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      <p align="center"><b><font face="Verdana" size="5" color="#0000FF">
      Domestic Violence in Later Life</font></b></p>
      <p align="center"></p>
      <p align="center"></p>
      <p align="center"></p>
      <p align="center"><!--mstheme--></font></td>
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      <p align="center"><a href="BOHDomesticViolence.htm">Domestic Violence</a><!--mstheme--></font></td>
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<o:p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
      There is no age limit to becoming a victim of domestic violence. Domestic 
      violence affects victims of all ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, 
      religions, cultures, geographic areas, sexual orientations, 
      abilities/disabilities, genders and professions. Domestic violence in 
      later life can be committed against someone healthy, ailing, or with a 
      disability. A partner, spouse or companion may perpetrate the abuse. 
      Often, the abusive partner is also the primary caregiver, thereby making 
      the victim even more dependent on the abuser and isolated from others.
      </span></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">&nbsp;</p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
      Abuse can take many forms, including: </span></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">&nbsp;</p>
      <!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--><table type="disc" style="margin-bottom: 0in" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">neglect</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">emotional abuse, 
        such as humiliation and degradation</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">verbal abuse, such 
        as cursing and name-calling </span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">threats to hurt 
        the victim, their loved ones or pets </span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">physical violence</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">forced sexual 
        activity</span><font face="Verdana" size="2"> </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">controlling 
        behaviors, such as</span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--><table type="disc" style="margin-bottom: 0in" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
          <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul2a.gif" width="12" height="12" hspace="15" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
          <p style="margin: 1 5">
          <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">denial of food 
          or medication</span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
          <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul2a.gif" width="12" height="12" hspace="15" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
          <p style="margin: 1 5">
          <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">denial of 
          assistance with bathing or cleaning</span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
          <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul2a.gif" width="12" height="12" hspace="15" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
          <p style="margin: 1 5">
          <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">denial of access 
          to communication or visitation with loved ones</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
          </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--></table><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">&nbsp;<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
      <!--msthemelist--></table><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
      <p style="margin: 1 5">
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
      While domestic violence can happen to anyone at any point in their lives, 
      there are some circumstances that are more specific to older victims. 
      These life circumstances may make it difficult for older victims to seek 
      assistance or support from family members, community services, law 
      enforcement, or state agencies. The fears of disclosing the abuse are very 
      real and often well founded.</span></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">&nbsp;</p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
      Unique Barriers to Disclosing for Older Victims of Domestic Violence:</span></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">&nbsp;</p>
      <!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--><table type="disc" style="margin-bottom: 0in" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">May be physically 
        frail or have disabilities</span><font face="Verdana" size="2"> </font>
        <!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">May fear being 
        institutionalized or displaced from their home</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">May fear loss of 
        independence</span><font face="Verdana" size="2"> </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">May fear losing 
        benefits and health insurance</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">May have limited 
        economic options and resources</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">May hold strong 
        religious and cultural beliefs regarding marriage and family loyalty</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">May have caregiver 
        dilemmas</span><font face="Verdana" size="2"> </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">May believe that 
        battering is an acceptable part of a relationship</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">May feel a stigma 
        attached to asking for help and be unaware of available resources</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
      <!--msthemelist--></table><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
      <p style="margin: 1 5">&nbsp;</p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
      For many older victims of domestic violence the abuse may have been going 
      on for years, while for others, the violence may have begun later in life. 
      Lifestyle changes of the victim and/or abuser may be factors that can 
      aggravate domestic violence later in life. Some of these changes include 
      retirement, aging, limited mobility, and illness. The impact of abuse on 
      victims at any age is profound. </span></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">&nbsp;</p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
      The victim may feel:</span></p>
      <!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--><table type="disc" style="margin-bottom: 0in" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">Fear</span><font face="Verdana" size="2">
        </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
      <!--msthemelist--></table><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
      <!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--><table type="disc" style="margin-bottom: 0in" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">Dependency on the 
        abuser</span><font face="Verdana" size="2"> </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">Love for the 
        abuser</span><font face="Verdana" size="2"> </font><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
      <!--msthemelist--></table><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
      <p style="margin: 1 5">&nbsp;</p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
      Elder Abuse Statistics</span></strong></p>
      <!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
        Research in the last 1980s and 1990s debunked the myth that most elder 
        abuse was caused by caregiver stress. Instead the research showed that 
        the elder abuse was occurring within a spousal relationship with a long 
        history of domestic violence. </span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
        As the general population grows older, estimates of domestic violence 
        among the elderly are expected to increase dramatically - putting 
        additional pressure on service providers. </span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
        Transgenerational family violence plays a crucial role in the 
        proliferation of abuse towards older people. </span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
        The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists estimates that 4 
        out of 5 cases of elder abuse go unreported. </span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
        According to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 
        elderly survivors of sexual abuse named the husband as the offender in 
        29% of the cases. </span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
        <!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="../_themes/copy-of-blends/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica">
        <p style="margin: 1 5">
        <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
        58% of elder abuse perpetrators were spouses, while only 24% are adult 
        children, despite the fact that reported cased more often name the 
        children as perpetrators.&nbsp; </span><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
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      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">&nbsp;</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
      For confidential domestic violence counseling or ways to live more safely, 
      contact: </span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">&nbsp;</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      In an emergency, call 911</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">&nbsp;</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      REACH</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      24- hour Hotline 800-899-4000</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      For information, education and emergency shelter call 781-891-0724</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      &nbsp;</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      Norfolk County DA�s Office</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      Advocacy and support through the legal process call 781-830-4800</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      &nbsp;</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      Needham Police Department</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      Domestic Violence Officer available call 781-455-7570</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      &nbsp;</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital Needham</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      24 hour emergency services call 781-453-5400</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      &nbsp;</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      Needham Council of Aging</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      781-455-7555</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      &nbsp;</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      Needham Health Department</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal">
      781-455-7523</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>
      <span style="color:windowtext">&nbsp;</span></b></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5"><strong>
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; color: windowtext">
      To report suspected abuse of people 60 and over, contact:</span></strong></p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">&nbsp;</p>
      <p style="margin: 1 5">
      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">Elder Abuse Hotline<br>
      24 hour/V/TTY<br>
      (800) 922-2275</span></p>
      <p style="text-indent: 0; margin-top:1; margin-bottom:1" align="left">
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Anon7 - 2021