company, bill stuffer, September 1996<i>,</i>.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><i>Working Assets Green Power</i>, Working
Assets, web page November 1996.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><i>In Brief: The Renewables Portfolio Standard</i>,
American Wind Energy Association, paper May 1996.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><i>Sustainable Energy Strategy: Clean and
Secure Energy for a Competitive Economy</i>, Department of Energy<i>, </i>July 1995.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">S. Spiewak and H. Morris, <i>Electric Power
Retailing</i>, Cogen Power Marketing,</font><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"> </font><font
size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">from Power Marketing Association web site, November
1996.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">S. Spiewak, <i>Why Use Power Marketers?,</i>
CPM Electric and Gas, Inc., from Power Marketing Association we site, November 1996.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><i>Utility Restructuring Act of 1996</i>, Rhode
Island General Assembly.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><i>Facts About the Retail Electricity
Competition Pilot Program</i>, New Hamshire Public Utilities, web site, November 1996.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style"><i>Be Among the First: participant information</i>,
Massachusetts Electric Company, brochure mailed to customers in Lynn, Lawrence, Worcester
and Northampton, Massachusetts, November 1996.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">D. Palmer, <i>Regulating green advertising by
electric utilities</i>, Conservation Law</font><font size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"> </font><font
size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">Foundation, memo 7/10/96.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">Various papers from Docket 5854<i>, </i>Vermont
Department of Public Service<i>, </i>including:<i> Supplemental Response Filing of the
Department of Public Service</i>, 4/12/1996; <i>Supplemental Position Paper of the Vermont
Department of Public Service</i>, May 1996<i>; Effective DSM Implementation in a
Restructured Electricity Market</i>, April 1996.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">C. Kaplan, <i>An Introduction to Futures and
Commodities Trading</i>, Equity Analytics, Ltd., web site, November 1996.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">B. Swezey and Yih-huei Wan, <i>The True Cost of
Renewables: An Analytic Response to the Coal Industry’s Attack on Renewable Energy</i>,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">B. Jones<i>, New England Electric to sell power
stations</i>, Providence Journal Bulletin, 10/1/96.</font></p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p><font color="#008000" size="3" face="Bookman Old Style"><b>Contacts and Discussions:</b></font></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">J. O’Connor, founder, Greenworks, Green
Technology Center, and co-author of <u>Who Stole the Sun?</u>, Cambridge, MA; 11/7/96.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">D. Schoenwald, President, New Alternatives
Fund, Melville, NY; 11/6/96.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">K. Helmsley, Ecodesk and Institute Coordinator,
Real Goods, Ukiah, CA; 11/7/96.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">S. Goldman, Marketing Manager, Calvert Group,
Bethesda, MD; 11/7/96</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">K. Scott, Fund Analyst, Calvert Group,
Bethesda, MD; 11/7/96.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">S. Spiewak, Cogen Power Marketing, Old Tappan,
NJ; 11/6/96.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">V.J. White, Executive Director, CEERT,
Sacramento, CA; 11/22/96.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">T. Rogers, E. Hicks, New England Power Service
and C. Nickerson, New England Electric Resources; NEES; Westborough, MA; 11/21/96.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">J. Hotchkiss-Gordy, CEERT, Medford, MA;
11/21/96.</font></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p><font size="2" face="Bookman Old Style">J. Brandt, environmental studies, Brown
University, Providence, RI; 11/4/96.</font></p>
<p> </p>
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face="Verdana"><strong>Back To PMA Home Page</strong></font></a></p>
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